eday

hiun sIufan
GtItsasacarmFmsikabzmPUmi viTal&yenty"g' ( Vt'dMbg ) GtItsmaCiksmaKmG~ksavCavksarextVt'dMbg

Ks 1986 (rkasiTiKb'y"ag)

Bs 2529

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vJ i a Nkn & e lakBk u hn ui -nm i sa , Gk ~ ma y lt -savat " , bn bs u hn ui -sF u I n, hn ui -sh uI n i , hn ui -canf ' a, bn sI hn ui -canF ' ,I ky bs u hn ui -evahar Edltv U bnExr khm bl u" -Bt, eGog-sar,I exov-sp M n, nn Y -Ca VneFX I atTSgexa cpar . vJ i a Nkn & E xr Cagbl I annak' Edlsa be ' TATSgbT w EPk ~ mn i Ct i . vJ i a Nkn & BHKU Vg " -xat,' BHvnr t~ bN u" sP M aC EdlBk Y TmL i VneFK I t elak enAmx u ksg Y eXasnakarPe M~ Bj ng i enAvalcN M tyne haHEbkcan-Vtd ' b M g . sm U Ts i dlv 'J i a Nkn & G se ' lakGk ~ esh ~ aCatT i SgLay manelaksg uW -gk u " faj' EdlVnlHbgG ' @ I Kby ' a " g rht U dlC ' v It i pa lx ' n edm I e I srP I aB edm I r I asE xr edm I I esacsg ' sk u Exr B I kjS km u y ns i n g i Be I KaledAshPaBNc n i rbsy ' n Y hU Cm I j i . sm U Ts i dlv 'J i a Nkn & BHKG U acarEhm-ecov EdlVnbC U aCv It i enAekaHtLaceka mGN M acGaNanK i mVrSg, elakeGov-eks I Edlsa be ' dayKabE ' bkBk Y skP i m U i . sm U Ts i dlv 'J i a Nkn & e lakkjakLaehamKg,' elakkjaBs i e lakQk U Ed lVnVtb ' gC ' v It i edaysarsa ~ dExr xV M rSg ykelakeTA[VrSgsma b' . sm U Ts i dlv 'J i a Nkn & e lakkjasn W -Ky u EdlbC U aCv It i edm I s I [ uM yn Y BmTk u Te M nomTl M ab' vbFm ng i BT u s asnadlE ' xr ekamTSgGs' . ng i Exr esh ~ aCatT i SgLayeTot EdlVnbC U aCv It i edm I I beTsCatB i t i @ .

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sUmEfg esckIGMNrKuNdl'bNit xar"ul m&rELn (Dr. Carol A. Martland) nig kJa CUDI eLC&rvud (Miss Judy Legerwood) EdlVnCYysMrYlxM VncUleTAsavCavksark~gbNal&yk&rENl nigVnpl'dl'xMn UvksarmYycMnYnFM CaBiessV npl'faskmviFIGkrExr sMrab'ebIk~gkMBT&rm"ak'XintUsenH . sUmEfg GMNrKuNdl'elak swum-Kin EdlVnCYyCMruj[sMenrenHmanrUbrag nigVncMNayVk'kaspal'TijkMuBT&redImIsresrGkrExrenH BmTSgVnpl' Btmanepg@ BIkalKat'eFb I divtnE _ xresrIenAP~MdgErkCamYyelaksWug-g"ukfaj' . s U m E fg esckIdwgKuNdl'Gs'elakG~kTSgGs' EdlVnpl'Btmanepg@ EdlmannamenAk~gGtb TenH . sUmEfg GMNrKuNdl'elakbNit kul-epg EdlVnpl'fas'ebIkmviFIKNitU bkrNs _ Mrab'GkrExrdl'xM .

-1-

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eTaHCaenAsm&yNak*eday q~SNak*eday k~grbbdwknSsukExrNamYy k*eday ebIesrrs'enAk~gsukExr sMenrEbbenHminGacsresrVnesaHeLIy sMenrVnsresreLIgedayKanTiBlGI kumbkNamYy buKlNamYymkKb'sgt'elIsnancitKMnitesreLIy KWVnsresrk~gesrIPaB100% tamkaryl'eXIj nigBicarNaditdl'rbs'esrpal' . esovePA nrNaCaXatkrrasExr enHxMV nsresry"agbnan' nig sUtCaTIbMput Gs'kMLgCagVMmYyEx edImI[Tan'tamkalbriecT dltUv eps I MeNAeTAcUlrYmbkYtk~g TivamehasBExrq~S1987 nakugLgbc rdkalIh&r nij"a ehtuenHehIyVnCamantk' kgH esckI xH Btman CMBUk ekay@ xMVnkat'bny bMBYjesckI[xc I uH . sresrcb'k*epe I cjPa meday KaneBlepgpat'emIlsareLIgvijeLIy eTIbmankMhusGkr aviruTi nameQaH xH BmTSgExq~SnBwtikarNx _ H pg . sMeNrenH xMV nepe I TA[Bwtib&t TsnExr rdmInIsUtacuHpayrhU tq~S1989eTIbcb'. manmitG~kGanCaecInVnsMu[eVHBumesovePAenHTukCa ksar . edaysarxMC ab'rvl'xS gk~gsMenrTIbIeQaH kalbvtiviTanbeTskmCa EdllattdagbkGakat nUveKalbMNg Epnkar nigeKal edAemdwknSyYnk~gkarelbsukExr etIbbgg'sin rhUtdl'ExF~q~S1989 eTI bxMe sIerIGaneLIgvij saksYrykBtman EksMrYl EknameQaH Gkr aviruTi Ex q~SEdlVnsresrxus CaBiessEfmbJlBtmanCaecIneTot dUcCaTMB&r 27 eLIgCaVMBIrTMB&r, TMB&r115eLIgCaVMTMB&rCaedIm, CMBUk5, 6, 7 Vn sresrsarCafI edayxMr kaTukcMNgeCIgnigCMBUkdEdl EkdkecjEtkMhusb"ueNaHdUcCaelakEm"nEknEpndI ekayBIsaksYrmk KWCamnusEdlela ksWug-g"ukfaj'VnbJnmkxagkMBg'FM BMuEmnCasr:Ekg ka yenaHeT ehtu enHehIyeTIbxMd kesckItg'enHecj nigEfmbJlnUvplviVkBYkExrs r: mkelIKYsaresr edImICabnal'k~gsm&yEdlesrVn VneXIjnigV nrs'enApg . enAPaKxagekay xMVnbEnm Gkr anukm ( Glossary ) nigCMBUkbEnm Ed lCaGtb TvicarNkfax@ I eyagtamBwtikarNs _ klelak cMeJHerOgsniPa BbeTsExr EdlVncuHpayk~gBitib&tTsnExrrdmInIsUta . mYyeToteQaH Lg-rWut CaeQaHnYn-Ca CaCatif ( sm&yfykVt'dMbgq~S1941-46 ) kalCnenHeTAeronsukesomenaH sUmemtaEkCa rugelIt vij eJHsMenogPasaf xl' r mansMelgeTACa l eTIbG~k xH ehAeQaHenHfa lug-elIt eTAvij . GrKuN hiun-sIufan -2-

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karnirasJt'Vs'edaykarkab'smab'rgalnbgbnExr GnuvtedaykumExrkhmcinniym rhUtdl'rlayGs'sukeTAeToteTAehIyenH etIminTan'Kb'Kan'lmnwg[ExrKb'K~aPak'tiHriHBicarNa rkbuBehtuBit neKaHmhnrayenHedImICaemeron nigCaeKalkarNr _ YbrYmeLIgvij ? Exrm~ak'@suTEtFab'VnP&k VnbTH nigxHeTotVnTSgCYyCMrujdl'eKaHmhnrayenHpg xHCYyedayGectna xHeTotedayectnaEtmg. sMenrenHKan'EtCakarsaklgsavCav BicarNa sikarkkarBitBI buBehtu sKl' TMnak'TMngepg@ EdlCabc&y CaktaeFI[Exrsab'Gs' CagbIlannak' nigenATIbJb'sukExrk*tUvyYntYtta nigeFIyYnUbniykmEfmeTot EdlCadMeNIrQaneTArkkarVt'bg'TwkdInigCatisasnE _ xr CaBitVkdeBkNas' sbeTAtamniekbbTrbs'elaknYn-eXOn k~gdMeNIreqaHeTATisxaglic Ncink~gq~S2,000 xusEttg'mhnrayenH ekIteLIgmunkarTsnT _ ayrbs'elakb"ueNaH . elakGFikarbzmsika Giut-sarink*VnsresrBIkarP&ncLMneyaVy BIKMeragbMpajsgmnig sukExredayExrhm k~gesovePA seNaHBlwgExr k~gq~S1973 EdlKannrNaPak'epIlesaH . ekABIksarsresredayesrCatiExr ni gbreTsnana xMVneFIkarTak'Tgpal' edaysmasnp _ g niyayTUrs&B pg ftcUlk~gExGat'pg sresreqIyqgpg edImIykBtmanmkbJak' GHGagnUvBwtikarNe _ pg@ EdlVnsni~danfaCabuBehtunmhnrayn karJt'Vs'nirasrbs'ExrTSgnKrenH . tSgBIVncUlCMrMexA GIudagfTI21 vicika 1979em"H xMVneKagTukfa nwgsresrBIerOgra"vnkarkab'smab'ExrenH[Vn . xMk*cab'savCavsnM ksarTukbeNIr@mkedaysMuftcmgesovePArbs'mitP&kixH rbs'bNa l&yk~gCMrMnigbNal&yenAkugtaxUmaxH EtPaKecInVnsMuftcmgksarBIbNal&ynmhaviTal&yK&rENl ( University Library Cornell ) enATIkugGIutaka ( Ithaca ) rdnIvy"k ( New York ) shrdGaemrik . sMenrenHxMEckecjCaVMBIrCMBUkrYmTSgCMBUkeyabl'pg . CMBUkTImYybriyayerobrab'rMlwkBIEpnkaryYnUbniykmk~graCktIGg mIu dMeNIreqaHmkTisxaglicelIkTImYy Epnkarrbs'BHecAmij-m"ag, eTOg-mijy"ag, BHecAy"a-Lg nigyYnUbniykmEdndIkmCaekam . CMBUkTIBIr KWrMlwkBIbvtisassm&ycugstvtTI19 nigedImstvt TI20 BIkarbHeVr Gacarsa eJrkMeVr ( deNImraC ), kartsUbqSgVrSgrbs'elakkjaBiselakQUk nigkjakLaehamKg' edaykarKS TBIBHVTneratm rhUtdl'BwtikarNq _ ~S1916, BwtikarNq _ ~S1925 Bw tikarNV _ ed ( Bardez ), BwtikarNq _ ~S1942 VtukmBHsgTamTar[ -3-

edaHElgBHKUEhm-ecov, clnarMedaHCati Exrsr: eJlKWvKbriyayBIKMnites~haCatidMbUg . CMBUkTIbIbriyayBIEpnkarrbs'hU-CImij k~gkarelbbeTskmCa ni iglav edImIsMercnUvkarsabnamhackyYn ehAfa shB&nNcin . karbegItExreyokmij, EpnkaryYneyokmijk~grvagq~S1945-50 . CMBUk enHBiBNnaGMBIEpnkarndMeNIreqaHmkTisxaglicelIkTI2 rbs'yYnhU CImij k~geKaledAbegIt shPaBkumynisNcin . CMBUkTIbYnGFibayBIneyaVyxusrbs'semcsIhnu cab'BIq~S1962 mk edayXubXitCamYycin CYyT&Beyokkug edaypl'esg Ggr f~SeB T edaymancinm~ak'eQaHKYc-Gan rksIupac'muxdwkGgrf~SeBT edayman karGnuJatBIsemc nigkarcUlhunedaykumraCvganuvgxH nigG~km~agm"U nicpg . karGnuJat[dwkGavuF Kab'rMesv kSePIgFM edaymannayTahan ExrCYycat'EcgdMelIg nigdwknSykeTA[eyokkug ekamBHraCbJarbs'semcsIhnu . esdkicsH bCaBlrdxHGgrbriePaK karsgt'sgin rbs'GaCaFrextVt'dMbgeTAelIbCaCntMbn'sMLt rhUt[mankarbHeVr eLIg nigkMeNItclnaExrkhmkumynisem"AniymhYsehtu . CMBUkTIVMbriyayCMuvijbuBehtu EdlbNal[mankarTmak'semc karb"unb"grbs'semcedImIkan'GMNacvij karBIXatd*GafkMVMgelIrUbela kvr:esniyk esg-sunf . karvaylukrbs'T&BeyokkugmkelIsaFa rNrdelakln'-nl' . rNsirrMedaHCatiKSTedayeyokkug nigmans emcCabFanEtKanGMNaccat'Ecg sIhnucaj'eVkcin, yYn nigExrkhm . CMBUkTIVMmYysIBIlTplrbs'hU-CImij . karkMeTcGnak'TI1rbs' yYn Etb"ul-BtVnFak'cUleTAk~gGnak'TI2rbs'yYneTotedaymindwgxn . karsMercneKalbMNgrbs'hU-CImij dMeNIeqaHmkTisxaglicelI kTI2edaysuvtiPaB nigEpnkaryYnUbniykmelIbCarasExrelIbeTs Exr . CMBUkTIVMBIrKWCMBUkeyabl' karsaklgEvkEjkrkmuxXatkrras ExrCagbIlannak' nigkarbemIemIlcMeJHneyaVybcbn~ nigGnaKtrb s'matubeTsExr . etIbeTsExrnwgtUvVt'bg'BIEpnTIsklelakdUccM V" ? esrxMsUmeGankayGP&yeTasBIsMNak'bg@ nigCnExrTSgGs' eTaHbIVnlacakelakenHeTAehIykI k*enAmanCIvitrs'enAsBfenAeLIykI Edlmannamk~gGtbTenH sUmemtaxnIsenasdl'xMVT EdlKan' Etcg'lattdagnUvkarBitxH@ nigbuBehtunmhnrayenHEtb"ueNaH Ka n'CaBnWdl'bn@CMnan'ekay ebIehacNas'Kan'TukCaemeron edImIkMu[ emdwknSExredIrCan'danbvtisaseKaHf~ak'mhnraydEdl@EbbenHeTo -4-

teTAGnaKtkal . eTaHCay"agNak*eday kMhusk~gkarsresr karPSgPat' karsni~dan minsmrm EtgEtmanecosminrYc eJHfamnusm~ak'@minEmnsuTEtyl'tUvhUtminEdlxusenaHeT L'homme n'est pas parfait . Gas&yehtu enH sUmbgbnmitG~kGanemtaGP&yeTasedayGnueKaHdl'xMVT . kugsIuGafil, fTI8 Extula q~S1986

hiun-sIufan

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eBlenHbeTsExrVnTTYleKaHmhnrayd*FMelIslb' edaysab' Gs'ExrCagbIlan BmTSgGs'TSgsukExreTAeTot eJHEtrbbExrkhmEdlVnrMlaykMeTcCatisasn_ nigvbFmrbs'ExrtameKalbMNg rbs'yYn EdlBYkeKVnGnuvtrYcmgmkehIy kalenAraCktIGgmIuq~S 1840 . yYnVnbJa[BHsgExreskJk'dUcBHsgyYn, [mnIExr bCarasExreskJk'dUcyYn, eronPasayYn, [kab'edImeJFi, rMlayBH, bMpajvtGaram dUcEdlBYkExrkhmVneFImkk~geBlfI@kngmkenH . kaleNaHyYneFIpal' Etdl'mkraCb"ul-Bt KWkumExrveggQk'nwgTw sIkal'm"ak-em"AniymhYsehtuenH VnrMlayKwHsgmExr, vbFmnigb eTsExrxng KanbeTsNamYyelIsklelakeFIVndUcenAeLIy . bCarasExrCit50PaKrytUveKsmab'ecal . kumExrKMnityYnenHrhUt mkdl'sBf(1987)eKenAEtfa BYkeKminVnsmab'ExreT KWBYkkt'eTEd lVnsmab'Exr ( sMdIrbs'CYn-eCOn EdlcUlmkk~gCMrMexAGIudag enAfdM bUgTI21 Exvicika q~S1979 ) . ( kkn enAfsMucuHcUlCamYyrdaPiVlhun-Esn kalBIfTI25 ExF~ q~S 1998 exov-sMpnVnsarPaBfa kumExrkhmrbs'xnVnbBwtGMeBIsmab'rgaleTAelIbCaBlrdExrBitVkdEmn . Kat'VnniyaysMu eTas nigsMu[bCaBlrdExr bMePcGtitkalecaleTA . PammYyrMeBC, naykrdmnIExrhun-EsnVnEfgbJak' bnab'BIVnTTYlyl'B mkarcuHcUlfa ExrKYrelIkElgeTas edImIsniPaBnigkarsMruHsMrYlCati TSgmUl ! . enHehIyCaPstagy"agcas' bJak'GMBIkllicnigkarsMu KlMuK~a rvagBYkExrkhmTSgBIrkumEdlCaGay"grbs'cin-yYn ) . KanKYsarExrNamYyEdlfaminmansac'jati, Bukmay, bgbnbussIGMumamIg sab'edaysars~adExrkhmb"ul-BtesaH . KYsarxH sl'Etm~ak' xHmYyKYsartUvsab'TSgGs' . CaTahrN_ bCaCnExrCa gdb'BIrmWunnak'EdlExrkhmCensecjBIkugP~MeBj ehIyykmkeV -5-

secalenAvalP~MFibtIenaH tUvsab'vinasswgEtTSgGs' . eBlEdlyYn QanJncUlmkyksukExrkalBIedImq~S1979enaH ExrG~kP~MeBjenAvalP~MFibtIenArs'EtbmaNCagbIJn'nak'b"ueNaH . qwgexacExrenAecal rat'rayeBjvaleBjKumsv reNAxHmanexacBIVMrynak'eTABIrJn'nak' TSgcas' ekg TarkbITTwg . eKsmab'edayKb'viFI EdlPasakhmeKniyayfaKb'rUbPaB KWcab' yktg'@eTAsmab' dak'XMuk~gmnIredayeFITaruNkmsBEbby"agrhUt dl'sab' nigviFIbgt'Vy[dac'eJHsab'y"agEsnevTna .l. sMenrenHCakarsaklgsavCav BicarNarkFatuBitnigbuBehtuep g@ EdlCasarvnnS[bCarasExrtUvsab'vinas Jt'Vs'nirasGs' xg'bmaNCagbIlannak'enH . sMenrenHKan'Etcg'lattdagnUvkarBitxH@EdlemdwknSExrxMbMbwT xMlak'xMsresredImIlagxnBIkarefaleTasBIsMNak'kUnExrCMnan'ekay, BIkardak'eTasrbs'bvtisasExr nigbvtisassklelak . GnicasukExr etIfNaeTIbExrmanemdwknSEdlecHKitdl'CIvPaBrasExr dl'karKg'vg'nbeTsExr ! eyIgxHemdwknS pyeTAvijemdwknSevotNamVneFIbricaKKb'y"ag edImIsukeK [beTseKrIkFMTUlay !

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snisJacuHfTI18 Exkum: q~S1979 CasnisJashbtibtikark~gry:20q~S ehIynigbnyCasmat'k~g rvag10q~Smg . tg'xTI4nsnisJaenH bJak'BIkarkMritBMEdnmitPaB EdleKagfanwgBinitBiPakaeLIgvij edayykBMEdnbcbn~eFICaeKal snisJacuHfTI7 Exkkda q~S1982 CasnisJakat'bnyEdnsmuTExrk~gtMbn'ekaHesH EdlCatMbn'ma nebgkat . rbbehgsMrin-hunEsnVnbKl'eTA[yYn . snisJacuHfTI20 Exkkda q~S1983 sIBIkarkat'bnyBmEdnExrbKl'eTAevotNamCafIeTot . q~S1984 eL-DwkfU smaCikkariyal&yneyaVyyYnVnmkeFITsnkicenA kmCa ehIyVnBnl'ENnSehgsMrin-hunEsnfa etagmanKYsaryY nmYyKYk~gcMeNamKYsarExrbYnKYenATICnbT nigKYsaryYnmYyKYk~g cMeNamKYsarExrBIrKYenAtamTIbCMuCnnigtamTIkugnana . snisJaExF~ q~S1985 snisJakMNt'BMEdnbnydIExrCafIeTot nigkaryl'Bm[niKmyY ncUlmktSgTIlMenAelIEdndIExr eday[ExrCYypt'pg'sBy"agdl'niK-6-

myYnfI@enH mankarykpHExr (edjmas'ecj) dkdIFI[eTAniKmyYnTSg enaHpg . q~S1985 emdwknSevotNamVnbkasfa snisJamYysIBIkarlb'bMVt'BMEd nrvagevotNamnigkmCa . snisJaenHCameFaVyrbs'evotNam[ni KmyYnfI@cUlmktSgTIlMenAedaysbcab'elITwkdIExr EfmelIcMnYnniKmyYncas'CitBIrlannak'kalBIminTan'mansnisJaenH . snisJacuHfTI20 Exkkda q~S1988 hun-Esnnigegg-kUfac'VncuHhtelxaelIsnisJaenH EdlsIBI karrkdMeNaHsayvivaTBMbTl'Edn rvagsaFarNrdsgmniymevotNamnigsaFarNrdbCamanitukmCa ehIyVncuHhtelxaelIkicBm eBogmYyeTotsIBIl&knik:BMEdnfInbeTsTSgBIr . q~S1991 niKmyYnk~gsukExrmancMnYneLIgdl'bIlannak'ehIy @VnTTYl sJatiCaCatikmCa BIrbbGay"gehgsMrin-hunEsnEfmeTot . cab'BImat'smuTeLIgrhUteTAdl'BMrYmbImum (Exr-lav-yYn) eKVn bgitbegalsImaBMEdncmayBI3eTA8KILEm"t cUlmkk~gdIExr . kEng xHbgitcUldl'eTA30KILEm"tpg . eBlfI@enH tamry:rUbPaBpayrNb (Satellite) EdlGaemrikSg ftVn@bJak'fa evotNamVnbgitBMEdnExrCafI edayVnCIkEBkmYyTTwg25Em"t cmay550KILEm"t tambeNayBMEdnextkMBt kat' tamexttaEkv kNal BEvg sayerog kMBg'cam . bCarasExrk*tUv Cab'kMENnCamYyrasyYn k~gkardanCIkEBk vijetTI2 enHEdr . k~g eBlGb'rMneyaVyBYkGay"gehg-sMrin KUyYnVnBnl'ENnS[BYk ehg-sMrineyaKyl'GFas&ydl'BMEdnfIrvagevotNam-kmCaenH sMu kMu[nwkKiteTAdl'BMEdncas'eFIGI .

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ykeTAdutecal esovePAvijBYkva[mUrVrICk' nigykeTAKrdutecal ( tampvVt'dMbg-sIusupun-cMkareck ) CaBiesssasacarBIbvtisas Exr EdlBMuTan'VneFIkarsikasavCavenAeLIy tamTIsansMxan'@xHdUc Ca tamvtGaramtMbn'fBYk bnayqar tamvtGaramxagtaEkv GgrbUrI, VP~M, vthar, kac'reTH (cMNarBIbvtiecABjasgamhuk, vtetol rMlg (cMNarBIerOgrbs'kjaeteCamas eteCakhmk)CaedIm . smtiGkr sasenH KYr[esaksayCaBn'eBk nigrkrkGImkebobBMuVn . tSgBIra b'ryq~SmkehIy eTaHbImancMVMgrSgCl'fMy"agNak*eday k*smtivbFm Gkrsas bvtisasTSgGs'enaH VnenAKg'vg'tamvtGaramnana rhUtmk. rbbBYkeqgniymhYsehtulIlaBulkcxuseKmYysklela k dwknSsukmindl'bYnq~Spg k*bJa[bMpicbMpajnUvekrm i_ rtkCatiExrTSg enaHGs'rlIg . ekrm i_ rtkxagksarGs'TSgenaH eyIgminGacnwgrkmkvi jVnesaHeLIy . erOgKYr[GaeNacGFmmYyeTot KWsmtisil: cmak'f rUbbdimakr tamVsaTbuerGgrnana tUvbMpicbMpajdUcteTA 1- sm&yExrsr: BYkGtiExrsr:Vnniyayfa k~gkartsUCamYyVrSg BYkeKVnKa s'ykburaNvtbdimatamburaNsanbuerGgrk~gtMbn'rnamdUnsM Vt'dMbg trmanC&y ykeTAlk'[Qjesom ykluyeTATijkSePIgcSgCamYy VrSgxH nigTukCasmtipal'rbs'emExrsr:eFICaG~kman . 2- sm&ysIhnu-ln'nl' ecAhayGnuextbnayqar hul-Tn, tamesckIbkas[karNr _ bs elaksik-ey ( naycMNg'enAfBYkq~S1971-72 ), Vn[TahanKas' ykbdimakrsat@ tamburaNVsaTnanaeTAlk'[BYkesom . k~grbr rksIubMpajCati kt'CatienH eKmaneFIlansMgat'sMrab'TmaKckcuHenA k~gBCitbnayqar . eBlyb'eTIbTmaKckesomcuHmkdwkykbdima krExrenaH . k~gerOglYcburaNvtExrenHmanecAhayextesk-sMeGot VncUlhunCamYypg . CnNa TahanNaEdldwgerOgenH tUvhulTn[eBCXatykeTAkEblecalGs' . tamsMdIelaksik-ey fahul TnVnsmab'bMbwTmat'kUnTahannigG~ksukGs'ecInNas' . elaksik eyVnbEnmfa hul-TnCaCnkt'Cati bMpajCatielx1 . eda ykarkab'smab'bMbwTmat' nigGMNacpac'karxSgeBkenaHenAcugq~S 19 72 Ta hank*bHeVrrksmab'hul-Tnecal EtemBukrlYyesk-sMeGot (1) VnykTmaKckeTAcuHenAfBYkrMedaHkUnCwgxnenH rYcehIyykeTAdak' [lYcCa tienAbrb"lineTot . CnenHgEdlkwbbMVt'yktgTMgn'Cag bI rykar"atenaH . BHeksBHBuTrUbbknaKbIGgenAk~gVgkMBUlP~MVNn' nigkalG -8-

sur:TarVltUveKlYc . enACitPUmiGUrVsaT nayTahans&kiVMVnnS TahaneTAbn'ykrUbtaBhnigBHPKens . kUnVsaTbuerGgrmYyenA k~gdubB Tl'muxbnayswkrgsIusupun tUvBYkTahanKas'ykbdimakar. enAfBYk cmayBIrKILEm"tBIBMEdn kUnVsaTbuerGgrCaVgfTSg mUlmYytUvesomykTmaKckmkscykeTAtMerobenAk~gdIesomeTA k~ gsm&yBHGgexA kjakfafnesk-sMeGot . 3- sm&yExrkhm BYkExrkhm tamTwsIbdivtnv _ bFmrbs'cwkem"A (Exrkhm) BYk TmiLenHVnbMpajsmtibUraNenHy"agecIntKNna . BYkvabmUl yktamvtGaramnUvbdimakrtUcFM dwktamLanTugykeTAdUrGMbilCamYy esom ebgnn: . vtbUraNVNn'ekammanbUraNvtCaecIn manbdi maBHBuTrUbbknaKBIrqak'BIfPk' ( Sandstone ) kMBs'BIrEm"t tSgBIst vtTI14mkem"H nigbdimakrCaecIneTottMkl'Tukk~gvihar . k~gbrievNvt manbUraNvtCaecIn manBHBuTrUbsl'EtEP~nTMhMb"unBHBuTrUbenAVsa tV"liL eJHTIsanVNn'CakEngEdlBHVTC&yvr&nTI7Vnksag Tisdl'BuTsasna ekayBIbgabkarbHeVrenAtMbn'enHrabTabmk . BY kExrkhmVnerIsykBuTrUbtUc@eTAdUresomykGMbil ykebgsSg m"asUt bdimakrFM@BYkvavaykMeTcecal CJnykeTAcak'ecalk~gswg eJHBYkCnsamanGs'enHvatUvkarykBHvihareTAeFICamnIrBiesaFn_ eB TvHeJHmnusrs' [siseBTlitlg'va sikaBIviCaeBTCak'Esg . sarmnIrvteJFival tUvBYkvaerIbMpajykbUraNvteTAdUresom ykvihar eFICamnIrXMuXSg. VsaTvtkP~MEdlCas~adBHVTTyaTitavr&nk sagk~gq~S910 VntUvBYkTmiLGnrFanGs'enH ykeFICaKukXMuXSgExr EdlBYkvacat'TukfaCasMNl'BukrlYynrbbsgmcas' CJSgeFIBIf VyekomEp~kxagtgVsaTtUvBYkvaerIKas'vaybMEbkykeTAcak'kal f~l'BIvtkP~MmkJmk mkTIbCMuCndUnTav . karbMpicbMpajvtbUraN VsaTbUraNExr vtGaramVneFIeLIgTUTSgbeTsExr KWCakarbMpajKwH sgmExr[sabsUnbg' smtambMNgrbs'emdwknSyYnhU-CImijEt mg . 4- sm&yyYn-ehgsMrin / hunEsn BYkyYnVnerIyksmtiKruP&Ntamvtnana rUvcmak'tamVsaTTenV TI, P~MCIsUr, GgrbUrI sarmnIrsalarcnadwkykeTAsukvabwgbnykeTA lk'enAhugkug BYkehg-sMrink*lYcKas'ykbUraNvtykeTAlk'[eso m-yYnEdr . BYkyYnVnKas'ykekadimasenAectiytMkl'BHsarIrikFatu enAmuxsaniyrfePIgkugP~MeBj . BYkvalYcykkalBhBIk~gsarmnIr vteJFival. 5- BYkclnatsUExr -9-

emBYkclnatsUreb"HreV"HtSgBIq~S1978mk suTEtrs'eday[BYkTahanKas'ykbUraNvttamVsaTnanaeTAlk'[esom bn'rasykmas eBC . kUnTahanrbs'sI-eFOn, sBfrs'kugtakUm"a (rdva"siunetan)Vn niyayfa sI-eFOnVn[TahancUHeTAKas'mkbdima vayykBHeks (kalG~kta) ykmklk'[esom . sBfTahanrCrbxxHkMBugEtbMpi cbMpajKas'ykbUraNvtBIVsaTnanaeTAlk'[esomEdr dUcCatmesniyL-vir: rYmCamYyTahanvresniyeTavibul eTAKas'bUraNvtenA VsaTyagdgM (sarBtmanGgrbUrI cuHfTI31 mkra 1991), elakEkmEcg, s&kibYnsIufa, eQaHq nigelakpaymYyXYn-erOn VnKas'ykrUb bdimaelakeketsr:BhsVM kMBs'BIrEm"tBIrtwk eTAlk'tfCamYyf Catm7lanVt (sarBtmanGgrbUrIcuHfTI31 mkra 1991) CaedIm. kUnsemcsIhnu, neratm-ckBg, k*CaemxagbMpajvtburaNExrm~a k'Edr edaybJa[kUnTahaneTAKas'ykburaNvttamVsaTnana mkl k'[BYkQjesom . TijpHtm1lanVtenAsurin[bBnCatif ( bBn TI6 ) bBnVMeTotnigkUnenAV"rIs_ . kMNt' tMbn'PaKxaglicextVt'dMbg fBYk sMbUredaybUraNVsaTbu erGgrCaecIn xg'CitVMrykEng . VsaTbuerGgrGs'TSgenaHecInksagBId tUvVk'EbkrlMKrCaBMnUk CaTYlG~kta kb'TSgrUbbdimakrenAk~g BMnUkenaH . TIbUraNsanGs'TSgenaHenABMuTan'VneFIkMNaysavCavenA eLIyk~gsm&yekaHsniPaBrbbsemcsIhnuenaH . esomEtgEtcUlmk lYcCIkKas'ykbUraNvttamVsaTGs'enaHCaerOy@dUcCa VsaTkMEB gJvcmayxg'db'KILEm"txaglicsayeck, VsaTembuN, VsaT bnayTabk~gkumVsaTbnayqarCaedIm. ebIExrKb'K~a Kb'rbb Kb'nin~akarnSK~abMpajCatigy"agenH etIBYk eKnSK~aeTArMedaHCati k*nSK~aeTArMedaHykGMNacedImIbMpajCati ?
(1) CaCnBukrlYyCageKmYyk~grbbsaFarNrdln'-nl' rksIu (minVc'manedImTun) rt'BnCa mYynayTunFM@enAVt'dMbgdwkTSgTU@reTHePIg rksIuCamYysug-sak'k~gkarkab'BeQIExr ykeTAlk'enAsukesom emlYcburaNvtExreTAlk'[Qjesom . edayBukrlYyxSgeBk k*tUvpas'ecjk~gq~S1974 (CMnYsedaytmesniysr-ehar) EtVnniyayVb'BYknayTun enAVt'dMbg rdkarextnana KUbegonfa xMnwgviltLb'mkvijCaecAhayextVt'dMbgdEdl . Emnesk-sMeGotVnvilmkvijenAedImq~S1975 BukrlYyelIsedIm . CaecAhayextCYy T&Bsemc (BYkExrkhm) edaydwkkSePIg Kab'ral'@Ex eTApl'[Exrkhm BI8eTA10Lan GMC Tahan . CaeBCXatsMlab'bMbwTmat'rasExr CnNaEdldwgBIGMeBIkt'Catirbs'esksMeGot nwgtUvBYkddl'kEblecal dUcCakUnTahanBIrnak'enAbnayBCUk (pvBIsIusupun eTAkLaj') EdlhansUrembJakareQaHm"a-GUn BIerOgdwkkSePIgnigKab'cUleTAk~gtMbn'xSg . CaCnelaPsI, k~gkariyal&yext esk-sMeGotmanelxaFikarpal'xn suTCasIekg@cM nYn7nak', manbBncugCaenAcMkarsMerag, [eKrksI@ykmk[dUcCakUnkat'cinyYnenApar

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ekam pvelxBIrknH ykmk[esk-sMeGotk~glacmYyenAm"UEtlextekaysalaTkiN ( lacenaHesrkMBugGgyelgenAeCIgm"afmuxpHCYl, pHelakm"at'-erOmG~keFIkatcinyYn ) . ta mEj"rsasacarkUlab-salIrt~EtminVn EtVnsasacarecjq~S1973m~ak'enAviTal&y Gab-XuteTAvij . Tak'TgVnG~kKUbzmsikam~ak'eQaHtan'-yk'sanenATkiNsala ( Eco le primaire groupe sud ) Tl'muxvtkMEpgehIyTijpHenAkac'CugsalaTkiN nigpveTAbrb"lin nigkUnLanhugdamYy[eTotpg . edaysarCnenHebIGMNacCiHCan'pac'kar dUcCaes ctaj'dab-QYn kfafnQMu (esctaj'cugekaybgs', tMNTI5ntkUlecAhaEbn Edn Vt'dMbg cgat'bUJnraCaNackf) enaHeTIbesk-sMeGot manrhsnamekAmYyeTot Edl G~kVt'dMbgdak'[fa BHGgexA .

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CMBUkTI1

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edaysarEtCemaHrvagraCvgktExr Edlcg'esayraC eTIbbNa l[mankareCotECkBIbreTsCitxag EdlcUlmkCYycSgdeNImraC [ktExr rYcehIyTaryksrKuN edaysMuykextenH-extenaHeTACa rbs'esomrbs'yYn . beTsExrk~gstvtTI18-19 VnkayeTACaB lancMVMgrvagT&BesomnigT&ByYn . bCarassab'hinehacJt'bg bn kUnecAKaneBlEl . eBlesomfyeTAsukvij esomEtgEte Kor ykKYExr bn'bmUlykePaKTBExrminEdlxan . k~gGtItkal ras ExrminEdlsal'sniPaBesaH . edaysarBHraCaGgcncgsanemtInwgyYn eTIbnS[BHGnuCGgGium nigBHGgdYgePosrt'eTAbeTsesom . BHecAGFiraCyYnmij-m"agVn cat'emT&BeQaHeTOg-mijy"ag nST&BcUlmktSgenAk~gsukExr tames ckIsMurbs'escExrGgcn edImIkarJrGMNacescenHEkgT&BfcUlmk yayI . BHecAyYnmanbMNgnwgyksukExrTSgmUleFICaEdndIyYn TukCa rnSgedImITb'Tl'CamYyesom EdlkaleNaHk*CaGaNackxSgBUEkmYy Edr enAk~gGasIuPaKGeK~y_ . minKan'EtmanEkalbMNgcg'yksukExr b"ueNaHeT escyYnVnerobcMEpnkar eFIyYnUbniykmelIbCarasExr bM Vt'vbFm GariyFm BHBuTsasnaefrvaT Gkrsas rebobeskJk' eJlKWyYntUvEtbMVt'nUvGI@TSgGs'EdlCaExrecalecj ehIybgM[ ExrsikaPasayYnEfmeTot edImIsMrYldl'karTak'Tg . k~gksaryYn eKehAExrfa GanarCn ( Barbarians ) KWCnEdlminsal'GarFmrugerOg CnBp . karelIkykbvtisastg'vKenHmkPab'Cabzmehtuk~gkarsresr enH KWxMmaneKalbMNgcg'[ExrTSgGs' yl'nigVndwg[cas'fa yYn VnerobcMnigbMVt'CatiExr elbsukExr rMlayvbFmExrcas'Nas' . ehIyEfmBIelIenHeTot xMcg'bgajfa yYneKVnsika eFIviPaKnUvkarbra C&yrbs'dUntaeK k~gkarEdleFIyYnUbniykmminsMerc mkelIbeTsExr k~gq~S1840 . ehtuenHehIy eTIbemdwknSyYnhU-CImij VnerobcMEpnkar eFIyYnUbniykmbeTsExrsarCafImgeTot EdlmanEcgenAk~gbNShUCImij ( Ho's testament ) k~geKaledAtYttaGasIuGeK~yT _ SgmUl . ehtuEdlxMelIkykbvtisastg'eNHmkrMlwk eJHcg'bgajBI eKalbMNgBitVkdrbs'yYnmkelIsukExr . kalenaHBHecAyYnVn ecjraCbJa[emT&ByYnGnuvtEpnkaryYnUbniykmelIbCarasExr nig -12-

beTsExr EdlksaryYnVnsresrBIBHraCbJamij-m"ageTAT&BBH Gg (1) fa BYkGnarCn (k~gsukExr ) VnkaymkCakUnecArbs'eyIgehIyL venH ehIyelaktUvEtCYyBYkeK ehIybegoneKGMBITMenomTmab'rbs'eyI g CaTahrN,_ eyIgVnmkfa dI(ksikm)sMbUrehIymanCIrCatiNas' ehIysMbUreKa(sMrab'Pr) b"uEnbCaCnKankarecHdwgBIksikm(Tan's m&y)esaH, eKebIEtcbtesH cbkab' CaCagebIkmSgeKa . eKeFIEsEd lKb'Kan'[eKbriePaKBIrdgk~gmYyf EteKminsksUvTukeT . vtEdl tUvkarcSVc'ral'fdUcCa sMBt'Gav, sUt, Ta nigCUkfxSgNas'. vt kMrGs'enH KWbNalmkBIExrxil ehIybJarbs'eyIgcMeJHelakKW b egonBYkeK[ecHebIeKa, begonBYkeK[ecHbegInplsUv[VnecIn, b egonBYkeK[ecHdSedImmn, ecHciJwmCUknigTa. ehIycMeJHPasavij elaktUvEtbegonBYkeK[ecHniyayPasaevotNam . (rebob)eskJk' nigebItutamTMenomeyIg k*tUEtBYkeKeFItamEdr . ebIsinCamanTMenomTMlab'NahYssm&y CaTMenomTMlab'EdlBp k*KYrEtEksMrYl k*bgabkMu[egIbrYc (1) .

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ekayEdlBHGgcnsuKtedayeraKcuHmYlk~gq~S1834(2) elIBHTI nSgnavakMBg'ekaHsaEktmk emT&ByYnGugelAeTOg-mijy"ag VnelIk ktIGgmIu CabutIbnab'[eLIgesayraC edayminykktIEbnbutITI1 eT eJHeKecaTfakt' edayBHmatart'eTAesomCamYyBHGgGiumnigBH GgdYg . elak David P. Chandler Vnsg'ksaryYnEdlsIBIkarelIkktI GgmIuenH tg'TMB&r125fa edImIeFICaGFibtIk~gkarEtgtSgktIGgmIu enH escyYnmiujm"ag VnbJnmnIyYnmkBIkugBnKr ehIyenAk~g eragBiFIEdleKsg'eLIgedImIVrBkarEtgtSgenaH ktIGgmIuBmTSgGa nuCTSgGs'tUvQrEbrBHPkeqaHeTATisxageCIg bQmnigBHraCsar rbs'escyYnEdlGnuJat[BHnagesayraC . k~geBlenaHtMNagni gGs'mnIyYnQrEbrmuxeTATisxagtg dUcEdlBHecAGFiraCyYnEtg eFIy"agenH enAk~gBHraCvSgBHGgkugehenaH . kalVneLIgesayraCk~gq~S1835 enaHBHnagKanGMNacGIesaH
(1) G~kbvtisasbswmbeTssal'fa eQaHeTOg-mijy"ag EtksarExrsal'faeQaH egog-yuSgFuy ( Nguyen Van Thuy ) ehAekAfa GugelA@ . (2) ksarmhabursExrTMB&r1048 esovePAelakedvId-qan'l&rfa q~S1835 .

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karcat'EcgkickarEpndI KWBYkesnabtIEdlsitenAekamkartYttarbs' eTOg-mijy"agTSgGs' . eTOg-mijy"agVntSgbnaytYttaenAP~MeBj ehIytiHriHrkEt{kasledImIykbeTskmCaeTAeFICasukrbs' yYnb"ueNaH (2) . GugelAk*cab'GnuvtEpnkaryYnUbniykmrbs'BHecAmij-m"ag . edImI sMerckickarenH escyYnVndak'T&ByYncMnYn50,000(VMmWun)nak'tYtta elIsukExr manbnayFMenAP~MeBj nigenAexteJFisat' . kalebIdUec~H GMNacEpndITSgmUlk*Fak'mkelIkNab'dyYnTSgGs' (3) . yYnVnbeJjGMNacy"ageXareXAmkelIrasExr KWbgMmnIExr[ eskJk'CayYn [raCkarExrrkesgGaharciJwmTahanyYn yYnVn ebotebonyayIBHBuTsasna edjBHsgExr[cuHecjBIvt (3) [BH sgExreskJk'dUcBHsgyYn [kab'edImeJFi rMlayvtGaramExryk eTAsg'viharyYn bMpajBHBuTbdimakr [rasExrmnIExreronPasayYn nigeskJk'tamyYn ( CaTahrN_ KWsMNl'GavbMBg'Evg EdlsIExr minvHcMehogdUcCaGavpaysIyYneT EbrCaedrPitCab'K~aeTAvij ExrxHy l'cLMfaCaGavExrbUraN ) yYnpas'eQaHTIkugP~MeBj [ehAfa NS y"ag (4) KWyYnerobcMrMlayvbFm Gksas TMenomTMlab'Exr nigsa snaExrCamun eJHvaCaKwHEdlTTg'nUvkarrs'rannbCaCatiExrnigbeTsExr . k~gkarGnuvtnE _ pnkarenH yYnVnbJns~gkarneyaVydb'VMmYy nak' kmkarcitsibnak' nigKUdb'nak'mkP~MeBj edImIerobcMs~lnEp~krd VltYttasukExr . eKEckEpnkareKCabYnvK vKTI1- KWerobcMextExrCafI edaydkecAhayextExrecj rYcdak'ecA hayextCayYn . sukExrkayeTACaextyYnehAfa tan' tayfaj' . ex tTSgGs'tUvdUreQaHExrecj ehIydak'eQaHCaJkyYnCMnYsvij . k~g karerobcMenH yYntUvrk[mans~gkarf~ak'Tabxg'mnak' EdlmancMeNHxa geFIEs nigxagviCaCanayTahan edImIdwknSrasExr nigdwknStYtta extExrTSgGs' . vKTI2- KWebIkEpnkarvaysMrukBgIkbgbegInpl, bgat'BlTahan Exr[VnecInsMrab'Tb'nwgesom nigsksUvTuk[VnecInedImIciJwm kgT&ByYn . vKTI3- karbegonExr[ecHPasayYn edImIsMrYldl'karTak'TgK~a . vKTI4- KWCakarCMrujEpnkareFIGaNaniKmsukExr edayykniKmCn cin nigG~keTasyYn [mktSgTIlMenA@elITwkdIExr edImIbegonTMenomTM lab'yYndl'bCaCnExr[eFItam .
(3) tamesovePAsegbBgavtabeTskmCarbs'elakreKaviT faemT&ByYnFM@manbInak'KW eTOg-mijy"ag, pS-v"agy"ag nig v"ag-Ng .

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GugeFogKun ( eTOg-mijy"ag ) GKembJakaryYn kalVnCaFMenA sukExrehIy VnerobcMKMeragkary"agcas'VkdNas' k~gkaryksu kExreFICasukyYn . vtmanBHbraC(Gium) nigBHGgdYgenAextVt'dMb g Cabs&KmYyrarSgdl'KMeragkarNe _ mT&ByYnenH (5) . kalenaHBH ecAesomVncat'[BHGgGiummkKg'enAextVt'dMbg nigBHGgdYgmkKg' enAextmglbUrI . eTog-mijy"agk*rkVyklepg@ nigykyYncMNgBHhsEdlescyYnVnfaymkBHGgcnenaHCaP~ak'garnSlixit nigniyayeVkBHGgGiumCasmat' fa[BHGgGiumrt'cUleTAsukExrcuH yYnnwgfayraCsmti . edaycg'esayraC BHGgGiumk*TUlbgac'BHG gdYgfa bugkt'bMrugrt'cUlyYn . BHecAesom BHBuTLitLanPal&y k* cab'BHGgdYgdak'kIykeTAkugeTB (kugVgkk) . edImIrt'eTAsukExr enaH BHGgGiumVncab'ykkmkarextVt'dMbg KWelakVLat'rs'eTACa mYypg k~gq~SrkanBs&kKs1837 . BHGgekorykKUExrtampverog mkdl'eJFisat' . enATIenaHyYnk*cab'XMuBHGgGiumBmTSgraCvganuvgnSmkP~MeBj dl'eBlyb'sat'k*nSBHGgGiumnigBHjaticuHeTABnKr rYcbnykeTAXMuTukenAkugeheTA . escyYneFov-TI VnecjraCsarmk eTOgmijy"agenAP~MeBjbJnsemcecAhaTl:Lg1semcecABjahU1 kjakLaehamman'1 [cuHeTAKal'escenAkugeh rYcXMuesnabtIExr TukenATIenaH . ekaymkeTOg-mijy"agcat'esnaTahan[XMuxnktIG gmIu GgEbn GgeBA nigGgsn nSykeTAsukyYnCasmat'eTot . eTA dl'kuglg'ehar GugdugdukecAhayext@lg'ehar ( Vinh Long ) bJn EtktbIGgeTAkugeh Xat'TukBHGgEbneJHvaecaTfakt'va ehIyk* eFIKtBHGgEbn edayCmuCTwksmab'enAsuklg'eharenaHeTA (6) . EpnkardkecAhayextExr nigkarcab'ktIGgmIu BmTSgraCvgExr ykeTAXMuTukenATIkugeh CabuBehtueFI[Exrkan'Etyl'cas'fa yYnbu grMlaybeTsExrEmnETnehIy . esckIekAkhayk*ekItmaneLIgTUTSgbeTsExr . rasExrKb'ext niKmCnbTCMnMuK~akCas&KbkBYk BIm hasib mYyrynak' dwknSedayemEdleKTukcit bHeVrcYlcbl'k~ gkMLgExkJanigtula1840 . k~gkarbHeVrenH ems&KbkBYkEtgbCMu Tak'TgK~aeTAvijeTAmk . karbHeVrCadMbUg elcecjmkBImMextPaKxag ekItkugdug tamCYrmat'Ten manextlam, sIsQr, extkNalswg exteKonsay, extxac'kNal, extP~MeBjCaedIm . enAeBlEdlVn dMNwgfa yYnVncab'esnabtI ktIGgmIu BmTSgraCvgExrVt'eTAehIy . dMNwgenHVnpBpayy"agrh&s BIsukmYyeTAsukmYy BIextmY yeTAextmYyeTot . k~gkMLgExsPa1841 karbHeVrVneLIgdl'kr Mi tCaGtimrima. ems&KbkBYkk*snt'K~abHeLIgBm@K~ak~gkMLgevla8f elIkK~aeTAeLamB&TbnayyYnnanaKb'sukextXMutMbn' kab'smab'yYn TS -15-

gsIuvilTSgTahan enAKb'TIkEngEdleKCYbbTH . KmnaKmnr _ vagTIku gtUvdac' . BYkExrbHVneLanB&TT&ByYn EdlGactYttaEtTIkug kg T&ByYntSgenAdac'sy"al manesckIPitP&yCaxSg . kumExrbHxHman TSgBHsgCaemdwknSpg (7) cMnYnExrbHeVrkalenaHeLIgdl'CagbImWun nak' EdleFI[enT&BeTOg-mijy"ag mindwgrkviFINaedImITb'Tl'nwgExr bHeVr[Vnsb'eTAvijVn . (8) yYnEdlrYcCIvitBIT&BExrbHeVr k*nSK~a rt'mkCkCamYyT&BFMk~gbnayexteJFisat' nigbnayFMenAP~MeBj . edaysMNUmBrBImnIExrnigecAhayexteJFisat' (9) sMu[BHecA esomBHNSgkavbJnBHGgdYg mkesacsg'sukBIkNab'dyYn enaHBHecAk*bJa[Bjab:DineteCanST&Besom 15,000nak' dEgrBHGg dYgcUlmksukExr tamry:Vt'dMbg nigekNrasExrbJlCamYyT&B esom Vn35,000nak' elIkcUleTAeLambnayexteJFisat'Vneday mWuncabecHeFIKab'kSePIgFMVj'epagcUlk~geqHbnayyYn emT&ByYnk*sMu cuHcaj' minhanTTYlcSg Tg'k*elIkT&BExr-esombnmkvaykMcat'yYn ecjBIkugdgnigP~MeBjeTot . edayGs'sgwmnwgeFIyYnUbniykmsukExr nigbraC&yk~gkarb"unb"g dak'BHGgGium[esayraCvijenaH ( eJHExrElgeCO ) enAcugq~S1841 eTOg-mijy"agk*dkfyT&ByYn ykBHGgGium ktIGgmIu nigBHraCvganuvg BmTSgeKorKYExrCagVMmYyJn'nak' cuHeTAEdnkmCaekam rYc ehIyePpIlixiteTAkugeh sMuTTYleTasEdleFIkarminVnsMerc rYcehI yeTOg-mijy"agk*pwkf~SbMBuleFIGtXatxnsab'eTA (10) . escyYnk*bJnemt&BeQaH Gug xSsay dayfan' nST&BCaecInnS ykeTABHGgGium nigktIGgmIu BmTSgraCvgExr BIextmat'CUk mkTuk enAbnayP~MeBj . cMVMgrvagExrnigyYn kalenaHmincaj'minQ~H eTIbem t&ByYnnigBjab:DinsuMcrcaK~aQb'cSg ehIyTTYlsal'BHGgdYgCa ktExrTSgGs'K~a ehIysMu[yYnbKl'ktIGgmIu BmTSgraCvganuvg ExrmkvijCaf~r nigeQIyswkyYn-camEdlesomXMuTukCaeQIykalmun enaH . edImIesckIsuxdl'bNaras BHGgdYgk*suxcitykesomnig yYneFICaGaNaBaVlelIsukExr . EpnkaryYnUbniykmtUvbraC&y edayExrVndwgxnTan' EtedImIkMu[ xatTn'xSgeBk yYnk*fyeTA EteTAtSgT&Bsg'bnaykan'kab'rkextExr EdnkmCaekam CamSmYn tSgBITSgetIytg mat'CUk kmYn -s Jm Twk exA Bllav BHtJMg EBksI CaedIm . munnwgcUldl'EpnkaryYnUbniykm xMsUmrMlwktYs@Edr GMBIclna tsUrbs'ExrkmCaekam EdlbqSgnwgneyaVybMVt'TMenomTMlab'Exr bMputBUCExrmas'sukenAEdndIkmCaekam . -16-

viFankarEdlyYnebIsmab'Exrekam nigkarts~Urbs'Exrekam
k~gq~S1776 ExrenAPaKxagekamnEdnkUsSgsIunVnbHeVreLIg va ykMcat'yYnEdlebIviFIeXareXAsmab'Exr ( extBHtJMg ) . eqt{ka senaH BHGgnn'k*elIT&BExrcUleTAvaydeNImykextvijLg ( L gehar ) nigextmIufU ( em-s ) mkvij (11) . k~grCkalBHGgcnTI2 (1806-1834 ) sbeBlEdlBHGgmas' egg-Gan bkasxnCaescyYn ehIycSgCamYyBYkyYnbHeVrtsWn enaH ecAhayextExrenAextBHtJMgeQaHkjasYs VnekakeLIg ekNT&BcSgbeNjyYnQanJn escExrEbrCabJnT&BeTACYyes cyYneTAvij . ekaymkk~grCkalktIGgmIu (1834-1841 ) edayQWcitnwgyYn EdlyayIbMpajTMenomTmab' nigBHBuTsasna elakecAhayKuy enA extBHtJMgVnekakeLIgekNT&BcSgbeNjyYneTot edayman esnaCMnitVMnak'KW PUQYyKg', hWnk, tam"g', eTsaesam nigmenars' . T&BelaktSgTIenAtMbn'p~rdUg . kartsUrbs'elakecAhayKuytUvbraC&y eJHPUQYyKg'kt'cUldnwgGuglUv emT&ByYnEdlsnafanwg[PUQY yKg'eLIgTICakjaCMnYsecAhayKuy . PUQYyKg'VnVb'kickarGaf kMVMgT&BecAhayKuydl'yYnGs'Kansl' rhUtrkmeFaVysmab'shkarIrYmtsUCamYyK~a manhWnk, tam"g', eTsaesam nigmenars'Gs' eTot . ecAhayKuytUvyYncab' rYcvaEtgtSgCaPUQYyva . eBlEdlBH ecAyYnmij-m"agecjbJati[ExrekameVHbg'TMenomTmab' BHBuTsas naefrvaT enaHelakecAhayVnTamTarbqSgnwgkarEkEbenH elaksux cit[yYnsmab'elakcuH [EtyYnBmsnarkaTukTMenomTMlab'BHBuTsasna[Exrekam . GuglUvVnbharCIvitkjaKuyenAmuxsalaXMubin Dwk . bCarasVnyksBkjaKuy mkeFIbuNbJHk~gectiymuxvt eJFisalraC k~gextBHtJMg . PUQYyKg'Edlkt'ecAhayKuy k* tUvemT&ByYncab'dak'Tugsmab'ecalEdr . (12) k~gq~S1847 rCkalBHGgdYg ExrextBHtJMgk~gsukcab'ePIgm~a k'eQaHeLam-esamVnekakeLIgdwknSkartsUbqSgnwgyYn sgswkCY selakkjaKuypg nigedjyYnecjBIkmCaekampg . elakmanes nak esnaeVj nigemOg-esamCaCMnYy . eLam-esamVnvayQ~H yYnehIyVnTSgsmab'ecAhayextyYnGugbUpg . T&BelakeLam-esa mvaycUldl'p~rdUg ehIyVnsmab'yYnCaecInpg . EtyYnVnbJn T&By"agecInmkBIextxagekIt mkTb'T&BeLam-esam . -17yYncab'eLam-

esamVndak'TugykeTAkugeh ehIyescyYneFov-TI k*bJa[sma b'elakeTA . (13) k~gKMeragkarvatTIcuHmkTisxaglic nigBgwgsanPaByYnpg k~gq~S 1856 yYnsg'bnayy"agmSenATIrYmextXSgVsak'(Soctrang ) . elak ecAhaysuksukVnekakeLIgekNT&BvaykMcat'yYny"agkahanKb' TIkEngk~gtMbn'TMnb'nigkMBg'tb' ( Thuan Hoa ) . k~gq~S1859 elakesnasYs enAextXSgVnekakeLIgtsUvaykMcat'yYnenAmhaTb' (Hoa Thuan) nigcugVLag ( An Ninh ) . k~gkartsU CagbIq~S ExrVnsmab'tmembJakaryYnBIrnak'pg mYyeQaHGugLan'sm nigmYyeToteQaHGugLan'-binsIu . EtekaymkelakesnasYsV ntUvBYkcam EdlCasmnmityYnlYcbMBulelaksab'eTA . k~gq~S1860 k~gextXSgVsak' ( Soctrang ) manbgbnBIrnak'eQaH esnaTa esnaman' enAeLam BUy"a ( Nhu Gia ) VnekakeLIgekNT&Bt sU EtedayT&ByYnecInsnwkeBk elaktUvbgMnST&BfyeTAPUmiLg fan' k~gtMbn'ta xa extBllav ( Baclieu ) rYcelakVnnST&BvaycanyYnrhU tdl'JmbU lIv . edayyYnVnCMnYyT&Bcam Car EfmmkCaecIneTot elakesnaTak*tUvBYkCarVj'elakedaykSePIgsab'CIviteTA . BlTaha nVnyksBelak eTAbJHelIkUnekaHmYyEkrvtExrenAExg bbil k~g extBllav . sm&yeTOg-mijy"agtYttasukExrenaH ExrnigyYntUvkarCacSV c'nUv EBkvijet edayCIkPab'BImat'smuT cUlmkcmay53Km . k~gkar CIkEBvijetenH emT&ByYnVnTTYldavGaCaswkmYy nigBHsgartaBI escExrBHGgcn edImItYttakarCIkEBkenaH . mnusCab'kMENnman Exr nigyYnlayK~a . eKEckCakumedImIErkGacmd _ IecjBIk~gVtEBk . k~gkumnimYy@manyYnm~ak'edIrmux yYnm~ak'edIrekay nigyYnm~ak'eTotedIr kNalCYr edImIKk'tb'[ExredIreTAmux[elOn . yYnEtgrkerOgecaT Exrfacg'rt'eKc mineFIkarCaedIm rYcExrenaH@k*tUveTas ehIyykeTA kb'dItwmkbI@nak' eFICamumeCIgkandSEtGug . eBlEdlyYnvadutePIgdS EtenaH ExrG~keTaserIbMrHedayekAnwgePIg yYnvaEskfa kMukMerIk by&t~ kMBb'EtGug KWdSEt[elakFMyYn . enHCarebobsmab'Exry"agsahavBp ExrKb'@K~aEtgrMlwkerOg enHVb'tkUntecA CabuBehtueFI[Exrsb'yYnrhUtdl'Lv . dl'eBl CIkEBkrYcehIy yYneKlYcVb'KI~K~aeKTSgGs'[dwgCamun ExreKmin[ dwgesaHeT . eKykX~agEvgmkdak'KabkExrbnK~adb'nak' mnak' rab' rynak'edayykelsfa kMu[Exrrt'ecalkMENnCIkEBk . rYcehIyemT& ByYnk*bJa[TmaydImuxTMnb' [TwksmuThUrcUlEBkCIkliclg'sab' ExrvinasGnrayGs'Kansl' eJHkCab'X~agerIminrYc . -18edaysarkar

smab'Exry"ageXareXAEbbenaHehIy eTIbExrenAtMbn'EBkCIkvijet nig enAtMbn'CYrP~MVMBIr manP~MBJl P~MGkyMCaedImekItesckIQWcab'ekAkha ynwgyYnEdleFITaruNkmkab'smab'Exry"agsahavBpdUec~HenaH k* ekakeLIgbmUlKI~K~atsUvaysgswknwgBYkyYn rhUtsmab'VnemT&ByY n nigesnaTahanCaecInnak' EdlVk'T&Brt'cuHBIsukExreTA . kartsUrbs'ExrekammanmkCahUrEhrhUtmkdl'eBlfI@enH CaTahrN _ nkartsUmYyk~gcugq~S1945 nigedImq~S1946CaedIm EdlyYnku mynishU-CImij VneKagsmab'ExrekameTot . kartsUenHVnekIt eLIgenAk~gEdndIs~ k~gextXSg nigk~gPUmiekaHbhatk~gextBllav . k~gkMLgExF~ 1945 yYneyokmijVnbeJatbCaCnExrbus@k~gPUmi ekaHbhat y"ar"ay ep~aGENt dSKin dSyIuy EBkhUrpug faykeTATTY lelakFM faykeTAhat'hwkhWn ehIybJlk~geragdak'sUvCb"undut smab'TSgrs'Gs'rab'rynak' Kan'EtG~kPUmiep~aGENtEtmYymansab'cMnY nEssibnak'eTAehIy (14) xHeTotBYkvabeJat[eLIgelITUksmuT rYc vaecaHBnicTUksmab'Exr . eyIgeXIjfa Kb'viFankarN_ yYneFIkarsmab'ExrCanicKanQb'Qr esaHeLIy . buBehtuedImKWmkEtBIescExrekItvivaTK~adeNImraCblg deNImGMNacK~arvagraCvgg eTIbeTABwgyYn[mkCYy yYnk*Vnels enHgcUlmkkan'kab'extExrTSgLayenAkmCaekam nigeFIkarkab'sma b'rgalbCaCnExr EtGkuslExrminecHpaykarEdlyYnsmab'ExrenH dl'BiPBelakesaH .

evotNamUbniykmkmCaekam
edayeFIyYnnUbniykmkmCaelIminVnsMerc yYnVncUleTAtYtta EdndIkmCaekamCamSmYnmYyry: eBlEdlExrkMBugEtsagxn sarbeT sEdleTIbnwgrYcBImhnrayedaysgam . tSgBIBHecAmij-m"agrhUt BHecAy"a-Lg escyYnVnGnuJat[ExrekameVHbg'ecalTMenomTMla b' Gkrsas kareskJk'CaExr BmTSgBHBuTsasnaefrvaTpg . Ca dMbUgeKcab'EkEbeQaHextCaExr dak'CaPasayYnvij . extExrenAkmCa ekamTSgGs'man17ext EtenACMnan'GaNaniKmVrSg eKVnEkEbeTACa 21ext . extTSgLayEdlyYnVnEkEbmandUcteTA eQaHCaExr 1- extkMB b'skatI cgartJMg 2- exteragdMrI 3- extBnKr eQaHEkEbCaPasayYn EkCa Bien Hua rYc Phuoc Thanh rYc Phuoc Long EkCa Tay Ninh EkCa Saigon rYc Gia Dinh Cholo rYc Ho Chi Minh -19-

4- extpMGMebIs 5- extem-s 6- extekaHKg 7- extEBksI 8- extlg'ehar 9- extBHtJMg 10- extparEdk 11- extmat'CUk 12- extXSg (Vsak') 13- extTwkexA 14- extJm 15- extkmYns 16- extBllav 17- extJmVr"aC 18- exttaemak 19- BHsYKa 20- GUkab' 21- (eQaHfI ) valBUs kjaDin ekaHtLac ekaHtl' sukGNgTwk sgat'EBkKy sgat'EBkcak sgat'epAeBn sgat'dgekag sgat'kUnEkk sgat'edImeJFi sgat'xintag sgat'dng

EkCa Ben Tre rYc Kien Hoa EkCa My Tho rYc Dinh Tuong EkCa Go Cong rYc Long An EkCa Can Tho rYc Phong Dinh EkCa Vinh Long EkCa Tra Vinh rYc Vinh Binh EkCa Sadec rYc Kien Phong EkCa Chau Doc EkCa Soctrang rYc Khanh Hung rYc Ba Xuyen EkCa Camau rYc Quan Long rYc An Xuyen EkCa Hatien EkCa Rachgia rYc Kien Giang, Chuong Thien EkCa Baclieu rYc Baclien EkCa Long Xuyen rYcCa An Giang EkCa Thudomot rYc Binh Duong, Binh Long EkCa Baria rYc Phuoc Le, Phuoc Tuy, Binh Tuy EkCa Cap St. Jacques rYc Vung Tau EkCa Tan An EkCa Dong Nai EkCa Gia Dinh EkCa Con Son EkCa Phu Quoc EkCa Long Phu EkCa Rachgoi EkCa Chac Vang EkCa Lo Vieng EkCa Bai Gi EkCa Ngang Ho EkCa Lam Vo EkCa Dinh My EkCa Lieu Tu -20-

suknigTIkEngxHeTot EdlyYnVnEkEbCaeQaHyYnKW

sgat'tanav sgat'bwgGna sgat'Tentg sgat'lic sgat'ep~aGENt

EkCa Bang Lang EkCa Bung Sa EkCa My Than EkCa Lich Hoi Thuong EkCa Giang Noi .l.

rUbKMnUrEpnTIenH KUredayelakfac'-sMu GtitcaghagGgrbUrI nigCaGtitbFan smaKmExrkmCaekam bcSrdkalIh&rnij"a

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EpnTIEdndIkmCaekamcMnYn17ext EdlkayeTACaevotNamxagtg cMeJHEp~kxagtgBnKr sPaGaNaniKmVrSgVnsMercbKl'eTA[BH ecAedayk~gyb'fTI21 sPa q~S1949 . ( dksg'ecjBIsarBtma nGgrbUrI rdkalIh&rnij"a GtbTrbs'elakfac'-bunerOg fTI15 mina 87) edaysarxHksar xMKanlTPaBnwgerobrab'nUveQaH suk XMu sga t'TSgGs'enAEdndIkmCaekam EdlyYnVnEkEkCaPasayYnenaHeLIy.

yYnUbniykmbCaraRsExrekam
k~gsm&yeTOg-mijy"ag EdlyYnVnGnuvtEpnkaryksukExreFI CasukyYnenaH ksaresomVnehAExrfa bCaCnyYnfI . bEnmelI karbgM[ExreVHbg'TMenomTMlab' Gkrsas BHBuTsasnaefrvaTecal -21-

nig[ExreronPasayYn escyYnVnbJat[ExrekamTSgGs' ykEst kUleTAtamJk EdlescyYndak'[sMrab'extnimYy@ . enHCameFaVyedImI[yYneKsal'sKl'nbCaras yYnkMeNItExrGs'enaHEt b"ueNaHeJHExrextnimYy@EtgmancritxusBIextmYyeTot CaTahrN_ ExrEdlmantkUlfac' ecInmancitEbbYl yksuxykrYcxn ExrEdlmantkUlsWnecInmancitkahan man:rwgtwg mineGankal[yYntYt ta hanbHeVr .l. BHecAmij-m"agVnbJati[ExrekamykEstkU lCayY nmanCagmEs Etcab' BIraCBHecAy" aLgmk eKVnrab' ykEt EsVMmYyeTAvij . KWfaEsExrdTeTot VntUvyYnbMPeXasnabMVt'da nfaCaCatiyYnsuT EtExrTSgGmalmaNenaH enAEtrkaTMenomTmab'Ca Exr nigniyayPasaExrenAeLIy . EsTSgVMmYyenaHKW fac', sWn, KIm, Kag, y"aj nigecA . ExeKattkUlEdlescyYnbJatidak'[rasExr enAkmCaekammandUcteTA
ExrenAextBllav XSg nigBHtJMg ExrenAextmat'CUk ExrenAextkmYns ExrenAexteragdMrI ExrenAextEBksI tUvEtykEsCa tUvEtykEsCa tUvEtykEsCa tUvEtykEsCa tUvEtykEsCa sWn, fac', KIm, KagTa hrN_ sWn-jil, Kag , rinCaedIm ecATahrN_ : ecA-esam y"aj, daj' Ta daj'-kUc kavTahrN_ kav-nU dav dav-kan (15)

EsdTeTotenAJseBjkmCaekamk*suTCaExrEdr EtyYnminrab'b JlKW yWb, lI, Lwm, Tin, tS, j"ag, hug, vin, twg, ega, dU, tU, KI, eyOg, Gug (16) .

ksareyag - REFERENCES
(1) A History of Cambodia - David P. Chanler page 126 - published in 1983. (2) Georges Maspero- L'Empire Khmer page 70 - Phnom Penh - Imprimerie du protectorat -1904 (3) Roger M. Smith, Cambodia's foreign policy, published 1965, page 13. (4) segbBgavtarbeTskmCa edayreKaviT TMB&r103 . (5) J. Moura, Le Royaume du Cambodge Fascicule II, page 131. (6) ksarmhabursExr rbs'elakeGg-sut eVHBumq~S1968 TMB&r1054 . (7) Roger M. Smith, Camodia's foreign policy, page 14-15. (8) A History of Cambodia, David P. Chandler, page 131. (9) M. Giteau, Histoire du Cambodge, page 155. (10) David P. Chandler, A History of Cambodia, page 134. (11) Memorandum of Cambodia on her territories in South Vietnam-Cochinchina 1954 Imprimerie Gloor- Geneva, page 4. (12) sUmGanesovePAkjaKuy rbs'elakEkv-suvti nigfac'-kan' eVHBumq~S1966 . (13) kUsSgsIunCaEdndIrbs'ExrtUvbKl'[Exrvij TMB&r63, 64, 65 edaysSg-m"ak'sag, eVHBumq~S1973 . (14) sUmGanesovePA rs'eJHhansab' rbs'elakm"-pat' q~S1972 . _ bs'elaksWn-eL nigelakKim-Fwm rdva"siunetan GtItEm"Khk . (15) tamesckI[karNr (16) EdndIkmCaekam TMB&r118 q~S1971 edayKwm-saGul .

-22-

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karEdlxMelIkykvKtg'enHmk eJHCabzmehtuEdlbNal[ma nCaclnaes~haCatiPak'rk ekakeLIgtsU nigkarCiHCan'nGaNaniKm VrSg rhUtbegItCaclnaExrsr:, ExresrI, Exreyokmij, Exrkhmt @mk . k~gKs1857 BHGgdYgVnBwgBHsgkatUliknam m"ugEsgj&r mIs ( Monseigneur Miche) nSBHraCsareTAsMuCMnYykgT&BVrSg mkvay sukBnKr ebIVnsMercraCkarkugkmCanwgecjCaVk'500ENn CUn raCkarVrSg . extTSgetIytg Vsak'(XSg) BHtJMg kmYns ma t'CUkmagTl'nwgmat'smuT magTl'nwgsukEBnKrenaH raCkarkugkmCanwgcat'kgT&BeTAvayB&TvageTATl'nwgEdnBnKr . BHecANab"UeLGu gTI3 k*Tg'emtaeVstamBHraCsarKb'bkar . BHecAneratmVncat' kjaer CaesdIEkb ecAhayext@JmCaemT&BnigesnaTahan Bmeda ysasavuFbMrugesc cat'kjaymraCm"uk CaG~kbJnesgGaharbMru gcSkgT&BBIkugVrSgEssmkdl' nigvaypb'K~a (1) . dl'q~SmmIsMriTis&kKs1858 BHecANab"UeLGugVncat'tmnavIk Admiral Doudart de Lagre nSesnaTahancuHkV"l'eTAvaykugBnKr . raCkarkugkm Cak*elIkT&BeTAvayextTSgetIytg, Vsak', BHtJMg, kmYns, mat' CUk (2) EtT&BExrtUveTIenAtg'EBkCIkvijet k*tSgVj'kSePIgFM-tUceTA vijeTAmk EtCaGkuslBHGgdYgsuKtenAfTI19tula1860 kjaEk bk*tUvBHneratmtMeLIggarCakjackI (1) ehIy[elIkT&BeTAvayext TSgtgteTAeTot . VMbIExekayBHGgdYgsuKteTAenaH BHsIusuvta CaGnuC BHeratmVncat'[s~gsUr menaEkv CajatixagmataekNT&BBI tMbn'VP~M sgt'extetIyxagekIt edImIcSgdeNImraCBIneratmtamkar BnHKSTrbs'esom . k~gExmina1861 menaEkvtUveKcab'Vn s~gsUr nigbkBYkrt'eTABwgVrSgenAbnayexteragdMrI ( Tai Ninh ) VrSgk*nSdak '
(1) k~gEp~krdVlExr manBHmhaktCaFM rYcbnab'mkKWmhabraC (CYnman-CYnKan) rYcKW semcecAhaTl: CYnkalehA GKmhaesnabtI EdlmanmuxgaresInwgnaykrdmnI ( Prime Monister ) . ekamsemcecAha manesnabtI(rdmnI)bYnnak'KW kjackI Caesna xagkgT&BeCIgeKak nwgdwknSeCIgeKak, kjakLaeham CaesnaxagkgT&BeCIgTwknwgdwk nSpvTwk, kjaymraC CaesnabtIksYgtulakar, kjavSg CaesnabtIxagkickarBHraC vSgnighirJvt ( sUmGanesovePA kalbvtiviTnkmCa rbesrtg'vKTI1 EdlEcgcas' las'BIrdVlkug ext eKarmgar, zannrs&kimnI, ecAhayext, esctaj'TSgVM, kMENn kgT&BnrbbskiPUmibUraNExr ) .

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'kV"l'ykeTAbMbrbg'ecalekaHtLaceTA . k~gExemsa1862 semcsuTsV"bHeVrekNT&BenAextsMeragTg (extkMBg'sW) EttUvbraC&ycab'Vnsmab'ecal . k~gq~SkurbJs&k1864 VvelakkjaeteCasuk, extkMBg'say, eQaHsa rt'eTAextTSgetIytg tSgxnCaGgPwm (2) bJHbJlras [VnT&BecIn elIkmktSgenAsukeCIgkJMsgt'ykextJm bnaymas TSg Bkbas . evlayb'sat' embHenHnSesnalukkjackIEkb GnickmenAextTSgeTA . ecAhayextyYnenAextmat'CUk ( Chaudoc ) VnKSTclnabHeVr enH (3) . edayVrSgeFIkarKMramxSg eTIbbraCyYnBmbKl'xnGacar saenAExsIha1866 . EtenAExmkra munbKl'xnGacarsa yYnbegIt clnabHeVrmYyeTot edaybeJH[KUGaKmeQaHedImnU tSgxnCaeJr kMeVr ekNT&BtMbn'eragdMrIcSgdeNImraC . eJrkMeVrBitenaH Cabuta BHGgc&nTI2 VnsuKtenAkugtgtSgBIBHCn8Exem"H (4) . braCyYn extlg'eharVnKSTclnabHeVrenH (5) . cMVMgenHsIueBlGs'Cit2q~S TMrSsmab'eJrkMeVrVnen AExF~1867 enATYlbg'bt' PUmisayePIg tSg eKak edayVyrbs'elakkjaeteCaGIextkMBg'say mnIraCkar bCarassab'vinasGs'CaecInnak' . eyIgVneXIjfa BHGgDYgVn[kjaraCaesdIEkbvayykextkmCaekamvij EtedayTg'suKtk~gq~S1860eTA kjaEkbk*paksgam enaHsin ekaymkhgneratmVntemIggarkjaEkb CaesnabtITahan eCIgeKakCaTIckIeBjys rYc[elIkT&BeTAvayextTSgetIytgeTot. ehtuenHehIy edImIkMu[ExreTAvayykextkmCaekamVn mhabraCyY nEdltSgenAextlg'ehar ( Vinh Long ) enaHk*rkmeFaVyKSTembH eVrGacarsa [eTAluksmab'kjackIEkbTal'EtVn . ekaymkeTo tyYnKSTclnabHeVreJrkMeVreTot KWk~geKalbMNgeFI[Exrmancla clk~gsuk ehIyKan{kasnwgvayykextkUsSgsIunmkvij . Exrk*Fa k'k~gVyklyYn EdlebIklykFglabmuxman'[Cl'K~a Exrk*cS gkab'smab'EtK~ag ehIyKan{kasnwgvayykext EdlyYnbn'yk enaHmkvijeLIy . cMVMgk~gsukExrsBf ( 1979-1990 ) k*Caneya VydEdlEdlyYnykmkebI[Exrsmab'EtK~ag .
(2) GgPwmCabutarbs'braCGgGwum EdllYcePosecjBIVt'dMbg (esom) edaycaj'Vy klyYn tUveTOg-mijy"agXMuTukenAextlg'ehar ehIyenATIenaH . GgPwmBitVkdenaHVnsuKtrYceTA

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edImI[rYccakBICMerotCMErkbreTsCitxag BHneratmk*dak'beTskm CaekamGaNaBaVlVrSg edaysnisJacuHfTI11 ExsIha q~S1863 . edaysarkarbHeVrTSgBIrelIkenaH VrSgVnefaleTasfa mkBIEp~k rdVlExrexay . VrSgyl'eXIjfa rebobrdVlrbs'BHneratmmin l k*manbMNgesIerIEkEbrdVlEbbfI . enAq~S1883 elak Charles ThomsonVnmkCaGPiVlNcinEp~krdVlsIuvil . elaksMercfatUv EtbgM[BHneratmLayBHhtelxak~gkarbKl'kickarEpndIExreTAV rSgkan'kab'TSgGs' . eKVneKagTukfa ebIBHneratmminBmeTenaH eK nwgbgM[BHGgdak'raC rYcehIyelIkBHsIusuvtiEdlKSTVrSgenaH[ eLIgesayraCvij . tSgBIyb'ebotPWnfTI17mifunaq~S1884 edImIGnuvtkarenaH elakFumsunVnebIkkaV"l'eQaHsIulUEGtmkctenAcMmuxvSg P~MeBj (6) . dl'em"agbEhl10yb' elakkan'sMNMulixitcUleTACYb BHneratm edaymanTahanbdab'GavuFsMLt ( TarVlnigkjavSgmin [cUleJHesckMBugpM elakFumsunykeCIgQUsTarkLabnMeLIgKSg ) . ebIBHneratmminBmcuHBHhtelxaeTenaH Tg'tUvEtdak'raC BH neratmk*BmcuHhtelxaTSgeTIsTal'nigBieraF (7) edaysuxcitbKl' GmNackickarEpndIeTAraCkarVrSgcat'EcgerobcM . VMmYyExekaymk Tg'k*temIggarPkIQUk Camhatlwk[KggarCakjaBiselakQUk Ca

kV"l'eQaH salEGt EdlVrSgVnCiHmkbgMBHkruNaBHVTneratm [Lay BHhtelxaelIGnusJaq~S1884 .

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ectiytMkl'FatuBHecABjay"atelIP~MdUneBj ( rUbftq~S 1885 ) xaglicBHvihar VrSgVn[eFICaeFI~enAkectiy edImI[TahansYlemIlcl naBYkbHeVrsm&yBiselak QUk nigkLaehamKg' edayelIgtamCeNIrsIEpkni gectiy . kMBUlectiytUv rnHVj'Vk'k~gsm&ysaFar Nrdln'-nl'q~S1970 .

esctaj'EdndITSgtYtextVMBIrKW bnaymas VTI Bkbas Jm kMBt kMBg'esam nigekaHkug ehIy[elakcat'EcgbmUlekNT&BeFIsgamtsUvayVrSg edImIykGMNacmk[BHGgvij . k~geBlCamYyK~a enaHEdr G~kEdlCYykjaBiselakQUkk~gcMVMgrvagT&BVrSg KWmanV Lat'Eg"t kjahIug VLat'Qub vgaGKraCEkv ehIysuTEtmankgT&B erog@xn cineQaHlIxagXwm k*manT&BcinenAtMbn'kMBtbHeVrvayVrSgEdr (8) . edayQWcitnwgVrSgdkykbwgLensaT EdlbCarasExr Fab'rktIpt'pg'KYsar ehIylk'eTA[degAyYn elakkjanraFibtIVk' BmTSgkmkarekambgab'k~gextBEvgVnrt'ecalraCkar -26ehIyeTAk T&BvayVrSgEdr (9) . k~geBlenaHmanExrCaecIneTotEdlkT&BvayVrS

gdUcCabNitnUenAVP~M kjasYKaelakenAexteJFisat' GacaresgenA lamCaedIm (10) . fmYyeBledjBYkbNitVk'Edlrt'eKcVt'tg'mMvtekaHkbI ela ks&kiBIrVrSgm~ak' VncUleTAsaksYrrkecarenaH BIelakKUecAGFikarKg' EdlkMBugEtqan'Gaharftg' elakVnVb'faBMuVneXIjeT TahanVrS genaHsMLt ehIyykmamdeTAcglfaselak . fmYyeBledjBYkbNitVk'Edlrt'eKcVt'tg'mMvtekaHkbI ela ks&kiBIrVrSgm~ak' VncUleTAsaksYrrkecarenaH BIelakKUecAGFikarKg' EdlkMBugEtqan'Gaharftg' elakVnVb'faBMuVneXIjeT TahanVrS genaHsMLt ehIyykmamdeTAcglfaselak . edayesckIbmaf enH k~gyb'enaH elakKUecAGFikarKg' EdlsuTCasisCMnitrbs'elak pal' . TIkEngkT&BdMbUgKW enAekamedImGMBilevoc PUmiGMBilevoc k~gsuk kNalswg (4) . ekaymkelakbmUlVnVskCaecInCakgT&B BmTSgreTHkbI esH dMrI CaecInsMrab'dwkesgpg . garCakj"akLa eham KWCagarEdlrasVndak'[elakCabeNaHGasn~eT edImIkMu[Gn' CakjaBiselakQUkEtb"ueNaH . emT&BrgeQaHebgrbs'elak k*TTY lgarCavibulebgEdr . T&Brbs'elakeFIskmPaBenAtMbn'sag tMbn'ray db extkNalswg . ekaymk edayVrSgvaybMEbkbnayEdlelak kMBugsg'enAtMbn'kSgtapU kjakLaehamKg'k*bJaT&BdkfycUleTA k~gextVTI . yb'eLIgelaknST&Bvayqk'smab'TahanVrSg-yYn Edl sMrakenAk~gvtTenVTI . ekaymkelakrYbrYmT&BCamYykjaBiselak QUk rayGnak'cSsak'vayT&BVrSg rhUtVnC&yCMnHenAswgsaKU smab' TahanVrSgCaecInnak' kat'kaledatenAmat'swgsaKUenaHpg . xagexttgXMk*manecAhaysuknigkmkar ekNT&BbHeVrvayV rSgEdr dUcCaVLat'enA ( qg-kecH ), GacareBA ( kUcqar ), VLat'm"a ( kMBg'cam ), VLat'sI ( xageCIgBEvg ) (5) . elakkjamhaviC&y sukBQr nigemT&BTn'k*ekNT&BvayVrSgEdr (10) . T&BtsUmanb maNCaVMmYyeTAVMbIJn'nak' eKmanEtkSePIgbUraNtictYc lMEBg dav ExlCaGavuF .
(4) elakta nU CItarbs'G~kKUCa-sIunI Fab'VnniTan[xMsab'k~gq~S1964-65 . pHKat'nigpHxM enACitK~a enATnwmnwgpHelaksWg-ePOkf (GtitcaghagsarBtmanmatuPUmi) pvelx290 xag ekItsalabzmsikaGgeGg. elaktaenHcSerOgkLaehamKg'BIedImdl'cb' EtKYr[sayeda yelaktaVnVt'bg'CIvitk~gsm&yExrkhm CamYynigkUnecA enAsl'EtbnsIG~kKUBIrnak' Edlrs'enAk~grbbehg-sMrin . tanUVnTanBIVyEdlT&BcinxagXIm eFICadYlsab'Gs' eBlVrSgVj' dl'TahanyYnVrSgedIrcUleTAemIlexacedayminby&t~ T&Bcink*egIbeLIgka b' smab'VrSgnigPaBlg'nExrkalenaH eXIjT&BVrSgedkdak'kSePIgecal eKminlbeTAy kkSePIgeT EbCaeraTs i_ rykC&ymunVrSgPak'eLIgTajkSePIgVj'sab'CaecIn . (5) Etude Cambodgienne. No.11, Juillet - Septembre, 1968, page 39

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tMbn'EdlclnatsUrbs'kjakLaehamKg' nigkjaBiselakQUk eFIskmPaBbqSgnwgGaNaniKmVrSg edImIykGMNacmk[hgneratmvij

xagextkMBg'say BHGgmas'sIuvta EdlcSgdeNImraCBIBHneratm Ca BHramenaH enAEtkan'kab'T&BenAtamdgswgEsnenAeLIy EtksarminVnbJak'fa mas'sIuvtaVncUlrYmk~gclnatsUq~S1884-1886 eT . exteJFisat'mankjasYKaelakC&yekNT&Bvayqk'sgat'nigb"usi_ VrSgCajwkjab' . VrSgminGacedIr ecjqayBIexteJFisat'VneLIy extkMBg'q~Sgvij manT&BelakVLat'dun garCapavsgam tSgbna yenAtMbn'kYs bmUlT&BBIreloebr bugelIkeTAvaykugkMBg'q~Sg . enAJk'kNalq~S1886 T&BesnaVk'nigesnasux -28ykVnsuk

kg, T&BVLat'Ek-Tl', vgasI-kuy, esnavuT enAP~Mkvaj . T&Belak kjab"ul CaecAhaysuk tSgenAsukTTwgf (6) . edayxHshbtibtikarrYmrvagclnabHeVrTSgGs' nigPaBxt'exa yxagsJvuFenaH clnatsUminGacvaytTl'CamYyT&BVrSgVneLIy eKebImeFaVytamkaryl'eXIjrbs'emT&B embHeVrm~ak'@ nigebIviFI kgT&Bqk'Etb"ueNaH EdleFI[T&BVrSgmankarlMVkCaxSg k~gkarbga bclnatsUExreBlenaHNas' . kalenaHVrSgVncMNayCIvitTahan VrSg-yYnGs'xg'bYnJn'nak' (11) ehIy enaEtbgabExrminVneTot eTI bVrSgEkEbneyaVy . elak Piqet Caer"sIudg'suEb"rIeyIur VnepIlixit eTAraCkarVrSgraykarNB _ IerOgExrbqSgnwgkMENTMrg' . k~gfesAr_ 10 ekIt Exktik q~ScGds&k Ks1886 VrSgeFICabKl'GMNackickarEpn dImkBHneratmvij . BHneratmVneTAsg'BHBnaenABTTwg (kMBg'sW) ehIyekaHehA[emclnatsUTSgGs'cUlKal' nigbJb'kartsUteTA eTot . emdwknSkartsUExrTSgGs' VncUlmkKal'BHneratm elIkElg EtkjaBiselakQUk nigkjakLaehamKg' EdlsnafanwgcUlKa l'enAkugP~MeBjfekayvij . hgVnsnafa nwgerobBiFIpl'zannr s&kikLaehamKg'nigkjaBiselakQUk [eBjysCaesnabtI enA hgVnsnafa nwgerobBiFIpl'zannr s&kikLaehamKg'nigkjaBis elakQUk[eBjysCaesnabtI enAraCvSgkugP~MeBj . kartsUenHVn sIueBlevlaGs'BIrq~S . raCaNacksitenAk~gsPaBetaky"ak ehIybNal[rasenAextekAmanesckIlMVkCaxSg . eBlbtibtikarswk TahanVrSgVneFIVbKMramkMEhgnigdutpHsMEbg . G~ksukrt'eKcbYnk~ gB . KYsartUvVk'EbkJt'Vs'K~a nigVt'bg'CIvitGs'CaecIn . G~kEdlVnVt'bg'GI@Gs'rlIgenaH k*cUlrYbrYmCamYykumG~ktsUEdlma nncas'@ sInigkUnekgCYypt'pg'xagesgGahar (12) . edayesckIcENnxackLaehamKg'VnFMCag namWunvSgm~ak'k*nS elakfaeTAedIrelgtammat'Ten eBleTAdl'kV"l'cMVMgVrSg namWunk t'ExrenaHk*[TahanVrSgcab'elakdak'ex~aH cgeGabbMBg'Epg rYcsNn fTmak'ecalk~gTwkTeneTA. kjaBiselakQUkVneTAsMNak'nwgpH elakbesIrsuriyvgem"A EdltUvCaBukmaelakenAparkab'eKa ekaym kenApHelakEdlmaelakVnsg'[enACitvtbTumvtI . fmYyedayGs' kmSgeBk (eJHeBlyb'elakminsUvVnsMranby&t~xn) eBlelakTMertxnelIkaregO manXatkrm~ak'VneLIglbtampHVy eTAVj'smab' elaksab'eTA (7) . edaysarVrSgemIleXIjfa rbbrdVlrbs'Exrsm&yhgneratm
(6) Etude Cambodgienne. No.12, Octobre - dcembre, 1967, pasge 27 (7) sUmGanesovePAkjaBiselakQUk, D-Kam nig Etude cambodgienne No.18, 1969

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dug EdndITSg ( extesctaj' ) k~gq~S1884 kSgsMEr KgBisI P~MsYc QUk kMBt Kus VTI sag ekaHFM Bkbas TSg

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kaledIm ehAfaecAhaysuk TahrNe _ cAhaysuksMeragTg .l. ) edayyk exttUc@xHmkrYmbJlCaextmYydUcCa extswgEtg extkMBg'esom exteCIgB rYmCaextkMBg'camCaedIm . kMENTMrg'rdVlEbbenH eFI[mankarb"HJl'dl'plbeyaCnB _ Ykm nInahWnext kug nigBHraCa BmTSgBHraCvganuvg EdlsYysarGakrVnmkBIkarTarBnBIrasedayBYkecAhayext rYcexteLIgsYyeTAm nIk~gkug tamEdlBHraCaVnkMNt' [extNaeLIgmkmnINamYy eLIg eTABHraCadUcCaEdndITSgtUveLIgsYyeTAkjaymraCCaedIm .l. (13) karEdlelakfumsunVneLamvSg ehIyKMramBHneratm[LayBHh telxaelIsnisJankMENTMrg'enaH VneFI[BHneratmbqSgtbvij eJHeFI[BHGgGs'GMNacrlIg BHGgk*cat'[bMbHrasExreLIgvayV rSgedImIykGMNacmkvij . edImIQancUlk~gkarBicarNarkbuBehtuCasarvnnana EdlbNal [mankarkab'smab'rgalbCarasExrCagbIlannak'enaH KbIelIkykKM nitbqSgtbskmPaBbHeVrtsUEdlrasExrVneqIytbeTAnwgrbbCiH Can'GaNaniKmVrSgenAedImstvtTI20enH eJHBwtikarNT _ SgGs'enaH ehIyEdlCaktabegIt[manclnaes~haCati rMedaHCati manclnaExrsr: Exrevotmij ExresrI ExrkhmCalMdab'hUrEhmk . fIebIsgamelakelIkTI1minVnb"HJl'dl'EdndINcink*eday Et -30-

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Jat[G~keTasTTYlTanVyeLIy EtpyeTAvijKat'Gas&yVyftg'eFIGWgeGIy . kMhwgdl'k bCaraskIkTSgenaHbmaNsamsibnak' k*eLamvayelaker"sIudg'Bardez BmTSgshkarIsab'eTAehIykab'ciJS saksBexcxIEfmeTot . hgsIusuvtiVnbJnBHGgmas'sIusuvti-munIv gCaraCbut[eTABinitehtukarN_ . ekaymkhgk*ecjraCkitdak' TNkmG~ksukkSglavTSgGs' bJlCaG~kgarCab'kMENn edImIeFIbuNrMlwkfEdlelak Bardez tUvsmab' ehIyEbeQaHPUmikSlav[ ehAfa PUmitircan vijtSgBIfenaHmk (15) . bnab'BIsni~siThWENv PUmikSglavk*kaymkCamUldanbdivtnB _ YkExrkhm ehIykUnsIm~ak' nG~kPUmienHVnkaymkCabBnrug-elIt (nYn-Ca) .

BHVTss uI v u ti

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BwtikarNq _ ~S1916nigq~S1925 CalMGan[ExrecHPak'rlwk ecHtva"bqS gnwgkarsgt'sginBIrbbtYtta . BwtikarNT _ SgBIrenHCaedImGaTinKMni tKMnites~haCati EdlVncab'bdisnieLIgCadMbUgbgs'k~gcMeNameromc gbJv&nExrenAcugq~S1930 ehIycab'rIkduHdaly"agxSg bnab'BIkarbegIt BtmanExrCadMbUgk~gq~S1936eQaH nKrvt edaykumbCaFibetyma nnin karesrIniymbqSgesc dwknSedayelakV"c-QWnnigelakswumva"r EdleBlxagekaybnicmk manelaksWg-g"ukfaj' ( GtitsuPacarbursexteJFisat' nigGtitnisitsukVrSg ) VncUlrYmpgEdr (16) nig BHsgecHdwgCan'xs'xagBuTckmYycMnYnman elakKUV"g-xat', Gacar exov-CMu, GacarGuk-Ca, elakKUGacarEhm-ecovCaedIm. ekaymkG~ksIsuysan-kaeBIels ( Suzanne Karpeles ) VnsMu ykelaksWg-g"ukfaj'[mkeFICabNaKar&kenAviCasanBuTsasnbNi t EdlCa{kas[elakeFIkarTak'Tgsal'elakKUGacarEhm-ecov Edl maneQaHlIlajBUEkeTsnaNas'enAsm&yenaH ehIymanBuTsasni kCnCaecIncUlcitsab'FmeTsnarbs'elakKUenHNas' (17) . elaksWg-g"ukfaj'VnykKMnites~haCati eTApBpaynwgBHsg CasmNsisenABuTikviTal&yBuTsasnbNit edayeFIkarTak'TgCamY yelakKUGacarEhm-ecov edImICYyeTsnaBnl'[ExrPak'rlwkeLIg . edayehtuenHehIy eTIbExrnigKijVrSgVneTATUlBitVrSg [mkcab'Ga carEhm-ecovpwkenAfTI17 kkda 1943 (5) rYcPammYyrMeBcenaH eKk*nS elakdak'LanbJneTABnKr ehIybJneTAKukekaHtLack~gExmifuna 1943 . VMmYyExekaymk elakmanCmWraKmYlrhUtVt'bg'CIviteTA . esovePAelakKg'-smarVnsresrfa semcsIhnuCaG~kxwb[VrSgcab' GacarEhm-ecov (6) . bIfekaymk BHsgsmNsisCagVMryGg rYmCamYyKhs Cag500nak' VnedIrEhrknsMedAeTAGaKarer"sIudg'VrSgenAvtP~M TamTar[ VrSgedaHElgGacarEhm-ecovmkvij . edayxHreboberobry karTamTar k*minVnplelakV"c-QWn, elakbuNcnm"ul, elakGacarnYn-DYgk*tUv VrSgcab'ykeTAdak'KukeTot . elaksWg-g"ukfaj'rt'cUlBYnenAk~gbnay GavuFhtCb"un nayTahanCb"unCYylak'ehIybeNaHelaksWg-g"ukfaj' [eTACkekanneyaVyenAkugtUkbeTsCb"un . elakbuN-cnm"ul, elakV"c-QWn, GacarnYn-DYg tUvbJneTAXMuenAKukekaHtLacmunelak GacarEhm-ecovbnic .
(5) GacarEhm-ecov niBnedayKg'-smar TMB&r43 . (6) GacarEhm-ecov niBnedayKg'-smar TMB&r42 .

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clnats~UExrsr:
BwtikarN _ f9 mina 1945 Cb"uncgVrSgenANcinTSgmUl . enAf enH escekgsIhnumankarP&yPit ehIyePosxnecjBIvSgctumuxeTABYn lak'xnenAkudisemcvtbTumvti emT&BCb"untameTArkeXIjehIyk*ykmk [GgyelIblgraCvij enHebItamesckI[karNr _ bs'elaktUc-QYg G~kniBnesovePA Vt'dMbgsm&yelakmas' . Cb"unVnCYyelaksWgg"ukfaj'[viltLb'BICb"uncUlmkk~gsukExrk~gExsPa1945 (7) ekayBIelaks~ak'enAtUkkalBIsm&yVrSgcab'GacarEhm-ecovmk . enAf TI13 mina 1945 Cb"unVn[BHecAlav, semcsIhnu nigescyYneday bkasbeTskraC EtkalenaHBYkevotmijminBm ehIyhU-CImijk*vaydeNImykTIkughaNUyVn (18) . fTI20 kkda 1945 elakV"c-QWn, buN-cnm"ul, nYn-DYg VntUveK edaHElgmkvij . escsIhnuVneFICabFank~gkarCYbbCMurMlwkdl'VtukmBHsgkalq~S1942 edaymanelakV"c-QWnCaG~kEfgsunrkfarMlw kBIkarbHeVrbqSgesck~gq~S1860, kartsUvayVrSgq~S1884-1886, BwtikarNq _ ~S1916, BwtikarN_ Bardez, VtukmBHsgq~S1942 . enAfTI8-9sIha rdaPiVlGwug-GIuEdlrNbVrSgtUvrlM . escsI hnuVnEtgtSgelaksWg-g"ukfaj'CardmnIkarbreTs rYcCanaykrdmnI (19) tamkaresI~rrbs'Cb"un . enAJk'kNalExtula1945 T&BsmnmitEd lmanTahanGg'eKs-NacUlmkdl'BnKr . elakXwm-TitEdlTTY lebskkmeTAcrcaCamYyVrSgVnkt' ( sIhnucUlrYmpg ) . Kab'Ebk mrmaNUBIrKab'Tmak'enAGIur"UhIm"a-NahasaKI eFI[Cb"uncuHcaj' . fTI16 tula1945 elaksWg-g"ukfaj'EdleTIbeLIgCanaykrdmnItUvVrSgcab' (20), GacarGuk-Ca, Gacarexov-CMuePosBHGgeTAesom, elakbuN-cnm"u l, nYn-DYgeKcxneTAVt'dMbg EdlkaleNaHsitenAekamkartYttarb s'f . elaksWg-g"ukfaj'tUvtulakarVrSgenABnKrecaTfaCaG~kcUld CamYyCb"un ehIyskmPaBelakCakarKMramkMEhgdl'snisuxnkgT&Bs mnmit EtescsIhnuVnsMuVrSg[nireTselaksWg-g"ukfaj'eTAsukVrSgenAtMbn' Poitiers (21) Gs'ry:6q~S KWrhUtdl'q~S1951 (22) . G~kEdl
(7) namedImKW Kg'-QYn CaGtItTahanVrSgk~gsgamf-VrSgq~S1942 rt'eTAcUlfedaycg' VnbuNs&kixs'Jk'twmnaydab (eday) ehtuenHKg'-QYnk*yks&kinaydabeFICanamt kUlvij . dab-QYnk*rt'cUlExrsr: rYccuHcUlCamYysIhnuk~gq~S1949 ehIyVnTTYlbu NCaesctaj' emT&BextesomrabnigkMBg'FM . enAcugq~S1958 sIhnuVncaj'kgT&Bexmr PUmineTAB&tpHdab-QYn eJHVnkt'bugeFIrdbhar edaymankarKSTBIkumesGIuGaGaemrikSg nigsg&yfaelaksWg-g"ukfaj'VncUlrYmpg . cMerIn-siunVncat'[s&kiBIrehg CaCMnitdab-QYntameTAsmab'Vn rYcTak'kGUstamLanmk .

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cUlrYmtsUCamYyelak k*eKcEbkK~aCaBIrkum . kumTI1 ePosxneTAVsa k'kmCaekam manelakV"c-QWn, ecAEsn-kuslQMu, G~ksIsWg-g"ukfa j'namedImLS-FIGuk nigbkBYkCaecInnak'eTot . kumTI2eKceTAVt'dMbg manelakbuN-cnm"ul, nYn-DYgCaedIm (23) . kalenaHVt'dMbgsitenA ekamkartYttaftSgBIq~S1941dl'1946 . edImIeFIkartsUnwgVrSgeTot edaymankarKSTBIelakb"uk-XunCama pgnigkarKSTBIraCrdaPiVlfpg elakbuN-cnm"ulk*begItclnatsU rMedaHCatiehAfa Exrsr: eLIg nacugq~S1945 . tamelakm"ulfa Exr sr:mann&yfaFM, minkJHeK, CaG~kCa (24) maneKaledArMedaHsukBInwm GaNaniKmVrSg . k~gesovePA critExr elakcnm"ulVnerobrab'eQaH emExrsr:dMbUgKWman Ehm-savag, Ehm-savat, sarU, Tg'cnrgI, eQog, cn-etaets, pan-say, rs'-yin, hU, Guk-san, BMu, ePaK-nI.l. ekaymkTak'TgVn ekA-tk', sIuv-ehg, dab-QYn EfmeTot (7) . elak buN-cnm"ul nigb"uk-Xun CaG~krt'karTak'TgcuHeLIgVgkk sMukSePIgxHBI GaCaFrf nigTijkSePIgEfmBIVgkkmkeTot . elakcnm"ulVnsresrBI kMhkcity"agxSgrbs'elak elIskmPaBBprbs'BYkExrsr: xusca kKMnitedImk~gkartsUCamYyVrSg . ekaymkeTotedaykarcENnK~arvag BYksr: karbTUsraykab'smab'K~agk*ekItmaneLIg BmK~aCamYykar lUkdy"ageCAnkumyYneyokmijmkk~gclnaExrsr: . k~gcMeNam emsr:EdlelakbuN-cnm"ulnigb"uk-XunCaG~kbegIt manEtekA-tk'ni gdab-QYneT EdlmaneQaHlIlajCageK . dab-QYnmaneQaHlI xagsahavkab'smab'K~ag edImIkMu[G~kNaelIsCagxn mankarbeJat ykEhm-savag, Ehm-savat eTAsmab'ecalCaedIm . ekaymkBYks r:k*Vk'EbkK~amanT&Berog@xn eTAtSgenATIdTBIK~a elakcnrgIenAcar mnkMBg'sW, dab-QYnenAesomrab, ekA-tk'enAtrmanC&y. edImIrkesa huyTb'Tl'karcMNayciJwmT&B Exrsr:k*eFIkarrGgasCYnkaleTA bn'Etmg . dl'ekaymkmanekItsr:Ekgkay EdlrassamJxwbK~a fa ser"acak' Klas'mkfa sr:ecar . esovePA critExr rbs'elakbuN-cnm"ulk*VnsresrBItg'enHEdr, dUcCaBYkecaryIenAkMB g'cam-BEvg, nigkMeNItBYksr:Edleqt{kasksagnigtSgxnedImI rklaPskar: dUcCaBYk But-qay ( GtItCneV"EL ElgsIusg ), s&kimYy Fij (GtItTahanVrSg), s&kibIsab (GtItTahanVrSg) CaedIm edIrbn'G~k sukcinpar G~kmanbgrenAtamCnbT mancab'[ykluyeTAelaHCaedIm .l. bCaCnmanesckIrgTukevTnaNas' eBlyb'eLIgKWnSK~aPitP&y mindwgfaetIeKaHGnraynwgFak'mkelIKYsarxnmYyk*eT. emExrsr:TS gGs'k~gsm&yenaH, dUcK~anwgsm&ybHeVrq~S1884-86Edr KWBYkeKmincuH sMrugrYbrYmK~aCakmSgkMcat'stUvrYmeT, enHehIyCacritmYyrbs'Exr, m~ak'@ -35-

xitxMksagkmSgnigkitiysxn[Vnxg'xs'lIx&rxarBUEk edayeCOsb' eTAelImnGaKmKafa Vj'minmutdutmineqH bMVMgxndUcCaBut-qayEdl lgsMukUnbBnxngmanpeJH vHykkUnrMuGMeVHeqA rYcehIyerobcMeFIehamBiFIraneTvta EdlKat'manCMenOfa VysI12f~ak' nigeKOgskar:bUCay"agecIneTot rYck*smab'bBnxnenaH eqIrTukCab'nwgxnCakUnkk GacCYyKat'dwgCamunnUveKaHGasn~dl'xn nigCYy[rYcBIkarBYnsak'edaHcM eNamCaedIm nigCMenOecIneTot mankEng y&n xketC: (8) , Exkfa, nagBYnEckac'(9), kNaj'sk'elI, kNaj'sk'ekamrbs's I(10), kask bIkasmnus(11), x~aytan'(12), BHsMriTi(13 ), kUnsgt'(14), nxak'(15), Eb"tdansardan (16) TSgGs'enHsuTEtCavtEdlBYkbHeVrsr:xMsHEs grkedImIeFI[xneKxSgBUEk . ekABIenHeTot BYksr:EtgeFIkarkab'sma b'K~aeTAvijeTAmk dUcCas&kimYyFijtUvBut-qaybeJatykeTAsmab'ecalCaedIm . EfmelIkarbTUsraybMVk'K~akMu[maneKxSgelIsCagxnm~ak'@ enaH BYkyYnevotmijVnlUkcUlmky"ageCAk~gclnaExrsr: labmux BYkenH[smab'K~aeTAvijeTAmk . But-qaymaneQaHlIxagkab'smab'BYk GaNikCnCatiyYny"agcas'd ( sUmGankMBb'EtGug) (17) BYkevotmijk*rk sIkmMuyYny"agsateTACUn[eFICabBncug eTIbBut-qayQb'smab'yYn tSgBIenaHmk . kalBIxMGayu7q~S k~gcugq~S1951 xMenAcSfa KWBYkecarGacaryIenHg EdlmanK~abEhlmnak' elIkK~aeTAbn'pHcwkNS EdlsitenATl'muxpH kMeNItxM k~gXMula sukBQr ( extkMBg'cam ) . kab'bMEbkTarpH cUl eTAcab'cwkNSnigbBnkUncgkab'bMEbkTUykmasVk' ehIyVj'mYyKa b'sMedAmkpHxMEbkekg edayxacKYsarxMcuHeTACYy eJHCItaxagmayxM Caeyakat'salasukBQr nigmankSePIgbmaj'enAelIpHpg . xMenAcS VneTotfa kalenaHedaypHkMeNItxMFMeBk ( CItaxMVneTAenABTTwg edaysalasukVnerIpas'ecjBITYlcak'GgreTABTTwg ekaymkTYl cak'GgrkayCasalaeronbzmsikaXMula )(18) BukxMVnkat'pac'ranha lEdlPab'eTApHVyxagekay ehIydak'eQIsYeTApHVyeBlf eBl yb'hUteQIs~enaHcUlmkpHFMvij dak'rnukTary"agmS rYcnSK~aeLIgeTAsMra kenAelIeLAEdlcak'sIum"g' . enATIenaHBukxMVnTSgbmUlykdMufCaecIn eTAKrTuk eFIs~dgy"agEvgsMrab'cak'BIelIpH ebIBYkecarcUlbn'sMrab'Tukt Tl' XMuvijpHmanrbgbnay"agkas' rbgmanTarnigrnuky"agmS ehIy BukxMEfmTSgVnciJwmEqCagdb'sMrab'karJrpHpg . k~gsm&ysr:enaH G~kmanbgr cinpar nSK~art'cakecjBIparf~l' Ebk XMula eVHbg'ecalpHetom nSK~aeTAenAkMBg'camxH BTTwgxH P~MeBj xHenAsl'EtKYsarcinbI-bYnKYb"ueNaHEdltdrrs'enATIenaH dUcCaKYsar cwkmuy ( GtItemXMula ), KYsarcwkNS nig2-3KYsareTotEdlxMmincS . -36-

bCaCnenAPUmik~g@VnnSK~aEsgpHeQIerImktSgenAtamdgpvCatiEdlmansnisuxCag . erOgsr:enHk*CabuBehtuFMEdleFI[KYsarxMeVHbg'sukkMeNItmk rs'enAP~MeBj kalBIJk'kNalq~S1952Edr edayBMuGacTSTrs'enATIenaH ekIt . sUmCMrabfa ekayCb"uncgVrSg kMLgq~S1945 ( tamsMdIBukxM dMNalVb' ) BukxMEdlCabuKlikksikmenAekaHEcg kecH k*mankar PitP&yxackgT&BCb"uncab' k*lak'xnEhkGtsJaNb&NsMKal'xnecal rYceKcmksmMenApHXMula . ekayCb"uncaj' mincUleFIkarvijeT ehIy ykVk'snMxg'VMmWunerolrYmnwgVk'mitPkiCMnYyxH mkrksIueFICadegA sUv bmUlTijsUvkinnigtal'kinsamJ nScuHeTAlk'BnKr . mnus m~ak'eQaHfIsn CaTMnukcitEdlBukxMCYl[edIrbmUlsUv VneVkyk Vk'CagbImWunrYcrt'cUlsr:GacaryI ehIypS[BukxMtameTAykluy enaHBIBYkecarEfmeTotpg . rbrTijsUvenAsm&ysr:k*tUvxatbg'TSg edImTSgcug nigCMJk'mitPkiEfmeTot EdlCabuBehtueFI[KYsarxMsuxcit cakecalsukkMeNIt edayBukxMVncUleFICabuKlikKNenyenAebs kkmTahanVrSg ( Mission Militaire Franaise : MMF ) enAxaglicCab'Ga Kar er"sIudg' VrSgenAvtP~M . edaysarcg'VnbuNs&ki BYkExrsr:k*Vt'bg'KMnites~haCatiGs' r l I g d U c C a k r NI d a b - QY n E d l m k s M u c u H c U l C a m Y y s I h n u k ~ g q ~ S 1 9 4 9 ehIyVnsIhnuelIkCaesctaj'tYtextkMBg'FMnigesomrab . BYkBut-qa y, c&n-rgI k*cuHcUlCamYysIhnuenAk~gq~S1952 . ekaymkenAq~S1955 dab-QYnVnsmab'ekA-tk'(19) enACitparBYk esomrab eBlkMBugerobcM QrCaebkCntMNagrasmNlkLaj'-BYk . kalBI2ExmunXatkmenH eBlekA-tk'kMBugebIkLanhIbmkVt'dMbg manLan GMC TahanmYymk BIesomrabekorLanekA-tk'Tmak'eTAk~gs~amePaH . eQaHGunEdltUvCakybsarekA-tk' VnFak'BIelILaneVkkalnwgfsab'eTA . mYyGaTit ekaymk eBlekA-tk'eLIgCiHLanQ~l eFIdMeNIreTAsalaextesomrab edImIeFIlixitepg@ k~gkarQrebkCntMNagrasenaH BYkdab-QYnEdl tamekA-tk'BIrExmkehIyenaH VndkkSePIgxIPg'ekA-tk' nScuHBILanQ~l cUldub ( bIKILEm"teTotdl'parBYk ) . dwgfaeKbugsmab'xnehIy ekAtk'k*byuTdTeTedaHxn . ehtuEtmindwgxn faeKtambugBaVTsmab'x nenaH eTIbekA-tk'minmandak'GavuFkarJrxn .
(8) CabnHsMNmasTg'EdgcarmnGaKmyn mUrbgkk~gExevjCamYybeJIEkk duHelIeQIkMr dUcsI, eJFi, ximes~ar Clk'C&rmak' Jk'enAkalk~gkarbyuTrbs'Exrsm&yGgr . (9) dMrIsukExrEdlKanPk manEtEcEdlminGacduHEvgVn eJHvaeFI[dMrIenAminsuxnwgEcenH k* bukkb'eTAk~gedImeQI kac'bMVk'ecal ehAfaEckac' . ebIsMbkeQIduHkb'Vt' eKehAnagBYn . eK manCMenOfa GacCYybeJsKab'kSePIgF~s~aVn . (10) eKeCOfamanbsiTiPaBGacbeJsKab'kSePIg ( kMs&kibBndab-QYn mankNaj'enH ) .

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(11) qwgkGUmmat'ragsMEb"tb"unkak' ( eKakbImnusEtkMrmanNas' ) GackarJrKab'rMesv . (12) x~ayCUkPaKecIn@behag kMrmantan' eKeCOfaGackarJrePIgeqHnigKab'rMesvVn . (13) CavtksageLIgtSgBICMnan'sm&yGgr sMrab'BYkTahankan'karJrxneBlsgam . eKsa gBIsMriTi edaymanbJHGaKmnigelahFatuCaecInmux nigerobehamBiFItamsasnaJh sTMhM biunmamdCarUbBHBuT BHsiGar nigGaTieTBsasnahiNCaecIn dUcCaBHsUr BHnrayN_ BHPKens BHxm(bwTmux) BHkcay BHkg' CavtkMrEdlCnCatiesomnigExrsHEsgrkTuk karJrxnnwgeKaHf~ak'sBy"ag nigkarJrkSePIgKab'rMesv . (14) CadMusMNmUl EdleKcary&nnigGaKm rYcdMluj[mUl erobehamBiFIbsiTI[xSgBUEk . (15) CatYBJn: n EtxusK~aTSgragTSgGkrGm mancMnYn108tY kMrmanG~kecHnxak'nimYy@man karebIepgBIK~a tSgBIkarJrGMeBI es~h_ stUv stsahav karJrKab'kSePIg . (16) mindwgBICMnan'Namk eKykFmBHBuT nemaBuTay mG tibiesa PKvati tSgCa8@ tUv Ca64tY rYceKTajcuHeLIgcMnYn108y"agepgK~a dUcCa Eb"tdan sardan Tak'dan vg'dan fyl&g mhasera sMNaj'eBC tibiesaelateCIgesH mhaBuTa rnSgeBC tibiesamUreqg mUrsS mdBH nigy&ntibiesamYycMnYn eKeCOfas&kisiTiBUEkGackarJrKab'rMesv . (17) sUmGanesovePA kalbvtiviTanbeTskmCa rbs'esrtg'TMB&r127 . (18) ehtuVnCaVrSgykTItSgTYlcak'GgrCasalasukBQr eJHXMulaCalMenAsanja mhaviC&y GtItecAhaysukBQrBICMnan'hgneratmmk . eBlVrSgeFIkMENTMrg' rdVl ExreKk*begItsalasukenATIenaH . TITYlsitenAxg'400Em"tcuHBIpvCati TICMuvijCavalEs Ca cMNuceKaHf~ak' ebIkalNaBYkbHeVreFIkarhMuB&T eTIbVrSgelIksalasukeTAenABTTwgvij k~grvagq~S1948 cmay23KILEm"tBIkugkMBg'cam 18KILEm"tBIbCMuCnparsn' . (19) BtmanenHpyBIsMeNrbuN-cnm"ulk~gesovePAcritExr EdlfaekA-tk' VneTAsMuxIVk' dab-QYnmkrksIu ehIydab-QYnk*smab'ekA-tk'ecaleTA eJHxacFMCagxn . elaksiumKintUvCakyekA-tk' nigCaGtitExresrIVn[karfa elaks&kiVMm"m-sara"t EdlsBfrs'enA rd Origan shrdGaemrik CaTahanCMnitdab-QYnVnniyayVb'fa karsmab'ekA-tk' KWsemcsIhnuVnbJaBIP~MeBj mk[dab-QYnsmab'ekA-tk'[Vn eJHCaemT&BxSgrbs'sWg g"ukfaj' EdlsemcsIhnucat'TukCastUvTI1rbs'Tg' .

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bvtisegbrbs'ekA-tk'
G~krs'enACayEdnExrf etagEtCaG~kka han ( G~kelgdegA ) . k~gsm&yGaNaniKmVrS g G~kelgCayEdnekA-tk' CaG~krksIunSbhuk tIegot tIeqIr BIVt'dMbg esomrab dwkykeTAlk' enAextsurinsukesom rYcTijkNat'nStLb'mkvij . enAeBlCb"unvayykNcinenaH fEdlCa smnmitCb"un k*vaykgT&BGaNaniKmVrSgEdr . k~gsgamQa nJnenH fVnrkekA-tk'eFC I aG~k nSpvkgT&BfcUlvayT&BVrSgenAsukExr . q~S1941 VrSgsuxcitbKl'Vt'dMbg esomrabeTAf . eBlenaHfVnsMu[ekA-tk'eFC I aTahanf EtekA-tk'minBm Kan'EtsMusiTiGaCa Frf[elakGac cuHeLIgBIVt'dMbg esomrab nSbhuk tIegot tIeqIr eTAlk'enAsukfdUckalBImun fk*yl'Bm ehIyVnCUnemdaykitiysmYydl'ekA-tk'pg . BwtikarNq _ ~S1945 T&BsmnmitVrSg-Gg'eKs cUlmkNcinvij elaksWg-

g"ukfaj'EdleTIbeLIgCanayk rdmnI tUvVrSgcab'nireTseTA sukVrSg . buN -cnm"ul, Gaca rnYn-DYgVnePosx ncUlmkex tVt'dMbg ehIyVnpcepImbegI tclnaExrsr:CamYymab"ukXun . G~kTSgBIrk*rkG~kEdlma nsiTiGaccuHeLIgBIVt'dMbg eso mrabeTAsukf eJHtUvkarTij kSePg I . ekA-tk'k*VnCYbCamYy nigGacarnYn-DYg enAVt'dMbg . ekaymkEtgeTACYbBiPakaK~aena bNaKarlk'esovePAmYyeQaH bNaKarExrGUreCA enApareka m-Vt'dMbg . buN -cnm"ulnignY n-DYg k*bJHbJlykekA-tk' [eFC I aemsr:m~ak'eTACamYynwg sIuv-ehg Edlsal'K~aenAVt'dM bg ehIyKYsarTSgBIrVnrs'

enACamYyK~ak~gCMrMsr: . q~S19 50-51 ekayBImanBYkevotmij cUlmkeCotECkk~gclnaExr sr:enaH lavEkv-munI, m"a-mUn, mIu-pU VncUlCamYyevotmij eda ymanP~ak'garrbs'yYnCaTIbwka

elakekA-tk'

nigkgT&ByYnenACamYypg . ekA tk' niglavEkv-munI k*EbkVk'K~a

CaBIrkum Ben Kiernan Vnsresrk~gesovePA HOW POL POT CAME TO POWER fa buBe htun karEbkVk'K~a KWbNalmkBIerOgVk'600,000erol nigekA-tk'eFV I bG~ksuk . karbyuTK~ak* esovePAenHsresrxusEdrfa BYkekA-tk'byuTK~aCamYyBYklavEkv-munI enAtg'sukbI tamBitBYk

lavEkv-munIcUlmkxagEdndIekA-tk' ehIyedjVj'BYkekA-tk'EdlmanK~atic tg'PUmikUcqar cma y15KILEm"tBIPUmisukbI (tamsMdIkUnTahanBIrnak'EdlenACamYyekA-tk'k~gkarbyuTenaH sB f rs'enA Everett rdva"siunetan . EdndIlavEkv-munI nigEdndItYtedayekA-tk' EckK~atg'swg . BYk lavEkv-munIqg swgcUlmkmanK~aecIn k*edjVj'BYkekA-tk' @tUvrbYsePA kMeb"HKUfk*dYlcuH . nwk sanEtsa b'ehIy BYklavEkv-munIk*cUlmkykkSePg I ekA-tk'edkenAdIk*TajkSePg I kar"abInVj'sa

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b'Gs'VMbYnnak'vij . BYklavEk-munICagdb'nak'eTotk*Vs'rt'ykrYcxnEterog@xneTA . BYkkUnecA k*nSK~aKaEsgekA-tk'sMedAeTACayEdn TahanExr-VrSgm~ak'EdlFa b'CYysr: Vn[f~SnigCYyrMu rbYs . eKnSekA-tk'qg EdncUleTAsukf eTAVgkkedkBaVlenAk~geBTmYyenAetIyxaglic Tene cAbHy"a eQaHsirIur"at' ( tamsMenogPasaf ebIExrfa sirIrd ) G~kEdlnSekA-tk'eTABaVl ni genAbMerIk~geBTfenaH KWmYyeQaH sM-put ( CIdUnmYynigelakV"n'-suFI ) edaypa s'brK~aCamYy eQaHpl-bun tU ( sB frs'enA Puyallup rdva"siunetan ) . esovePA HoOW POL POT CAME TO i Channa fa ekA-tk'mkedkeBTsukExreTAvij . ebIekA-tk'edkeBTsukExr k*nwgtUv POWER ng TahanExr-VrSgcab'sma b'ecalCaminxan k~gedIm ( f13 kum: tamksarksYgsmat'VrSg ) q~S 1951enaH . mYyeTotyYnevotmijVnTSgykkylavEkv-munIBIrnak'eTAbJkTwsIyYnUbniykmenAhaNU yeTotpg mYyeQaH bU nigmYyeToteQaHeQOg edayeFd I MeNIrcUleTAsukf vageTAcUlxageJ Fisat' kMBt eTAtaEkv rYceTAsukyYn . eQaH pl-bun tU ( sB frs'enArdva"siunetan ) k*bugebo berobcMxnecjBItrmanC&yeTAsukesom rYcbneTAhaNUyeTot Etekaydwgfa BYklavEkvmunIcUldCamYyyYn nigmanP~ak'garyYnevotmijenAeFk I arCamYyk~gkums~ldwknSpgenaH k*kajmi nBmeTA . esovePA HOW POL POT CAME TO POWER sresrtg'TMB&r95 faekA-tk'niglavEkv munIeQaHK~aedaysarb"uk-XunykVk'600Jn'erol sMrab'TijkSePg I nigedaysarekA-tk'eFV I b bCaCn . G~kniBnecosvagminsresrBICMerotCMErkyYnmkk~gclnaExrsr:eT eBlenaHsIuv-eh gVnecjeTAeronenAhaNUyput . k~gkarTak'TajykBYkExrsr:tMbn'esomrab-Vt'dMbg hU-CImijVncat'P~ak'garcMnYnVMnak'. emdwknSenHmaneQaHfa GugsWug ( Nguyen Thanh Son ) . edImIsMerckickarenH BYkP~ak'garyYnVn rksIBIrnak' EdlmanG~ksukcUlcitsLaj'sab'ecIn KWm~ak'eQaH m"a-mUn tUvCamaymIgekA-tk' eTAniyayTak'TajekA-tk'[Vneday[Vk'mYycMnYny"agFMeTAm"a-mUn edImIecosvagedImIecosva gEkgeKdwg mUnVnlb emIleXIj . ekA-tk'VnbEkkdac'GhganwgkarbJHbJlEdlm"a-mUnxMniyaylYgelambJH bJl tambMNgrbs'P~ak'garyYnevotmijenaH rhUtTajkSePg I rkVj'm"a-mUnecaleTotpg . edayKMeragkarbraC&y emP~ak'garhU-CImijeQaHGugsWug k*[K~avam~ak'eQaH eg g mkTak'TgCamYyya yTMu-Xun ( enAPUmitMu XMueCaynaggYn suksIs~M ) eTot EdlmanG~ksukcUlcitrab'Gansab'ecIn nigCitditCamYyekA-tk'pg . yYneg genaHVnsat'rkCYbekA-tk'enACMrMT&Bsr:enABeQaHtJM gEkg BNCaecIndg EtekA-tk'Vn[BYkT&Bsr:edjP~ak'garyYnevotmijenaHecjBItMbn'enaHpg . kUnbusTMu-XunBIrnak' ( TMu-sg nig TMu-sIun ) sB frs'enA Everett rdva"siunetan CasakIEdlV nenACab'CamYynwgekA-tk' eBlVj'K~aCamYyBYklavEkv-munIenAtg'PUmikUccar trmanC&yenaH . q~S1946 VrSgykVt'dMbg esomrabvij BYkG~kmanxnbqSgVrSgdUcCam"a-mUn, TMu-Xun, ekA-tk' k*dwknSbJnbBnkUnecAeTArs'extsurin sukesom bus@enAEteFs I kmPaBclnaExr sr:tMbn'trmanC&y sMeragcugkal'dEdl rhUtmkdl'q~S51 eTIbVnCYbtUvr"UvK~anwgkumsWg-g"u kfaj' . ekaysni~siThWENvq~S1954 k*viltLb'mkrs'enAk~gsukExrvijxH enAsMeragcugkal' trmanC&y xH mkrs'enAkLaj'kMBg'fvvij dUcCaekA-tk'CaedIm elIkElgEtyaym"a-mUn Edlka yCaG~kmanbgr ( edaysarluyyYnevotmij[ ) k*rs'enAsurinrhUt ehIyCrasa b'k~gq~S1977 . kalsaFarNrdrlMq~S1975 nayTahan ecAha yext rt'cUleTAsukesom m"a-mUnVneTACYbehI yniyayfa BYkGs'elakeFr I dbharTma k'sIhnu eBlsIhnuenAk~gsukelakmineFe I T elakTu k[sIhnuecjBIsuk eTIbelaknSK~aTma k' rhUtsIhnucUlCamYyyYn CamYyExrkhm elakcSg em"cnwgQ~H . rhUtdl'q~S1955 ekA-tk'EdlbugQrCaebkC ntMnagrasCamYyb"uk-Xun, lavEkv-munI k*tU vsemcbJa mkdab-QYn [sma b'ekA-tk'ecalk~gExmkra tUvnwgExbus q~SmmIr ebItamsMdI[kar rbs'G~ksIhg-Funhak' CakUnsIekA-tk' sB frs'enArd Oregon nigG~ksIGIuv-y"ag naedImekAsav CakyekA-tk', sB frs'enAkugV"rIs_ sukVrSg VncUlrYmTSgclnaExrsr: TSgCYybMerI luyenaHyYnxb'nwgsw keck Etpl-bu ntUsB fenArdva"siunetanCakym"a-

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clnasWg-g"ukfaj' ( bMerIVyTwkelaksWg-g"ukfaj' ) kalBIv&yCMTg' nigVnsal'KYsarelaksIuv ehg, PriyaeQaHCus-Gwug nigkUnbusbgeQaHlag-m"anit y"agCitditeTotpg .

esovePAcritExrrbs'elakbuN-cnm"ulsresrfa bsinekA-tk'man kSbitdMbgCab'nwgdenaH KannrNaGaccUlCitKat'VneLIy . mnusda b-QYneQaHedayEr"m ( eFjmaseBjmat' ) xacbyuTminQ~Hk*Vj's mab'ekA-tk'eTA . exacecalenATIenaHCagbIfKannrNahaneTACiteLIy. bIfekaymk eTIbkumKYsareTAlblYcyksBmkbJHsat'@enAvtTg' Vt Citp~rkyGun EdlFak'BIelILanhIbsab'Cag10fmunenaH . bIq~S ekay eTIbkumKYsarhaneTAKas'sBTSgBIrmkbUCaeFIbuNTiskusl enAk~gvtTg'Vt . kumsIuv-ehg, Vk'-xan' ( sm&yln'-nl'Kat'Jk's&kibYn eFIecAha ysukVNn' ), Lac-saern ( Gacarsaern ), Lac-savn, mUl-smti, Gacarebs, bug-ePOk, lavEkv-munI, m"a-mUn (maymIgekA-tk' ), mIu-pU, rugelItCaedIm VnTak'TgCamYyyYnevotmij edaysarcaj'VyeXasnarbs'BYkhU-CImij nigedaucg'VnkSePIgBIyYnmkvayGaNaniKmVrSgpg (20) nigm"ageTot edaysaryYneXIjExrkMBugVt'emdwknS ( VrSgcab'sW g-g"ukfaj'nireTseTAsukVrSgenAPoitier ) yYnk*eqt{kasd*kMrenHeCot ECkcUlk~gs~ldwknSExrsr: edayebIluypg niyaybJHbJlpg cak'BYkExrsr:[eQaHK~a nigrkkllicsmab'Exr EdlminBmcuHcUl CamYyyYnevotmijecal[Gs' . k~gq~S1947 elaksIuv-ehgVneTAGngbJHbJlkybegItrbs'P riyaelakm~ak'eQaHrug-elIt EdlCanisitenAmhaviTal&yFmsat ( sM enogf ebIExrKWmhaviTal&yFmsas mhaviTal&ycab' ) nakugVg kk (10) . BYkkumelaksIuv-ehgenHk*VnkayeTACa Exrevotmij EtenAk~g karXMuKgdwknSedayyYnevotmij . TItSgrbs'BYkenHenAtMbn'sMLt kj g extVt'dMbgCitTl'Ednesom . esckIbJak'rbs'elakbuN-cnm"ul k~gesovePA critExr k*VnsarPaBfa Exrsr:mankarTak'TgCamYy yYnevotmijEdr (11) . e d a y s a r m a n T M n a s ' c g ' e F I F M E t e r o g x n e n a H E x r s r : k*Vk'EbkK~aGs'. dab-QYneTAtSgTIenAP~MKUEln, ekA-tk'enAP~MdgErk trmanC&y kLaj'

' 20) tamsMdI[karrbs'elaklag-m"anit tUvCakUnbuscgsBelaksIuv-ehg sBfrs'enA (

rdnIv-y"k shrdGaemrik . (10) rug-elIt ( CaeQaHf ) enHgEdlekaymkeKsal'fa nYn-Ca eQaHedImKWeLA-ebg Kn pHenAxagelIvtKrbnic cmaybEhlCa2KILEm"tBIparelIVt'dMbg . (11) sUmGanesovePA critExr rbs'buN-cnm"ul tg'TMB&r81 .

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esomrab . enAVt'dMbgmanlavEkv-munI, sIuv-ehg, mUl-smti, bug-ePO edaysarmanTMnas'cg'eFIFMEterogxnenaH Exrsr:k*Vk'EbkK~aGs'. dab-QYneTAtSgTIenAP~MKUEln, ekA-tk'enAP~MdgErk trmanC&y kLaj' esomrab . enAVt'dMbgmanlavEkv-munI, sIuv-ehg, mUl-smti, bug-ePO kCaedIm . extkMBg'FMman gYn-hug, saLt-qay (12) , s&kibIsab ekay mkmancUlBIP~MdgErkEfmm~ak'eToteQaHEm"n Edlykrhsnamfa Em"n EknEpndIsIGKIent . s&kibIsabekaymkmincUlrYmCamYysWg-g"uk faj'eT enAkaCamYykUnT&Bsr: edayykelsfa vin&yclnaelaksW g-g"ukfaj'twgEtgeBk . BYkExrevotmijenAtMbn'bUJ enAxagsayerog B Evg dUcCa esam-Pwm, kumehg-sMrin k*mincUlrYmCamYysWg-g"ukfaj' Edr edayyYnVnGb'rMb JlTwsI[bMerIvaeTAehIy . extkMBg'sW manc&n rgIenAbnaycarmn, savag-vg ( sr:KSTVrSg ), But-qay enAcenaH P~MtatBgmktMbn'Vt'dwg P~MbsiTi . extkMBg'cammanesam-Pwm, GacaryI emecar . extkMBtmanNub-bUpan, Gacaremon (sWg-g"ukmij) ekaymk mannisitBIsukVrSgmkcU lrYmeTotKW viskrCI-KimGan nigsaLt-sr (b"ul-Bt) . eyIgeXIjfa k~geBlEdlExrVt'em yUnevotmijVnlUkdcUlmk eCotECkbJHbJlykExrsr: ExrevotmijVn ehtuenHehIyeTIb elakfaj'minGaceFIkarbgYbbgYmclnaExrsr:TSgGs'k~gbeTsExr Vn . t t t

(12) saLt-qay tUvCabgbegItrbs'saLt-sr ( b"ul-Bt ) .

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clnats~UelaksWg-g"ukfaj'
edayGnraKmnB _ IkumbkbCaFibety nigKMehIjBYkevotmijcUlmk eCotECkxSgkapgenaH semcsIhnuVnsMuVrSgGnuJat[elaksWg-g"u kfaj'VnviltLb'mkmatuPUmivij edaysnafamincUlLkLMerOgneyaV yeToteLIy . elaksWg-g"ukfaj'VncUlmksukExrvijenAfTI29tula 1951 . f enaHg emdwknSyYnVn[P~ak'gareKEdlCakUnciJwmnigCabMerIpal'elakr"a ym"ug vaysmab'elak Jean de Raymond eBlelakkMBugsMran . esov ePA How Pol Pot came to power Vnsresrtg'TMB&r95 faKWCabkBYk elaksWg-g"ukfaj' CaG~ksmab'eTAvij . ekayBICYbCMuK~aCamYyelakV"c-QWn, swum-va"r nigBYkbCaFibety mk k*suHmtiK~afa tUvEtecjeTABbmUlbgYbbgYmExrsr:vayVrSg edImIkraCpg nigkMu[yYncUlmklUkdk~gerOgExrVnpg .

elaksWg-g"ukfaj'

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sUmCabfakalelakfaj'enACaCnnireTssukVrSgenaH elakVn Tak'TgbwkaCamYybJv&nExrekg@ EdlVneTAsikaenAsukVrSgman ehIyVnsal'citefImK~aCa elakhg-Funhak', elakGIuv-y"agCaedIm

mun . eBlmksukExrvij elakfaj'Vncat'[elakGIuv-y"ageTArkemIl kEngEdlGaceFImUldantsUVn . elakGIuv-y"agVneTArkemIleXIjTI kEngBIr 1- tMbn'kMBg'sW P~M{r"al' EtCakEngBiVktemIgb"usv i_ iTpaysemgpg CatMbn'EdlbCaCnminsUvCYtCabnwgclnatsUrMedaHCati BIGaNaniKm pg nigCatMbn'EdlBiVkk~gkarTak'TgCamYyBiPBbreTsedImIrkCMnYypg 2- tMbn'esomrab GUrsac' P~MdgErk : CaTIkEnglGactSgCamUldanV n eJHbCaCnk*Pak'rlwkecIn edaymanclnaExrsr:tSgBIq~S1945 pg CaTIGactemIgb"usv i_ iTpaysemgVnsYl ehIynigCapvmYyGacTak' TgCamYyBiPBbreTstamry:sukesompg . ehtuenHehIyeTIbelakfa j'sMercykGUrsac' eFICamUldantsUCamYyVrSgedImIkraC . elakGIuvy"agVnniyaytUvr"UvK~aCamYyemExrsr:ekA-tk' nigTIbwkasamut-bun fan' (12) rYcCaesc sbeBlnwgkartfrbs'elakln'-nl'CaecAhay extVt'dMbg . enAfTI9 mina 1952 evlaem"ag1PW elakfaj'VncakecjBIkugP~MeBj edaymanshkarIrYmdMeNIrKW elakeGor-sIucUv, hg-Funhak', KS-er"t ni gsSg-savat (13) tamrfynsIutUEGnbIrbs'elakfaj', elakeGor-sIucU v nigKS-er"tpal' . fTI10 TSgGs'K~aVneTAdl'eKaktMu enAcenaHkLaj' nigBCUk . eBlenaHekA-tk'nigsamut-bunfan' VnCiHesHmkcSTTYl

(12) elaksamut-bunfan'sBfrs'enAkugLgbcrdkalIh&rnij"a . (13) elaksSg-savatVnniBnerOgbelamelakBIrd*BieraHcab'cit es~haxg'xs' tmKties~haCatiemaHmt' KWerOg eteCakhm nig mhaecarenATl'Edn . erO gmhaecarenATl'EdnenH kalBIdMbUgeVHCaBIrEx EtenAq~S1972 kumsarBtman nKrFM VnbmUleVHrYmK~aEtmYyesovePAeTAvij . k~gerOgmhaecarenATl'Edn viesskahan BuknageTvI (sgarmann) CatMNagelaksWg-g"ukfaj'Etmg eJH tg'vKEdlelak[BrkUn tg'TMB&r86 KWCasMdIelakfaj'EdlEtgEtniyay[BrKU samIk~gCYrtsUrbs'elak . elaksSg-savat VntUvelakesk-sMeGot ( bcb n~CasmaCikBwTsParbbhun-Esn) cab'ykeTAsmab'ecalk~gf20-21 mkra 1959 rYmK~anwgkarcab'cgk~gfCamYyK~a nBYkGtitExrsr:Camnak'epgeTot . G~kxHeTotVneKcrt'eTAsukyYnxagtg rYmeFICa ExresrI CamYyelaksWgg"uk faj' . xHeTottUvCab'KukdUcCa elakGIuv-y"ag, KS-er"t, dYg-c&nsaratCaedIm. G~k EdltUveKsmab'CamYyelaksSg-savatKW Tav-Twgsan, KYmYn, sarI, Gacarbuk tamsMdIG~ksIGIuv-y"agfa ln'-NunCaG~keTAcab'GIuv-y"ag fTI20 mkra1959 . k~gevlayb'em"agVMbI

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ehIynScuHtampvreTHeTAk~gB . fenaHLanmYytUvxUcedaydac'cgt k* nSK~arujlak'Tukk~gBkMu[VrSgdwgdan . fbnab' VnmksMNak'enAk~g vteCaynaggYnxg'bIem"agk*sUrkSePIgVj'cMruHenAkLaj' TSgGs'K~ak* bndMeNIreTAmuxeTot . BIrfekaymk elakGIuv-y"agVnykrfynLg'r"UEvrmYydwkb"usiv _ iT paysemgmYyBIksYgeXasnakar ( elakV"c-QWnCardmnIksYg eXasnakar ) mkQb'enAPUmiTg'Vt (kLaj') . G~kTSgGs'K~ak*eTACYb CMuK~aenAxagekItsukcugkal'tg'swgdac' tamdgswgEsg rYcykb"usv i_ iT eTAtemIgenAtg'kUnP~MrUgsEdkBIbUraNCabeNaHGasn~sin edayelakeb" g-KitCaG~ktMelIg . elaksWg-g"ukfaj'Vndak'eQaHclnarbs'elakfa clnasr: rYmExrbMerICati EdlmanVvcna : kraC-bCaFibety-sgmExrfI-vin& yff~r-kahan . karcat'tSgk~gclnatsUmandUcteTA 1- elaksWg-g"ukfaj' Cabmuxclna . 2- elakeGor-sIucUv Cabmuxrg CaG~kcgkgTwsIknclnatsU vin&y nigkarTTYlxustUv xagEpnkarneyaVybgYbbgYmBYkG~ktsU Exrsr: . 3- elakGacarexov-CMu (14) CaGKelxaFikar manelakyn'-hagCaPU QYy . 4- elakhg-Funhak' TTYlxustUvxagEp~kGb'rM vbFm sil: nig erobcMkumelanGb'rMdas'stiG~ktsU nigbCarasenAtMbn'enaH . 5- elakGIuv-y"ag CaembJakarKb'KgTTYlbnkxagEp~ksnisuxTUeTA (15) nigembJakarPUmiPaKbswmTis (extVt'dMg eJFisat') 6- elakeb"g-Kit CaG~kbeckeTsxagtMelIgnigCYsCulb"usv i_ iTpaysemg . elakXI-tSglwm TTYlxustUverobcMxagkmviFIpaysemgcMerog clnatsU ePg GtaFibayneyaVy nigCMhrclnatsUedImIk raC bqSgGaNaniKmVrSg ( bcbn~eFICardmnIksYgsaFarN karnrdaPiVlhun-Esn ) .
(14) elakGacarexov-CMu kalq~S1942 VnePosCamYyGacarGuk-Ca eTAKg'enAsu kesom (kugVgkk) k~gsm&yEdlVrSgcab'GacarEhm-ecov . eBlelaksWgg"ukfaj'vilmkBIsukVrSg (GnraKmnB _ YkbCaFibety) ehIycUlB (q~S1952) elakGacarexov-CMuVncUlmkrYbrYmCamYy EtelakBMuVnlacaksikabTeTeBlenaH (15) naTIembJakarKb'Kg KWTTYlxustUvxagrdVlsIuvil sgmkic nigxagneyaVy .

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7- elakdYg-c&nsara"t (16) CanayGKesnaFikarkgT&B manPUQYy GKesnaFikargKWelak lav-FansW (17) . 8-elakekA-tk' CaemT&BnigCaembJakarswkeyaFPUmiPaKbswmTis. 9- elaksSg-savat ( ekayq~S1954 CacaghagsarBtmanExr Ca G~kniBnerOg eteCakhm nig mhaecarenATl'Edn . edImq~S 1959 tUvGtits&kibIesk-sMeGotsmab'ecal . elakCaembJakarPUmiPaKtrTis (esomrab) manelakLwk-sMeGOn ( rhsnam payBwk, sBfrs'enArdm"asaQUEst ) CaPUQYy . 10- elakKS-er"t embJakarKb'Kg nigCaembJakarPUmiPaKsan Tis ( kMBg'FM, kMBg'q~Sg, kMBg'cam ) EdlmanembJakarbcSextnimYy@ KWelakEm"n (18) (rhsnamEm"nEknEpndIsIGKIenttUv BYkb"UlIsGaNaniKmVrSgB&Tcab'smab'k~gq~S53), elakGum-sIum (19) ( tUvCabgelakGum-hak', sBfeFIkarenAxagkumGvkas NA
(16) elakdYgc&n-sar"at ( GnuesniyeTa ) nigelaklav-FansW kalenaHkan'TahanmYykgvr:esnatUcenAsIusupun VnnSTahanBmTSgGavuF LanesGiumes10 nigLanhIb2eKOg rt'eTAcUlrYmCamYyelaksWg-g"ukfaj' . karbKl'GavuFeFIenA PUmipg sukcugkal' exttrmanC&y . TahanEdlminBmtamelak@VnGnuJa t[tLb'mkCYbbBnkUnvij sl'EtTahan30nak'Edlsuxcittamelak . ekay mk edayminGacTSVnnwgkarlMVksIuGt'sIuXan edkB Jt'bBnkUn TahanxH k*rt'ecjEfmeTot enAsl'Et7nak'b"ueNaH . (17) CaGnuesniytI CakUnelaklav-FansU emXMukMBg'f sukVray extkMBg'FM . mayeQaHeKol . elakmanbgbnbussIVMbInak'KW lav-FaneGg, lav-FansIu lav-FaneGom nigbnsIBIrnak'KW lav-KwmQun niglav-KwmQI . lav-FanGIum nisitevCbNitq~S1955-56 VnTak'Tges~haG~kKUexov-b"uNarI ( ekaymkCab BnTI1rbs'b"ul-Bt edayxHmenaseJtnabIbBn eTIbk~gq~S1978kayCaqtvk' b"u l-Btk*manbBnfIeTot ) EtGMueKolCamayminyl'Bm eJHmanrUbsmtiminsat smeFICakUnbsarKat' . tg'enHehIyEdleFI[exov-b"uNarItUccitnwgxng man KMnitsSjS(complex)sb'BYkvN:G~kman Caehtu[G~kKUGP&Bes~he _ nHsbeyabl'K~aCamYysaLt-sr EdlmanbMNglagCMrHsgmBukrlYy nigksagsgmkum yniseTAtamTwsIcMkYtlIlarbs'Karl Max nigTwsIem"AniymrevIrvayeqghYsehtu (18) elakEm"n Casr:EdlelaksWg-g"ukfaj'bJnmkBIP~MdgErk minEmnCaExr sr:BImunmkeT . (19) elakGum-sIum Camitelaklav-FansWu VncUlbnMeFICakUnTahanelaklavFansWu edImICarnukk~gnSrt'mkP~MdgErk . kalenaH elakesg-sunf ( tUvln'-Nu neFIXatenAfTI24 mina q~S1970 edayxacelakeFIrdbharykGMNaceTA[elak sWg-g"ukfaj'vij ekaykarbkasTmak'semcsIhnurYc ) k*VnnSkUnTahanrt'mkP~M dgErkEdr EtedayKanG~knSpv k*tUvVrSgtammkTan'cab'ykeTAvijenAtg'P~MEtgmanC&y ehIybJb'Elg[kan'kUnTahaneTot [eTAkan'xagEp~ksmar:nignSsar vij .

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SA, rd FLORIDA ) nigelakem"A-efn . edaysaresckIGMJvnavnUvkarbgYbbgYm, ExsIha1952 elakgYnhug manPUQYyeQaHsarin nigsaLt-qay (20) xagkMBg'FM VnnSTahansr:150nak'BmTSgGavuFpg mkcUlrYmCamYy . neratm-c&nrgI xagkMBg'sW k*cg'T&Bsr:mkcUlrYmCamYyEdr Etelakfaj'VnsMu[c&nrgItSgenAbnaycarmn (xaglixkugkMBg'sW)dEdl ehIyelakVnbJ nelakeGor-sIucUvxagneyaVy (21) nigCMnYyxagEp~keyaFam~ak'eQaH EcmeTACYy . karelIkykclnatsUelaksWg-g"ukfaj'mkGFibaytYs@enH xMKa n'Etcg'bJak'fa elakfaj'mancites~haCatiemaHmut CaemdwknSKMrUm~ak' (rhU tsBfExrKanemdwknSKMrUeT) mannin~akarxagrbbsaFarNrdesrIniym EdlCaeKaHf~ak'cMeJHrbbraCaniympac'kar . karerobcMd*xSgkanigcMNuHcuH cUlnBYkbJv&nExrCamYyelakfaj' VneFI[sIhnuVrmxacVt'bg'GMNa ck*cat'Tukelakfaj'CastUvTI1rbs'Tg' . ehtuenHehIy VnCaenAeka ysni~siThWENvq~S1954 BYkGnrCatiVnnSelakfaj'cUlmkCitdl'ku gP~MeBj EtsIhnuminBmTTYl . cugq~S1954 elakfaj'Vnsresrlixit CnmksIhnusMucUlmkrYbrYmCamYy EtsIhnuminBmCadac'xat ehIycat' Tukelakfaj'CaCnkt'Cati eJHVnbqSgnwgBHmhakt . mkEtBIela kfaj'manciteTarTn' minhaneFI[dUcrdbharf ( 1932 BHecATI7rt'eTA GWr"ub- q~S1941 BHecATI8EdlVf~adeNImykGMNacmkvijenaHtUveKeFI Kt) edImIecosvagkarsmab'rgalK~ag eTIbneyaVyelaktUvbraC&y

(20) saLt-qay tUvCabgbegItrbs'saLt-sr (b"ul-Bt) . (21) enAq~S1953 edaycg'VnbuNs&ki c&nrgIVnnSTahannigGavuFmkcuHcUlCa mYysemc edayykTSgelakeGor-sIucUvmkpg EtsemcminBmTTYl eJHelak eGor-sIucUvCabkBYkrbs'elaksWg-g"ukfaj' ehIysIhnuVn[b"UlIsnSelakmk bKl'[kumP~MdgErkvij . But-qay tMbn'extkNal P~MbsiTik*VnmkcuHcUlCa mYysIhnuk~grvagq~S1952-53enaHEdr . dab-QYn (dabCaJkesomCazannrs& kiTahaneday)VncuHcUlCamYysIhnutSgBIq~S1949 ehIysemcVnEtgtSg[eFI Caesctaj' CaemT&BtYttaextesomrabnigkMBg'FM .

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(22) . elakfaj'Vnhamdac'xatmin[smab'ExrK~ageT elakEtgeJl bJak'fa CaGnak'rbs'xSgyYnkumynisEdlcg'[ExreQaHK~a nigTajExr bJlk~gshB&nNcin eJHhU-CImijkalenACakmkrsukVrSg V nbbYlelakmg [begItclnatsUrYmK~ayYn-Exr-lav vayGaNaniKmV rSg EtelakminBm . ekaymk eBlelakbegItclnasr:rYmExrbMerI Cati hU-CImijVnbJntMNagbYnnak' (ExrBIrnak'yYnBIrnak') mkTak'Tg elakmgeTot EtelakenAEtminBmcUlrYmCamYyBYkyYnevotmijCadac'xat eJHExrmanEtxatKancMeNjesaH nigm"ageTot elakCaExrekamEdl Vnrs'enA nigsal'ButttemdwknSyYncas'Nas' . ekaymkeTot k~gq~S1957 elaksWg-g"ukfaj'VnsresrlixitcMnYn bI briyayBmanBIdMeNIrneyaVyxusrbs'sIhnu EdlkMBugeCOtamkar lYgelamrbs'CU-eGgLaynigem"A-esTug [sIhnuCYyhU-CImijk~gsgamrMedaHevotNamxagtg . lixitTSgbIenaH VnbJak'Vb'sIhnuBI eKaHf~ak'yYnhU-CImij vtmankgT&ByYnkumynisenAelITwkdIExr sukExr nwgkayCalancMVMgrvagbkesrInigbkkumynis nigbmNgrbs'hI-CImi jk~gkarelbsukExr rYmeFIshB&nNcineTotpg . lixitTSgbIenaH sI hnuKanVnykcitTukdak'sUmIbnicesaHeLIy eJHeCOtamkarFanaGHGag rbs'emdwknScin nighU-CImij EdlsnafanwgeKarBbUrNPaBTwkdIExr nig KST[sIhnuenAelIGMNacrhUt . ehtuenHedayeCOsMdIeVkVs'rbs' emdwknSyYn100PaKryenaH sIhnuenAEtbnCYyyYnkumyniskan'EtxSg eLIg@EfmeTot .

(22) k~grCkalBHecA Pracha Thipok, Rama VII manrdbhardkhUtGMNacBIBHm haktdwknSeday Pya Bahol nig Song Varadeth . BHecAbCaFIb"ukVnePosBH GgeTAGWr"ub (sIs, Gg'eKs) . Casm&yelIkdemIgGMbUrf . eKeFIkarEkTmg'Gkr sasf EktYBJn:xHdUcCa x, q, p, f. kumG~keFIrdbharVnbegItkumraCanu siTi[CMnYsrhUtdl'q~S1940 eTIbeKelIkBHecA Ananda Mahidol [eLIgesayra CCaBHecArCkalTI8 ( Rama VIII ) . mYyq~Sekaymk, bEhledaysarBHecAenH manbMNgdeNImykGMNacraCsiTimkvijenaH eTIbtUveKeFIKt . rYcehIyeKk*GPi eskBHecAPUmibul GduletC rCkalTI9 (Rama IX) rhUtdl'sBfenH . beTs f, fIebIekItekayExr ( q~S1238nKisskraC ) EtemdwknSfmankarvagv EkEbbeTseTAtamTMenarnneyaVysklelak ( Flexibility)eTIbbeTsenHenA Kg'vg'Vn TSgrbbraCaniymk*Kg'vg'CanimitrUbrbs'beTsfrhUtsBf edayBH raCaminkan'GMNacdUcCaBHraCnIeGlIhaEbtEdr .

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ksareyag - References
(1) eGg-sut, ksarmhabursExr TMB&r 1087-1088 (2) eGg-sut, ksarmhabursExr TMB&r 1092-1093 (3) Georges Maspero, L'Empire Khmre - publi en 1904 - page 90 (4) Gwum-qMu, eJrkMeVr eVHBumq~S1966 TMB&r38 (5) Georges Maspero, L'Empire Khmre - publi en 1904 - page 90 (6) Milton E. Osborne, the French presence in Indichina 1859 - published 1905 page 90 (7) D Kam, kj"aviNQUk eVHBumq~S1971 TMB&r46-59 (8) Etude Cambodgienne - 1967 Avril-Juin No 10, page 27-28 (9) D Kam, kj"aviNQUk eVHBumq~S1971 TMB&r78 (10) D Kam, kj"aviNQUk eVHBumq~S1971 TMB&r142 (10') emT&BTn'CaCItaTYtxagBukxM tamesckIdMNalBICItaxagBuknigBukxMpal' fa taTn'CamYykj"amhaviC&y CaecAhaysukVnT&BvayVrSg VnelIkT&B eTAeLamT&BVrSgenAelIP~Msnk . eKOgxketC: GavetC: davkMNan'xnxMVn eXIj ehIydavenaH xMVnykmkrkaTukpal'xn davenaHtUvBYkb"ul-BtJy&yTisdkhUtykenAcugq~S1978 eJHxacbCaCnbHsmab'BYkvavij sUmIEt BUefA kSbitpak' Exv k*BYkvadkhUtTukEdr enAmuneBlT&ByYncUlQanJnsuk Exrbnic . (11) Etude Cambodgienne - 1969 Avril-Juin No 18, page 34 David P. Chandler, A History of Cambodia, Published 1983, page 144 (12) Etude Cambodgienne - 1969 Avril-Juin No 18, page 31 (13) Milton Osborne, the French presence in Indichina and Cambodia 1859-1905 (14) David P. Chandler, A History of Cambodia, Published 1983, page 154 (15) David P. Chandler, A History of Cambodia, Published 1983, page 159 (16) Kg'-smar, BHKUGacarEhm-ecov, TMB&r 33 (17) Kg'-smar, BHKUGacarEhm-ecov, TMB&r 28 (18) William Shawcross, Side-Show, Published 1979, page 47 (19) William Shawcross, Side-Show, Published 1979, page 47 (20) b"uN-c&nm"ul, critExr, TMB&r20 (21) William Shawcross, Side-Show, Published 1979, page 47 (22) David P. Chandler, A History of Cambodia, Published 1983, page 47 (23) b"uN-c&nm"ul, critExr, TMB&r21 (24) b"uN-c&nm"ul, critExr, TMB&r35 (20) b"uN-c&nm"ul, critExr, TMB&r36

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CB M k U T3 I eKalbMNg rbs'hU-CImij
enAkg ~ vKm n u @eyg I VneXj I ehy I fa CnCaty i n Y emdk w nSyn Y enAEtb ns ga mrht U Ka nsJa Namy Y bJa kf ' a CnCate i nHQbe ' Fs I ga mesaH eLy I . sga mEdlCnCate i nHVneFm I kGs ' Vs M tvtehy I enaH KC W as ga mBgk I Tk w dI sga mbgb Y bgm Y evotNamxageCg I ng i evotNamxagt g . nKrcV M " (1) Vntv U rlayVtBE I pnTs I klelakkg ~ qS ~ 1696 yn Y Tk u Etexts amlcamBr I , CasrKN u dle ' mTB & ktc ' am EdlCy Y yn Y [elb sk u cam, Ke W xtp anr ' I ng i panr ' ag " . exts amlTSgBr I enH tv U yn Y rl M ayeTo tkg ~ qS ~ 1725 (1) . tSgEtBm I n i Tane ' lbsk u camrc Y ral ' sl Y bl Y pg CnCaty i n Y VncH u m kCanK i mCn ehy I mktSgTl I e M nAya " ges msa tk ' g ~ ext skatI cga tJM g (2) enAedm I stvtT1 I 7 edaysarEtkareFs bEhsrbse ' cAha yext Exr enATe I naH ehy I ng i edaysarsga mrvagraCvgExr EdleQa HKa ~ deNI mraCblg e nAkg ~ qS ~ 1651 . ktExr VneTAsC uM n M y Y TB & esc yn Y [mkCy Y cSgykGN M ac[xn esc eg g-evOgkb * Jn kgTB & yn Y my Y kgBlFm M kCY ycSg[esc Exr ehy I eq teBlenaHkd * eNm I ykext skatn I g i cga t Jg M eTATk u CasrKN u EdleKVnCy Y esc Exr [VnGgy elr I aCblg . sh I nk u V * neFd I c U Ka ~ EdrkalBq I S ~ 1970 edayrte ' TABg w kgTB & ( kkn esc eyokkg u -eyokNamxageCg I [cl U mkvaybharrbbsaFarNrdE xr edI my I kGN M actLbm ' kvj i . Ge M Be I nHVnbNa l[Vtb ' gG ' ayC u v It i ng i T BsmtE i xr ya " gse M bm I rht U dle ' F[ I sk u Exr ka yeTACa<Tl I anBX i at> nstvtT2 I 0 . enHehy I Kn M t i esc elaPln' ng i se uI Carcajk ' lxS g ). GaNaextE xr Ebk " xagekt I Vnrbt U my Y mg @eTAkg ~ kNa b ' dyn Y kB M g ' kb I BnKr (1696), extJ m, raCa, em-s, lge ' har (1731), parEdk, mat ' Ck U (1696), TSgety I tg , extT k w exA (1840) . de M Nr I eqa HmkTs i xagtg nCnCaty i n Y Vncbs ' B KbC ' asa Br enAeBlEdlyn Y kank ' abV ' ntb M ne ' CayTk w exA EdlCaEdncg u xagtg bp M t u nEdnd I Nc n i . emdk w nSyn Y kc * abe ' robcd M e M Nr I cH u mkTs i xaglc i Cabne Tot eJHvacSVc[ ' CnCa ty i n Y rs' .
(1) beTscamcV M " kans ' asnasa menAtge ' votNamkNa l manVsaTcam Catk w tag . (2) Ke W xte bonha " dn U Nay Vero sB f . -50-

ekayesc Ggc nT 2 I sK u tqS ~ 1834 kg ~ raCktG I gm uI yn Y tt Y task u Exr TSgml U dc U CaGaNaexty n Y ehAfatan' tayfan' ehy I kg u Pe M ~ BjVn EbeQa HeTACaNSya " g . enHCade M Nr I eqa HmkTs i xaglc i elk I T1 I rbs' yn Y . kg ~ CB M k U T1 I eyg I eXj I fa kareFe I votNamb U ny i km beTsExr kar eF[ I Exr ka yeTACayn Y edaymeFaVyekA rbse ' sc mj i -ma " g, ya " -Lg ng i eTOg-mj i ya " gVntv U braCy & edaysarbCarasE xr bHeVrJseBj p beTs kabs ' ma by ' n Y TSgsv uI l i TSgTahan ng i edaysarvtm anBHGg Dg Y Camy Y kgTB & Exr -f qS ~ 1841 . vtm anVrSgEdlvayyksk u yn Y dakC ' aGaNanK i m V n kg ~ q S ~ 1859 Vnbga k' se M Nr I eqa HmkTs i xaglc i nBk Y yn Y my Y ry : . kg ~ s my & G a N a nK i m yn Y kV * n e Fk I a r t sv U a y V r S g mn i Q bQ ' rEdr Etmanecn I km u ecn I bk , manEtbkkm u y ns i e votNamdk w nSedayhU CI mj i eT EdlmaneQa HlC I ageK ng i mansmaCk i ecn I CageKpg . emdk w nS yn Y enHmanbN M gdF * e M FgNas' Kb W g " begt I mhackevotNam ( Viet Em' Qa HbP M n & f a shBn & k m u y ns i Nc n i shBn & Nc i pire ) edaydake n (Federation of Indochina) edaymeFaVyelbbeTsExr ng i lavbJ lKa ~ . kg ~ smy & VrSg yn Y VnCr Mj u bJn nK i myn Y [mktSgenAelE I dndI ks U Sgsn uI kanE ' tecn I eLg I @ ng i bNa kK ' a ~ eKcl U eTACt i Cy Y eFk I arVrSg y kct i V rSgkg ~ EpnkarBgk I Tk w de I nH . kg ~ vKe nHxn M g w ravrknv U Tn M akT ' n M gsk mP aBEdlhU Cm I j i bg " ykclnatsE U xr -lav[rb Y rm Y Camy Y yn Y eFC I aTB & rm Y clnats U Nc n i vayVrSg[ecjB I Nc n i TSgml U Etkg ~ eBlenaH yn Y Caemdk w nSKbv 's i y & . casN ' as' hU Cm I j i Vnsk i aBc i arNabvts i asd n U taeK braCy & PaBdn U taeK kg ~ Epnkarse M rcnyn Y b U ny i km sk u Exr kalBJ I kk ' Na l stvtT1 I 9enaH . edm I s I e M rcnv U Epnkaryn Y nb U ny i kmk g ~ de M Nr I eqa Hmk Ts i xaglc i elk I T2 I kg ~ GnaKtenaH hU Cm I j i VntH i rH i ng i erobcK M e M ragkar ya " ght c ' tN ' as' edaysk i adlC ' e M rAsgm Exr cN M c u exay, karKt i Et beyaCnp _ a lx ' n nemdk w nSExr rc Y sresrbNS Tk u [savk & Katb ' ne vnneyaVyenHeTot . t t t EdlmanBa " b:Dn i eteCaCaemTB & cl U mksk u Exr

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skmPaBhU-CImijmkelIExr nigkarbdiesFrbs'elaksWg-g"ukfan'
tSgBe I nACakmk rkVl " ' sk u VrSgemH " hU Cm I j i maneKalbN M gdF * e MF gkg ~ karbqSgng w VrSg ng i bgb Y bgm Y beTsTSgbI (yn Y -nav-Exr ) eFC I a shBn & k m u y ns i Nc n i Edlmanyn Y CaGk ~ dk w nS . hU Cm I j i VnTSgsr esrvc i arNkfakg ~ sarBtm anpayenAsk u VrSgfa Nc n i VrSgng w tv U eFe I votNamb U ny i kme Totpg . tamsd M e I lakTt i -Gn Y EdlCaelxaFk i ar pa lr ' bse ' laksg W -gk u" fanf ' a kalenAsk u VrSgCakmk redr I kVl " e ' nAeLI yrvagqS ~ 1935 hU Cm I j i VneTAbbl Y Tgs ' p U aNv u g (lav) ng i elakfan' e dm I r Ib Y rm Y Ka ~ begt I clnatsr U e M daHNc n i T S g ml U BG I a N a nK i mVrSg Et edaydg w kllc i rbsy ' n Y elaksg W -gk u" fanV ' nbde i sFse M Nr I rbsh ' U Cm I j i edayny i ayfa s[ uM yn Y eFk I arre M daHsk u yn Y cH u Exr vj i eyg I ng w eFk I artsr U e M daHenAsk u Exr Edr eyg I ng w vayVrSgTSgGsK ' a ~ edaymn i Qa nJnKa ~ Ky W n Y mn i tv U ykkgTB & mkenAelT I k w dE I xr Exr vj i km * n i ykkgTB & eTAtSgenAelT I k w dy I n Y Edr . eJHelaksg W -gk u" fane ' ml I eXj I fa ebE I xr ng i laveTArb Y rm Y clnatsC U amy Y yn Y enaH Exr ng i lavkn * g w tv U yn Y elbGs' TSgkgkmS gtsU GsT ' SgTk w de I TAeTot edaysaryn Y manbCaCnecn I Cag Exr ng i lav ehy I my Y eTotvaCaeKalbN M gemdk w nSyn Y kg ~ EpnkarBgk I Tw kdIsMrab'bCaCnyYnsYlrs'enAteTAGnaKtpg . elaksWg-g"ukfan'man kMeNItenAEdndIkmCaekam EdlyYnFab'bn'ykenaH, Vnsal'nigyl' cas'Nas'nUvcitKMnitemdwknSyYn nigeKalbMNgrbs'hU-CImijenH EthU-CImijenHmineVHbg'bMNgd*FMeFgenaHeLIy emdwknSyYnenHEf mTSgVnsresrbnat'neyaVy nigbNSTuk[sav&kKat'GnuvtteTAGnaKt KWdMeNIreqaHmkTisxaglic tamlMGandUntayYn ( BHecAmij-m"ag, y"a-Lg, eTOg-mijy"ag ) enaHrhUtTal'EtVnsMerc . ekaymkeTot eBlelaksWg-g"ukfaj'VnviltLb'mkBICIvPaBnireT ssukVrSgk~gq~S1951 ehIycUlBP~MdgErkbegItclnasr:rYmExr bMerICatienaH (1) bmaNCa6ExekaymkelakcUlB hU-CImijVnbJn
(1) elaksWg-g"ukfaj'VnviltLb'BICIvPaBnireTssukVrSgenAfTI20tula19 51 ehIyVncUlBtsUenAfTI9mina1952 . BYkKNbkbCaFibetyVnerobcM TTYlelakenAePaCniydankuk-em"g k~geBlenaHelakminVneFIsunrkfaEvgeLIy Kan'EteJlJkGrKuNdl'KNkmkarTSgGs' rYcelakpSfa ebIbsinCaelak m~ak'dYl sUmG~kTSgGs'K~akMuQb' tUvnSK~abnrs'eTAmuxeTot . enHCaesckI[karN_ rbs'elaksam-hYt KNkmkarbkbCaFibetybcSTIkugP~MeBj sBfrs'enA kugsIuGafil rdva"siunetan .

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tMNagbYnnak' (yYnBIrExrBIr) mksMuCYbCamYy . elaksWg-g"ukfan'Vn[ tMNagevotmijTSgbYns~ak'enAk~gCMrMGUrsac'sin . luHBwkeLIgelakfan' cat'EpnkarCMnMuCaelIkTI2 . k~gsm&ybCMueBjGgelIkTI1 elakVn[tMNagyYn2nak'enAekAsin cScUlrYmenAfTI2vij eJHfTI1CakarbCMun emdwknSExrsuT . Etdl'fTI2 yYnBIrnak'enaHminBmcUlbCMu edaysMGag faeKminVncUlrYmbCMuenAelIkTI1 . k~gfTI1 ExrBIrnak'enaHVnesI~tam sMeNIryYneyokmijfa 1- sMubJnkgT&BevotmijmkCYycSgbeNjVrSgecjBIsukExr 2- sMu[ExrCYypl'esgGaharsMrab'kgT&ByYnenAsukyYn 3- sMu[T&BevotmijcuHeLIgeFIskmPaBtamBMEdnExredImIvayVrSg elaksWg-g"ukfaj'VnbdiesFnUvsMeNIrrbs'yYnevotmijenH ehIy VnBnl'ExrevotmijTSgBIr BIKMeragkarminesaHtg'rbs'emdwknSyYnmk elIbeTsExr . elakbJak'fa ExrmincSVc'eTAeFIkumyniseT, bCaras Exrcas'CamineBjcitCadac'xat ebIBYkeKyl'fa kumynisCaGIenaH ? . ebIcg'nSExr[cUlkumynis manEtebIFmekAb"ueNaH (2) eJHbCaras ExrsLaj'esrIPaB rasExrminTan'xHmbGahardUcCarasyYnenAeLIy eKeFIEsmgk~gmYyq~S rYcsMrak5-6Ex dIFIbgbegItplk*enAFMTUlay Nas' rdaPiVlKan'EtCYy[ksikrExrecHeFIEstambeckeTsTMenIb bMVt'QjkNal sMNUksUkV"n'BukrlYy enaHk*nwgGacedaHsaybJa CIvPaBksikrExrVnehIy . eBltLb'eTAvij ExrTSgBIrnak'enaHk*tUvyYnykeTAsmab'ecal eda yvaminTukcitnigecaTfa VncUlrYmbCMusmat'CamYyelaksWg-g"ukfan' . t t t

2) cMNuctg'enH b"ul-BtsaLt-srVnemIleXIjEdr (2

ehAebImeFaVyekA

bgMExrTUTSgbeTs[TTYlykrbbkumynisem"Aniym edayCadMbUgCnenHminbeJ jeKaledAneyaVyeK[ExrTSgGs'dwgdUcCaswg-g"ukfaj'eT eKEckEpnkareKCa dMNak'@ rhUtrlaysuk .

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EpnkarhU-CImij nigklliceVkVs'Exr
elakKIm-Epn manedImkMeNItenAkmCaekam Fab'VnbYseron ehIy 'VnTak'Tgsal'BYkyYnnigExrekamxH EdlVnbMerIclnatsUevotmij rhUtelakVnTTYlksarCaPasayYnsIBIclna nigskmPaByYnevotmi j k~geKalbMNgelbTwkdIExrniglav . edayemIleXIjeKaHmhnray EdlyYnkMBugEteFImkelIExrdUec~HenaH elakk*VngakmkcUlrYmCamYyclnaExresrIrbs'elaksWg-g"ukfaj'vij . elakVnsresrcuHCaGtbTb cSfk~gTMB&rsarBtman ekaHsniPaB sIGMBIeKaHf~ak'EdlyYnkMBugerob EpnkaryksukExr . esrxMk*Fab'VnGanGtbTenaHEdr ehIyk~gGtbT enaH manPstagftcmgCab'TSgeQaHsarBtman nigGtbTrbs'hU-CImi j EdlVnsresrcuHpayenAsukVrSg tSgEtBIkalhU-CImijenAeFICa kmkrsukVrSgem"H . cMNgeCIgenaHsresrCaPasaVrSgfa L'Indochine franaise sera vietnamisee . k~gsm&ysaFarNrd elakKwm-Epnmanzannrs&kiCaGnuesniyk ( s&kibI ) eFIkark~gkariyal&yTI2 (3) xagEp~kykBtman ekaymkelakCa b'eq~atCatMNagrasmNlviharsYK . edayesckIesI~rsMuBIG~kGanCaecI n elakVnerobcMbmUlsMenrrbs'elak EdlcuHk~gsarBtmanekaHsniPa B enaHcgkgCaesovePAmYyeLIg . sMeNAGtbTVncUleTAk~geragBum edImIeVHCaesovePAeTAehIy EtGkuslbeTsExrtUvGnrkb Exrkhm Q~HrbbsaFarNrdtUvrlM elakk*VnVt'bg'CIvitk~grbbb"ul-BtEfm eTot . elakKwm-EpnVnbkEbksarsresrCaPasayYnenaH sIBIdMeNIrb s'KNkmkaryYn EdlVncuHmkeFIskmPaBCadMbUgk~gsukExr rvagq~S 1947 . GtbTenaHsresrfa KNkmkaryYnevotmijenaHmanBIrkum mYy kummanK~aCag10nak' . kumTI1VncuHmk ehIytSgTITak'TgbegItKNkmkars~l k~gtMbn'extsayerog, BEvg, kMBg'cam, Cb', emmt' eJHenA TIenaHmanyYnCaecIn CakmkrcMkarekAsUVrSgenACb'-emmt' . kumTI2Vn bndMeNIreTAextkMBt edayqgkat'tamexttaEkv . enAtaEkvBYkeKVnTSg cUlrYmsbayk~gBiFIbuNcUlq~SExrk~gPUmiCnbTmYy rYceTIbBYkevotmij bndMeNIreTAextkMBteTot . enATIenaHeKVnTak'TgbegItKNkmkars~l
(3) naykariyal&ytI2 KWelakKwm-eGgKUrunedt CaP~ak'garsmat'pk~grbs'Exrkhm ehtuenHehIyeTIbKb'btibtikareyaFaecnLa1 ecnLa2 tUvbraC&yrhUt .

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evotmij edayerIsBYkGnikCnyYnekItk~gsukExr k~gcMeNamniKmyYnCa ecIn EdlVncakecjBIextJm ( Hatien ) . k~genaHmanyYnekItsukExr m~ak' Fab'bYssikaFmvin&yenABuTikviTal&y ecHniyayExrsat'cas'la s' EdlExreyIgxHsal'eQaHfa Gacaremon .

GacarGn-emon sWg-g"ukmij CakUnrbs'niKm yYnmkBIextJm ( Hatein ) ekItenAextkMBt . hU-CImijVn[CnenHEkg eQaHbnM faCabnrbs' elaksWg-g"ukfaj' edImIdwknSclnaExrevotmij ( bMerIyYn ) . eTArs'enAhaNUyekaysni~siT

hWENv (20kkda1954) . emdwknSyYnVnbJ nmk (CamYyGtitExrevotmijBIrJn'nak') [dwknS clnaExrkhmk~gq~S1970 . sa b'k~gq~S1972 edayb"ul-BtbMBul .

edayelaksWg-g"ukfaj'CaemdwknSExrbqSgnwgGaNaniKm ehIytUv VrSgcab'eTA ExrkMBugVt'emenaH hU-CImijk*[GacaremonenHmkEkg eQaHCasWg-g"ukmij ehIyeXasnafaCabgnbegItrbs'elaksWg-g"ukfa n' edImITak'TajykExreTAbMerIclnayYnevotmij . k~gq~S1952 ExrBIrnak' EdleTACYbelaksWg-g"ukfan' ( CamYyyYnBIrnak' ) VnsYrelakfa etI sWg-g"ukmijEdlmYnbnb[eFICaemdwknSenAkMBtenaH tUvCabnelakEmn eT ? . elaksWg-g"ukfan'eqIytbvijfa ebIsWg-g"ukmijeFIkaredImIExr bM erIplbeyaCnE _ xr bMerItmKtiExr mineFIkar[yYn enaHeTIbsWg-g"ukmij CabnxM EtsWg-g"ukmijeFIkarbMerIhU-CImij ehtuenHehIysWg-g"ukmijmin EmnCabnxMeT . hU-CImijVn[GacaremonEkeQaHCasWg-g"ukmij k~gbMNgeVkykExrEdlkMBugVt'em dwknS[cUlk~gGnak'yYn bMerIclnanig plbeyaCny _ Yn eJHgaynwgsMercmhicitad*FMeFgrbs'hU-CImij k~gKM nitBgIkTwkdI begItCa shBnNcin edayemdwknSyYnenHemIleXIjfa teTAGnaKtrasyYnminGacrs'enAelIEdndId*tUccegtpl'plitpl ksikmciJwmmat'minKb'Kan'enaHeT KWmanEtyksukExrniglaveTeTIbyY nrs' . tamBitelaksWg-g"ukfan' KanbnbegIteQaHsWg-g"ukmijTal'Et esaH KWyYnhU-CImijeFIbMP&nExr[yl'cLM ehIynSKI~K~acUleTArYmbMerIcl natsUyYn k~geKaledAyksukExrbJleTAk~gshBnNcinEtb"ueNaHnaGnaKt enA eBlyYnmanC&yCMnHelIGaNaniKmVrSgnigckBtiGa -55-

emrikSgrYcral'ehIy . dUec~HKansJaNamYybJak'fa emdwknSyYnnwgbJb'sgamBgIkTwkdIesaHeLIy . ekaybnicmkeTot BYkevotmijVnmkbNHKNkmkars~lenAsML t GaeK~ye _ xtVt'dMbg edaybJnyYnVMnak'mkTak'TgVnExrsr: sIuv-ehg, mUl-smti, lav-EkvmunI, Gacarebs, bug-ePOk, rug-elIt ( nYn-Ca ) . Exrsr:TSgenaH k*maneQaHfIfa Exrevotmij . BYkekay enHeFIskmPaBkab'smab'rasExrdak'mIneFI[reTHePIgpHkLab'sab'Exr sttg'CaecIn tamExjak'rbs'evotmij . enHCakarcab'epImrbs'yYnk~g neyaVyxIdExrlabmuxExr ( dUceKlabmuxman'bCl'K~a ) [smab'Exr ehIy . yYnVnTukclnaExrkumynisniglavkhmdUckUnrbs'eK . yYnVn erobcMeKagkarNl _ itln'Nas' k~gkarbNHs~lExrevotmijenH . eka yBIkarTak'ykVnExrsr:mYycMnYnehIy yYnk*cab'Gb'rMEp~kstiGarmNB _ YkenH[sLaj'yYnevotmij edIrtammaKayYn . BYkExrevotmijrab'ry nak' VneTAsikaTwsIevotmijk~gsalaneyaVykughaNUyk~gq~S1947 (2) sIuv-ehgVneTAhaNUyk~gq~S1951 xHVneTAsikaenAsukcin eb"kSgeTotpg dUcCaGacarsaern ( Lac-saern ) VnecjeTAhaNUyrYc bneTAeb"kSgk~gq~S1955 bBneQaHelOt kUnbusBIr ( LacvIr:, LacvrvIr: ) kUnsIBIr ( Lac-tara, Lac-vIrtara ) VncakecalpHenAvtKr suk sEg Vt'dMbg ( CitpHmaynYn-Ca ) eTAtambIk~gq~S1960 tamry:Excar kicyYnenAVt'dMbg rYceTAsMNak'pHjatienAP~MeBj nigeLIgynehaHeTA haNUy . GacarsaernmankMeNItenAPUmicMkarsMerag Cab'DIbmsalaV lIkugP~MeBj ( Diplome de l'Ecole Suprme de Pali Phnom Penh ) (4) kalenAk~gBmanmuxgarCaKNneyaVyrbs'evotmij enAsuksMLtex tVt'dMbg . EfmBIelIkarenHeTotenaH emdwknSyYnhU-CImijbEhlCaeKminTukcit BYkExrevotmijk*mindwg eTIbeKerobcMKMeragkarNs _ Mrab'ry:eBlEvgmYyeTo t . BYkyYnVnedIrcab'kumarExr bJHbJlekgCMTg'Exr ykeTAhaNUyGb'rMxYrkalsMrab'bMerIneyaVyyYn . bg@xHbEhlenAcSVnfa rvag q~S1951-55 mayExrEtgBmankUnmin[edIrelg xacbmat'bmg'Gara"b' cab'kUnekg . evotmijVnCYl[cab'ekgExrykeTAGb'rMedImIsMercEpnkar evotNamUbniykmrasnigsukExr eFICashBnNcinnaGnaKt eday ykekgExr EdlvaGb'rMTukenaH[dwknSsuk EtekamkartYtBinitrbs'yYn . BYkekgExrGs'TSgenaH rhUtmkdl'sBf xHmanv&y3040q~S ehIy

(4) tamesckI[karNr _ bs'elaktUc-QYg G~kniBnesovePA Vt'dMbgsm&yela kmas' sBfenAvtKr .

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eFIkark~grbbehg-sMrin xHminTSgsal'Em" bgbnbegIt sukPUmikMeNItxneLIy elIkElgEtmanv&yCMTg' k~gcMeNamenaHmanEb"n-suvN, Ca-swum, rs'-sm&y EdlyYndwknSykBIsuklaC eJFisat'eTA ( tamsM dI[karNr _ bs'elakeLA-Qin ) . enAedImq~S1979 EdlT&ByYnvayQanJnbeTsExrenaH b"ul-BtV ndwkCJnekgkMJFM@ekormktam kat'BGt'Gaharsab'Gs'CaecIn ekg kMJtUc@ EdlvabmUlminTan' k*cak'esarXMuTukk~gmnIr . dl'kgT&ByYn cUlmk vak*bmUlykekgkMJxg'1,000nak'eTAhaNUy (5) edImIGb'rMb JkTwsI TukeFICas~lbMerIEpnkaryYnteTAGnaKteTot . yYneFIdUcK~aenA suklav cMeJHkUnkMJlav . BYkExrevotmijmaneQaHsWg-g"ukmijCa emdwknS dUec~HyYnCaG~kbegItExrniglavkumynis . bkkumynisTSgbI beTs ( yYn-lav-Exr ) tUvrYmbJlK~aehAfa bkkumynisNcin Indochinese Communist Party ICP ) . bkkumynisNcinVnbegIt eLIgenAq~S1930 enAkughugkug . kaleNaHenAminTan'mansmaCikCaCati ExrenAeLIyeT . luHekaymk k~grvagq~S1940Vy eTIbyYneVkVnExr mYycMnYn EtPaKecInCaExrkhmedaybeJatfayYnnwgbKl'dIkmCaeka mmkExrvij kalNacSgQ~HVrSg . enAq~S1945-47 yYnevotmijVnKSTclnatsUedImIesrIPaBenAbeT sExr (niglav) edaysarExrkMBugVt'emdwknS eJHelaksWg-g"ukfaj' tUvVrSgcab' yYnk*Vn{kaslUkdmkkkUrpk~gclnaExrsr: Tak'TajVnBYklav-EkvmunI, mIu-pU, m"a-mUn, sIuv-ehg, mUl-smti, esa-Pwm .l. enAk~gq~S1950 BYkExreqgniymVnrIkduHdaly"agxSg edaymanTMna k'TMngCits~iTCamYyBYkV"eftLav nigbklanevot ( Lien Viet Front of Vietnam ) . enAfTI17emsa1950 Exrsr: EdlPaKecInCaGtitsmaCikkumy
(5) CaBiessBYkkUnkMJEdlBukmayviltLb'mkBIbreTs ( PaKecInmkBIbeT sVrSg k~gcMeNamenaHmankybegItxMmYyEdr EdlBukva ( hiun-sIuhn ) VnnS tLb'mkBIkugV"rIsk~gq~S1976 k~grvagExemsa tamkareVkbeJatrbs'eGogsarI fatUvkarbJv&nExrenAbreTsmkCYy ksagsarsukeTsEdlexcxSeday sgam . VMmYyExekaymk BYkExrkhmVnykbnxMenHeTAsmab'ecalVt'eTA ehIyykkyhiun-evaharGayuBIrq~S eTAdak'k~gmnIPUmimYyCiteragckeFIEkvcMkardUg . VMmYy-VMBIrExekayEdlyYnvayQanJnkan'kab'sukExr G~ksIeGlIsaEb t-ebck&r ( Elizabeth Becker ) VneXIjekgkMJExrCag700nak'enAhaNUy dUc G~ksIVnsresrk~gGtbT ( How Vietnamese create a regional communist Empire - The Hanoi Pact ) cuHk~g The New Republic fTI20 tula 1986 sab' .

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nisNcin VnebIksmaCTI1enAsMLtVt'dMbg Cab'BMEdnf edImIbegI trNsirrYbrYmExrsr: ( United Khmer Issarak Front ) . smaCelIkTI 1enHdwknSedaysWg-g"ukmij . tg'enHehIyEdleFI[Exrsr:ekA-tk' VnVk'EbkK~aBIBYklav-EkvmunI rhUtmankarVj'K~aenAPUmikUccar minEmn enAPUmibI nigminEmnedaysarVk'600,000 Edl Ben Kiernan Vnsresrk~gesovePA How Pol Pot came to power enaHeT . tamksarbvtib kkumy nisExreVHpayk~gq~S1973fa kaleNaHmanbkCnExrkumyni sEtcMnYn40nak'b"ueNaH ( KankarecHdwgeCACH nigmindwgBIeKalbMNg yYnerobEpnkarelbsukExrpg) . edayExrminBmenAekamkardwknSyYn @k*erobcMEpnkarfI KW[bkkumynisNcinrMlayxnenAedImq~S1951 ehIybegItCabkkumynisExr lav nigevotNamerog@xn Etbkkumyni syYnenAEttYttadEdl dUcEdlksarevotNamVnbJak'k~gExvicika 1951 fa bkkumynisevotNamenArkasiTi emIlkarxustUvelIskm PaBbkbgbnkmCaniglav . ekaymk, eTaHbIy"agNak*eday ebIlk&N GnuJat[enaH bkbdivtnT _ SgbInwgrYbrYmK~aeFIbkEtmYy KWbkshB&nevo tNam Exr niglav (The Vietnam-Khmer-Laotian Federation's Party ) (3) b&kbdivtn _ bCaCnExr ( Khmer's People Revolution Party - KPRP ) VnekIteLIgenAExkJaq~S1951 lknik:KWcmgecjmkbIbkkumynis evotNam (5) . tambvtirbs'bkkumynisExrenAq~S1952 BYkeKmansmaCikxg'mYyJn'nak'Caesc . enAfTI3 Exmina 1951 rNsirrYbrYmCatiExr evotNam niglav VnCY bbwkaK~a ehIybegItCabksmnevotNam-Exr-laveLIg rYck*bkas ehAbCaCnbeTsTSgbI[eFIshbtibtikarvayrMlMGaNaniKm . eyal elIkarsMerccitenH EdleKVneVHpayenAfTI11 Exmina 1951enaH kg T&ByYnevotmijk*VnelssMGagcUlmkk~gsukExrniglav edImICYycS gBYkExrkhmEdlekaymkkayCakgT&BrMedaHCatikmCa ( The Khmer National Liberation Army ) nigCYycSgBYklavkhmV"eftLavpgEdr (6) . enAq~S1958 BYkyYnevotmijVneTAeXasnaeVkBYkExrkmCaekamfa BYkeKeFIkar[semcsIhnu ehIyVnbgajb&NKNkmkarBiessEdl manrUbftsemcenAelIenaHpg . ExrekammYycMnYnFMVncUlrYbrYmk~gcl nayYnevotmij . (6) eKeXasna[ExrenAkmCaekammkvij . enHCalic BYjmYyVj'VnstBIrrbs'yYnevotmij . mYyKWBYkevotmijbMpus[Exr bHeVreLIg edImI[mankarvwkvrk~gEp~krdVl-sgmyYnxagtg . BIrKW

(6) esckI[karNr _ bs'elaksWn-EL vresniyeTaEm"khk sBfrs'enAtaxUm"a rd va"siunetan . -58-

rdkaryYnBnKrk*nwgcat'viFankarbgabkab'smab'Exrekam y"agcas'd eTot. G~kcMeNjKWevotkug-evotNamxageCIgeNaHesaH eJHExrEdl bHeVrenaHk*nwgtUvsab'vinaspg ehIyG~kEdlrt'rYcxn nwgrt'mkcUlbMerI BYkevotkugvij . enHCalicy"aggaybMputrbs'yYnkumynisk~gkarsmab' Exr . kalenaH elaksWg-g"ukfan'eTIbnwgvilcUlmk BICIvPaBlak'xnenA extLgnij . eBlenaHelakVndwgfa Exrekamcaj'eXasnaeVkbeJatrbs'BYkevotkugehIy@bugnwgbHeVrEfmeTot edaymanemdwknSm~ak' eQaHfac'-ENg (7) . BYkKijsmat'yYnxagtgVnrkcab'elakfac'ENg BmTSgbkBYkEdlrt'eKclak'xntSgP&yPit . elaksWg-g"ukfa n'Vn[eKehAelakfac'-ENgeTACYbelakenABnKr . elakk*VnniyaysMrYledaHsayCamYyrdkarBnKr[VnsYlbYleTAvij . elak VnBnl'BIeKaHf~ak' EdlCalicrbs'yYnkumynisbugnwgsmab'ExrenH dl'ExrekamKb'@K~a[bugby&t~Kb'@CMhan (8) . t t t

(7) b"UlIstSgBIsm&yVrSg ExrextBHtJMgsab'eCOtamNas'- Kat'BmcUlrYmnw gelaksWg-g"ukfaj' . (8) esckI[karNr _ bs'elaksim-Kin enATIkugsIuGafil rdva"siunetan .

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Exrevotmij
KWyYnevotmijEdlCaG~kbegItBYkExrevotmijenHk~grvagq~S1946-19 47 EtkalenaHmanExr Etxg'Essibnak' EdlCasmaCikk~gclnaNcin kumynis ( Indochinese Communist Party - ICP ) . BYkyYnevotmijVncU lmkbegItmUldanbIenAk~gsukExr 1- mUldanEkk emmt'-Cb' manCnCatiyYnCaecInCakmkrrbs'cMkar ekAsUVrSg . mUldanenHeFIskmPaBenAk~gtMbn'extkecH swgEtg rtn KIrI mNlKIrI kMBg'cam BEvg sayerog . mUldanenHkan'kab'edayBYkyY nevotmijpal'Etmg . 2- mUldanTI2enAkMBt EdldwknSedayyYnekItenAsukExreQaHGacarGn-emon EdlyYn[EkgeQaHfa sWg-g"ukmij CaemdwknSrbs'BYkExr evotmij . mUldanenHeFIskmPaBk~gmNlexttaEkv, kMBt, ekaHkug, kM Bg'sW . ekaymkeTotmanelakviskrCI-KimGan nigsaLt-sr mkBIsu kVrSg mkcUlrYmk~gmUldanenHEdrenAq~S1953 (2) . 3- mUldanTI3KWenAEb"kxagliceqogxagtgextVt'dMbg tg'tMbn' sMLt kjg . yYnVneCIserIsKNkmaFikarEdlCaGtitExrsr: Ed lmanelaksIuv-ehg(9) CaembJakarswkPUmiPaKJyBTis, mUl-sm tiCaemT&B, rug-elIt (nYn-Ca ) CanayEp~kesdkic, GacarLac-saern nig Lac-sar"n CaKN:neyaVy . mUldanenHeFIskmPaBk~gexteJFisat' Vt'dMbg esomrab . saLt-sr b"ul-Bt VnvilmkcUlrYmk~gclnaExrevotmij Edl manemdwknSyYneQaHsWg-g"ukmij k~gExmkra q~S1953 enAmUldankMBg' tac . k~gsni~siThWENvq~S1954 BYkExrevotmijKanekAGIeT edayBYkenH KanEdndIrMedaHkan'kab'dUcyYnhU-CImij . V"eftLavmanekAGI edayeKma nmUldanrMedaHenAEb"kxageCIgCab'nwgTl'EdnyYn . cMeJHbeTsExr man EtrdaPiVlsemcsIhnueTEdltMNagekAGIExr edayykExrsr:cuH cUlmandab-QYn, c&nrgI, But-qay Cabnal'min[EbgEckbeTsExrCa BIr dUcCabeTslavnigyYneT . enHCaemeronmYyrbs'BYkExrevotmijEdl ekaymk kaymkCaExrkhm . emeronenHehIyEdlCMruj[kumb"ul-Bt GnuvtnUvEpnkarvayrMedaHyktMbn'CnbTeLamB&TTIkugBukrlYy rhUtdl' VnsMerceCaKC&yCasaBrk~gfTI17 emsa q~S1975 ( tam{vaTem"A-esTu g).
(9) sv uI -ehgcl U rm Y Camy Y ln' nlk ' g ~ qS ~ 1970 eFC I avresny i eTaenAbna ysk w rgsuI sp u n u .

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ekaysni~siThWENv yYnVnykExrevotmijrab'Jn'nak' [eTACk ekanenAhaNUy rg'cS{kaslelIkekayeTot . k~genaHmanemdwknSExr evotmijeQaHsWg-g"ukmij ( GacarGn-emon ) k*eTArs'enAkughaNUy Edr . kumTI2Exrevotmijman saLt-sr, rug-elIt (nYn-Ca), sIuv-ehg, mU l-smti ( rs'-jwm taekA ), GacarLac-sav"n, Lac-saernCaedImmin eTAhaNUytamBYkyYnevotmijeLIy . KWkumTI2enHg Edlekaymkka yCaExrkhm . BYkekayenHEckecjCaBIrkumeTAeTot 1- kumTI1man elaksIuv-ehg, mUl-smti,GacarLac-saern, Lac sav"n Vnrs'enArksIuCaCnsamJeFIEscMkarkUcenAPUmivtKrxH enArUgknW kg'htxH ( tamdgswgsEgeTAelI ), enAPUmifakxH k~gextVt'dMbg . 2- kumTI2man saLt-sr (b"ul-Bt), rug-elIt (nYn-Ca) nigK~aeKmY ycMnYneTot bnMbgb'xnk~gTIkugP~MeBjedImIerobcMKwHbdivtn_ . BYkeKCYl pHenACit@K~atg'mMemePIgxagekameBTcin . BYkeKbgb'xn eFIskmPaB Bnl'Tak'TajBYkyuvsiskIk EdlPaKecInminsal'fakumynisCasI pg .

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Exrkhm
enAk~gkugP~MeBj saLt-sr nigeLa-ebgKn (10) VnbegItviTal& ykCnBIrenACitemePIgekameBTcinKW : viTal&ykmCabut nigviTal&y cMerInviCa . eLA-ebgKn enAbegonbvtisask~gviTal&yTSgBIr, KWCn enHehIyEdlbJHbJlsiskIkKanVk'bg'fsala eFICa clna yuvCnkumyniskmCa - Gkrkat'ehAfa : yuvkk (11) eLIg . BYksma Cikclna yuvkk KWCaclnas~lbdivtnr _ bs'saLt-sr . ekayEd lBYkExrkhmmanC&yCMnHrMlMrbbsaFarNrdln'nl' enAfTI17 emsa 1975mk GgkarExrkhmVnykBYk yuvkk enHmkeFICaKN:suknana CYnkalEtgtSgCaKNshkrNp _ g.

(10) CaeQa HBt i rbsn ' n Y -Ca eJHBk u eQa H eLA-lv I enAPm U v i tK r extV td ' b M g . (11) sd M e I qy I qg KN:sk u eqgCamy Y ma ynn Y -Ca enAJkk ' Na lqS ~ 1974 . kal eNaHbl u" -BtVnykeyaFamCm w bkeTABT & c abm ' l U -smti PaKJyB & ng i KN:tb M n, ' KN:shkrN, _ KN:sk u , KN:X, uM kgQb ng i kgeyaFa dkht U GavF u Gsr 'c Y ykeTA sma be ' cal elk I ElgEtKN:sk u yan EdlCt i dt i ng w ma ynn Y -Ca eKmn i Vncabc ' g eFe I TasGe I Ly I . kalenaHesr xe M nAeFC I akmk rkg ~ eragCagXv uM tK r tSgenABr I KL I x ag elX I v uM tK r . f1 8mf i n u a1978 KN:Xd uM akT ' s i [eTAcl U erE I dk kats ' b M krfynt c U @ ykmkeFC I aEbl " cakd ' E I ckcay[Bk Y kgclt & ng i esnaCnXv uM tK r . sabE ' tmanrf-

M 113 Cagme KOgng i Bk Y eyaFaxg 5 ' ,000nak' cl U mkkg ~ Gtt I kg u Vtd ' b M gedaekaH yKa n[dN M g w Camn u cabc ' gBk Y KN:JNC i , KN:sk u nana ehy I eTAcabm ' l U -smti enApH KatE ' krck M arCbn u" Ct i Pt M~ c U PF M~ M . kalenaHBk Y eyaFaVnedjBk Y Cagx[ M vl i mkXuM vj i . ehtk u arNe _ nHVneF[ I xm M anescke I gOgql N ' as' edayvacabs ' ma bE ' tKa ~ va Km W a ~ k@ ' ylf ' a CaeBorevrarbsB ' k Y va QamEskEskehA eJHBk Y JyB & Ts i enHks * ma b' bCaCnExr Gse ' cn I se M bm I NasE ' dr . edaykarBc i arNatamehtk u arN_ ekaymkeTb I xd M g w fa mkBd I ng rbsm ' l U -smti eQa Hesa-Pm w Vnkt ' bg u eFr I d bharkg ~ rvagEx vc i k i aqS ~ 1977 Etbl u" -Btvadg w xn mn u esa-Pm i KN:Pm U P i aKbJ U T s i k * tv U eyaFaesa H ng w bl u" -Btsma bV ' neTA . kn U bs u ml U -smtm i y Y eQa Hmt i q S ~ g (eQa Hbdv i tn ) _ Vn erobkarCamy Y kn U se I sa-Pm i . ml U -smtn i g i esa-Pm i Caekn I g w Ka ~ pg tSgBs I my & Exr evotmj i mk . eBlenaHeKykBk Y yv u kkBP I m U P i aKnr i tt I aEkv-kB M t mkCn M s Y KN:epg@ enAJyB & Ts i . KN:sk u eqg EdleTb I Vnmkkank ' a b ' sk u Vtd ' b M g Cn M s Y KN:sk u ehOn ( tv U cabs ' ma be ' calCamy Y ml U -smti ) enaH Vncl U eTAKr Y smyayJj ( ma ynn Y -Ca ) . yayJjVnsr Y KN:sk u eqgfa kn U eGy I , ya " gNaVnCakn U gVn mkCb Y JkB ' n & C amy Y ng w Ggk ar ? . KN:sk u eqgVneqy I tbvj i fa G! U ma " eGy I xk M * kC * aGtt i kn U ecAkg ~ clnayv u kkrbsG ' C u aEdretI . kalenaHxe M nAeronsalace M rn I vC i a . ma " eGy I Bk Y Kj i bl U" s I rbss ' h I nn u g i GaEql n' nl' Ka ndg w xlG ' e I saHEtmg Bk Y xe M FI ve i cT km vT i g nakLk bgc lna Bk Y enHKa ndg w Ge I saH ehy I ebc I abV ' nBk Y xx M H yklu yeTAsk U vaElg[rc Y xn mkvj i Gs' Bk Y vaeml I eXj I ly u CaFe M ls I G@ I TSgGs' .

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k~gq~S1960 manBYkbJv&nkhmxHviltLb'mkBIsukVrSg dUcCa ecA-esg, exov-sMpn, hU-yn', ePaK-qay, Kat-qun, hU-nwm . q~SenaHBYk kumynisExrVnbegItbkm"assIs-eLnInenAk~gkugP~MeBj . k~gq~S1960 manBYkbJv&nkhmxHviltLb'mkBIsukVrSg dUcCa ecA-esg, exov-sMpn, hU-yn', ePaK-qay, Kat-qun, hU-nwm . q~SenaHBYk kumynisExrVnbegItbkm"assIs-eLnInenAk~gkugP~MeBj . tSgBIq~S enaHmk clnayuvkkVnlUtlas'CaxSg . BYkenHCaemkmIeCotcUlmk TisGgkar cUleTAbnMxYnenAk~gKb'skmPaBnana EdlmanbeyaCnd _ l' bkeK dUcCaVtukmvaysanTUtGaemrikSgk~gq~S1963 (12), Vtukmsis k~gq~S1972-73 rhUteFIXatelakfac'-Ca nigevCbNitEkv-sSgKIm k~g brievNviTal&y18mina ( GtitviTal&yBHyuKnr ), VtukmbuKliksika k~gq~S1973-74 edImIbMEbrTisVtukm [kayCaQ~an'bMerIplbeyaCnr _b s'bkkumynisExreTAvij . BYkyuvkkecHEtTak'TgbntamExry:eK edImIbmUlsmaCik[Vn kan'EtecInEfmeTot . eKeCotcUleTAk~gcMeNamBYknisit dUcCakrNI CMu-rMePIy (13) k~gKNkmkarsmaKmnisitenAmhaviTal&yGkrsas P~MeBjCaedIm . BBYkyuvkkxHeTotEdlVnkayeTACaKUbegon sasacar k*Vnsa bBYsmenaKmviCakumynisk~gcMeNammitPkiKUbzmsikasasacar . k~gcMeNamsasacar manelakKUFuc-rin ( sasacarmsbP ), ela kyI-y"un (14) ( briJab&tGkrsasExr ). ekaymkfTI17mina19 73 ekayEdlBYkkUnecAelakln'-Nun VnKb'Kab'EbkbMEbkhgVtukmKU EdlkMBugEteFImITIg manK~aCag400nak' k~gbrievNmhaviTal&yKru ekaslxagtg mansab'KUBIrnak'nigrbYsCaecInnak'mk BYksasacar KUbegonmYycMnYneTotyl'eXIjfa ebITSenAteTAeTot nwgtUvBYkln'Nunsmab'ecal ehIyEfmBIelIenHeTAeTot rbbsaFarNrdelakln'nl'BukrlYyGyutiFmNas' minTSgeKarBlk&N EdlcarelIsbsaFar Nrd enAmuxGtitbrmraCvSgesaH ehIyteTAmuxKansgwmQ~HBYkrN: sirrMedaHCatieLIy eTIbBYkenaHk*rt'cUlExrkhmbeNaydUcCanYn-eXOn
(12) kalenaHsemc bJa Tahanhg es kJks ' v uI l i cl U eTAkg ~ vT i aly & nana nSss i ecjeTAvaysa nTt U Gaemrk i Sg manelakXm w -Tt i CaGk ~ dk w nSeFI tamsd M e I lakeV" fn ng i elaksm ui -Kn i . (13) CuM re M Py I CaGtt i ss i xk M g ~ qS ~ 1968-69 kalCabm ' Fmsk i ab & tPaKT2 I kg ~ qS ~ 1972 VneTAbnv C i a enAmhavT i aly & Gkrsas Epk ~ bvtv i T i a-Pm U v iT i a maCuM re M Py I ma ~ ke ' Qa Hmt i e hOn CaGtt I Exr khmenAsL M t . smy & bl u" -Btmt i e hOneFC I aKN:su kPs M~ e M BA extV td ' b M g . (14) elakyI yn u" tv U Cabgfe lakk-sG M l u GKe lxaFk i armhavT i aly & Gkrsas .

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elakfac'-Ca

elakEkv-sg'KIm

(G~kniBn dMeNIreqaHmkTisxaglic Ncink~gq~S2,000), elakkuleyOt (briJab&tGkrsasExr), elakesam-sMGun (briJab&tbvtiviTa) bInak'ekayenHecjBIVt'dMbgenAedImExmina1975 . k~gcMeNamBYkbeckeTsviskr k*mannin~akarkhmEdrdUcCa elakKa t-qun, elakCI-KwmGan (15), elakevCbNiteFjDI-pun (16), elakgYneGg (viskr), elakEm"n-nIfU (viskGKIsnI), elakesog-eV"Es (viskrnig naykksYgsurieyadI), elakcn-buV (ecAkm) .l. emdwknSclnayuvkkKW eLA-ebgKn (nYn-Ca) . CnenHrs'enAbgb'xn k~gkugP~MeBjrhUtmkdl'q~S1972-73 eTIbecjeTAB EtenAEtlbcUl mkmg@eTot edImITak'TgBYkExry:k~gkug . enAk~gkugP~MeBj ekABIeFI CaKUkCnenAviTal&ycMerInviCanigkmCbut CnenHbnMxneFICaG~kciJwmma n'-Ta lk'sI epA swkbk'pHenAmMCitvtswgmanC&y .
(15) Gk ~ sC I I Km w Gan Casasa car msbP kg ~ qS ~ 1972 . Gk ~ sV I npa sB ' P I e M ~ Bj

mkbegonenAvT i aly & ent-yg " ' Vtd ' b M gEdr . bEhledayxs u eKalbN M gEdlbg u" V fa ~ Bm I n u m k e Tb I f a e l a k CI Km w G a n V n c g k e FG I tX a t xn g kg ~ r v a g qS ~ 1973 enAtb M nG ' r U GNg eTA ? . (16) elakevCb Nt i DI pn u Vnrtc ' l U Bkg ~ qS ~ 1972 ehy I ekaymktv U Vtx ' n eday Gafk V M g M kg ~ rvagqS ~ 1973-74 . Gk ~ sD I I pn u Casasa carrk u C v I vT i a ( Biologie ' k M alxe M nACans i t i Epk ~ rvKF ( SPCN ) enAmhavT i aly & vT i asas vgtale ) rbsx kg ~ qS ~ 1966-67 . eBlcl U Cr Me M xA-Gd uI ag kg ~ qS ~ 1979 fT 2 I 1 Exvc i k i a xV M nCb Y Gk ~ sD I I pn u ehy I Vnsaksr Y Btm anxH @Bs I a mI Gk ~ s I KanE ' tVbf ' a sa mK I at ' tv U sa bb ' u" eNa H ehy I mn i Bmpl B ' tm anerOgneyaVyesaH (xa ckhmsma b) ' .

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bBneFICaG~klk'bEgmcMNIesom . y"agehack~gmYyEx CnenHEt gmkelgpHbnsIeQaHPU-BUn ( samIJk's&kiVMeQaHKIm-san xagpl' smar:sSg ) enAparGULSBik ehIycak'saeheNsIusMV"jbnfpwk . CnenHlak'kEngrs'enAy"agCit (17) . ebIdwgfabgbnlYctameTAemIlpH CnenHk*brTIlMenAPam . bkkumynisExrVnerobEpnkareKy"aglitln'Nas' k~gkardeNIm GMNacbIescsIhnu . eKbNak'K~aeCotcUleTAenAekoknwgsIhnu k~gb B&nrdaPiVl (exov-sMpn, hU-yn' ) tamExry:semcvSgEb"n-nut Edl CaG~knS[eTACYbsIhnu . BYkExrkhmVnerobcMkMNt'eKaledAeKdUcteTA enH 1- erobcMbegItyuvCns~lbdivtne _ nATIkugP~MeBj (begItviTal&yk CncMerInviCa nigkmCbut) nigenATIrYmextxH dUcCakMBg'cam (sukkMeNIthU yn'), taEkv, kMBt (mUldanyYnevotmij), Vt'dMbg (ExrevotmijenAsMLt) eKeCIsykEtsiskIkmkBgk'bMb"nsartI (clnayuvkk = yuvCnkumy niskmCa) . BYkenHehIyEdlCaG~kbgGnaFibety Vcxitb&NeFI[claclk~gTIkug edImIbMEbrTisVtukmkUdkmnana CabeyaCnb _ kkumy nisExreTAvij . 2-bNak'K~acUleTAk~grdaPiVl edayebIliccUlCitxSgedImIkMcat'
(17) tamsMdIrbs'G~ksIKIm-san CabnsIbegIteLA-ebgKn EdlxMV nCYbk~geBl EdlkgT&ByYn cUlmkyksukExrenAedImq~S1979enaHfa Kat'manesckIekAkhay nigeCrbeTcbNasarbgbusenHsBE bby"ag eJHyksa mIKat'eTAsma b' kalEdl ExrkhmcUldl'P~MeBjPa m . sUmCMrabfa G~ksIPU-BUnVnCayktkUlxusBIeLA-eb gKnenaH eJHGMuPU-eyOg (GMuekkrbs'esr) VnsMuBIyayJjmkeFC I akUn Priyarbs' GMuPU-eyOg tUvCabnsIbegItrbs'yayJj . eBleyaFaExrkhmedjbCaCn[ec jBITIkugenaH KYsarKat'enAekayeKbgs' eJHsMGagfa bgbusKat'mkdl'ehIy. bnsInYn-Cam~ak'eToteQaHeLA-KImnI CaPriyaelakekaH-Jj (bnbuselakekaHQYn) k*VnmkCYbCMuK~aenApHG~ksIPU-BUnEdr . nYn-CaVnebIeyaFa[mknSykelak KIm-saneTACYb . edayminsal'NamYyCaelakKIm-sanenaH eyaFak*nSbus@TSg Gs'VMnak'eTA[nYn-Ca EdlenAcMeNamenaHman elakekaH-Jj, KIm-san, bunrit-xS Ln (bgf busrbs'esrenAlIv) nigkyBIrnak'eTot . nYn-Cakat'TukEtelakKim-san rYcedaHElgG~kbYnnak'[viltLb'mkvij . nYn-Cak*sma b'bnfs &kiVMxagdwkCJn smar:enHeTA edImIsMEdgesckIesaHtg'CamYyb"ul-Bt . G~ksIKIm-sancSbImineXI jviltLb'mkvijesaH . luHBwkeLIgeXIjEteyaFamkbeNjTSgGs'K~a[ecjBI pH . elakekaH-Jjmksa b'enAexteJFisat'edayKanf~SBaVl . sB fG~ksIPUBUnrs'enAparelI CitPUmivtKr Vt'dMbg . kUnbusm~ak'Cacl&t edayBYkvaebIKaneBl sMrak k*QWrt'mkrkmaydYldac'xl'sa b'enAnwgkSCeNIrxm . kUnm~ak'eTot BYkvaeca Tfaxl i ehIycab'ykeTAvayeFT I aruNkm rYcdutsma b'ecalTSgrs' . G~ksIekaHJj (sl'EtkUnsIm~ak') sB fVnmkrs'enArdkalIh&r nij"a shrdGaemrik .

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BYksSniymmun rYcrMlMsemcCaekay . eKcUlekoksemc bJHbJlbeJarsemc[gakeTArkBiPBkumynis rhUtTg'VnTak'TgCamYycinCadMbUgk~gq~S1956 . Bnl'semc[eFICatUbniykmshKasnana, eragck, begItshkrNt _ amEbbkumynis edaybJlexov-sMpnCardmnIJNiCkm, Kat-qunCardmnIsahkm, ecA-esgCardmnIksYgGb'rMCati. dMNak'karmYyeTot BYkeKeCotcUleTAdeNImekAGIk~gmnIrrdsPaeFI CatMNagras edImIVnCitditnigTak'TgCamYybCaCn enaH . 3- Eb"gkMcat'BYksSniym mankumelakswum-va"r, Ey"m-sMbUr, sWnsan, ln'-nl', XI-tSglIm [xatqayBIsemcsIhnu BIrdaPiVl BIrds Pa ehIynigeFIy"agNa[sIhnusb'BYkTSgenHeTotpg . Epnkarrbs'eKmandMNak'karcas'las'Nas' k~gkarbqSgnwgsIh nu . luHdl'bB&nbdivtn _ pk~geKrwgmSKYrCaTITukcitVnehIy emdwknSExr khmk*beNaHK~aePosxnecjeTAB enATICnbTrYmrs'CamYybCaCnedI mIravrkcMNucexaybCaCn gaysYlnwgTak'TajdwknS . kalebIbCa CncUlcitBYkeKehIy eKk*cab'epImqakbNHkMhwgbdivtnv _ N:GFn[sb' vN:G~kdwknS vN:s&kiPUmi G~kman G~kkug G~kecHdwg. eKelIkykTa hrNC _ ak'Esgmklattdag Bnl'bCaCn cglbgajBIrebobekgb v&J CiHCan' bMbwTsiTi nigGyutiFmBukrlYyrbs'BYkvN:skiPUmikan'GMNa c . eKBnl'bCaCn BIBYkb"UlIs Kij Ky eb"Gwum EdlKaneFIkarbMerIrka snisux[bCarasTal'EtesaH KWcak'K~acSEtcVc'k CiHCan' cab'cgrasExr CMritykluykak'CaedIm . edayeXIjTahrNC _ ak'Esg bCa CnCaBiessBYkyuvCnk*eCOTukcit cUlbMerICaeyaFatamkarPUtPrrbs'Ggkarfa eTArMedaHExr[rYcBIckBtiGaemrikSg BIvN:skiPUmiCiHCan'CJk'Qam rasenaH . kalebIkMhwgvN:BuHkeJalk~gsTab'bCaCnehIy BYkeKcab'Bn l'BImeFaVyy"agNa edImIrMedaHerIbMrHxnecjBIkarCiHCan'enaH@edayelI kykkartsUvN:[eQaHfa kgT&Bbdab'GavuFbCaCnvN:GFn Ca meFaVy eJlKWeKtUvEtbyuTsmab'xSgCadac'xat eTIbrMedaHxnVn . tg'enHehIyEdlBYkkhm[eQaHfa (kmCabCaFibety) enaH . k~g karBnl'bMpuskMhwgvN:enaH BYkeKVnbMPbvtisas[sbeTAnwgTis edAsartItsUbdivtnb _ kkumynisExr dUcCakarbMPbvtitsUbHeVrk~graCneratm manGacarsa eJrkMeVr ( yYnKST[bgclnak~gsuk kMu[Exr man{kaseTAvaydeNImykkmCaekammkvij ), karsmab'elakVed enA PUmikSglav (VrSgCiHCan'TarBnFn'eBk), GacarEhm-ecov (Bnl'Exr[Pa -66k~gEpnkarerobcM nigBgIkmUldanbdivtne _ nAtamCnbTEscMkar EdlrbbdwknSminsUveGIeBI

k'rkrhUtVrSgcab'pwkdak'Kuk suKtenAekaHtLac) faVntYstay bdivtnm _ uneK . dl'eBlenH bCaCnkaymkCabkrNr _ bs'bdivtne _ KehIy esc EtnwgeKlq~ebItamesckItUvkar edayykvin&yrwgdUcEdk nrNakt'TisedAGgkartUvkat'eTasxng ebHdUgf KanmenaseJtna Kanemta GnueKaHesaHeLIy . kgQbnigeyaFa eKbegonEtBIviFIsmab'xSgb"ueNaH . k~gq~S1962 saLt-srVnePosxnBIkugP~MeBjcUlB erobcMetom lkN:bqSgnwgsemcsIhnu . K~aKat'CaecIneTotVnrt'ecjCabnbna b'EdrdUcCaExk-Eb"n (sasacar msbP) (18) rt'cUlBk~gq~S1963 . ekaymkeTotmanTIv-Gul (sasacarTutiyPUmiEp~kGkrsasExr), Fucrin (sasacar msbP) k*nSK~aePosxnecjbnbnab'K~aedImIerobcMkmSg bdivtnv _ ayykGMNacBIsemcsIhnuenATICnbT . k~gq~S1967 exov-sMpn, hU-yn'k*ePosxnecjBIkugP~MeBj cUleTA BYnsmMk~gsanTUtcinxg'bIEx eTIbcinbeNaHecjeTABeTot edayxacBY kKijsemcsmab'ecal eJHCab'ecaTfa VnbMbHrasenAsMLt kjg Vt'dMbg .

(18) eQaHbdivtne _ hAfa mitsU VnnSkgT&BcUlkugVt'dMbgmuneKenAlacfTI17em sa 1975 VneFC I aKN:tMbn'4 (KWEp~kxagekamkugVt'dMbg eTAdUnTav EckK~aCamYy tMbn'3 edayykpvreTHePg I CaeKal) mYyry: . VMmYyExekaymk mUl-smticat'[ eyaFaeTAcab'sat'@ ykeTAsma b'ecal ehIykuhkbCaCnfa GgkarVnbJn[eTA eFT I UtenAsukf .

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karbHeVrenAtMbn'sL M t
karbHeVrenAtMbn'sMLt kjgenHehIy EdlCaedImePIgnsgam sIuvilk~gsukExr sgambdivtnB _ YkExrkhm . GMeBIBukrlYynigGMeBI GyutiFmCiHCan'rbs'BYkGaCaFrextVt'dMbgsm&yelakEy"m-munIr&t~Vn eFI[bCarassuksMLt manesckIekAkhayy"agxSg . mUlehtuenH kayCa{kasy"aglkMrrkVnmYy EdlBYkExrkhmrg'cSGs'eBlCayUr mkehIy . BYks~lExrkhmenAkugP~MeBj VnbJnK~aeKmkbMbHras[ ekakeLIgtsUbqSgnwgGaCaFrextVt'dMbg . ehIykarbHeVrenAtMbn'sM LtenHVnraldalcUleTAk~gextnanaeTot dUcCaextekaHkug, kMBt(QUk) kMBg'sW, taEkv, kMBg'q~Sg(kMBg'tLac), kMBg'cam, kMBg'FM EdlmanmUlda nExrkhm mandMNagrasnin~akarkhm . k~gq~S1967 bCaCnsuksMLtVnnSK~aTSgPUmi@rt'cUlB ehIytUv BYkGaCaFrextVt'dMbglabBNK~afa Exrkhm . k~gesovePA ksikr nigneyaVyenAkmCa, 1942-80 ( Peasants and Politics in Kampuchea, 1942-80 ), elakEbn-eXokNan' ( Ben Kiernan ) VnsresrBIkarbHeVr enaHfa VnekIteLIgcMeBlEdlkgT&ByYneyokkugenAevotNamkMBugEtCa b'dtTl'CamYynwgkgT&BGaemrikSgknHlannak' . enAk~gExmifuna1967 bCarasCagbYnJn'nak' Vnrt'cUlBGs'CagmYyEx . ekaymkVnBH KUBHv&nrtn_ GIuv-TYt emKNextVt'dMbgnimneTAsMruHsMrYlbJHbJl ExrbHeVrTSgenaH EdlmanTSgBHsgpg [cUlmkrs'enAk~gPUmimrvij edaycg'TUlkarBit G~ksuksMLtVneCIserIstMNagBIrnak' ehIy cat'[eFIdMeNIrnSdMNwgeTATUlsemcenAkugP~MeBj EttUvbkBYkelak ln'-nl'cab'smab'ecalVt'eTA . tamBitelakln'-nl'minVndwgesaH eT KWCabkBYkelakGPiVlextVt'dMbgEy"m-munIr&t~ nignayTuneT Edl XubXitK~aeFIkarbMbwTmat'tMNagG~ksuksMLtTSgBIrnak'enaH eJHxac semcCabBIerOgEdlBYkeKbn'kmsiTi bn'bv&JykdIcMkarbCarassuk sMLt . k~gq~S1968 esrxMecjBImhaviTal&yKruekasl CasasacarmF msikabzmPUmi mkbegonenAviTal&yGabXut-enty"g' Vt'dMbgkug ma nelakyin-pU Cacaghag . kalenaHGaCaFrextVnekNkgb"UlIsext kgs&ytaNtamPUminana KUbegonbzmsika [eTAeFIkarbgabG~ksu ksMLt nigeFIkareXasnabJHbJl[G~ksukmkrs'enAk~gPUmidUcFmta vij . eK[eQaHskmPaBenaHfa btibtikarsniPaB . tamelakEbneXokNan' EdlVnsmasnC _ amYyGFikarFuy-bunsUr enATIkugV"rIsq~S -68-

1980 faBYkelakKUbzmsikaVncUlrYmedays&Kcit EtebItamxMdwgvij enaH KWs&KcitedaybgM ( volontaire obligatoire ) eTAvijeT eJHGs'elak KUbzmsikaxacGMNacelakGFikarbzmsikaNas' . elakGFikarsa b'bgab'nigpab'ecAhayext . elakKUmFmsikaminVncUlrYmk~gbti btikarsniPaByklemIlenaHeT . elakmas-m"un EdlsBfrs'enAkugtaxUm"a rdva"siunetan CaGtitkg s&ytaNXMuVydMrS sukVNn' VnCab'kMENneTAbgabrasenAtMbn' sMLtEdrk~gq~S1968 . elakmas-m"unVnsarPaBfa kgs&ytaN b"U lIs Vncab'man'TaCUk Kas'ykcanq~Sg TBsmtiEdlG~ksukCIkdI kb'lak'Tuk k~gevlaEdlrt'lUn tamkarbeJHrbs'BYkExrkhmenaH . etIbuBehtuBitenaHy"agNa eTIbbNal[mankarbHeVrenAsMLt ? sUmemtaCabfa cab'tSgBIq~S1960mk G~ksukenAextVt'dMbgVnnS K~aBgIkdIcMkarsMrab'dMNS kUc say m~as' ecIneLIg@ ehIynSK~acab'dI fI@manCIrCatienAGeNIkEhb, efI(m~as' ekAsU), kMBg'Kl' rhUtdl'sMLt . karenHk*raldaldl'BYkGs'elakEp~krdVlExt naykksYgsurieyadI nayTunExr cin manelakhU-tughan', hU-tughab'CaedIm . tSgBIyUryar mkehIy G~ksukenAsMLtmandIcMkarekrB i_ IdUntaEm"eKmk edImsayKl' biunkg'reTH edImFUernFMxs'll, cMkareck m~as' savm"av EtdIcMkarTSg enaHminEdlmanbg'kmsiTisMKal'eT eJHbCarasrs'enAtMbn'dac'syal Kanpvf~l' (xHminEdlsal'parpg) enAlg'exAeBkk~gerOgkmsiTi bg'dIenH . edaycg'VndItMbn'sMLt (dIkhm) d*manCIrCatienaH buKliksalaex t salasukVt'dMbg ecAksYgnana nayTunExr cin CaBiessnayk ksYgsurieyadI ( ksYgEpnTI ) VnXubXitK~aeFIbg'kmsiTivatbn'ykdI cMkarG~ksuksMLtTSgbMJnnigGyutiFm . edaysMGagelIbg'kmsiTitw mtUvsbcab' BYkeKVn[tak'T&reTAQUsrujBlMdMNScas'vateFIrbg eFIBMdIrbs'eK . G~ksuksMLtdl'eXIjeKmkQUsykdIcMkarxnTSgbM Jn k*nSK~amkXat' Etmas'kmsiTifIsMGagelIbg'dItwmtUvminBmsab' ehIyrwtEtbnkarQUsdIteTAeTot . edayXat'minsab' G~ksukk*nSK~abH kab'smab'G~kebIkbrtak'T&rsab'eTA . GaCaFrextk*bJnkgb"UlIseTAbgab manVj'smab'nigcab'mkdak'Kukpg . bus@k*nSK~art'cUlBYnBGs' enAsl'EtsI@ ekg nigcas'enAcSpHsMEbgTBsmti . edaykarsM ruHsMrYl bus@VnnSK~acUlmkenAk~gPUmisukvij . bnicmk k~gBiFIbuN cUlq~SrSvg'mYy (tamesckIraykarNr _ bs'elakEm"-esArI kUbzmsikaTki Nsala) fab"UlIsVncab'rMelaPkUnkmMuG~ksuksMLt . karbMJnenH VnbegItCaGFikrmYyEfmeTot . kMNan'narIenaHVnkab'b"UlIsnwgBUefAsa -69-

b'eTA . BYkkgb"UlIsk*elIkK~amkVj'smab'G~ksukGs'CaecIn . G~ksu kk*bHeVrmgeTot nSK~aTSgbus sI ekg cas' TSgPUmi@nSK~art'cUlB . eXIj{kaslehIy BYkExrkhmk*cUlmkbnMTak'TgBnl'G~ksuksML t jHjg'bEnm bMpuskMhwgsgswkbqSgnwgBYkGaCaFrextVt'dMbgbeNay . enHehIyCaerOgBitEdleKxMnSK~alak'rhUtdl'sBf . enAfTI30 emsa 1967 semcmanbnlfa minEmnmanEtBYkExrk hmeTEdlxwgenaH KWbCaCnsamJenAextVt'dMbg k*mancitexrxwgnwg GaCaFrextEdr . elakEbn-eXokNan'Vndksg'BHbnlrbs'semc tamsemgviTbIubIusIu tg'TMB&r177fa BYkGaCaFrextTSgenaH VnCYyKS Tdl'BYkmUlFnEdr edayGnuJat[BYkeKsgt'sginbCaras CaTahr Ne _ Kyl'Bm[BYkmUlFnTTYlpac'mux mansiTiBiessk~gkardwknStI nigva"n'epg@eTot )eTAlk')k~gtMbn'GeNIkEhb nigb"lin . ehIyman GMeBIGyutiFmFM@Edrk~gkarEckdIFI . BYkG~kmanTSgenaHVnkLdIFIeKeTA CakmsiTisbcab' EdleFI[xUcbeyaCnd _ l'CIvPaBnCnkIk Edlrs' enA@k~gtMbn'enaH@ . enAemagsIk*manbJarvagecAtMbn'nigbCarassamJEdr eFI[bCa CnmankarQWcab'nwgGMeBIGyutiFm. tamkarBit GanaFibetyeBjTI nigkarrMeCIbrMCYlVnekItmaneLIgenAk~gextVt'dMbg . xMsMuVb'fa pas'GaCaFrTTYlxustUvextVt'dMbgmYyrMeBC . elakEy"m-munIr&t~ k*tUvpas'ecj ehIyelakTwm-gYnVnmkCMnYsb EhlVMmYyEx semck*cat'elakGiun-tS mkeFICaGPiVlextVt'dMbg edImICYyedaHsayrMgab'GFikrnigkarbHeVrenAsMLt . elakPun-Kg' GtItesnsalasukGUreCA sBfrs'enAkugtaxUm"a Vn[karNf _ a kalenaHmanG~kbHeVrenAsMLt VnnSkSePIgmYyedImmk cuHcUl ehIyVnniyayfa BYkeKminEmnCaExrkhmeT eKrt'cUlBk* eJHEtekAkhaynwgBYkGaCaFrextVt'dMbgXubXitCamYynayTun eTA bn'ykdIekrr i_ bs'eK nigkarbgaby"agBpVj'smab'bCarasenAsMLt . karbHeVrenHhak'dUcCarg'cSEt{kasnwgpHkalNaebImanemdwknS NamYymkBnl'bEnm . enHehIyCabuBehtuBitnkarbHeVrenAsMLt ehIyEdlBYkExrkhm mYykab'tUceqtqk'yk{kasd*lenH mkeFICaQ~an'bdivtnb _ eNay . BYk GtitExrevotmijman mUl-smti, Gacarebs, Fuc-rin BmTSgsmaCik clnayuvkk VncUleCotECkk~gerOgenH . BYkeKlUkdkkUrbMbHras[ ekakeLIgtsU ehIyBYkeKk*begItkgT&BExrkhmCadMbUgk~gq~S1968enA VydMrS sukVNn' edayekaHehAKI~K~aeKCaGtitExrsr:, Exrevotmijmi nVnbuNs&kiGIbnicesaHBIsemc ekaysni~siThWENvbJb'sgam -70xMnwg

enANcink~gq~S1954mk . mUl-smti (rs'-jwm taekA), Gacarebs, bug-ePOk, GacarLac-saern (19) VncUleTABvij elIkElgEtelak sIuv-ehg, GacarLac-savn (20), Vk'-xan'minBmcUleTABvijeLIy eTaHbImansMbutmkbgMnigKMramfa ebImineTAnwgtUvsab'k*eday . sMLtk*VnkayeTACamUldancMbgnclnabdivtnt _ sUBYkExrkhm manTItSgenAelIP~Mvaycab manrUgKuhar ( Grottes ) Gaclak'mnusVnrab' ry nigsmar:swkCaecInpg ( P~MvaycabCaP~MfkMeVr Roches calcaires ) . sUmsYrfa etInrNaCaG~kTTYlxustUvk~gerOgbHeVr nigkarkekItn ExrkhmenAsMLtenH ? etIehtuGIVnCaEy"m-munIrtnh _ aneFIGMeBIBukrlY yenH EkgKat'sg'edImeJHVnTijb"usix _ aj'enHBIG~km~agCaecInlan eroleTdwg ? .

(19) Lac-saern nigLac-savnCabgbnbegIt . Lac-saernVnecjeTAhaNUyenAcugq~S19 55 bBnnigkUnbYnnak'VneTAtamCaekayk~gq~S1960 . kUnbuseronCab'evCb NitBIsukcin . k~gq~S1976-77 b"ul-BtVncab'BYkExrkhmGtItevotmij kUnbussILac-saernk*tUveKsma b'Gs' . eKCen sbBnLac-saerneQaHelOt [mkenAVt'dMbgCamun enAelIpHelaklim-kr (buKlikksikm) . dl'dwgfabI kUn@ tUveKsma b'elalGs'ehIy k~geBlEdlb"ul-Bt[T&BmCwm b&kmkcab'mUl-smti nafTI18 mifuna 1978 CeNIrpHelaklim-krsa b'eTA . (20) Lac-savnnigsIuv-ehg VncuHcUlnwgsaFarNrdelakln'-nl' . elaksIuv-ehgVnbK l'ksarnigrUbftCaecInnBYkExrkhm Exrevotmij ehIyVnJk's&kiCavresniyeTaenAbnay swkrgsIusupun kUnGacarLac-savneQaHLac-suvti VnJk'CaGnuesniyeTa . lacfExrkhmcUlkugVt'dMbg BYkeKcab'Lac-suvtV i j'sMlab'ecalenAnwgeCIgCeNIrpHenAPUmiKr ehIyha mmin[yksBeTAdutkb'eLIy . tSgBIq~S1973mk elaksIuv-ehgQWxin sa b'mYycMehogxnenA nwgpHPUmiKr ( sUmGanEp~kesckIbEnm enAEp~kbJb'esovePA ) mYyExekayBIExrkhmeQaHmit ePog ( KNXMuC nigemnKrVlextVt'dMbg ) VneTAykelaksIuv-ehg eTAsma b'enAP~MkeBI rYc kat'kalepe I TA[nYn-CaenAP~MeBj . enaHyayelOtenHk*cgksma b'xnenAnwgP~ak'd

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BYksma Cikclna yuvkk KWCaclnas~lbdivtnr _ bs'saLt-sr . ekayEd enAfTI17 lBYkExrkhmmanC&yCMnHrMlMrbbsaFarNrdln'nl' emsa 1975mk GgkarExrkhmVnykBYk yuvkk

enHmkeFICaKN:suknana CYnkalEtgtSgCaKNshkrNp _ g. k~gq~S1960 manBYkbJv&nkhmxHviltLb'mkBIsukVrSg dUcCa ecA-esg, exov-sMpn, hU-yn', ePaK-qay, Kat-qun, hU-nwm . q~SenaHBYk kumynisExrVnbegItbkm"assIs-eLnInenAk~gkugP~MeBj .

bB&ncarkicyn Y kumynis
tSgBIq~S1947 mkem"H EdlBYkevotNamxageCIgVnnSGavuFcUlmkk~g sukExr (11) ehIybegItmUldanbIk~gsukExrKW Cb'-emmt'mYy, enAtMbn' kMBg'tac-kMBtmYy nigenAsMLt-Vt'dMbgmYy . bnab'mkyYnevotmij VnbegItExrevotmij nigraybNajcarkicyYnenAesIrKb'TIrYmextExr Ca BiessenAk~gkugP~MeBjEtmg . eKykBYkyYnEdlmankMeNItenAsuk Exr [mkeFIkickarTSgGs'enH . CadMbUgeK[yYnm~ak'ekItenAextkMBt cUl mkbYseFICaBHsgExrKNefrvaT rYccUlmkeronCab'sJab&tsalaVlIenAkugP~MeBj . yYneFIy"agenHeJHkalenaH BYkG~kneyaVyExrEdl bqSgnwgVrSg ecInecjmkBIbPBBHsg dUcCakrNIVtukmBHsg k~gq~S1942, krNIGacarEhm-ecov, Gacarexov-CMu, BHKUV"g-xat', Gacar Guk-Ca, BHKUsUr-hayCaedIm . eK[yYnEdlmanmaneQaHekAehAfa Ga carGn-emon ykeQaHCasWg-g"ukmij ehIybnMfaCabnrbs'elaksWgg"ukfaj'eTot eJHkalenaHelakfaj' manekre i_ QaHlIsMebImNas'k~g karbqSgVrSg ehIyeBlenaHExrkMBugVt'emedaysWg-g"ukfaj'tUvVrSg cab' . elaksgmYyGgeQaHcUvCatiyYnbYseFIBHsgExr enAelIP~MsMeBA Vt'dMbg ( lagelaktacUv ) k*CaExry:bNajcarkicyYnevotmijEdr . sni~siThWENvq~S1954 VnsMerc[kgT&BbreTsTSgGs'ecjBI kmCa EtkgT&ByYnxageCIgminVneKarBesckIsMercenHeLIy . eBlT&B FMyYndkfyeTA yYnevotmijVnTukbNajcarkiceFIskmPaBsat'@enA tamextnana CaBiessk~gkugP~MeBjEtmg . edImICasJasMKal'K~a enA muxpHeK@EtgdSedImsIEkvmYyBIrKumCanic . BYkyYnTSgenaHenAbnMxn eFICabkbrbrkMbiukkMb"uk ebIkhagkat'edrsMelokbMJk'bursm"UdGWr"ub, enA parcas', CitvimankraC, enAtamextdUcCahagkat'edrtl&renAesomrab, hageFILSgErkTwkenApvelxBIrknHextVt'dMbg (20) , nigbnsIeBsa EdlPaKecInmanemCasIyYnemIlkarxustUv ehIynarIeBsayYnKWCacar narIEtmg . evotmijVnGb'rMsIyYnmYycMnYn ehIyElg[mkeFIkarTak'Tgy"ag Na[VnCasIkMNan' CabBncugGs'elakFM namWunmnI ecAksYgb"UlIs Kij Ky CaBiessbBncugnayTahanExr . emeronenHminEmnfIeLIy ExrFab'sal'mgrYcmkehIy sm&yescC&yeCdaTI2EdlVnnagkU-Cinsiu n butIescyYnCamehsI rhUtdl'Gs'dIkMBg'kbIBnKr cgartJMg BH sYKa kjaDin eTAehIy . enAsm&yVrSg k*ExrdwgmgeTotEdr . nay
(20) bBnnigkUnGacarsaernVneTAtambInigBukmaytamry:enH k~gq~S1960 .

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TahanFM@VrSg EdlcUlciteVyyYn kMNan'sIyYn bBnyYn tUvsab' Gs'minticEdr dUcCakrNIelak Jean De Raymond tUveVyEdlelaks Laj'eFICakUnciJwmenaH vayelaksmab'eBlkMBugsMranlk' (1952) BMuEmnkumelaksWg-g"ukfaj'smab'dUcesovePA How Pol Pot came to power sresrenaHeT . mas'bNaKarhug-yU parcas' Cas&kiVMevotkug . kUnhug-yUGacec jcUlcMkarmndUcCapHrbs'eK eJHeKCaKUbegonbutG~km~agm"Unic . hug yUenHeTotfaVnebIkkumhunrksIuCamYyG~km~agnigGMu-m"aNUrin rt'Bnrbs'BIbreTstamkV"l' EdlcUlmkctk~gkMBg'Ephg'sIu (EprYcBn) enAmux vSgP~MeBj . kalsm&yenaH manelakCYn-Ey"m CaemKyFMenAP~MeBj . eQaHfg-XWn enAextesomrabCaExevotmij . k~gbIbYnExmgEtg EteLIgcuHeTAhaNUy BYkGaCaFrExrdUcCaKandwgxl'GIbnicesaH(21) . CnCatiyYnecInrs'enACashKm minrs'layLMCamYyExreT . enAku gP~MeBjmansgat'yYnFM@ mMeBTcin viharekAday GUrsI partUc eKman begItCasmaKmsasna smaKmkCnnana EdleFIskmPaBneyaVy PaKecInCagskmPaBsgmkic . viharekAdayCitbnayswk paredImKr VnTSgnSkSePIgtUcFM Kab'rMesvmklak'Tuky"agecIn edaylak'k~gkarmQUs eFICaEhrexacnScUleTAlak'Tukk~gvihar dl'ekaymkeTIbEbkkar ( q~S1959 ) . enAkMBg'q~Sg enAxac'eJyVt'dMbg CMuvijbwgTensabsuTEtyYn . k~gq~S1963 eBlsemcyageTAsemaFTIlankILaVl'eVHenAextkM Bg'FMenaH ecAhayextkMBg'FMVnfayyYnm~ak'eQaHeL-Dwk CaemcugePA y"aglI . semcVnnSykyYnenHmkfaymataelak sMrab'eFIkyafay ral'fk~gvSgenAP~MeBj . eL-Dwk enHCas&kibIcarbursyYnevotkugm~ak'Edr. vaVnTSgnSkumKYsarva tSgBImayekk bBnmkenAk~gvSg bMerIktIbuV eTvIenAekammhaVsaT . dMbUgBYkb"UlIsextVncab'yYneQaHeL-Dwk mkdak'Kuk edayvalYccUlmkenAkMBg'FM edayKanGtsJaNsMKal'xn. enAk~gKuk yYnenHVnniyayfa vaecHeFImbqaj' . emPUXMuk*ykva[eFImb [ . ekaymklIdl'ecAhayext@k*nSykeTAeFICacugePApal' . dl'eB lsemcTg'yageTAextkMBg'FM k*sresIrCab'mat'nwgmb EdlelakecAhayexterobfay ehIysYrrkmuxG~keFI . ecAhayextkMBg'FM BU-tughav k*fayeL-DwkenHbeNay . yYncarburseL-DwkenHminecHniyayExreT . eBlln'-nl'eFIrdbharTMlak'sIhnuk~gq~S1970 TahanVncab'eL(21) tamesckI[karNr _ bs'elaksamut-bun fan' sB frs'enArdkalIh&r nij"afa fg-XWnCa bkBYklav-EkvmunI . fg-XWnekItenAPUmieCaynaggYn suksIs~M extesomrab . bMerIyYnevotmij mgeTotk~gq~S1972 . eBlb"ul-BtQ~H eKk*sma b'fg-XWneTA .

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Dwkdak'Lan edayGagx~gP~ak'garyYnenHminxacG~kcab'eT EskeCrkeJa lFak'BIelIrfynEbkkalsab'eTA . erOgmYyeTot KWmaneQaHsIpy CaKNkmkarevotmijEdr Fab'bMerI clnaenHenACb' emmt' Ekk VmTTYlkarGb'rMBIBYkevotmijfa eyIgCa G~ktsUvayVrSgdUcK~a cUrkMubkan'eyIgCabCaCnevotNam Exr lav tUv sLaj'K~adUcCabgbnbegIt dIyYnk*dUcCadIExr dIlavEdr bCaCnyYnk* dUcCabCaCnExrEdr eyIgebIkcMh[bCaCnTSgbIrs'enAsuxsYlCamYy K~aebIeyIgbkan'hYsehtu nwgnS[bCaCneyIgTSgbIeQaHK~aKaneBlcb' eLIy . tamesckI[karNr _ bs'elakswum-Kin (sIuGafil) fa sIpyenHman kMeNItenAtrmanC&y . sm&yyYnVneFICaKNexttrmanC&ymYyry: . KWsIpyenHehIyEdleFICaExry:CamYyhagkat'edrEfl&renAeso mrabkug . eyIgeXIjfayYnxageCIgVndak'carCneK[cUleTAenAekoknwgemdwk nSExr edImIsal'cMNucexay GtcritemdwknSExr nigykkarsmat'BIExr eTIbemdwknSyYnsal'keyAkalemdwknSExry"agcas'dUckeyAVtdva GIcwg . kalVtukmvayTUtevotkug-yYnxageCIg eKykVnksarEdl yYnsikaBIemExrfa emExrcUlcitluy, sI, sa, GMNac Etkumsmat'Exr bMbwTecaleTA . KMeragkarNe _ nHeKerobcMCayUryarNas'mkehIy tSgBIsm&ycMVMg CamYyGaNaniKmVrSgem"H KWyYnxageCIgeKagyksukExr[Vnk~gGna Kt . eBlyYnemIleXIjfa eKCitVnsMerceCaKC&yrMedaHbgYbbgYmevo tNamxagtg emdwknSyYnk*sMercdMNak'karTI2tambNShU-CImij Ed lmunnwgsab'VnpSehIypSeTot [sav&kKat'bnkarrMedaHykNcinTSg mUl (Exr lav) rYmeFICashB&nNcinenaH eTIbbCaCnyYnTSgxageCIg nigxagtgcMnYnCag60lannak'Gacrs'enAVnsYl eJHdIExrCadIxaj'xa gpl'sUv-tI Edlmat'rasyYntUvkarCacSVc' ehIymYyeTotTSgemdwk nSTSgrasExrminVnKitKUrBIvasnabeTsrbs'eKeT eJHmnusenAtic elITwkdIFMTUlay VneFI[ExrmanKMnitxI xil rs'enAsbayePcxn TSg emdwknS (eGabGMNac) TSgras . t t t

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CMBUkTI4
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kalEdlelalsWg-g"ukfaj'viltLb'mkBIsukVrSg BICIvPaBCaCn nireTsenAfTI20 Extula q~S1951 enaHsemcsIhnuVnhamVmmin[ eKeTATTYlelaksWg-g"ukfaj'eLIy Etsisanusis bCarasrab'Jn' mWunnak'VneTATTYlelak . tSgBIvalcMNtynehaHeJFicintugmkdl'ra CFanIP~MeBj manmnusQrGmpvCaBIrCYrrhUt (1) . sIhnumanesckIcENnNas'nwgbCabiyPaBrbs'elaksWg-g"ukfaj'k~gbeTsExr Ca eKaHminldl'BHGgnigrbbraCaniym . teTAfmuxBHGgnwgVt'muxmat' Vt'raCblg Vt'GMNacCaminxan eJHelaksWg-g"ukfaj'hak'mankmSg sUbTak'TajBBYkbJv&nExr[mkrYbrYmCamYyVn . ehtuenHehIyeTIbsI hnucat'TukelaksWg-g"ukfaj'CastUvTI1rbs'Tg' nigrbbraCaskiPUmiEd lmanTg'CatMNag . elaksWg-g"ukfaj'VnecjeTABfTI9 mina 1952 edImIvayVrSg TamTarkraC . VrSgcaj'sgameDonebonPU enAfTI7 sPa 1954 eFI [GMNacGaNaniKmrgaHregIGs'Bis . karTamTarkraCsnwm@rbs's emckayCamaneCaKC&y . edayVrSgcaj'sgamCamYyhU-CImijy"agFn' k*suxcitbKl'kraCmkbeTskmCa syBYkelaksWg-g"ukfaj' Ed lkT&BenAGUrsac'P~MdgErkeTAvij . sIhnuVnkayCamhavIrbursrd CabitakraCCati manbCabiyPaBd*Gsar EdlrasExrlg'exAnSK~aeCOfa Tg'CaFmwkraC VrSgsMucuHj"mekamGnuPaBkSePIgeQIBYkCIvBl-narIkaha n. rdFmnuJEdlerobcMeLIgedayTg'sIusuvti-yutivg (2) nigbkbCa Fibety ehIybkasebIk~gq~S1947 Vndk'GMNacCaecInBIBHmhakt bKl'eTA[bCaras EdlmansPaCatMNag . rdFmnuJEdlbka sebImkenaH minCaTIsBBHhT&ysemceLIy . sIhnuVnEkEbtL n'tLincuHeLIgCaecInsaredImIkarJrEtplbeyaCnn _ igzan:BYkkt . sPaCatinItikalTI1 cab'ebIkBIfTI21 Exmkra 1948 ehIymansmaCikPa KecInCabkbCaFibety . edaycENnnwgbkbCaFibetymanbCa biyPaBCag ehIyedaysmaCikPaKecInminBmeFItambMNgTg' sIhnu k*bkasrMlayrdsPanItikalTI1enaHeTAenAfTI17 kJa q~S1949 (1) .
(1) tamesckI[karrbs'elaksa m-hYt GtItKNkmkarbkbCaFibetybcSkugP~MeBj sB f elakrs'enAk~gkugsIuGafil rdva"siunetan . (2) sUmGanTMB&r76

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ekaymkeTotenAfTI14 mkra 1950 Cnm~ak'VnykKab'EbkeTAKb'cUlTI cat'karKNbkbCaFibetysmab'elakeGov-ekIs, GtitbFanrdsPa nigCaGKelxaFikarKNbkbCaFibety, enHk*Cas~adrbs'semcEdr(2) EtTmak'eTaseTAelITg'nrinedteTAvij . k~gkardeNImGMNacBIrasenH sIhnuVnGnuvtGMeBIkacsahavNas' eFITukbukem~jBYkbCaFibety ca b'dak'Kuk (ekg-va"n'sak'), smab'ecalGs'CaecIn manelakeGov-ekIs, GacarGU-cug (kUntakmg"uy), bwTsarBtmanExrekakCaedIm . edaysar sPanItikalTI2minBmeFItambMNgrbs'Tg' sIhnuk*bkasbwTsPaniti kalTI2enaHeTot enAfTI13 mkra 1953 (3) ehIycab'smaCiksPaCaecIn EdlCMTas'nwgTg'jat'KukGs' k~gcMeNamenaHmanelakbun-cnm"ulpg Edr . sUmCMrabfa kalsm&yenaH manKNbkneyaVyecInbkecInkumNas' (4) EtmanEtbkbCaFibetyeT EdlmanbCabiyCageK . bkTSgenaHKW 1- KNbkbCaFibety sJakaldMrIkan'paQUkbI manelakeGovekIsCabFan . 2- KNbkesrIPaB sJarUbVsaTkMBUlbI manTg'neratm-nrined tCabFan . 3- KNbkexmrb"un~kar sJarUbnagKgIg manelakln'-nl'dwknS . 4- KNbkdMekIgbCaCati sJahnumanTEpnTIsukExr manelak Eym-sMbUrCaG~kdwknS . 5- KNbkcMerInCati sJarUbBYjTmHkgbYn manelakCa-Cinkuk Ca G~kdwknS .
(2) Tg'yutivgCaG~kVCE xrm~ak' EdlVnsikadl'tmviCa mansJa tiVrSg manPriyaVrSg . kaleNaHhU-CImijk*TTYlsal'Edrfa ExrmanpaymYyrHEdr EtpayenaHedIrpvpyBIhU-CImij . Tw sIbTyutivg ( Thormes de Youthevong ) xagKNitviTa manenAk~gkmviFIEp~ktmsika enA mhaviTal&yviTasas . Tg'yutivgVnnSyklTibCaFibety EdlTg'ekatsresIrtSgBIenA sukVrSgenaHcUlmksukExr . Tg'CaG~kbegItKNbkbCaFibetymuneKCamYyelakeGovekIs nigCaG~kEdlVneBogsMeNArdFmnuJExrCadMbUg edayykrdFmnuJrbs'saFarNrdVrS gTIbICaeKal . edayTg'minjejItVrSg nigecHrarSgkickarrbs'VrSg eTIbVrSgeKageFK I tela k . tamesckI[karNr _ bs'elaksa m-hYt faTg'manCmWsYt EdlmintUvK~anigFatuGakastCak' eLIy . VrSgk*rkelscak'cuc[PriyaTg'CatiVrSgenaHerobcM eFB I iFICb'elogmYyenAeBlratIha lsenIm . Tg'yutivgtUvEteTAcUlrYmxanminVn eJHPriyaelakVnNat'CamYyG~kFMVrSgrYc eTAehIy . edaytUvFatutCak'eraKelakk*erIberIeLIgvij VrSgeKmanf~SEdr EteKmincak'f~SenaH[ Tuk[elaksuKttamsMrYleTAenAk~gExkkdaq~S1947 . ectiyelakenAelIP~MBHraCTBsuktg. semcetkGrNas'EdlTg'yutivgsuKteTA KWelakVt'stUvmYyehIy . tSgBITg'yutivgsuKt eTA semcminEdlecjBHvacarMlwkBITg'yutivgTal'EtesaH . m~agTg'yutivgBmTSgbutBIrnak' VnvileTArs'enAsukVrSgrhUtdl'sB f .

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6- KNbksanmanC&y sJarUbTg'C&yBIrExgTmd manelak em"A-cy CaG~kdwknS . 7- KNbksMbukXMrbs'elakm"m-suT . 8- KNbkkNab'sUv dwknSedayelaksm-jan (3) . 9- KNbkrYbrYmCati . 10- KNbkrUbkeNv . 11-KNbkbCaCn sJarUbng&l rbs'kumExrevotmij EdldwknS edaykum Nub-bUpan, ng-sYn ( mIu-pU, m"a-mYn, lav-EkvmunI ) . eKalbMNgrbs'semcKW ekabykGMNacTSgGs' nigrMlayKNbkTSgGs' [mkenAekamTiBlrbs'Tg' . edImIhk'cUlmkykGMNac [eBjd sIhnuk*dak'raCfaymatabitaelakenAq~S1955 rYcTg'k*begItK Nbksgmrasniym nigebIGMNacB rMlayKNbkdTeTot[cUl mkCamYy . BYkbCaFibetyEdlmincUlrYmCamYyKNbksgmrasniym tUv bYkKijb"UlIstamrab'yb'f eFITukbukem~jeKobsgt'Kb'viFI. sIhnuV nbgM[eFIkareVHeq~atbCamtieCIserIsykKNbkneyaVysgmrasniym . k~gkareXasnaKNbkenaH sIhnunigBYkcvSgVnebIGMeBI BpbMputk~gkarpaj'palBYkeXasnikbkbCaFibety . tamesckI[ karNr _ bs'elakyU-sMbUr GtItnaykbuKliksikaPM~eBj sBfrs'enA Montreal kaNada Vnniyayfa kalenACasisviTal&ysIusuvti Vn tameTACamYykumeXasnikbkbCaFibety Edlmanelakekg-va"n' sak', G~kKUexov-b"uNarI (GtItKUrbs'elakyU-sMbUr) nigK~amYycMnYneTo teTAeXasnatamext . elakyU-sMbUrVneXIjBYkcvSgykkumqSyuS eTATH vaysrtMLg'rMxanqaeqAkMu[bCarassab'kareXasnaBYkbCaFibet tekIt . enAesomrab sIhnubJamkdab-QYn @k*ebIb"UlIsGUscvak'va"v cuHra"veLIgkat'muxeXasnikbCaFibety eXasnikbCaFibetyP&yk*rt' Vs'ykrYcxn . enAP~MeBjCitksYgeXasnakar sIhnubJa[sm-sarI ( Bukrbs'elaksm-rgI ) nSBYkKijeTAVj'elakeGor-sIucUv nigekgva"n'sak' EdlkMBugeFIkareXasnaelIevTika . enAVt'dMbg, elaktUc-QYg G~kniBnesovePA Vt'dMbgsm&yelakmas' sBfrs'enAXMuvtKr ext Vt'dMbgVn[karNf _ a kalenACasisGnuviTal&yBHmunIvg VncUl rYmCYyeXasnakNbkbCaFibety . eBlkMBugeXasnaenAparekam Vt'dMbg BYkb"UlIsextVnekNmnusmYykumxg'mnak' [ykfedj Kb' k*nSK~art'ykEtrYcxn . erOgEbbenHmanKb'TIkEngeBjsukExr k~gq~S1955 rhUtmansmab'eXasnikbCaFibetyeTotpg dUcCaenAeso
(3) CaBuksm-sarI sm-sarIxwgnwgsemchUtgarTUt k*rt'eTAcUlCamYyelaksWg-g"ukfaj' .

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mrabCaedIm . sIhnuVnQ~Heq~atbCamti edaymeFaVyd*eXareXAEbb enH . enAcugExkJa GKelxaFikarKNbkbCaFibety VneFIBiFItUcmY ycMeJHmuxsmaCik EfgrMlayKNbkbCaFibety EdlelakeTogeLam"an'Caky, sBfrs'enAkugsIuGafil, VnrMlwksMdIGKelxaFikarbk bCaFibetyfa edayehtusgmrasniymQ~Heq~atbCamti GMeNIHt eTAmanEtKNbkneyaVyEtmYyKt'dwknSneyaVysukExr beTs Exrk~gGnaKt cas'CanwgtUvTTYlrgeKaHBHsgraGnrayCaBMuxan . munhk'cUlbLkk~gerOgneyaVydeNImGMNacenH escsIhnuV ncUleTAsikacMeNHBuTck GaNack BIsMNak'semcsgCYn-Nat ral'@ratI cab'BIrMlgGaFateTA . k~gq~S1955 semcCYn-NatVnBmansIhnufa Tg'enAekgesckI Nas' KYrkMuGaleFIneyaVyGI EkgnwgnSeKaHmhnraydl'beTsExrni gbCarasExr ! . sIhnu, kalenaHxal'CaxSg, k*rMelIksarKuNtbfa buNTICasemcsgenH KWsIhnuCaG~kbeKn mYyeToterOgeFImineFIneyaVyenaH CaerOgpal'xnsIhnu semcsgsUmkMulUkmkeCotECk erOgenH .

t t

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sIhnunigbkkumynis
beTsyYnnigcinkhmmineKarBesckIsMercrbs'sni~siTTIkughW ENveLIy . yYnevotmijenAEtbnneyaVysmat'teTAeTot edaymanbM NgyksukExr eFICamUldanrMedaHyYnxagtg . cinbCamanituVnrk Exry:cinEdlFab'ecjcUlvSgm~ak' pHenAmuxvSgeQaH Kuc-CI bBneQaH Lan' [eFICaemF~ak' . k~gq~S1956 semcVnTak'Tgcinkhm . elakCUeGgLayVnmkeFITsnkicenAsukExrk~gcugq~S1956 (5) kaleNaHcin niyaysMu[semcCYyyYn k~gkarvayrMedaHevotNamxagtgEtmg (4) . tamsMdIBukxM G~kniyayviTeb"kSgCaPasaExr CacinekItenAkMBg'cam eron GkrExrenAvteCayfBIBHsgGacarenA ( BukxMsMNak'enAkudikalenA Casisbzmsika ) . ksYgsmat'GaemrikSgeXIjsemcTak'TgcinCYyyYnehIy k*cab'rk Exry:rMlMsemc . k~gEpnkarenHeKTak'TgVndab-QYnenAcugq~S1957 eKpl'luykak'nigGavuF viTTak'TgCaecIndwktamynehaHBIeyokNamxa gtgmk[dab-QYnenAesomrabeBlratI . dab-QYnKancMeNHEfmTS gKanG~kecHdwgCYyesaH eTIbGaemrikSgyknayTahanyYnxagtgBIrnak' mkCYy eFI[semcsIhnumankarsg&y (5) . ekaymkG~kCMnajkarGaemrikSgVn[rdaPiVlfCYyrkelaksWg-g"ukfaj' eday[elakkumtmY tfCYypg . elakr"gq:N:VneTAykelaksWg-g"ukfaj'BIextLknij (6) mk . GaemrikSgsMu[elaksWg-g"ukfaj'eTACYydab-QYn edImIpl'

(4) tamesckI[karNr _ bs'elakeV"-fn GtItvr:esniyknigCaG~kcat'EcgkarTTYlbdisNarkiceP vbreTsnanasm&ysemcsIhnu . (5) tamesckI[karNr _ bs'elaksium-Kin enATIkugsIuGafil rdva"siunetan . (6) ekaysni~siThWENvq~S1954 Exrsr: Exrevotmij tUvcuHcUleTArYbrYmk~gsgmCativij . ekayBIeFb I uNkraCenAelIP~MdgErkrYc kgT&Bsr:rYmExrbMerICatirbs'elaksWg-g"ukfaj'Vnda k'GavuFcuHcUleTArs'k~gsgmCatiedayxH eTAeronbnviCa eTot manCaGaTi lav-FanGIumCaedIm Edl eronbnCanisitevCb Nit . KannrNam~ak'VnTTYlbuNs&kiBIsemcesaHeLIy eTaHCaBYkExrevot mijk*eday . enAk~gBiFIbuNenaH elaksWg-g"ukfaj'VnniyayEppSfa eBlenHkartsUr bs'eyI gtUvcb'mYyry: edaybeTsExrVnkraCehIy EtebskkmkUnExrenAminTan'cb'enAeLIyeT k~ gkarkarJrTwkdIExr[Kg'vg' . sIhnusuxcitTTYlkgT&Bsr:rYmExrbMerICatiTSgGs' elIkElgEt sWg-g"ukfaj'ecj Tg'hammin[cUlmksukExresaHeLIy ehIyecaTelaksWg-g"ukfaj'fa Ca Cnkt'CatieTotpg . elaksWg-g"ukfaj'k*rs'enAelIP~MdgErkCamYyTahanCMnit30nak' nSK~aeFc I MkarciJwmCIvit . k~gq~S1956 semcebI[dab-QYnnST&BeTAvaybnayelakeqHexcxI . elakfaj' k*ePosxncUleTAk~gdIf elaknaytmYtfkalenaHCas&kibIraCtmYt VnykTmaKckeTATTYl elaksWg-g"ukfaj' [lak'xnenAk~gkugVgkk . ekaybnicmksemcBHmhaktIyanIkusum:V nyageTAefT I snkickugVgkk ehIyVnsMu[raCrdaPiVlfcab'elaksWg-g"ukfaj'bKl'mk[

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rdaPiVlExr eTaHCafcg'VnsKuNCamasb"unanKILk*eday . elaksWg-g"ukfaj'VnlbmkCYb TahanCMnitelakenACayEdnvij EppS[eTArs'enAbnMe FC I abCaCnenAk~gsukfsin . rYceday

elakminTukcitelaknaytmYtfeTot xa cykelakeTAlk'[ExrsIhnu eBlratIelakk*lYceKc eLIgreTHePg I cUleTAsukPUma rYcTak'TgTUtCb"uneTAsMNak'enAtUkmYyry:tUc rYck*eFd I MeNIreTAsu kyYneyokNamxagtg eTACYbnwgbnelakeQaHsWg-fayeg genAkugBnKr sMNak'enATIenaH mYyry:eTot eTIbelakecjeTAsmMlak'xn enAk~gextLknij eFc I MkarCamYyG~kCMnitm~ak'eQaHta hy enAk~gPUmibusFM . elakEtgEttamdansukeTsCanic edayGansarBtmanyYnnigVrSgEd lbnelakepm I k[ . enATIenaHelakVneps I MbuteTAVb'TahanCMnitenAfnamjwk-KimLg ( Ek eQaHf vIra"t'-fgDI ehAekAfa sara"t' ) BmTSgelakLwk-sMeGOn EdlenATIenaHEdrfa elaksB frs'enAshrdGaemrik . elaksWg-g"ukfaj'VneXIjesckIbkasrkrUbelakcuHk~gsarBtma nCaPasaVrSg Edlbnelakepm I k[ . elakk*etomxnehIyerIsTahanxH @cSCaesc . ehtuenH ehIyeTIbelaknaytmYtfGaceTArkelaksWg-g"ukfaj'eXIj ehIynSmkCYbnwgtMNagshrdGa emrik EdlkMBugEtrkrUbelak [eTACYydab-QYneFr I dbharTma k'semc EtelakminTukcitdabQYneTIbelakraErk . rhUtdl'eBlEdlelakyl'Bm ehobnwgeLIgynehaHeTAcuHenAesomrab EteBlenaHEpnkardab-QYntUvEbkkar ehIysemcVn[b"UlIsextnigTahaneTAB&Tcab'dab-QY n . kalenaHdab-QYnVneKcecjBIviman rYceLIgeTAP~MKUElnfa ybgMBHsMriTBIrGg EdldabQYnEtgeCOnigeKarBNas' ehAfanagecknagcm . elakcMerIn-siun[elaks&kibIehgtameTArk dab-QYn eJHCaCMnitnigsal'TIkEng enaH . mYyedayxa cEbkkark~gerOgrYmd nigmYyedayxwg nwgdab-QYnrMelaPkUnkmMuxnpg s&kibIehgk*sma b'dab-QYnTak'kGUsmk . kalsm&ysaFarNrd elaksWg-g"ukfaj'EtgEteJlVb'shkarIelakfa kalenaHk*CakMhusrbs'elakEdr eda yxa cdab-QYneBk EtenHk*CavasnaGkuslsukExr EdlnwgtUvEtvinasGnrayekams~adsIh nu . BtmanenHpl'edayelaksuim-Kin ( enATIkugsIuGafil ) nigelaktSg-bun eFOn . elaktSgbun eFOnCaG~kVncUlrYmk~gkarhuB&Tvimandab-QYn kalelakenACakgb"UlIsextesomrab sB f rs'enATIkugtaxUm"a rdva"siunetan .

eyabl'nigerobcMKMerageFIrdbharTmak'semc EtelaksWg-g"ukfaj'min Bm eJHdab-QYnCamnusciteqAGacnwghansmab'elak . tamsunrk farbs'semcEdlEfgenAkMBg'camfTI13mkra1959 fasm-sarIVnkt' cUlrYmCamYydab-QYn eFIrdbharedaymantMNagevotNamxagtgenA P~MeBjeQaHeg"a-TughIuv ( Nho Trong Hieu ) ekaymkrdmnIsgmkicnig skmPaBcitsask~gkariyal&yelakega-DineDom (6) nigP~ak'smat'sIu GayeG (CIA) vicT&r-m"at'sU ( Victor Matsui ) k~gsanTUtGaemrikSgenAP~MeBjCYyerobcMk~gkarbugeFIrdbharenH . EpnkarenHBnaeBlGs'CagVMmY yEx k*tUvEbkkarN_ edayG~kebIkLansm-sarIkt' (7) . G~kebIkLan VnyksMbutsMgat'Edlsm-sarIepIeTAelakGIuv-y"ag eTAfaysemc . B Y k G t I t s r : r Y m E x r b M e r I C a t i t U v s e m c c a b ' c g B m K ~ a E t m g k ~ g J k ' k N a l GaFatman elakGIuv-y"ag, sSg-savat, KS-er"t, dYg-c&nsarat nigK~amYy cMnYneTot .
(7) BtmanmYyeTotfa bBndab-QYn (yaykMs&kikNaj'ekam) VnmkTUlsemcP~MeBj . enH CaesckIbJa k'rbs'elaksium-Kin enATIkugsIuGafil rdva"siunetan .

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munenHmYyEx elaksWg-g"ukfaj'VnepIsMbutsMgat'mkelakGIuvy"ag [qab'nSK~aecjeTAekAEdr eJHsankarN _ sukeTsnwgmankarEb bYl EtBMudwgfay"agNaeTIbmankarefaHeFayEbbenH (7) . eBlEdlsemcbJa[nayTahaneTAcab'elakTSgkNalGaFatenaH elakVnlak' sMbutsMgat'enaHTan'eBl . elakGIuv-y"agtUvCab'BnnaKarGs'kMLg7q~S knH, elakKS-er"tGs'bIq~S edaymanExTak'TgCamYyBYkesc, elakdYgc&nsarat5q~S . elakhg-Funhak'VnrYcxnedaysarmansKuNk~g sil:elanCamYyBHmhaktIyanI, elakeb"g-Kit rYcxnedaysarecH temIgb"usv i_ iT nigelakeGor-sIucUvk*VnrYcxnEdr bEhledaymansrKuNCamYynwghgsuramit ? . G~kxHeTottUveKsmab'ecalbeNaydUcCa elaksSg-savat ( esk-sMeGotVnsarPaBVb'elakLwk-sMeGOnq~S 1969 enABMEdnfkalBYkExresrIeFICamksMucuHcUlnwgsemcsIhnu ) nig G~kGtItsr:rYmExrbMerICatiTSgGs'mnak' ( sUmGanbvtiekA-tk'k~gelx munkngmk ) . sUmbJak'Edrfa sm-sarIEdlEbCabqSgnwgsemcsIhnu ehIy eTAcUldCamYydab-QYn ehIyrt'rYcxneTAcUldCamYyelaksWg-g"ukfa j'eTot KWedaysarEterOgpal'xnesaH . edaysarsm-sarIFab'mansr KuNCaTIbwkapal'rbs'semck~gkarTamTarkraC mYyeTotsm-sarIV nCYysemckMcat'BYkbCaFibety (9) sm-sarIVntUvcat'tSgCaGKraC TUtbcSbeTsGg'eKs . eBlrt'eTAsukyYnxagtgenaH elaksWg-g"uk faj'mincg'TTYleT eJHFab'sal'critbuKlenHcas'Nas' Etedaysm sarICaG~kbqSgnwgsemcEdr enaHeTIbelakBmTTYl[rYmCamYyelak Et [eTAkan'kab'CamYykgT&BExresrIenAbeTsf . tamsMdIelakLwk-sM eGOnfa sm-sarIVnlYcsresrsMbutsMucUlmkrYbrYmCamYysemcvij eday[G~kebIkbrLanCatifykeTAdak'b"usi_ EteKminepIk*ykbKl'[GaemrikSg . sMbutEdlsm-sarIsresrmksemcmancMnYnbIhibEsk ( ta mJkelakLwk-sMeGOn ) esGIuGayl'fa sm-sarImancitmintg' Gacrt' eTAcUlCamYysemcvij eTIbfk*nSsm-sarIeTACayEdnlav famkemIlTI tSgfI rYck*smab'sm-sarIecalenATIenaHeTA (10) . karminBmTTYlsal'bUrNPaBTwkdIExredaybeTsGg'eKs CaBies
(9) k~gBiFICb'elog sm-sarIVnTHkMeP gbBncug (bvrkJaExrsm&yenaH) ehIyniyayVb'G~k sarBtmanfa karvaysIbMerIEdleFk I arminsmrm CakarFmtarbs'ExrTUeTA . G~ksarBtmanVnva yTUrelxmksYrsemc@k*ekaHehAsm-sarI mkbeTsExrvij rYchUtgarTUt . sm-sarIxwgk*begIt sarBtmansresredomdam[semc . ekaymkcUlrYmCamYydab-QYn bugeFr I dbharrMlMsemc k~gcugq~S1958 ehIyrt'cUlnwgsWg-g"ukfaj' . (10) tamesckI[karNr _ bs'elaksium-Kin rs'enATIkugsIuGafil rdva"siunetan .

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sshrdGaemrik bUkrYmnwgKMeragrdbharminsMercenH

rwtEteFI[semc

yl'fa bkelakesrICaeKaHf~ak'dl'beTskmCa ( tamBiteKaHf~ak'cMeJH BHGgpal'eTAvijeT ) . semck*gakeTArkcab'dCamYybkkumynisrwtEt iCitditeTot CaBiessCamYybeTscinbCamanitu Edlhansnanwgsem cfa nwgeKarBTTYlsal'bUrNPaBTwkdIExr . cincab'epIpl'CMnYyesdkicdl'beTskmCa mankarsg'pvreTHePIgBI P~MeBjeTAkMBg'esam kugBHsIhnu, eragcktmajenAkMBg'camCaedIm . ral'eBlEdlsemcyageTAsemaFsmiTinanaextekA semcEtgEtGYt sresIrVb'bCarasExrfa CMnYyrbs'cinCaCMnYyKancMNg mindUcCaCMnYyckBtiGaemrikSgeT . enHehIyCalicTak'yksIhnurbs'bkkumyni sedayviFIminecjmux edayviFIeFICamitcUl[VnCitedImIplnigTajsIhnu[nSsukExrcUleTAk~gsgamNcinEdr .

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kardwkGgr f`ae M BT saRsavuF eTA[kgT&Bevotkug

emeronbvtisassm&yVk'EbkbnaylEgkminKb'Kan'Caemeron[ emdwknSExr ykCaemerondwknSsukesaH . BHstaEdlVnbJnBHmhabraCsIsurieyaBN [elIkkgT&BExreTACYybeTsesom EdlT&B PUmakMBughuB&TTIkugfenaH VneFI[fsgKuNExrvij edayvaykMeTc yknKrExrdak'CacMNuH, bnaylEgktUvVk'Ebkk~gq~S1593 (11) . kar EdlExrVnbJnT&BBIrmWuneTAbgabBYktsWug[escyYn ( kalenaHesc yYnrt'mkBYnk~gextExrekam ehIysMuCMnYyT&BBIescExr ) rhUteTOgmijy"agyksukExrTSgmUl nigGs'dIkmCaekam k*enAEtminEmnCaemero nsMrab'emExrEdr . cab'BIq~S1960em"H EdlsIhnulUkdeTACYyyYnevotkug-evotNamxa geCIg [sabnapvlMcak'kYskhm bnPab'pvlMhU-CImij BIesb"Unkat' mkswgEtg rtnKIrI kecH kMBg'cam BEvg sayerog kat'tamdug cak' eTAEpkMBg'esam . pvelx19enHsat'Nas' eKebIVs'pvenH k~gkardwk smar:swkqgkat'sukExr eTApl'[kgT&Bevotkug-evotNamxageCIg enA emmt' Cb' Ekk s~l . pvenHsabnaedaykgeyaBlexmrPUmin tamBH raCbJarbs'semcsIhnu (12) . edImIravrkExnSGgreTA[T&Bevotkug TUtcinbCamanitueFICasMuTijeQI ExrnSeTAsukcink~gq~S1960 cMnYnmYymWunbYnJn'Em"tKIb . kalenaHman cinekItenAsukExrm~ak'eQaH KYc-Gan (13) enAkecH bkbrbreFIdegA eQIhub manyIehafa kumhunmhasaKr VnFanara"b'rgeQIcMnYnmYy mWunEm"tKIb . bYnmWunEm"tKIbeTotVnpl'edayQjcMruHmYykum Edl k~gcMeNamenaHmanelak sam-hYt m~ak'pg . TUtcinVnbJnrUbiyb&N cUleTAk~gFnaKarExr [QjTSgenHeTAebIkCaVk'erol . cinTijeQIExr EtmgenHKt' ehIyeKVnTak'TajQj KYc-GanenAeBlenaH [TTYldwk
(11) sUmGanksarmhabursExr rbs'elakeGg-sut cab'BIEpndIBHsta eTA . (12) tamesckIbJa k'rbs'elakeV"-fn GtItvr:esnIykk~gTIGKesnaFikarkgT&B Exr . (13) KYc-GanFa b'eTAeronbnenAeb"kSgeTot ekayEdlVneroncb'salacinenAk~gkug P~MeBj . eKbkbrbreFd I egA eQIhubenAkecHbnBIBukeKmk . tamesckIbJa k'rbs' elak sa m-hYt fa k~gkardwkGgr f~SeBT eTA[T&BevotkugenH KYc-GanVncMeNj bk'ekag ehIyka yCaG~kmanm~ak'enAsukExrswgesItan'V" . ekaymk KYc-Gan Vn TijkV"l'CMnYjcMnYndb'enAhugkug . Vk'cMeNjEdlVnmkk~gkardwkGgrenH KYcGanlEckeTAG~km~agm"UnIc nigGu-m"aNUrinpgEdr eTIbvamanlixitGnuJatBiessenaH .

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Ggr eTApl'[T&Bevotkug-evotNamxageCIgenACb'-emmt' . mgenH KYcGanVnsMu[sanTUtcinkhm bJnrUbiyvteTAFnaKarhugkugvij EdleK VncMeNjmYyCaBIrCabItamtmparggit . k~gkardwkGgrenH eKmansMbu tGnuJatBiessBIcMkarmn EdlKannrNahanEqkeqXat'VneLIy . yb'mYyk~gq~S1965 BukxMEdltUvevnTTYlxustUvCanaylat VnbMrug EqkeqLandwkCagmkaMmIjg Etdl'eKhuclixitGnuJatdwknSBiessenaH mk BukxMk*minhanb"HJl' (14) . knLanGgrecjEteBlyb'b"ueNaH edImIlak'kMu[BYkbreTsdwg . bnab'BIQj KYc-Gan mannayTahanxH nigBHraCvgxH EdleTArMGuksMu semc sMunSGgreTAlk'pg eJHxnkNas'dUcCakrNImas'V"gCaedIm semck*Tg'GnuJat[eTA (8) . bnicmkk*epIldl'bCaCnnSK~aDubGgr f~S eBTtamkg'm"UtU nSykeTAlk'[BYkevotkugQUrqrEdr . b"UlIs Kij Ky
(14) luHBwkeLIg BukxMV nniyayVb'kUn@TSgGs'enAeBlVyCMuK~afa emIleTA sukExrcas'CaminVnsuxeT eJHExrdwkGgr f~SeBT eTApl'[T&Bevotkug . elakBu kxMVnbneTotfa eBlExrVnkraCq~S1954enaH ecAha yVrSgrbs'Kat'VnVb' fa [laCatiExrcUlCatiVrSg ehIytameTAeFk I arenAsuklavmYyry: eTIbeTAenAsuk VrSgEtmg . BukxMyl'BmEtenAmuxecAha yKat' eJHtamsMdIfa ecAha yenHsLa j'BukxMN as' . BukxMl YceFJ I kcUlCaTahanExrvij . dl'xagExreFl I ixiteTAsMu ykBukxMe TIbecAha yKat'dwg . ecAha yKat'xwgCaxS g ehIykak'BukxMT ukcMnYnVMmY yExeTot [CYyeFk I arCMrHbJIe pg@ munnwgbKl'kickarmk[xagExr . elakBukxM manbsasnE _ fmeTotfa eBlEdlecAha yKat'ehobecjeTAenaH VnehABukxMeTA CYbniyayK~aEtBIrnak'mgeTot edImI[BmtamkarbbYlBImunenaH . BukxMV ntbeTAvij fa Kat'minGaceTAecalsukVneLIy ehIyLvenHeTot sukExrk*VnkraCeBj eljehIy . ecAha yKat'VnVb'eTotfa sa ( eQaHBukxM ) gcSsMdIxMNa eJH xM sLaj'sa g ! sukExrnwgminVnsuxyUreT eJHExrminecHeFe I cAha yxngeT ecHeF I twmEtxMe K sukExrnwgtUvmansgamCaminxan y"agyUrdb'q~SeTAmuxeTot . VrSg salExrcas'Nas' . BukxMm anesckIGn'citnwgecAha yKat'Edlmak'gayExr Et ekaymkeTotk~grbbsaFarNrd eTIbKat'nwksaynUvJksMdIecAha yKat'CaxS g fa ecAha yKat'niyaytUvdUcemIleXIj eTIbelakTUnan[kUnTSgGs'xitxMeronedImIecj eTAsukekA . k~gq~S1971 bnbusxMm ~ak'VnecjeTAsukVrSg edayesahuy bgbn mamIgCYy ( hiun-sIuhn ) nigm~ak'eTotecjenAq~S1972 ( hiun-sIufun ) . k~gq~S1972 enaHeTot elakTUnan[xMQ b'eF I KU [eTAsukVrSgtambnTSgBIreTot . EtxMe qy I fa ebI eTATSgGs'K~a nwgKannrNaemIlEfTSBukmayEdlkan'Etcas'ehIy ( sUmCMrabfakalenaH xMe nAminTan'manKYsarenAeLIy ehIyecjmkCasasacar msbP mkbegon enAviTal&yGa b-Xut nigent-y"g' k~gq~S1968 cMeBlEdlmankarbHeVrenAsMLt edaysarEtGaCa FrextnSK~aBukrlYy CiHCan' bn 'ykdIcMkarrbs'ras EdlKanbg 'kan' kab'dI ehIynSK~aTSgecAha yext G~ksalasuk nayTunExr-cin nSK~aeFb I g 'kmsiTidI sMLt ) . ehtuEdlxMe VHbg'kareronsUtsin eJHBukxMc Ulv&yrWuEtt, kUn@kMBugeron xMC abgeKbgs'k~gcMeNambncMnYn7nak' ehIyKYsarxMC aKYsarmFmpg minGacTb' Tl'VneLIy .

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cab'EtrastUctaceT LankaMmIjgrab'sib pkGgrf~SeBTeBj@enaHemIlmineXIjeLIy . tamsMdImas-supat enAkUcqarkMBg'cam sBfrs' enAkugtaxUm"a rdva"siunetanVn[karNf _ a k~gq~S1965 VnxIbulVk' eKnSGgr f~SeBT nigvtcSVc'xHeTot eTAlk'[evotkugCb'-emmt' ehIy tUvBYkkUnKij Ky b"UlIscab'ykGs' sMuvijminVnTal'EtesaH . supat manesckIekAkhayNas' edayeXIjGyutiFmeBk LanFM@dwkGgr f~S eBTeBjENn eKminrvl'eT ehIyGnuJat[ecjy"agFUrrhuy . eday mYyKanVk'sgCMJk'eKpg NamYyeTotQWcitnwgb"UlIs Kij Kypg supatk*rt'eTAxagyYnevotkugbeNay . eBlcUleTAdl'Pam BYkevotkug VneFIb&NsMKal'xn CaKNkmkarBiessxagEp~kTak'Tg[, xagsSKWrUb semc xageqgKWrUbsamIxnsupat . KWb&NenHehIy EdlVnCYysupa t[rYcxn eBlEdlExrkhmQ~H ehIyCensecjBIkugb"lin . eday kalenAb"linCab'kMENnCakgkumg'dU supatmansl'Kab'kSePIgxHk~g VtkabUbEdlyYrmktampv . BYkExrkhmEqkeXIjKab'enaH Etsupat ecHnwkeXIjhucb&NenaHeTA eTIbExrkhmEdlEqkenAtMbn'EtgGnuJat [supatecjmkedaysYl eJHvayl'faCaK~ava . mas-supatVnniyayfa eBlfminsUveXIjTahanevotkugeT Et dl'evlayb' mindwgvaecjmkBINaeT exAmIrdUchgsemacGJwg ! Ggr mYyLancMnYnEb"tsibVv BYkvaCJnEtdb'naTIGs'rlIg . tamsupatfa mi nEmnmanEtGgreT manTSgf~SeBTKb'mux CaBiesseb"nIsIulInrab'mWundb manTSgkSePIgtUcFM nigKab'Kb'muxpg ( mas-supatVncakecjBItMbn' evotkugkan'kab'mkvijenAq~S1968 rYcmkCIktgenAbrb"lin ) . BYkevotku gVnTSgyksIyYnsat@mk[supaterIsyktamcitcg'pg . supatV nniyayeTotfa BMudwgCaBYkevotkugVnluymkBINasuTEtkdas'VMry erolfI@Ecs TSghib@ykmkTijva"n'Exr ( yYneVHVk'Ekgkay ) . enAtamTIparPUmitamCayEdnExryYn BYkTahanevotkugGacTijvtEd lBYkvatUvkarBIQj (bCaCn) ExrEdlnSykmklk' (9) . smar:Edl Tijdwkqgkat'sukExrnigmUldanenAtamCayEdn mansar:sMxan'Nas' cMeJHyYnkumynisk~gkarxitxMtsU (CamYyGaemrikSgnigyYnxagtg) (10) . kardwkGgr f~SeBT exaGav eKOgsasavuF smar:swksBEbby"agyk eTApl'[BYkevotkug VnbBwty"agxSgnigecjmux bnab'BIkarvaysanTU t GaemrikSgq~S1963 edaysIhnu[TahanhgeskJk'sIuvil eTAekN sisBIviTal&ynanak~gkugP~MeBj [Xwm-TiteFICaemdwknS (esrxMCasisf~ak'TI4viTal&ysIusuvtiVntameTAnwgeKEdr EtminVncUlhuneT), CaBiessekaypac'TUtCamYyshrdq~S1965 . k~gq~S1966-67 sIhnuVnGnuJat[G~kbeckeTsrusI -85mksg'erag

cky"agFMmYy eFIKab'kSePIgtUcFM eFImIn Kab'Ebkd enAk~gBswgcal GnuextkMBg'sIla . eKeFIKab'kSePIgKb'Fun CaBiessKab'kSePIg Gaka Etmg . Kab'eFIrYceKdwkeTA[T&Bevotkug kgT&BexmrPUminminEdlVnKa b'BIeragckenHeTAebITal'EtesaH (15) . enAk~gBP~MKIrIrm sIhnuVnbJa[elaks&kiVMBIg-TMu TTYlmuxgarxagkat'rfynehGimes (GMC) kg'db' ebIEtkg'bYnvijedImI[cMeNjsSg rYcehIynSykeTAbKl'[T&B evotkugebIVs'sMrab'dwksmar:swkk~gBemmt' Cb' Ekk s~l rtnKIrI (16) . k~gq~S1967 kV"l'cincMNuH85,000etan Vndwksmar:swkmkctenA kMBg'EpkugBHsIhnu (kMBg'esam) . semcVnbJa[s&kiVMKat-m"an' tYtemIlkarxustUv k~gkarCJnsmar:swkecjBIkV"l'enaH . mankSePIg nigKab'Kb'Fun tSgBIGaka kaNugminFak'fy ( Canons sans recul ) eFIenA sukcin .semcbJa[dkTahank~gmYyfcMnYn100nak' BIkgvr:esnatUc nana tSgBIextkMBg'sW, kMBt, kMBg'esam [eTACJneKOgsmar:swkGs' TSgenaHecjBIkV"l' . karCJnecjk~gmYyGaTit VneFI[kV"l'enaHegI beLIgVnmYyhtb"ueNaH . karCJnVnbBwteTACagbIEx eTIbykLSg smar:swkTSgenaHGs' . semcVncat'[elaks&kiVMsWn-cUv (bnelak sWn-san) TTYlxustUvxagknrfyndwksmar:cMVMgTSgenaH . Bukma xM (xagmayxM) lt-sMGun GtIts&kiVMenAekaHkJrk*Cab'kMENnkarJrk ndwknSGavuFEdr (sBfrs'enArd Maryland ) . kndwkecjdMeNIrEtevla yb' eBlmkdl'Ggs~l knrfyntUvbt'cUltampvlMcak'kYstMbn'Vt' dwg-dg nSykeTATukenAk~gbnaylEgk (extkMBg'q~Sg) . enATIenaHsemcVncat'[s&kiVMEdlTg'TukciteQaH epg-pan'GIu eFICacaghagtYt BinitGavuFcinTSgenaH . elakepg-pan'GIuedaymanG~kbeckeTscincMnYn 10nak' (m~ak'Cas&kiVMcinpg) VntemIgkSePIgFMTSgGs'enaH . luHtemIg rYcGs'sBKb'ehIy semccat'[vr:esniykeV"-fn CaG~kTTYlxustU vk~gkardwkGavuFTSgenaH eTAbKl'[T&BevotkugenACb'-emmt' (extkMBg'ca m) . k~gExmina1968 semcTg'yageTACYbemevotkug egg-va"n'pat' enAex tkMBg'cam rYcehIysemcTg'yageTAVrBBiFIct'BHng&lenATIrYmext sayerog . enATIenaH Tg'VnvayExlYsmkGKesnaFikardankgT&Bex mrPUmin [rkLankat'kat' (4X4) cMnYn150eKOg[Vnk~gmYyf . elak eV"-fnCaG~krkLantamcMnYnEdlsemctUvkar ehIynSykeTAdl'G~k
(15) nig (16) tamesckI[karNr _ bs'elakeV"-fn GtItvresniyk . (17) tamesckI[karNr _ bs'elakmas-sUpat kugtaxUm"a nigelakeV"-fn .

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elOg edImIdwkf~SeBTeTA[BYkevotkug-evotNamxageCIgenACb'-emmt' ( kMBg'cam) . LannimYy@pkf~SeBTcMnYnmVv . f~SmanKb'muxtSgBIGasIrI neLIgeTA EtCaBiessKWf~Seb"nIsIulInrab'Esndb EdlbNajcarkicevot kugkugP~MeBjVnbmUlTijBIhahham"asIunanaeTAKrTukenAG~kelOg . cab'BIq~S1965 eBlEdlshrdsMercebIkynehaHeb-52 Tmak'Kab' EbkelIpvlMhU-CImijmk kgT&BevotNamxageCIgtUveKdwktamkV"l'mk cuHenAkMBg'EpBHsIhnu rYcdwktamrfynkMamIjgbwTdMbUlCit kat'sukExr eLIgeTACb'-emmt' edImIvayevotNamxagtg nigkgT&BGaemrikSg (17) . tamsMdImas-sUpat faVneXIjnayTahanevotkugeskJk'sIuvil mkedIrelgsIuKuyTavenATenbwT (kugkMBg'cam) (1968) ral'f . GtItb"UlIsext@kNalm~ak' (sMumin[beJjeQaH) sBfrs'enAku gtaxUm"aVn[karNf _ a xnKat'CaG~kTTYlbJa[TarluybcSExBIevotku g nigbJabIecAhayext (EdlTTYlbJabnmkBIm~agm"Unic) [rab'cMnYnevo tkugEdltSgenAelITwkdIExr nigTartmkal2,000erolbcSExsMrab'evotkugm~ak' . esovePA War in peace k*VnsresrEdrBIniKmyYnm~ak'@Edl cUlmkrs'enAtamTUktammat'Ten CaBiesstMbn'kMBg'partUc tUvbg'CUnm~a gm"UniccMnYnVMryerolCaerogral'Ex . k~gesovePA sgamnigesckIsgwm ( War and Hope ) tg'TMB&r59 semcVnsresrfa kareFIGI@sBEbby"agEdlGaceFIVnedImICYyG~k Citxag (yYnevotkug) EdlkMBugtUvckBtikMEhgKMramenaH KWCakrNiykic rbs'raCaNackkmCa EdlmintUveKcevHBIkatBkicenHeLIy . ( etIsukExrCakmsiTidac'muxrbs'sIhnu VnCasIhnuykGMeBIkt'Cati eTACYyhU-CImijenH CakatBkic ( Obligation ) rbs'beTsExrnigrasExr eTAvij ? enATwkbegIyeyIgVneXIjfa emdwknSyYnVnsgKuNsIhnu Ebby"agNaenaH, rhUtkab'sanPaBbeTsExrTSgmUlk~gkNab'dvaTSg sug edaybnbkumGay"gehg-sMrin (GtItG~krksIukab'CUk) nighunEsnGtItsisf~ak'TI4TMenIb Classe de quatrime moderne viTal&yBH sIhnukMBg'cam ( kkn ebIeyagtamkaB Edlhun-EsnVnsresrepaH pgELbxay CamYyG~kemm"aym~ak' eyIgsegteXIjJkxH sresrmi ntUvGkraviruT nigJkxHCaJkExrsm&ycas' dUcCaJk ehI CaedIm . eyIgeCOfa ebIhun-Esn CasiseronenAf~ak'TI4TMenIbdUec~H BitCaminsr esrGkr ehI enHeToteT BIeJHsisCMnan'munhun-Esn10eTA15q~S ElgsresrehI Gs'eTAehIy eKsresr ehIy CaCMnYsvij . ma nEtsiseronsUtenAtamsalavteT EdlenAsresr ehI dUec~H . kaBenHVntUv{m-yineTogTIbwkaCMnitrbs'hun-EsnGHGagfa CakaBrb s'ecAhayxnBitVkdEmn ) . [eTAeFICatuktaTUrbJa rbs'emdwknSyYn -87-

rhUt ( Toy remoted by Viet leader, Nguyen Co Thach ) KanfNanwgerIxn rYcesaHeLIy . yYnbn'yktIsmuT tITensab (cab'edaysmab'bMpicbM pajesIrJyGs'tI), kab'BeQIExrdwkCJneTAsukyYn Kas'ykbUraNvtBIVsaTnana eVHkdas'Vk'mkTijsUvExry"agefak dwkykeTA ciJwmrasyYn nignSecjeTAekAbeTsekamyIeha Product of Vietnam . yYnEdlFab'CasukxHGgrsIu sBfVnkayeTACanSGgrecjCab'elxbI bnab'BIshrdnigbeTsf . enATMB&rTI61 semcVnsresrBIneyaVyxusrbs'Tg'fa karsM erccitrbs'xMk~gkarCYyBYkeK (evotkug-evotNamxageCIg) k~gkMLgq~S19 60enaH xMsMusffa xMminVnTTYlVk'BIyYnTal'EtesaH ehIysBfenH eTot CaCnGFn KYsarxMnigxMCnrs'rYcCIvitedaysarEtesckIsbrs nigkarsaKmnC _ abgbn BIsMNak'beTscinbCamanitu . xMsUmsffa elsEdlxMVnsMercciteFIshkarCamYyevotNamenaH KWxMcg'[yYnkum ynisCMJk'KuNkmCa, k~gpvEbbenH yYnminGachannwgeFIGMeBIGakk'mk elIbeTsExr bCarasExreLIy . ebIbsinCavapyBIkarenHeTAvijenaH yYnnwgtUvVt'bg'kitiysCaminxaneLIy . ( kkn sBfenH eyIg eXIjyYnkan'Etmankitiys ehIyescsIhnukan'EtGab'{neTA@ nigFak' 'xneFICaTIgemag[BYkGay"gyYnEfmeTot ) . etIelsb"ueNHGaccat'TukfaKb'Kan'eT EdlsemcsIhnuVnCYy xayYn[mankmSgxSTMJrkalExr yksukExrenH ? sUmCYyBicarNapg cuH ! . G~km~agm"Unic (rYmCamYybgeQaHGu-m"aNUrin) VnykTiBlCabBnbmuxrdmkrksIu lk'dIlk'suk[yYnhU-CImij . eyIgCaExrmineCOTa l'EtesaHfa sIhnuminVndwg minVncUlhunk~gerOgkt'Cati kt'ras ExenH . etIkalyYnykdIkmCaekamenaH yYnmanxUcVt'bg'kitiyseT ? etI semcmanvibdisarIeT EdlminVneFIkartva"GIesaHkalsPaVrSgsMerc bKl'dIkmCaekameTA k~gyb'fTI21 sPa 1949 nigkarEdlTg'Vn rarSgXat'min[elakeTOg-kag eFIkarTamTarkmCaekameTAtulakarGnrCati ? mYykalenaHsIhnueCOCak'fa yYnnwgTuk[Tg'esaysuxelIkmCamYyCIvit ? enAvKmunsemcVnsresrfa elakln'-nl'CanaykrdmnIrbs' rdaPiVlq~S1969 rhUtdl'fbqSgeFIrdbharsIhnufTI18mina1970 Vncab'nigEck ([kgTahanExr) nUvsasavuFKb'Fun, Kab'kSePIg, smar: sw k c i n , r u s I n i g b e T ssg m n i ym d T e T o t E d lE d lbJ n e T A [k gT & B e v o tNamxageCIg-evotkugtamkMBg'EpkugsIhnu . elakln'-nl'eFItamEt bJasIhnu k~gkardwkGavuFTSgGs'enaHb"ueNaH ( eTA[evotkug ) . -88-

ekayeBlsemc[TahanhgeTAvaysanTUtGaemrikSgk~gq~S1963 cinbCamanituVn[LankamIjgcMnYn60eKOg TukenAk~gcMkarmnsMrab'dwk smar:swkpl'[T&ByYn . rfynTSgenaHsresrV"yfa kgeyaFBlexmrPUmin ( FARK ) . k~gq~S1965 tamkarbJak'rbs'G~kbrrfyn Edlmincg'beJjeQaH sBfenArd Oregon fa kardwksasavuFVnbBwty"agxSgkaNas'k~g q~SenaH LanEdlKat'ebIknigLandTeTot manbiTpakFM@fa rrv = rfynraCvSg ehIyedImIkMu[ynehaHGaemrikSgemIlBIelImkeXIj Landa k'pak rrv nimYy@ eK-tcegglyeTAmuxkalLan [cSgcuHeTAdIvij ecosvagkMu[BnWsacCHeTAelIeLIy . k~gq~S1969 semcsIhnuVn[eFIkEngskmYydak'Kab'kSePIg nig f~SeBTenAtamdgswgessan rtnKIrI sMrab'pl'[kgT&Bevotkug-evotNa mxageCIg . smar:Gs'TSgenaH KWdwktamynehaHdwkeTAskTukenATIenaH. CMnYyEdlsemcVnCYyxayYnmanecInNas' TSgpvGnrCati nigs mar:swk nigkgT&ByYnxageCIgdwkqgkat'sukExr BIkMBg'Epku gBHsIhnu kMBg'esam eLIgeTAKb'mUldanT&ByYnenAtambeNayBMEdnExr . man EtsemcmYyGgKt'EdlGacdwgGs' nigeqIyVb'eyIgfa etIsemcVnCYyyYnecInb"uNa ? etIsIhnu, G~km~agm"UnIc, Gu-m"aNUrinVnTTYlluyyYn b"uNa ? emdwknSyYnVnsnanwgsIhnuy"agNaxH VnCaemExrenHKan karBicarNabnicesaH ?

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mUldanswknigGKesnaFikardan evotkugelIEdndIExr
KWtYGgsemcsIhnuEtmg EdlVnyl'Bm[T&BevotkugmktSgmUldanswkenAelIdIExr tamCayEdnExr-evotNamxagtg edaycinCaG~kCYyEccUv[ . semcsIhnuVnCYyyYnevotkug-evotNamxageCIg edayK b'meFaVyk~gcMVMgCamYyGaemrikSg (12) .
tMbn'yYnkumynistYtta mUldanyYnkumynis

lIkeTAkecHeBl el ynehaHeb-52 Tmak'Kab'Ebk

kecH Cb'emmt' COSVN Epsnc

PRG

QUgsmuTf

cMBuHesk

evotNamxagtg

mUldanT&ByYnevotkug-evotNamxageCIg (semcsIhnuVnGnuJat[kgT&ByYnhU-CImijtSgmUldanelIEdndIExr cab'tSgBIq~S1960 nigVnCYypt'pg'T&ByYnenHKb'meFaVy pl'Ggr f~S eBT Kab'rMesv sasavuFKb'Fun EdldwktamkV"l'mkkMBg'EpsIhnu kMBg'esam CaBiesskgT&BevotNamxageCIg EdlmkcuHEpenAkMBg'esam k~geBlEdlynehaHeb-52 TMlak'Kab'EbkelIpvlMhU-CImijy"agxSg cab'BIq~S1965mk . -90-

mUldanswkGs'TSgenaHVncab'eFImktSgBIq~S1960 . xHeTotCamUl dancas' tSgBIsm&ysgamtsUCamYyVrSgem"H . mUldanswgEtTSgGs' tSgenAtambeNayBMEdnExr-yYn KWtSgBIBMrYmbIbeTs (lav-ExryYn) k~gextrtnKIrI lMpat' LaVnesok GUrSg s~l emmt'-Cb' Ekk BMEd nextsayerog taEkv kMBg'tac . tSgEtBIecInq~SmkehIy semcsIhnueFcEP~keFImineXIjnUvGI@ Ed lVnekItmaneLIgenAtamtMbn'CayEdn (Exr-evotNam) (13) . TIbJakarnkariyal&ykNalPUmiPaKevotNamxagtg ( COSVN, Central Office South Vietnam ) tSgenAemmt' Cab'nwgcMkarekAsUEtmg . TIbJakarnrNsirrMedaHCati ( NLF - National Liberation Front of South Vietnam ) manTItSgenATl'muxEkk k~gextkMBg'cam . TIs~ak'karkNalnrdaPiVlbeNaHGasn~bdivtne _ votNamxagt g ( PRG = Provisinal Revolutionary Government of South Vietnam ) manTI tSgenATl'muxkMBg'tac k~gextsayerog . enAtammUldanTSgenaH mansg'mnIreBT EdlGacdak'EK EdlGacda k'EKG~kCmWVnCagVMry XSgsksmar:swkrab'etan sMrab'ebIVs'vay lukcUlevotNamxagtg dUcCakrNIkarvaylukkugBnKr kalBIbuN EttcUlq~ScinyYn (1968) . k~gExmifuna1967 edaymankartva"BIsaFarNrdevotNam nigBIsan TUtGaemrikSgfa mankgT&BevotkugtSgenATl'muxkMcaymar Cab'elIBMEdn Exr-yYn TTwgTMhM5KILEm"t nigbeNay15KILEm"t . elakvresniy k esg-sunf VnnSkgeyaFBlexmrPUmineTAedj eJHKNkmkar xagbTtYtta ( Na, kaNada, b"ULj ) mktYtBinit . emevotkugVn mkCYbnwgelakesg-sunf ehIyhucnamb&NsemcsIhnumkpg . evo tkugVnniyayfa semcVncuHxsnayl'Bm[BYkeKenAelIdIExr edImIeKcBIkaredjtamnkgT&BevotNamxagtgnigGaemrikSg . kal NaKNkmkarxagbTtYttaeTAputGs' BYkxMsMuviltLb'mkvij . T&Bevo tkugk*dkfyecjBItMbn'PUmiteLakEbkyYnry:eBltUc . dl'KNkmkarxagbTtYttaeTAemIl VneXIjEtTahanExrcas'm~ak' kMBugGgybit sIenAk~geragedaly"agFM . karenHvapyK~aBIrUbft EdlynehaHGaem rikSgftVneTAvij (18) . cab'BIq~S1969 shrdGaemriksMercebIynehaHeb-52 vaylukTmak' Kab'EbkkMeTkmUldanswkevotkug-evotNamxageCIg tamBMEdnExr-yYn y"agxSgka . TSminVnBYkkgT&Bevotkug-evotNamxageCIg nigGKbJa karvaVnrt'fycUleCAmksMrakykkmSgk~gEdndIExr tMbn'BextkecH
(18), (19) tamesckI[karNr _ bs'elakeV"-fn GtItvresniyksaFarNrdExr .

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cmay150KmPaKxageCIgpvCatielx7 . edayebIVs'extExrPaKxag eCIg BYkevotkug-evotNamxageCIgVnrYcputminGnrayedaysarynehaH cmay150KmPaKxageCIgpvCatielx7 . edayebIVs'extExrPaKxag eCIg BYkevotkug-evotNamxageCIgVnrYcputminGnrayedaysarynehaH eb-52 . edaykgkmSgeKVntYttatMbn'enHtSgEtBIkalmunmk GacsmMykkmSgmunnwgcUlvayluk (yYnxagtg) eTot (14) . mUldanswkk*dkfycUleCAmkk~gsukExr mktSgTIenAelIetIyxa glicTenemKg CitkecHkug . enAfTI24emsa1970 mYyGaTitmunBYkevotkug-evotNamxageCIgksagmUldan nigbJakarswkfIelIcSgTenemKgk~gextkecHenaH BYkem dwknSNcinbqSgnwgckBtiGaemrikSg VnCYbK~aCakMBUlenAkugkg'tug edaymanvtmansemcsIhnuCaG~kcMNUlfIpg . pS-va"n'dug[ekaHehAxagV"eftLav KWTg'supanuvg, bFanrNsirCatirMedaHevotNamxagtg egg-hUfU nigsemcsIhnu[cUlrYmpg . eBlenaHsemcVnefaleTas shrdGaemrik ehIyVnbkasGnuJatedayecjmux[evotkug-evotNa mxageCIgebIVs'EdndIExreTotpgk~gkareFIsgamCamYystUvrYm KWck BtiGaemrikSg (15) . sUmsYrfa etIsIhnukayCaGIehIyenAeBlenH cMeJHsukExrnigcMeJH bCarasExr ? eJHehtuGI edImIGI eTIbsIhnucUlrYmCamYystUvCatiExr enH ? cab'tSgBIq~S1970rhUtmkdl'bcbn~enH etIsIhnumanEdlmanbnl fa Tg'VneFIxus neyaVyTg'xus enATINa fNamgehIyenA ? esIrKb'Etsunrkfa sIhnuEskeCrEkg@ efaleTasexacelakln' nl'nigsirimt:rhUt xMlagxnBIkidkmCatigenH sIhnuminEdlxusTa l'EtesaH . sukExreTACay"agenH mkBIBYkGakt'Gs'enH vaeFIrdbhar Tmak'xMBHkruNaxM ! sUmkUnecAemtaCab ! Tg'emIlmineXIjeKaHf~ak'nvtmankgT&Bevotkug-evotNamxageCIg elIdIExr EfmBIelIenH sIhnuVnCYystUvelbTwkdIExrenHsBEbby"ag edayeCOy"agsb'eTAelIsMdIeVkVs'rbs'CU-eGgLaynighU-CImij eda yKanBicarNa . manEtsIhnunigbeTsExrEtmYyKt' EdlBmTTYlsal'nigdak'TUt CamYyevotkug . enAq~S1969 manEtsemcsIhnumYyGgKt', k~gfan:CabmuxrdExr, Ed lVneTAsmk'TwkEP~kseNaHseNakeKarBviJaNx&nemXatkr nig emerobcMEpnkarelbTwkdIExr EdlVnsab'eTAmunVnsMercmhicitarbs'va BYkeK

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semcsIhnurhUtdl'eTAykrUbftexachU-CImij mktSgk~gvSgedImI eKarBviJaNk&nEfmeTotpg

sIhnunigrbbdwknaMekaykraC
tSgBIVnkraCeBjeljBIVrSg sIhnuKanVneFIGIekAEtBIkarJr GMNacEdlTg'yl'fa, rhUtmkdl'Lvk*eday, CakmsiTidac'mux Caekri_ mrtkbcStkUlrbs'Tg'Etm~ak'Kt' eTIbTg'cab'ksagTunbCabiyPaB bCaPifuti beJareVkrasExrlg'exA edayTg'yl'faTunenHGacrkaGMNacrbs'Tg'Camas'EpndIExr[enAsitesrVnyUrGEggteTA . ehIy edayTg'yl'rebobenHehIy eTIbTg'cat'EcgrcnaneyaVydwknSrbs' Tg'eTAtamEtTMenIgcitcg' tamEtbMNgpal'xn nigCaplbeyaCns _ Mrab' G~km~agm"Unicpg edayyksukExr rasExrTSgGs'CabkrNE _ lgt BicarNarbs'Tg' . edayxacsWg-g"ukfaj'deNImTunenHBIdTg' sIhnu VnGnuvtbnabBissWg-g"ukfaj' edayecaTfa elakfaj'CaCnkt'Cati kt'raCblg ehIyminGnuJat[elakfaj'cUlmkrYbrYmk~gsgmCatiesaH eLIy ekaysni~siThWENvq~S1954 eJHsukExrTSgmUl rasExrTSg Gs'Casmtidac'frbs'sIhnuEtm~ak'Kt' sUmIelakfaj'VnsresrsMbu tpal'xnmksMucUlrYbrYmCamYyTg' k*Tg'minyl'BmTal'EtesaH . eka ymkq~S1957 elakfaj'Vnsresrlixitpal'xncMnYnbIpl'{vaTsIhnu

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fa semckMBugeFIneyaVynSesckIvinasmk[beTsExrnigbCaras ExrehIy k*semcminQWkalykcitTukdak' . sni~siThWENvVn[ ExrrkanUvbuNs&kirbs'G~kcuHcUldUckalBIedIm EtsIhnuminVneKarB lk&NenHeLIy . BYkExrevotmijk*dUcEtExrsr: nigkumP~MdgErk, BYk sWg-g"ukfaj', Edr KannrNam~ak'VnTTYlbuNs&kiBIsemcsIhnuesaH eLIy mintwmEtb"ueNaHsemcsIhnuVnTSgcat'BYkKijtamGegtKb'G~k cuHcUlCaerogral'f . GegttSgBIskmPaBbcSf JksMdIebIniyayTietondl'neyaVysIhnu k*nwgtUvKijcab'jat'KukPam dUckrNIelakva"n' QYg, GtItExrsr:sWg-g"ukfaj' (1) , elakqay-y"t (2), elakekgva"n'sak'CaedIm .
(1) edayminVnbuNBIsIhnu BYkExrsr:P~MdgErk, ekayBIcUlmkrYmrs'k~gsgmCa tiehIy, k*eTArkbkbrbrepg@ciJwmCIvit . elaklav-FansIuVnmkEGbCamYyelak ln'-nl' eJHFa b'CasisnayTahan ehIyCitditeTotpg bneQaHlav-FanGIum tUvCamitPkirYmf~ak'CamYyln'-Nunpg . elakln'-nl'Vn[elaklav-FansIueFC I a cagha gviTal&ykCnexmra EdlCakmsiTirbs'elalln'-nl'pal' . elaklavFansIuVnebIktUblk'esovePAmYy eQaHsarika enAtg'cMNtrfynQ~lenAparfI . elakdYg-c&nsar"atVneTArksIulk'sSgenATenb wT extkMBg'cam . elaksSg-sava"t eFC I acagha gsarBtmanExrfI, eTAmux, QamExr ehIyVnniBnbelamelakd*EsnBieraH manes~haxg'xs' nigmanes~haCatid*ebaHmutrbs'tYGg KWerOg eteCakhm nig mhaecarenATl'Edn rhUtdl'elalesk-sMeGotcab'ykeTAsma b'ecal enAedImq~S 1959 . esrxMV nGanesovePATSgBIrenH (1956) edaymaxMm ~ak'mantUblk'esovePA rMlgK~abYntUb . elakGIuv-y"ageFC I aKUbegonkCn nigsIuQ~leFe I mFavICamYyCati kwg Nam~ak'enAkugP~MeBj. elakKS-er"teFk I arCamYykumhun CMnYj mhabUJJNiC xageCIgparFMfI xagEp~knSTMnijecjcUl ( Import-Export ) . elakhg-Funhak'cUl eTAEGbCamYymhaktIyanIkusm: edImIkaLela nnigsil:bMerIeKalKMnitEkEbsgmExrtambMNgrbs'elaksWg-g"ukfaj'VnEppS edaysresrerOgela ndUcCa erom cgeyIg, efAEkcitecar, sMbuktemV, kJacriya, vibties~ha, cieJnbJScit, edIm Fk rkaCati, frS Etelakmindak'eQaHelakCaG~kniBneLIy . (2) elakqay-y"tk*CaGtItExrkumsWg-g"ukfaj'Edr sIhnucab'dak'KukCamYyK~anwg elakGIuv-y"ag . ln'-NunVnTTYlbJa BIsIhnueTAcab'BYkP~MdgErkBm@K~aEtmgenA fTI20 Exmkra q~S1959 edayTg'sg&yfa VncUlrYmdCamYysm-sarI, dab-QYn bugeFr I dbhartamesckI[karNr _ bs'G~ksIGIuv-y"ag sB frs'enAkugV"rIs beTs VrSg . elaksSg-sava"ttUvelaks&kibIesk-sMeGotCaG~kcab' . elakesk-sM eGotVnykeCIgeTAQUssMeNAniBnrbs'elaksSg-sava"t Fa k'rat'ray (tamesckI [karNr _ bs'elakswum-Kin ) rYcehIyykelaksSg-sava"teTAsma b'ecalbeNay eTA . esk-sMeGot ekayBIbmUlluykak'edaylk'BeQI bUraNvtt Mbn'bnayqar ( hun K~aCamYyhul -Tn ) manluyrab'lanVt ehIyVnsg'eragkun m"asiunkinsUv sg' vILaenAsukesom edayXubXitCamYysug-sak' . (2) elakqay-y"tk*CaGtItExrkumsWg-g"ukfaj'Edr sIhnucab'dak'KukCamYyK~anwg

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elakGIuv-y"ag . ln'-NunVnTTYlbJa BIsIhnueTAcab'BYkP~MdgErkBm@K~aEtmgenA fTI20 Exmkra q~S1959 edayTg'sg&yfa VncUlrYmdCamYysm-sarI, dab-QYn bugeFr I dbhartamesckI[karNr _ bs'G~ksIGIuv-y"ag sB frs'enAkugV"rIs beTs VrSg . elaksSg-sava"ttUvelaks&kibIesk-sMeGotCaG~kcab' . elakesk-sM eGotVnykeCIgeTAQUssMeNAniBnrbs'elaksSg-sava"t Fa k'rat'ray (tamesckI [karNr _ bs'elakswum-Kin ) rYcehIyykelaksSg-sava"teTAsma b'ecalbeNay eTA . esk-sMeGot ekayBIbmUlluykak'edaylk'BeQI bUraNvtt Mbn'bnayqar ( hun K~aCamYyhul -Tn ) manluyrab'lanVt ehIyVnsg'eragkun m"asiunkinsUv sg' vILaenAsukesom edayXubXitCamYysug-sak' . ekayesk-sMeGotGs'GMNac edayExrkhmQ~H ehIyCiHTmaKckrt'eTAsukesom edaysgwmeragkunvILaTSg enaH EttUvsug-sak'dak'eQaHvaTSgGs' esk-sMEGotsl'Etkitexa ehIymkGal&y EtCab'dykbBnem"A-sn, cagha gtulakarswkVt'dMbg, bBnedImesk-sMeGotk* rt'ecaleTAenAsukVrSgCamYykUnsI(kUnciJwmCakyxagbBn) eTA . ekaymkesksMeGotVnsUkfcUlmkCMrMqunbUrI EtKanbeTsNamYyBmTTYlykesaH TSg Pre [Kat'eTArs' Venet, TSgxagshrdVnVb'esk-sMeGotfa beTseKKankEng enAeT (q~S1981) . esrxMV nmkTan'eXIjesk-sMeGotenAk~gCMrMqunbUrI . kalenaH esk-sMeGotVncUlrYmCamYyBHetCBHKuNhuk-savN (sB fKg'enAbeTskaNa da ) eFC I ajtiepe I TAGgkarshbCaCati KSTsemcsIhnu ehIyedIreKorKreK[CYycuH hte lxaelIjtienaH EtxME dlTTYlxustUvxagslalamFmsikaFunbUrI VnbqSg minBmcuHhte lxaelIjtienaH eJHsMGagfa neyaVysemcsIhnumincas'las' semcsIhnuCaemExrkhm . elakesk-sMeGotEfmTSgsYr nigVnTSgkt'eQaHxMT u kk~gbJIe xArbs'Kat'eTotpg . ekaymkesk-sMeGotVnsUkfEkeQaH ehIyeFI Visa Ekg bnM VnecjeTAsu kVrSg eTArs'enAlak'muxk~gkugV"rIsr _ hUtdl'q~S1990 . (kkn enAq~S1993 esk-sMeGotVnviltLb'cUlsukExrvij ehIylk'kalCamYy neratm-buVeTvI, neratm-ckBg nignut-NarSg k~gCYrKNbkbCaCnkmCa . q~S 1998 esk-sMeGot, neratm-buVeTvI nigneratm-ckBg k*vilkalmkcuHcUlxag KNbkhn siunbiucvij . sB fenHesk-sMeGot VneFC I asmaCikBwTsPaxagKN bkhn siunbiuc ) .

sIhnuVnkayCamhavIrburs edayTamTarkraCVnBIGaNaniKmV rSgedImIkesbykGMNac[eBjd semcsIhnuVndak'raCsmtidl' matabitak~gq~S1955 ehIyhk'cUlmkbLkbegItKNbkneyaVymYeQaH sgmrasniym . manExrxHVnlYcxibniyayK~afa KNbk neyaVyrbs'sIhnuebI[eQaHfa sgmrasyM eTIbtUvCag . (kkn sgmrasniym ebIdkEtJkrasecjKWKNbk sgmni ym . edImI[rwtEtdUcsgmniymEmnETn semcsIhnuVn[smaCik enAk~gbkehAK~afa shCIvin shCIvinI CaedIm ) . Tg'VnkMeTcKN bkneyaVydTeTot edayebIviFIeXareXAbMput dUcCa[mnusykKab' EbkeTAKb'smab'elakeGov-ekIs CabFanrdsPa nigCabFanKNbkb -95-

CaFibety, [elaksm-sarIykBYkKijnigTahanhg eTAVj'elakeGor sIucUv, ekg-va"n'sak'CaeXasnikbkbCaFibety EdlkMBugeXasnaenA muxksYgeXasnakak~gq~S1955 EteKaHlKab'kSePIg EbrCamktUvG~kebI kbrLansm-sarIeTAvij (3) . kumbkneyaVyTSgGs' edayxacsIhnueFIVbsmab'ecal k*Bm cUlrYmCamYyKNbksgmrasniym EdlmansIhnuCabFanGs' xH eTotk*rs'enAEtkg minhaneFIskmPaBneyaVyGIeToteLIy dUec~H KanG~kCMTas'bqSgnwgsemcsIhnueToteT . sIhnuk*GnuvtneyaVy rebobCiHesHEbrx~gElgd eFIescnwgcitTg'nwkeXIj KannrNamYy hanCMTas'rarSg sUmIEtG~kEdlsIhnuVnEtgtSgCaTIbwkapal'rbs'T g'enaH k*minhanpl'{vaTpyBIkaryl'eXIjrbs'semcsIhnuesaHeLIy . ExrkaleNaHEtgEtniyayK~afa tamEtBHbJajaNd*PWsagrbs' BHGgcuH CaBiesselakm"a-eLABI EdlCaG~keFIGtaFibayEfmfyy"a gBieraHk~gBiFIsimiTiepg@ EdlmansIhnuCaGFibtI paytamsemgviT Cati . ( kkn elakm"a-eLABI VnviltLb'eTAsukExrvijk~gsm&yrdkmCa ehIyVncUlCasmaCikKNbkbCaCnkmCa . elakenAEtbBwtElg Cl'man'dEdl CacMNUlcitrbs'elaktSgEtBIedImrhUtmk . tak' ) ) . eKsegteXIjmanmtiyl'eXIjbIcMeJHrUbtYGgsemcsIhnu 1- BBYkksikrExrenAsukEscMkar edayminVnTTYlkarsikaGb'rM Ep~k viCaBlrd ( Instruction civiques - Social studies ) manCMenOfa sIhnu CaG~kmanbuN Ca BHVTFmwk tamknButTMnay (4) tg'vK cin lIKmIredIrrkBHVTFmwk . kalxMenACasisviTal&ysniPaBkugkMBg'sW k~gq~S1960 kalenaH semcVnyageTAsemaFGaKarviTal&ymYyeTIbnwgsg'fI . BYkeyIgCasi
(3) tamesckI[karNr _ bs'elaksium-Kin enArdva"siunetan . (4) BHVTFmwkEbfa escEdlbkbedayFm Gnuvtcab'TsBitraCFm ( FmTSg10 bkar EdlescltUvGnuvteKarBtam ) . BHVTFmwkenHmank~gkSgTMnayrbs'taBut EtExrG~kcmg t@mk edaycg'[eKeCOkan'EtxS genaH, k*sresrEkeTACa BuTTMnay eTAvij . tamBitBHBuTKg'enAbeTsNaeNaH BMuVneFk I arTsnT _ ayBIsukExreT. TMnaytaButVnEcgfa dl'Jk'kNalsasna (BuTskraC2500) enAsukExrnwg manGsurVMbITis cSgkab'cak'K~aQamdabeJHdMrI ehIynigmancinBIsukcin lIKmIr edIrsH Esg rkBHVTFmwk mkCYbelaksgFutugcIBrrEhkKg'elIf ehIysal'faCa BHVTFmwk k*nSescFmwkenH[eTAbgabBYkGsurTSgenaH[Qb'cSgK~a rasExrsuk Esk*nSK~akat'yl'fa sIhnuCaBHVTFmwk .

elakVn

sab'enAsukExredayeraKebHdUg (mincSq~S bEhlmuneBleVHeq~atGun

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seskJk'ksNanyuv&n exaGavkaKI mancgkava"t'exAy"agtwgbMBg'k nigs&kibenagrUbsemcsIhnu pakyuvCnraCsgmniymExr rENgreNagy"agFujTan' . BYkeyIgVnTTYlbJaBIelakcaghag gYn-esg [ekaktSgBIBlwmsag@ etomxnmkQrcSTTYlbdisNarkicsemc sIhnu tSgEtBIBmwmem"agVMmYyrhUtdl'ftg'ekAEhg . EP~kTSgras TSgsisTSgGs'K~a xMsmwgemIleTAlMhGakas EkgeXIjynehaHknM ruyescehaHmk . eBlTmaKckehaHEqlBIelI sIhnuVneVHkNat'yIehasgm. ekg@rasTSgsITSgbusrt'Can'K~atamdeNImkNat'enaH . enACitxMmanmIgm~ak' sab'EtkNat'Fak'mkcMKat'Etmg xMeXI jTwkmuxKat'etkGrNas' deGabkNat'enaHy"agCab' QrPwkePcxnmY ysnHFM . ekaymkKat'BMuVnykkNat'FunefakenaHeTAkat'eskJk' eLIy Kat'eCOfaCavtBisidirbs'BHVTFmwk . Kat'VnykkNat'enaHeTA tMkl'elIhwugCamYyBHBuTrUb faybgMral'f (5) . sunrkfay"agEvgGna y EbkCaGUrhUrCaswg semctiHedolbgab'GaemrikSgfa GaKSg (6) min ecHeFIEsxHGgrsIu (tamBitGaemrikSgCabeTselxmYyk~gkardwkGgrec jeTAlk'ekAbeTs) eCrnaykrdmnIesomfa Gaf~mkaTikacn katn ka qa pg eCryYneg"a-DineDompg . bCarassukEs, CaBiesstayay cas'@ Ggyecagehagsab'sunrkfasemcsIhnu ehIy{nelIkdbNmdak'elIkal dUceKsab'elakeTsnG _ Jwg . rassukEscMkar munnwgniyaydl'BHnamTg' eKEtgEtelIkd bnleLIgeTAelIkal nwkrMlwkdl'BHGgCanic eJHTg'CaG~kmanbuN . G~kxH manTSgBYkBHGgmas'xHpgGYtfa nwgeCOfa vgescExrCavg BHeJFist EfmeTotpg . rasExrxHeTot VnTSghamkUnecAkMu[tieTo nBITg' eJHnwgmanVbFn'Nas' . 2- cMeJHmtibJv&nExrvij BYkeKyl'eXIjfa semcsIhnuelaPln' GMNachYsehtu kesabykkickarnaykrdmnImkkan'pal' ykkickar rbs'tulakarmkeFICakarcUlKal'svnakartamEbbescExrCMnan'edIm Tg' [rasQb'eQaHK~a ehIysna[Vk'b"ueNHb"ueNaH . elaktahul
(5) Kb'Etcas'@ CaBiessKUmnGaKm VnykkNat'sgmenaH k*rUbftsemcsIh nudak'elIhuwgCamYyTKU kEngyn BHBuTrUb fa ybgMral'f . (6) JksIhnuehAGaemrikSg . tamerOgburaNExrEdlsresrEtBIerOgesc dUcCaBH Cinvg, rtnavg, TiBs ga r.l. eKsresrrebobEtmYy KWmankUnescecjeTAeron mnGaKmKafaBItasIenABehmJn . Kb'@EterOgEbbenH, tasImanekgbMerIm~ak' eQaHfa GaKS (GaKSgecAta) . GaKSglg'mhaEsnlg' rs'enACamYyelaktasI rab'sibq~SmkehIy sIk*GaKSgminecHEdr kMusUmI nxa k' k*minecHpg . sIhnuyk eQaHGaKSgenHmkehAmkdak'[GaemrikSg faGaemrikSglg' (manEtsIhnueTEdlecH) GaemrikSgxH GgrsIuCaedIm .

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elakXwm-TitEdlkan'luyenaH minEdlebIkVk'[rasenaH@ tambnl rbs'semceT Kat'lYckibLiblak'Tukpal'xnKat'y"agsnwksnab' . cMeJHGaharUbkrNe _ TAeronbreTsvij (7) Tg'GnuJat[xH@Edr EtEp~kxa gtiknikbeckeTsesaH xag neyaVy, esdkic, sgmkic, cab' Tg' minGnuJat[Cadac'xat edaysIhnusMGagfa xacnSmenaKmviCabreTsep spascUlsuk . tamBitKWsIhnuxaceKecHCag ehIymkdeNImGMNac BITg'eTAvijeT . sIhnuCaesccitsI qab'xwg mayagrg"k'ecIn kMejIjcg'laElgrab' rydg (EtsIhnuenAEtelIGMNacrhUt) [eKGgrnSK~aeFIjti QrTamTar sMu[BHGgenACa GKmKeTske _ qI~mteTAeTot xateBlevlaGs'snwk . sIhnuGYtGagxagBUEkeFIkun dUcCabegItJk FIgemag CaedIm . ta mbPBcas'karNf _ a semcsIhnuxUcEmn cUlcitsINas' (8) . namWun Exrm~ak' edaycg'ykKab'KYrCamYysemcsIhnu k*nSPriyad*ss'ekgeTA cUlKal'semcTteXIjk*sBBHT&y TajdelakCMTavekgcUlbnb'Vt' eTA . namWunenaHesIrEtnwgeFIGtXatxneJHEterOgenH EtedaysemcsI hnudemIgbuNesInwgrdmnI k*eBjcitVt'mat'QwgEtmgeTA (9) . dUcb BncugbFanaFibtINeNsIusUkarNU CamYyKUekgextesomrabm~ak' . G~ksIsUkarNUVnmkenACamYysemcsIhnu dMNak'P~MbUkeKacMnYnmYy GaTitEtBIrnak' . semcsIhnuCabitaKb'vis&y bitakraCCati, bitakILaCati, bitasi kaFikarCati, bitasil: (tYkPaByn), bitacemog manbTkUlablYgV Vg (rhUtVnm~aglavmYy), eBlratICYbP&k.l. CYnkalTg'eLIgbKMu ePgpg, bitakasIuNUCati, bitaevotkug nigcg'eFICabitaedjevotkugeTot Et Tg'sirimt:nigln'-nl'minGnuJatTuk{kas[ .
(7) GaharUbkrNC _ aCMnYyBIbeTseCOnelOn tamry:GgkarshbCaCati man UNESCO CaedIm dl'beTsTn'exay [bJnsiseTAeronenAsukeK manVrSg, GaemrikSg Gg'eKs EtedImIVnGaharUbkrNT _ SgGs'enaH eKtUvsUkVk'xg'10mWunerol dl'G~k Edlkan'kab'xagGaharUbkrNe _ naH ebIBMuenaHeT eKbJnEtkUnecAeK kUnnamWunEdleV" EL[eTAeroneroneTAvij . (8) enHCaTma b'rbs'namWunExrtSgBIbUraNmk edImIVnbuNs&kiBIesc eKykkUn, CYn kalCabBn [EtescsB BHT&y, eTAfa yescdUcCakfafnj"j, BukkfafnQMu, esctaj'extVt'dMbg, VnykkUnsImYyeTAfa yhgneratm nigkUnsImYyeToteTA fa yescesomCaedIm . (9) sUmGanesckIsmasnr _ bs'sIhnu k~gTsnavdI Playboy Vol.34 No.5- May 1987 pgcuH EtTg'BMuVnlattdagGs'BIerOgBitrbs'Tg' CamYyGs'elakCMTav elaksIxH @enaHeT .

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semcsIhnumancritEbbYl Kancas'las' maneKaledArkaEtGMNacpal'xn bnat'neyaVytamnwkeXIj fenHGeJH EskeLIgEbCa GJHeTAvij sIueCar nigcUlcit[eKbeJarekatsresIrBIxng . sIhnuKWkmCa ! kmCaKWsIhnu ! nrNa ExrNaEdlminyl'sbtam eyabl'Tg'eT KWCaCnkt'Cati . semcsIhnuykelakJb-Giun (10), esA-g"uy, sIusumut-suvNrI nigExresrICaecIneTot eTAVj'ecalenAt JMgkLwg (kMBg'sW) rYcehIyftbJSgk~gkmviFITUrTsn_ Kb'eragkunk~g kugP~MeBjnigextekA BmTSgcuHk~gTsnavdI sgm EdlmanTg'Ca caghagpg . semcsIhnuVnbegIt[elgeboreV" GaeV"g ElgsIusgKb'muxeB lcUlq~SExrmg@ eFI[Vt'bg'Gs'ElgbCabiyExr ehIybCarasExr enAelgElgsIusgCaecInExbneTAeTot . Tg'ebIkkasIuNUrdykVk' cUlCYyTb'fvikaCatieGanfy . bCaras namWunExrvwkvreJHEtkasIuNUCa ti xGElglHK~a dUcCakrNIelaksWg-ePOkf (11) CaedIm xHeTotcgk smab'xn elatTwk sI@xHkayCasIlk'xn ecarkmecarqk'ekItJseBjkugP~MeBj kugsIubJSgkan'EtekItecIneLIgenAmuxeragkasIuNUmat'Ten Citsalctumux, namWun Ky b"UlIskan'EtsIusMNUk BukrlYykan'EtxSg edI mIykluyeTAsg'edImk~gkasIuNUrd . matasIhnu, ktIkusum: nigG~km~agm"Unick*xMrksIuEterog@xnEdr . k tIkusum:CamatasemcsIhnunigG~km~agm"UnicmintUvK~aeT xMbECgbNSg deNImebIGMNacTiBlCamata CabBnbmuxrderog@xn edayEtgtSg mnusCaTIsMNb'cit ecjsMbuteVHtaraCvSg tSgPYg-m"arhaMg[eFICa caghageGssaed (S.K.D.) CaedIm . G~km~agCamYybgxnKWGu-m"aNUrin eqtrksIuhunCamYyBYkyYnevotkughug-yUpg, rt'BnmasVTIntamynehaHpg (12) (Kym~ak'Edlcab'edayminVndwgfa Carbs'G~km~agm"Unic k* tUveKpas'ecj24em"ag visEtnwgGs'buNs&kiEfmeTot), dwkGgr f~SeBT
(10) kalenaHsemcsIhnuVnbkastamviT [ExresrIcUlmkcrcaK~a . elaksWgg"ukfaj'sYrrkG~ks&KcitcUlmksukExr tamexttaEkv EdlkaleNaHelakGiun-tSeFI CaecAha yext . sIhnuVnEkEbBIcrcaCamYyExresrI tLb'CaykJb-Giun eTA[ ekgeCrmaycas'eqHy"agGakk'GakI paytamsemg viTCati . elakGiun-tSVnVb' Jb-Giun[sMueTassemceTAnwgVnrYcxnehIy EtJb-GiunminBm . semc[yk Jb-GiuneTAVj'ecalenAtJMgkLwg ftbJSgKb'eragPaByn . (11) pHxMe nArMlgBIrpHBIpHelaksWg-ePOkf EdlCardmnImg nigCacagha gsarBt man matuPUmi EtekaymktUvsIhnubwTecal k*eVHerogcinman davTiBs UL g, eTB nIesnaka han.l. vij . (12) esckI[karNr _ bs'elakEm:-esArI CakyxagPriyaelakGiun-tS sB frs'enA kugP~MeBj .

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kSePIg Kab'rMesv CamYycinKYc-Gan

eTApl'[T&Bevotkug-evotNamxag

eCIg enAmUldantSgelIdIExr tamextCab'CayEdnExr-yYn . mYyeTotKYsarExk-vNDI (manTMnak'TMngCitditCamYyG~km~agpg) VnTTYlksiTi Biessk~gkarrksIueFICMnYj edayykkumhunrdeFICatImux ( Magasin d'Etat ) k~gkarnSTMnijcUlBIbreTs, BiessBIsukVrSgmklk' . eJHEtreboby"agenHehIy eTIbbeTsExrEdlpac'CMnYyGaemrikSgk* manvibtiesdkicy"agFn'Fr ehtumkBIemdwknSnignamWuntUcFMKanvicarNJa NKitxacrlayGs'sukdl'bnicesaH . rhUtsBfenHehIyk*eday eKenAEteqIydak'fa mkEtBIBYkbeTsmhaGMNac, mkEtBIBYkKUcUlCa mYyExrkhm (sMdIBYknayTahanxH) Ettg'sIhnu tg'namWunExreFIkar [Exrkhm eFIkar[yYnmkyksukenaH BYkeKhak'dUcCaemIlmineXIj esaH . tamBitG~kcUlCamYyExrkhmminEmnmanEtKUeT manKb'ksYg tSgBIeBT ecAkm viskr.l. semcsIhnuesatk*CaemExrkhmEf meTAeTot . 3- tamTsn:G~kniBnbreTs CaBiessBYkbswmbeTs eKemIleXI jfa sIhnuCaescskiPUmitSgBIq~S1941 (1) dl'q~S1970, Cabmuxrd, Ca naykrdmnI, CabFanbkneyaVyEtmYyKt' (sgmrasniym), G~kdwk nSbKMuvg'ePg Jazz, caghagTsnavdI (sgm, epg@), caghagftPaB yn nigCatYkpg, CaG~kebIkkasIuNU, CaG~ksaklgrYmbJlTwsIBuTni ymniglTibCaFibety (tam{vaTrbs'bFanaFibtIr"Um"anI EdltUvbha CIvitenAExF~1989 edImIrkaGMNacTg'[VnmYyCIvit) . CamnustVn kar qab'xal' cUlcitGYtGagBIfIdxageFIkun, minGnuJatGt'eTasdl'kar TietonnigkarExgeyabl'pyBITg'eLIy, cat'TukTIbwkanigG~kCMnYyfama nsmtPaBmindl'Tg', citlNas'CamYyG~kEdlecHykcit lutkabKa b'KYrreNbrNbsbtamTg' (EdlPasasamJniyayfa ecHtwmEt kU Naess@b"ueNaH), Etm~ak'@xacjejItNas'nigcritqab'xwgceLatrbs'Tg' . sunrkfarbs'semcsIhnuCasMdI ecaldwgTSgdg manlkN:BiessLb'@m"ag (Idiosyncratic) ehIykarBnl'rbs'Tg'ecInman n&yminVkdmincas'las' . k~geBlCamYyK~aenaH semcsIhnumaneTBekaslbiunbsb'xagEp~kneyaVy mansmsrwgbwugnigmanVCaevogv (EtKYrsaynUvemdwknSenH EdlminVnTTYlkarGb'rMxagEp~kdwknSesaH ) . bnab'BIkarcab'epIm (eroneFIneyaVyTTIbTTab mincas'las'mYy BIdMbUgTImk semcsIhnuekbCJk'ykVnlkN:TSgGs'enH k~gpl beyaCn _ nbuBehtud*xg'xs'mYy -KWkarrkabeTskmCa[sitenAk~gs niPaBnigkraCPaBVnmYyry: rYcputBIkarrMelaPrbs'G~kCitxag (esomyYnxagtg EtsIhnu[yYnxageCIgrMelaPtSgesnaFikarswkenAelIdIExr) -100-

TMnak'TMngenHVneFI[Tg'GacykC&yCMnHelIstUvxagekA k*dUcCaGtaFi betynstUvxagk~gbeTsEdr . minEtb"ueNaHesat KWTMnak'TMngrbs' Tg'CamYybCarasExr nigCamYybeTsmhaGMNacbreTs - CaBiess CamYyshrdGaemrikEdlmkCMnYsVrSg manGMNacCaFMk~geCayNci nenaH - CaEp~kd*sMxan'mYynbvtisask~gkarrlayvinasGnrayrbs' beTskmCaenH .

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buBehtunkarTMlak'sIhnu
cab'tSgBIq~S1960erogmk semcsIhnuVnFak'cUleTAk~gGnak'rbs' emdwknSyYnnigcinbCamanitu eJHEtsemcsIhnuminsal'xnelak nig minsal'nrNaCastUv nrNaCamit[Vncas'las' . tamkarBnHrbs' emdwknScinCU-eGgLay semcsIhnuVnbJb'Elg[shrdGaemrikbn karksagpvf~l'k~gsukExrteTAeTot eJHemdwknScinVnbMP&ysemcsI hnufa GaemrikSgsg'pvFM@ KWmanbMNggaysYlcuHynehaHcMVMg deNImGMNacBIsIhnu . enHKWCayuTviFIrbs'cin (nigyYnhU-CImij) Ed lcg'[TICnbTsukExrenAdac'syalBIsgmdwknS BIkarTak'TgCamYy TIkug [CIvPaBbCaCnenACnbTpyK~asLH BICIvPaBrask~gTIkug k~g eKaledAkMu[TICnbTExrrIkcMerInVn edImITuk{kas[yYnnigExrkhmga ysYlk~gkareFIeXasna Tak'TajrasExr[sLaj'TwsIkhm dUcEd lem"A-esTugVneFIVneCaKC&yk~gcMeNambCarascinkIkenATICnbT EscMkarsukcinBImunmkenaH . edImIpab'citemdwknScinnigBmanshrdGaemrikpg semcsIhnuVn bJaelakXwm-TitnSTahanhgeskJk'sIuvil ecjeTAbmUlsisanusisBIKb'viTal&yrdnigkCnk~gkug (CaBiesssisBIviTal&ycMerIn viCa-kmCbut) eTAvaysanTUtGaemrikSg, sanTUtGg'eKs (CitvimankraC kalenaHesrEdlCasisf~ak'TI4viTal&ysIusuvti VntameTA ehIy QremIlelIcieJImvifIBHneratmxaglic eXIjsismYykumkMBugerIkka yhIlkunTmak'tambgcBICan'elImkekam), vaybMpajTIcat'karTsnavdI elakesrI (Cab'xagtgviTal&ysIusuvti) k~gq~S1963 pac'CMnYymancMN g rbs'shrdGaemrik ehIybegInCMnYytcMNgrbs'cineb"kSg rusI nigbeTskumynisdTeTotvij ehIydl'q~S1965 sIhnuk*pac'cMNgTU tCamYyshrdGaemrikCasaBrEtmg . karpac'CMnYyshrdVneFI[esdkicExrsH manvibtiy"agFn' . fvika CatitUvcuHeGanfy eJHcMNayecInCacMNUl edaybB&ndwknSExrKan bsiTiPaB . smtiFmCatimantgkeNgtgTTwm ( Sapphires, rubies ) rab'ekadidular rt'BnecjtamextcnbUrI ( eTAhugkug rYceTAsIs kumhun q~tgsIssal'fa b"linsitenAk~gsukf ehIytgkeNgb"linCa tgCab'elxmYy ) (13) . rdminecHrkbeyaCn_ ehIyTukePaKplsmuT
(13) dIxg'CaghasibKILEm"tkLamanEr"tgkeNgexov keNgs keNgelOg ( but NSfg) tgTTwm eBCf tgtg. q~S1973 esrVneTArksIuTijlk'tgenAb" lin (kugs) tgexovminTan'q~tUc@ (BIrbIKab'Tmn'mYykara"t) kalenaHmaneKCIkVn tgexovmYyTmn'CagbIrykara"t TMhMb"unBgman'Ec G~kCIkVn@EtBIrlaneroleT tg

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enaHtUvecAha yextkibLibykVt'eTA . erOgenHlIdl'P~MeBj elakGiun-tSVnmkemI lEttUvBYkQjnigecAha yextnSBga g bnb 'faKantgecIneT manEtbnicbncsMra b'[rasK~arksIuciJwmCIvitb"ueNaH . efAEkTijtgecInmkBIhugkug dUcCaV"gsug (ma nCageKTijtgKab'FM@) , sIuKg' (TijtgKab'lit) nigmanefAEkkULa EdlmanedImkM eNItenAb"lin tSgEtBICIdUnCItaeKmk dUcCaefAEkKYn-CIg mantgmYyTMhMb"unmuxnaLi kad Kat'niyayfa VnTijkalBIq~S1948 tmb YnJn'erol . erOgtgb"linenH su kExrKanVnkMrbg'BncUlrdesaH .

[yYnnigQjesomcUlmkekoryk edaytUvK~aCamYyecAhayextExr (14) BeQItUvBYkQjesomcUlmkkab'edayecAhayext manesksMeGotCaedImhunK~aCamYysug-sak' CamYyBYkQjesom . kardwknSecjC&rekAsUnigsUvminKb'Kan'eLIy . EfmBIelIvibtienHeTot tmC&rekAsU tUvcuHefakk~gparGnrCatieTot . semcsIhnu, edayeCOsab'tamKMnitBYk eqgniymnigemdwknScin k*sMerceFICatUbniykmshKasnana, kumhundw knSTMnijecjcUl ( Import-Export ) eragckkCn. EtG~kkan'karBukrlY yKanmnsikarCatiKankarGb'rMhwkhWnxagEp~kesdkic ehIyCMnYyBIbeT skumynisk*minKb'Kan' nigKanKuNPaBEfmeTot . elIsBIenHeTAeTot enaH GgrtUvecjtamparggit edaycinKYc-GanhunK~aCamYyG~km~agm"Unic, Gu-m"aNUrin, nayTahanxH, bCaCnxH nSykeTAlk'[BYkevotkug ykCa Vk'erolEkgkaysuTsaF minVnrUbiyb&NGnrCatiesaH . kMhusneyaVyd*Fn'mYy KWkarGnuJatrbs'semcsIhnu[yYnevot kug-evotNamxageCIg tSgmUldannigTIGKesnaFikarswkelIdIExr Vnpl'plGakk'ecInCagl . BYkyYnevotkug-evotNamxageCIgVnbeJH[bCaBlrdExrelIbHeVrTamTardIBIExr k~gExsPaq~S1968 nigbegItKSTpt'pg'Gb'rMBYkExrk hmEdlmanTItSgenATICit@mUldaneK . karCYyyYnkumynisEdlsemcsIhnuyl'fa CameFaVyGacbeJ ssgamenAk~gsukExrenaH tLb'CahucplpyeTAvij KWTg'VnnSsgam[raldalcUlmkk~gsukExreTAvijesaH . shrdGaemrikVnsMerctamkMeTcmUldanGKbJakaryYnevotkug-evo tNamxageCIgk~gEdndIExr eJHeKmanPstagKb'Kan' k~gkarEdlraCa NackExr VnCYyCMrkTahanyYnevotkug-evotNamxageCIg CYyCJn pl'Ggrnigsmar:swk EdlynehaHGaemrikSgftVnCaecIn nigVnsc
(14) mitPkiCMnan'CamYyxMV necjeTAbegonenAekaHkugVn[karNf _ a kUnb"UlIs G~k raCkarkMbiukkMb"ukeq tsMucab'mankUnTUkensaT TUkenaHsMrab'CYl[BYkesomcUlmkcab' tI bgar k~gEdnTwkExr dl'ExcSEtTTYlkMrcMnYnBIrmWunerol cMeJHkUnTUkdak'm"asIuntUc mYy (q~S1967) .

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ykTSgLandwkGgr f~SeBT sasavuFeTA[evotkugenaHpg . shrdGaemrikebIynehaHeb-52 [eTATmak'Kab'EbktamBMEdnExr -evotNamxagtg ehAfa btibtikarswkGahareBlBwk Operation Breakfast ehIybEnmeday btibtikarGaharftg', btibtikarGahar eBllac .l. Cabnbnab'hUrEh . yl'eKaHGasn~mkdl' semcsIhnuk*yl'BmsuxcitPab'cMNgTUt CamYyshrdGaemrikvijk~gExmifunaq~S1969 . semcsIhnukalenaHedayeTarTn'eTAtamG~km~agm"Unic Edlcg'[sI hnueFIBiFIraCaPiesk (edImIxnVneLIgCaGKmehsIeBjys) nighak'dU cCacg'dkxnBIneyaVymkesayraCCaescvij edayKb'BiFIctBH ng&l semcsIhnuecjmuxTTYleFI nigykG~km~agecjmux [bCaras ExrVnsal'Kb'K~apgk~gBiFIenaH enAKb'extk~gsukExr . edayGs'pvnwgedjT&Bevotkug-evotNamxageCIgecjBIEdndIExrenaH semcsIhnuk*rkelsecjeTABaVlCmWenAbeTsVrSg enAfTI6 mk ra 1970 . ebItamkarBitvijenaH KWsemcsIhnuecjeTArkkarGgrkrsMu[ emdwknScin rusIeFIsmaFbgM[kgT&ByYnkumynisdkfyecjputBIEdn dIExr . VkdNas' KWenAedImq~S1970enHg EdlsemceQgyl'fa sgamVnraldalcUlmkk~gbeTsExrehIy@Tg'VnbeJjkMhwgCa saFarN:bqSgnwgBYkkumynis (2) . eqteBlenaHTg'sirimt:EdlmanTMnas'raCvgCamYysIhnu (15) b ENn k*rYmdCMrujelakln'-nl'Camit edaymankarKSTBIkumsWgg"ukfaj'pg [Tmak'sIhnu edaybegIt[manVtukmTamTar[yYnevotkugevotNamxageCIgdkfyecjBIEdndIExr nigkarvaysanTUtevotkugnigsa nTUtevotNamxageCIg (16) enAkugP~MeBj .
(15) tamcab'raCtkUlExr ekayhgsIusuvti munIvgsuKtedaysH eJHesomyk extVt'dMbg esomrabenaH tUvsIusuvti munIer"teLIgesayraC EtVrSgyl'eXIjfa Tg'munIer"tCamnuscas' BiVkBt'[bMerIplbeyaCnV _ rSgenaH VrSgk*sMercyksis enABnKr, neratm-sIhnu, BHCn17q~SmkesayraCvij eJHCaekggaysYlBgk ' beJa rdwk . enHehIyCaTMnas'raCvgExr rvagExneratmEdlmansIhnuCatMNag nig vgsIusuvti (sIusuvts i irimt:CatMNag) k~gvibtineyaVyExr CabuBe htumYyEdr k~gkar Tma k'semcsIhnuenH . karEdlVrSgyksemcsIhnumkesayraCenaH KWcg'ykra sExrTSgmUlTukCakJH VrSg karenHdUcK~anwgevotNam Edlykhun -EsnelIkeLIg [eFC I anaykrdmnIExrsB fEdr . (16) karEdlsiscUleTAvaysa nTUtenaH eKykVnksarsmat'yYn EdlsikaBIcM Nucexayrbs'namWunExr emdwknSExrfa emdwknSExr nayTahanExr mnIExr cUlcit luyelxmYy sIelxBIr bkBYknigGMNacelxbI . ksarenaHtUvksYgsmat'Exr eKbMbwTecalVt'eTA minykmksika pBp ay[rasExr emdwknSExrdwgeLIy .

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rdbharTMlak'semcsIhnu
db'fcugekayk~gzan:CabmuxrdExr semcsIhnuminTan'sMerccit y"agNaenAeLIyeT . buBehtuCMrujelakln'-nl'nigTg'sirimt:ykmk ebIenaH k*enAEtmincas'CaGIEdr . enAfTI8mina1970 manVtukmbqSg kgT&ByYnevotkug-evotNamxageCIg EdltSgenAelIdIExr CaBiessenA tMbn'cMBuHeskEtmg EdlynehaHeb-52VneFIkarTmak'Kab'Ebky"agFn' Fr (3) . semcsIhnuEdlyagecjeTATIkugV"rIs_ faedImIeTABaVleraKenaH KWmkBITg'mankMhusTTak'TTamk~gkar[kgT&Bevotkug-evotNamxageCIg tSgmUldanelIEdndIExr ehtuenHTg'tUvEtdkXasin Tuk{kas[elak ln'-nl'cat'karbeNjkgT&ByYnkumynisecjsin rYcescsIhnunwg yagviltLb'mksukExrvij ehIyVnrYcxnBIkarecaTbkan'epg@ Vn BHnamfImYyeTotfa bitaedjeyokkug BIEdndIExr EtsIhnuminnwkdl' eTfa Tg'sirimt:VnrYmK~aCamYyln'-nl' eKagerobcMTmak'Tg'BIbmuxrd ExresaH . tamkarBiteTAvijenaH elakln'-nl'nigTg'sirimt: VneFIkarTak'Tg CamYysWg-g"ukfaj'erogrhUtmk . CaTahrNk _ ~gcugq~S1958 eBlEdl semcsIhnubJa[kgeyaFBlexmrPUmin eTAB&Tcab'dab-QYnenAesom rab nigenAfTI20mkra1959 cab'bkBYkelaksWg-g"ukfaj'TSgGs'enATI kugP~MeBjenaH elakln'-nl'Vn[elaklav-FansWu (caghagviTal&y kCnexmra) eKcedaHxnmYyry:sin ehIyeTAeFIkarTak'TgK~aCamYyelaksWg-g"ukfaj'enAevotNamxagtg . EtelaksWg-g"ukfaj'Vn[elak lav-FansWuvilcUlmksukExrvijeFICarnukk~g eJHCitditnwgelakln'nl' . KMeragkarTmak'semcsIhnu k*erobcMedayelaksWg-g"ukfaj'Edr EtTg'sIusuvti-sirimt: Edlcg'eFIescedaycENnnwgsIhnuenaH k*erob cMTmab'sIhnuEdr KWVnsMerc[eFIKtsemcEtmg Etln'-nl'minyl' Bmtam Tuk[semcyagecjeTAekAbeTsExrsin eTIbTmak'Tg'Caeka y dUcCaelakln'-nl'rujsemcsIhnu [cUlrYmCamYyxSgstUvrbs' beTsExr (yYnxageCIgnigExrkhm) Etmg . fTI4 dl'9 Exmkraq~S1968 k~gKMeragkarerobcMenH (17) elaksWg(17) ExresrI205nak'sMucuHcUltamextVt'dMbg manTSgkncab'tsU kneXasnamk CamYypg Eckcaydl'TahanExr[Pa k'rlwk . k~gGtb TeXasnamanEcgBIeKaHf~ak' nneyaVyxusrbs'sIhnu . ekayBIVnGanGtb TTSgBIrenaHxH @mk eBlyagcab' dnayTahanExresrIcuHcUlenaH sIhnuhak'dUcCayl'BIkMhusneyaVyTg'Edr eTIb

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semcTg'BHsEng (yM) CaxS g enAnwgmuxnayTahanExresrIcuHcUl nignayTahan exmrPUmin . Tg'manbnlfa ehtuGV I nCaExrEbkVk'K~a xH CaExrekam xH CaExrk Nal enHmkEtBImenaKmbreTs . TahanExresrIcuHcUlenaHKWman98nak' dwknSeda yelaketa-xaj' mkBIbusGMeBA, 107nak'dwknSedayelakfac'-sYn mkBIb"usif _ v, 120nak'Cakumcl&tCJnesg GavuF nigVk'Ex enAb"usk i_ ab'eCIg .

g"ukfaj'Vn[T&BExresrIenAsukesomeFICamksMucuHcUl ehIykalenaH semcsIhnuVneFIBiFITTYlBYkeK Edlmanelakfac'-sYnCatMNagExr esrI enAk~gbrievNvalemru . k~gkgT&BExresrIenaH manelaksiun-KinenA k~genaHpgEdr EdlVneXIjsemcsIhnuTg'BHkEng(yM) mkBITg' hak'dUcCayl'eXIjBIkMhusneyaVyxusrbs'Tg'xH@Edr k~gerOgExr EbkVk'K~aenH . semcsIhnuVnvayExlYsmkfa Tg'nwgcUlmksukExrvij edImI ykelakln'-nl'nigTg'sirimt: [eTAqgeqIyK~aenAnwgmuxbCaras . sIhnuVnsMercfa nwgyagnivtnc _ UlP~MeBjvijenAfTI18 mina 1970 . fenaHBYksIhnuniymVnykTg'CatieTAedathUrEhr tamdgpvmitPaBExr -sUevot tSgBIvalcMNtynehaHeJFicintug rhUtdl'kugP~MeBj . m~ak'@ nwkfa elakln'-nl'nigTg'sirimt: muxCanwgTTYlTaruNkmk~gkarrwgTTw gbugeFIrdbharenH . k~geBlCamYyK~aenaH kumsIhnuniymnigkumbqSgsIhnu kMBugeKokKrK~aedIrbmUlrkkmSgKST (4) . BYkbqSgCamYysemcsIhnumanelakln'-nl', Tg'sIusuvti-sirimt: nigkgT&BCati buKlikxuTkal&y BmTSgrdsPapg . BYkKSTsemcsI hnumanGu-m"aNUrin (bgfsemc), Exk-va"n'DI, nayTahanbInak', KU-run nig kgb"UlIs, elxaFikarkgT&BeCIgeKaknigsuEsn-EhrNg'Eds nigBYkGPi VlextPaKecIn (5) (CaBiessesk-sMeGot) . k~gPaBGasn~enaH elakln'-nl'Vncat'[elakvresniykesgsunf (18) cat'EcgkarJrTb'Tl' EkgmanclaclVj'K~arvagK~ag nig erobcMTb'Tl'CamYykgT&ByYnevotkug-evotNamxageCIgpg .
(18) k~gcMeNamnayTahanCMnan'TI1nigTI2 manEtelakesg-sun feT EdlmanVCa Qa sv esaHtg' nigmanKMnitsaFarNrdniympg . sUmbJa k'Edrfa nayTahan ExrCMnan'TI1 manelak sI-sam"n, Gu y-sy, hu l-Xun (CakUnelakbU hul CitditnwgsIhnu), epg-pan'GIu, zabna-gin, qay-Lay, hU TYk, sk'-sut sa xn, b"uk-sMGan . nayTahanCMnan'TI2man elakesg-sun f, eBA-lwmva", kUc-sM erc, suEsn-Ehr Ng'Eds(Cab'ExelahitBIBYkkumpgeBgB&rTuyehs eGsaj"l) Gu-ma"NUrin (VntUvsIhnutemg I s&ki BInaycMNg', eday, mkCanayTahank~gq~S1952 edaysIhnusB BHT&ynwgnagkJam"Unic-GIusIu BukCatiGIutalI CabnelakGu-m"aNU rin Buks&kibIGu, BukepgK~amayCamYy), nigdYg-c&nsara"t .

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kumnayTahanEdlKSTsemcsIhnuTSgbImanelak hul -Xun, epg-pan'GIu nigkUc-sMerc . tamesckI[karNr _ bs'elakeV"-fn fa elakkUc-sMercbugyk kSePg I m&reCbIedImVj'pk'epa gcUlpHelakln'-nl' k~gEpnkareFX I atelakesg-su nfenaH . Gtcritrbs'elakesg-sun f KWmingayTukcitnrNa ehIyminEdleTApH nrNaTSgksNanesaHeLIy elIkElgEtmitCitditelakm~ak'eQaHbU kabU . elak ln'-NunVn[BYkGavuFht (kumkUsdeqAsMrab'ln'-Nun Edlha nbqSg) bYnnak'mkcUlrYmdcat'EcgXatkm yb'enaHKWfTI21 mina 1970 ebIkMcat'nrNa namWunNa elIrUbelakesg-sunfenH .

ekaykarbkasTma k'sIhnubIf . elakeV"-fnEdl

VnenACab'nwgelakesg-sunf VnlaecjeTArkss'sUbVysin enAem"ag8yb' eJHGt'eBjmYyfmkehIy EtmunnwgecjVnpSecAha yKat'fa kMu[ecjeTAekA[ esaH eTaHCanrNamkehAk*eday sMu[elakby&t~xn . elakesg-sunfedayGs' kmS geBk VnTaje"GIubt'mkTMerkxnsMrakykkmS gbnic . etIkumenHeKerobcMEpn kary"agNa edImI[ln'-NunVnrYcxn ? . BYkkumelakhul -Xun nigBYkkUsrbs'ln'-NunTSgbYn VneTAVj'sma b'elak bU kabUenApHelak rYcebIkrfynrbs'elakbU kabU mkXS cSenACitTIGKesnaFikarpH elakln'-nl' rg'cS{kasl . KWeBlaEdlelakeV"-fnVnecjeTArkss'sUbV yenaHg EdlBYkXatkrVnebIkLancUleTAPa m . kumkUsdeqAm~ak'VnEskBIk~g Lanmkfa sUmetCKuNGeJj I eLIgLan! elakkabU[xMV TmkTTYl! . gakeTA eXIjcas'CaLanelakkabUCamitCitditEmn k*Kankarsg&ybnicesaH . elakesgsunfk*BmeLIgLanedayKanVnpSTahanNam~ak'fa elakeTATINaesaH . enAelIrf y n k u m k U s d e q A r b s ' l n ' - N u n k * e k o k v a y b M V k ' k s ma b'elakesg-su nfeTA rYcehIyBYkeKk*yksaksBelakesg-sun f eTAdak'enAelIpHelakesg-sun efg ( bgbegItelaksun f EtVnTTYleKaHf~ak'LancMnYnbIq~SmunmkehIy ehIypHenaHenA TMenr elakesg-sun fCaG~kTTYlrab'rgrka) enApvkmCaekam Tl'muxpHelakbU ka bU . enAelIpHeKerobcMdbsa manEkvbYn canbbreBjcMnYnbYn . BYkeKVnykkSePg I rbs'elakbU kabU mkVj'sBelakesg-sunf BIfal'xagsSFa ymkcMehogkal xagekay Ep~kxageqg . kSePg I enaHeKdak'pab'nigsac'saksB rYceTIbVneKekHk Vj' (G~kVj'KWelakhul -Xun) eJHtamkarsegteXIj rnKab'cUltUcTMhMb"unKab' rnecjFM . eKykkSePg I rbs'elakbU kabU edImI[eKeCOfa TSgBIrnak'eQa HK~aEmn Etvaminsmtg'fa mnusGgyTl'muxK~a Kab'Vj'cUltamfal'xageqg eTIbtUvnwg erOgbDitenH ehIymYyeTotG~ksukEdlenACitxagpHenaHVn[karNf _ a eKVns~r kSePg I EtmYyKab'Kt' . (18) (t) BYkeKbegItelIkerOgEkg fa elakesg-sunfVnpwksasvwg ehIyeQa H K~aCamYyelakbU kabU rYchUtkSePg I Vj'K~aeTAvijeTAmk sa b'tSgBIrnak'eTA . em"agVMbYnyb'fTI21minadEdlenaH elakeV"-fnVnviltLb'mkvij ehIy saksYrnrNak*mindwgfa elakesg-sun feTATINaesaHeLIy . elakeV"-fnk*eqa eLaCamYyelakc&n-Nun ehIyTUrs&BTak'TgCamYyelakbU y"an rkGs'mYyem"ageTot k*enAEtmindwgfaelakesg-sun feTATINa . elakeV"-fnVntamrkrhUtdl'nak'elO gCamYyelakc&n-Nun rhUtdl'em"ag12GaFat . enAem"agBIrmanTahanmktameTA ss'sUbbbrsin rYcBwkeLIgem"ag6 k*nSKI~K~aecjtamrkeTot mkEb"kxaglicmg ehI ymkCYbelakCMu-sav"nenAGgs~l k*enAEtKandMNwgBIelakesg-sun feTot ehIy

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VnviltLb'mklMenAelakln'-nl'vijenAem"agbIresol . enAem"agbYnlac elak hul -XunVnehAelakeV"-fneTApHelak rYcsMLtTarykkUnesarTUEdkedImIcak'yk ksar ehIyVnVb'fa Gaesg-sunfvasa b'ehIy edayvacaj'sMbf [eTAyk sBvamkcuHenApHelakesg-sunefg pvkmCaekameNaH . elakeV"-fnVn cakecjeTACamYyelaksr-bYn eTAyksBelakesg-sunfmkdMkl' .

edImI[semcsIhnuyagcUlmkkmCavij edayKanbs&KenaH k~gratIfTI21mina1970 kumelakhul-XunVnerobcMEpnkarNe _ FIXat elakesg-sunfy"agsat' . erOgXatkmd*GafkMVMgelIrUbelakesgsunfenH manTSgln'-Nun (ln'-nl'yl'BmpgEdr) cUlrYmd eday VnykkumsIhnuniym mkeFICaExlbwTVMgGMeBId*KMrukenH . semcbug nwgcUleTAkugesomrab EtBYkelakln'-nl'VnykFugsSg eTAdak'Js eBjpvkMu[ynehaHcuHekIt mYyfekayBIXatkmelIrUbelakesg-sun fenaHmk, elakln'-nl'VnecjbJa[Xat'xnnayTahanTSgGs' Ca BiessBYkEdlmankarTak'TinnwgXatkmenH eTIbclnaKSTsIhnubqSg ln'-nl'Vnsb'sat'eTAvij . ehtuGIVnCaln'-Nunnigln'-nl' sMerccitsmab'elakesgsunf EdlCYyelakeTAvij k~gkarTmak'sIhnuBIzan:bmuxrdenaH ? KYrrMlwkeLIgvijEdrfa kalEdlelaksWg-g"ukfaj'viltLb'BICIvPaB nireTssukVrSg ehIycUlBP~MdgErk eFIkartsUvayGaNaniKmVrSg TamTarkraCenaH elaks&kiBIrdYg-c&nsarat VnnSTahan150Lan kSePIgrt'eTAcUlCamYy . esg-sunfk*nSTahanrt'eTAtamelaksWg-g"uk faj'Edr EttUvVrSgtamTan'enAtg'P~MEtgmanC&y (Qb'[kan'TahantSg BIenaH) . ehtuEdlln'-nl'nigln'-NuncMerceFIXatelakesg-sunf k* eJHEtxacelakesg-sunfeFIrdbharykGMNaceTA[elakfaj'vij enaHg . ehtuEdlxMhanGHGagy"agenH eJHelakswum-Kin (CYbsmas nC _ amYyelaksMeGOnenAkalIh&rnij"a1988) Vn[karNf _ a edayenA EtminTukcit elakln'-nl'k*saksYrelakLwk-sMeGOn EdleTIbcuHBIsu kfeTAenaHfa etIelakfaj'manbMNgdeNImmuxnaTIbmuxrd bFanaFib tIsukExrenHeT ? . elaksMeGOnk*eqIytbvijfa eKaledArbs' elakfaj' KW[EtsukExrVnkayeTACasaFarNrd enaHelaksbay citNas'eTAehIy eTaHCanrNaVnkan'GMNack*eday vaKansar:sMxan' GIcMeJHelakeT ! . Etkumln'-Nun/ln'-nl'enAEtmineCOelakeTot rhUtBYkeKnSK~abMEbkTahanExrekam Em"kh&k Mike's Force excxI ehI yBYkeKenAmankarsg&yelIrUbelaktmesniy Gu-savut EfmeTot Ed-

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lsahm _ kelgsaksYrsuxTukelaksWg-g"ukfaj' . ln'-Nunk*sMer csmab'elakGu-savutecalm~ak'eTot KWbIfekayEdlelakGu-savuFmkP~M eBjtamkarekaHehArbs'ln'-nl'mkVb'fa xnKat'minEmnBikarTSgGs' eT KWKat'GacmankUndUceKgEdr . kalenaHCaelIkTI8ehIy EdlelakGu savutQagcUleTAelgsYrsuxTukelaksWg-g"ukfaj' nigTTYl{vaTBIkar es~haCati BlikmedImICatiBIelakfaj' . k~gXatkmelIrUbelakGu-savut enH ln'-NunVnerobcMqakfa elakGu-savutVnTTYleKaHdl'sab' eda yeKaHf~ak'kLab'LaneTAvij . enAfTI13mina1970 semcsIhnuk*sMerccityagecjBIkugV"rIse _ TA mUsedImIsMuCMnYyKST . BYkemdwknSsUevotVnXat'sIhnu[enAkugmUs kMu yageTAeb"kSeFIGI EtsIhnuminBm eJHemdwknSsUevotKanVnsnafa nw gykGMNacmk[Tg'vijesaH sIhnuk*sMerccitbndMeNIreqaHeTAkugeb" kSgEtmg . kalenaHemdwknSkugeb"kSgenATwgmYysnHEdr edayeK[BY kTUtcinenAP~MeBj eFIkartfCamYyelakln'-nl'bniceTotsinEkgVn pl . ekayfTI18mina1970 cineb"kSgenAminTan'pac'cMNgTUtCamYybeTsExrenAeLIyeT . G~ktMNagkarTUtcineb"kSgVneFIkarTak'TgCYbtf CamYyelakln'-nl'CaecIndg esI~sMu[rdaPiVlExrenAbnCYykgT&Bevo tkug-evotNamxageCIgteTAeTot dUcEdlraCrdaPiVlExrsm&ysemc sIhnuVnFab'eFIkalBImunmkenaH . tMNagTUtcinVnniyayfa kar TMlak'semcsIhnuCaerOgpk~grbs'ExreT kugeb"kSgminrvIrvl'CamYy semcsIhnueT ehIycinenAEtbneKarBrdGMNacExrteTAeTotebI 1- ExrBmGnuJatpl'smar:swk sasavuF f~SeBT BIsukcineTA[ kgT&Bevotkug-evotNamxageCIg EdlbeTskmCaFab'eFIBImunmk edImI [evotNamGacbneFIsgamCamYyGaemrikSg vayrMedaHykevotNamxag tg[Vn . 2- ExrenAEtGnuJat[kgT&Bevotkug-evotNamxageCIg tSgenAelITw kdIExrteTAeTot . 3- ExrenAEtbneFIkareXasnaKSTmityYnevotkug-evotNamxageCIg dUcmuneTot ekayBICYbcrcaCamYyln'-nl'CaecIndg rhUtdl'fTI5sPa1970 KWmYyExmfekayTmak'sIhnurYc tMNagTUtcinyl'eXIjfa Kan karrIkcMerInKYrCaTIeBjcitesaHenaH eKk*[dMNwgeTAeb"kSg@kMsMercbkas pac'cMNgTUtCamYybeTsExr rYcehIycink*gakmkKST TTYlsal'nig snafa ykGMNacmkfayTg'vij EtsemcsIhnutUveKarBlk&NmYy -109-

KWtUvcUlrYmdCamYyBYkyYnhaNUy nigCamYybnExrkhm . cincg'[ExrCYyyYnkumyniseTIbeKniyayfa eKminxl'CamYysIhnu eT KWcinyksIhnumkeFICabkrNC _ YyyYnevotkug-evotNamxageCIg (6) T&ByYnevotkug-evotNamxageCIgcab'epImvaybharsukExrCadMbUg k~gfTI2emsa1970 . k~gsankarNd _ *dundabenH elakln'-nl'k*sMuCMnY yT&BEm"kh&krbs'elaksWg-g"ukfaj'BIevotNamxagtg mkCYyCabnan' Edr . kalenaHtmesniyGaemrikSg Haig VnBmanelakfaj'fa kMu[elaknST&BcUlsukExrCabnan'eBk [enArg'cScUleTACYyBIxagekA eTAvij eTIbmanbsiTiPaB . enHk*CakMhuselakfaj'Edr EdlenAEtyl'fa ExrTSgGs'enAEtsLaj'rUbelakdUckalsm&yq~S1952dEdl elakk*hk'cUleTAk~gGnak'BYksvwgGMNacln'-Nun, ln'-nl' EdlV nerobcMkMeTckumelak nigbMpajeKagkarTSgGs' Edlelakfaj'tUvcUl mkkarJrbeTsExr[rYcputBIEpnkarshPaBNcinnhU-CImij (20) . kgT&BelaksWg-g"ukfaj'VndwkcUlmksukExrTSgfTSgyb' tamynehaHnigtamrfyn manGavuFKb'd . kgT&BExrvijVnsmar:swk kSePIg Kab' exaGavevotkug Edlkak'dkhUtmindwkykeTA[T&ByYnxageCIgenaH mkeFIkarTb'Tl' . TahanmbYnem"agVnerIsCabnbnab'Pam@ . sresr dl'tg'enH esrxMsUmeKarBdl'viJaNk&nsisxMTSgLay edaykal enaHxnxMVnCMruj[BYkeK cUleFITahanecjeTAvayBYkyYnevotkug-evot NamxageCIg rhUtVt'bg'CIvitGs'CaecIn k~gsgamtn&ynrbbln'nl'enaH . kgT&Bevotkug-evotNamxageCIgVnvaylukykVnextrtnKIrI swg Etg mNlKIrI kecH edayebIviFIcak'ExGat's~rkSePIg eFI[TahanExr ln'-nl' nigecAhayextP&ysanEtevotkugecIn k*rt'ykrYcEtxnman tMu sarava"n' (tUveTasbharCIvit) nigecg-sayMubnCaedIm. mYyExekaymk eTIbshrdBmpl'CMnYykgT&Bdl'beTskmCa . cab'BIExemsa1970 mkTl'nwgExmina1973 KWkgT&Bevotkug-evotNa mxageCIgsuTsaF EdlvaylukbeTsExr minTan'manT&BExrkhmesaH eLIy . yYnkumynisVnvayrMedaHkan'kab'EdndIExrmYyEp~ky"agFM ehIy eKtYttatMbn'rMedaHTSgenaHdUcCaEdndIyYnGJwg edayVncat'EcgEtgtS gEp~krdVlext suk XMu CayYnTSgGs' .
(20) tamesckI[karNr _ bs'elaksWg-eL rdva"siunetan (GtitTahanEm"kh&k ) niya yfa elakfaj'VnsMuykkgT&BExrekamrbs'elakeTAdak'karJrpvBYkyYnevotku g-evotNamxageCIg enAtamextEb"kxagekItsukExr nigenAextesomrab kMBg'FM vay sak'pv T&ByYnxageCIg kMu[cUlmkk~gsukExrVn Etelakln'-Nunnigln'-nl'min BmTal'EtesaHtamEpnkarenH .

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CemaHrvagExrkhmnigyYnkumynis
enAedImq~S1970 yYnhaNUyVnykExrevotmij (21) cMnYn2,300na k' (7) nigsWg-g"ukmij (ehAGacaremon) EdlVnePosxneTAsmMenAhaNUy (22) ekaysni~siThWENv Exkkda1954 mk[dwknSclnaExrku mynis . karEdlkgT&Bevotkug-evotNamxageCIgvayluksaFarNrd ExrenaH BYkenHVnykTunbCabiysIhnumkeXasnaeVkVs'rasExr Edr dUcCaykrUbftsemcsIhnudak'elIb&NKNkmaFikarTak'TgCaedIm . cineb"kSgk*VnykTunbCabiysIhnumkebIEdr . sBfenHeTotk*eda y (1987) edImIcMehovxaj'sIhnuCaplbeyaCny _ Yn nigplbeyaCn_ kUnCwgxn (Exrkhm) cineb"kSgVneVHrUbsemcsIhnu rab'EsnsnwkEc k[BYkeyaFaExrkhm kan'cUleTAsukExr Eckcaydl'bCarasExr [ yl'cLMmgeTotfa BYkExrkhmCakgT&Brbs'semc mkcaMgykGMNac[semcvij . enHehIylTpln neyaVybCamti rbs'semcsIhnu EdlCa buBehtusarvnmYyd*Cak'cas' k~gvinaskmCIvitnbCarasExrbIlannak' nigkarrlaybeTsExrsBfenH . ( kkn dUec~HenAk~gkarkat'eTasExrkhm BIbTsmab'rgal EdlnwgeFI eLIgnaeBlxagmuxenH semcsIhnuKWCaemdwknSy"agsMxan'CageKTSg Gs' nGMeBIkidkmbqSgmnusCati, GMeBIkidkmsgam nigGMeBIsmab' Catig . ebITg'mins&KcitedIrcUleTA[eKkat'eTasedayxng tamdUc BHbnleT tulakartUvekaHehAsemcsIhnumuneKTSgGs' . swgg eQaHGI VnCaeQaHem"A-esTug ? ) . Caf~rnwgGgr yYnkumynisVnpl'eKOgsasavuF[BYkExrkhmxH EtminVanKb'Kan'tamkartUvkarrbs'bnExrkhmesaHeLIy . enAeBl EdlBYkExrkhmVnTTYlCMnYyBIcineb"kSglmKb'kmSgeK tamkarCYy
(21) BYkExrevotmijVnbegItKNbkneyaVyeQaH KNbkbCaCn manrUbng& lCasJasMKal' nigdwknSedayNub-bUpan . ekayNub-bUpantUvKijsIhnusma b' ecaleTA, ng-sYn (ekItenAKIrIvg, exttaEkv) VneLIgmkCMnYs rYccUlBrYmdCamYyExrkhm . (22) sWg-g"ukmij minEmnCabnelaksWg-g"ukfaj'Tal'EtesaH G~kxH enAEtyl'cLM erOgenH tamkareXasnarbs'yYnhaNUy EdlvaebICameFaVysMrab'Tak'TajBYkExr kNal Exrekam [cUlbMerIclnayYnevotmij KWykbeTskmCa rYmCamYylav evotNameFC I a shB&nNcin . edImIdwgKuNGacaremonsWg-g"ukmij EdlVnbMerI beyaCny _ Yn @VneVHrUbftGacaremonelIEtms _ Mbuttmm Yyerol nigelIVk'100 erolrbbehg-sMrinsB fenH .

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eCamECgBIsemcsIhnuenAeb"kSgenaH BYkExrkhmeqgdac'xatniym lTiem"A k*cab'belHykBYkExrevotmijbeNIr@ EdlBYkeKecaTfa kal yYnxnExr .

TidPaBnkarBiXatbCaCnfITSgKY@enAPUmiPaKtrTisnigbUJTis (kMBg'FM-kMBg'cam) KUredayelakGwug-bunhag ( elakGwug-bunhag Vnpl'sMeNArUbKMnUrenHdl'xM kalenACMrMexA-GIudag q~S1980 )

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edayxacyYn sWg-g"ukmij kayCaemdwknSeTAfmuxenaH b"ul-Btk*ero bcMKMeragkarNs _ mab'Gacaremonecal . b"ul-Bt saLt-sr Vn[ G~kCMnitCaExrelIeQaG Gab"g' lbykf~SbMBulExrelIeTAdak'k~gGahar smab'sWg-g"ukmijk~gq~S1972 (8) . rYcehIy b"ul-Btxngk*eLIgeFICa bFanelxaFikarbkkumynisExr EdlkaleNaHeKbwTVMgedaydak' eQaHfa rNsirrYbrYmCatikmCa eJHmankumsIhnucUlrYmCamYypg . semcsIhnukalenaHeFICabFanraCrdaPiVlrYbrYmCati tSgenAekAsuk (enAkugeb"kSg) . tamBiteTA semcKanTiBlGIbniceTAelIclnarNsirrYbrYmCatikm CaesaH ehIyminGacmkCan'dIsukExr edayKankarGnuJatBIb"ul-Btnig bnExrkhmeLIy eJHfa Ggkarmin[sIhnumksukExr eJHebI [sIhnumk cas'CabCaCnrt'eTArksIhnuehIy cMENkeyIgvij eyIg muxCaeVsKUfTeT (9) . dUec~HExrkhmKan'EtyksIhnumkeFItwmEtCa Q~an'eXasnaeKogKrbmUlkmSgKSTbneKBIdMbUgTIb"ueNaH eJHkal eNaHTn'bCabiyPaBrbs'semc enAmanTiBlxSgkaNas'k~gcMeNa mbCarasExrsukEscMkar . fIebICarbbpac'kardUcK~a rbbraCaniymnig rbbkumynisCastUvsab'rs' BYkExrkhmminGacyksemcsIhnu[ mktYtkalBYkeKenaHeLIy . rNsirnigraCrdaPiVlrYbrYmCatikmCamanEteQaHb"ueNaH tamBitpk~gKNkmaFikarpk~gsuTEtCaExrkhm-Ex revotmijTSgGs' . BYkExrkhmekayBIVnCMruHBYkExrevotmijbeNIr@mk eKk*cab'epIm bqSgecjmu xCamY ynw gBY kyY nevotku g-evotNamxageCI g rhU tdl' man karb"HTgicbyuTsIusac'hutQamK~ay"agFn'Fr . etIbNalmkBIehtuGI ? dUcEtkalsm&ysr:EdrenaH BYkyYnTukBYkExrkhmCakJH CaxM sMrab' bMerIplbeyaCne _ votNammYymuxb"ueNaH edayeCotECkkickarpk~grb s'BYkExrkhm eFIxnCamas' CaecAhayelIkalExrkhm . karenHKWyY ncg'bgajfa yYnmanbMNgyksukExrTSgmUlCaBitVkd . dUckalsm&ysr:Edr kalenaHBYkExrsr:VneFIkarkab'smab' yYnGs'CaecIn k*mkdl'sm&ybnExrkhm k*yYnenAEteFIrebobEtmYy edayemdwknSyYnKankaresaHtg' . tg'enHehIyEdlelakesk-sMeGo teCOtamsMdIrbs'sIhnu ehIyxMbJnkSePIg Kab'TSgLan@eTApl'[kg T&Bescral'@ExminEdlxan edImIVnbuNs&kixg'xs'eTot kalNaebI escvilmkkan'GMNacvijenaH . enAcugq~S1973 edaytUvvaylukevotNamxagtg[xSgkak~grdUvekAq~S 1972pgenaH kgT&ByYnkumynisedaymanCemaHCamYyBYkExrkhmpg enaHk*dkkgT&BQb'vaysaFarNrdExr, eTACayEdnExr-yYnPaKxagekIt -113-

TukPar:[rNsirrYbrYmCatikmCamgvij EtyYnkumynisenAEtkan'kab' mUldanswkxH@enAk~gEdndIExrenAeLIy . EpnkarCMruHBYkExrevotmij nig BYksIhnuniymk*Vncab'eFICabnsat'@ rhUtmkdl'Jk'kNalq~S1978 eTot dUcCakarcab'mUl-smti nigBYkJy&BTissmab'ecalenAfTI18 mifunaq~S1978CaedIm . enAeBlQ~HrbbsaFarNrdln'-nl'Pam b"ul-B tk*k*kMeTckgT&BnigBYksIhnuenAtMbn'extkMBt nigextnanaxHeTot Edl minVnbugxnCamunexcxIGs'Kansl' dUcCaecg-sayMubnCaedIm .l.

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CMBUkTI6 lTplnEpnkarhU-CImij
munnwgQancUleTAdl'lTplCasUercrbs'emdwknShU-CImij Cabzm xMsUmbriyayxH@GMBIC&yCMnHrbs'Exrkhm elIsaFarNrdln'-nl'enA fTI17 emsa q~S1975 .

bB u e ht u nCy & Cn M HrbsE ' xr khm ng i braCy & rbsr ' bbsaFarNrdE xr
b"ul-BtEtgEtGYtekgkagfa BYkvaVnvayQ~HckBtiGaemrikSgnigbri varln'-nl' edaysarEtneyaVyd*PWsagrbs'GgkarnigkgT&Bbdab'Ga vuFbCaCnkmCad*xSgkamhaGsar dUccMerogmYyrbs'vaecogfa neyaVyrYmpMGavuF besIremaHmutrbs'Ggkar.l. tamBit C&yCMnHrbs'BYkExrkhm VnmkedaysarEtyYnnigcineb"kSgeTAvijeT ebIKanCMnYysmar:swksnwksnab'BIcinbCamanitu nigCMnY yBIkgT&Bevotkug-evotNamxageCIg EdlvayExrsaFarNrdBIExemsa 1970 mkExmina1973 BmTSgsPashrdsMerc[bJb'ElgebIynehaHeb-52 eTATmak'Kab'EbkelIEdndIExreTot cab'BIq~S1973eTenaH bn b"ul-Btcas'CarkmineXIjC&yCMnHfTI17emsa1975enaHTal'EtesaH. EfmBIelIenHeTAeTot manktabIFM@VneFI[saFarNrdExrdYlrlMEdlxMsUmeFItaragebobeFobdUcteTA Exrkhm 1-KanxSgpk~g : b"ul-BtVneFI kareVssMGatsmab'BYkExrevot mijnigBYksIhnuniym . ExrsaFarNrd 1-manxSgpk~g: ecAhayextPaK ecIndUcCaesk-sMeGot CaBies snaykariyal&yTI2 KimeGgKUrunedt Edlpl'cMNucexay kumsaFarNrdnigkarsmat'n btibtikarswkeTAExrkhm . 2-KanGMeBIBukrlYy: vin&yEdkEfb KaneyaKyl' KanmenaseJt na (KanebHdUg) -1152-BukrlYyelIsCMnan'sIhnu1Ca 10 nayTahanln'-nl'sg'vILa manbBncugrab'sib

3-neyaVycitsasxSg

3-KanebIneyaVycitsas: na yTahanbMerIxSg lk'f~SeBT lk'Kab' .l.

1- enAk~gCYrExrkhm G~kEdleKGnuJat[cUlCaebkCnVnenaH luH taEtmanbvtirUbsatsM ehIyEfmTSgVnbMeBjlk&NmYycMnYnFM Edl GgkartmUv[eFI . GKelxaFikarbkkumynisExrb"ul-Bt Gackab'tYt taVnelIkumExrkhmTSgmUl edayebIvin&yEdkEfb nigGMNacpac' karvN:GFn . pyeTAvij elakln'-nl'minGactYtta kab'G~kekam bgab'elak[VndUcBYkExrkhmesaHeLIy . karTmak'sIhnumincat'Tuk faCabdivtnV _ neLIy KWCakardemImGMNacedayKankarbgrQammYy . kM husd*FMmYyrbs'ln'-nl'KW mYyminyl'Bmtameyabl'Tg'sirimt: Edl[eFIKt'sIhnu BIrln'-nl'VnTukm"asIuncas'rfynelakenAdEdl Kan'EtelakeLIgCaG~kebIkbrfIm~ak'Etb"ueNaH eJlKWG~kEdlKSTsIhnu enAEtTSgGs'k~gs~lnigbB&ndwknSrbs'elak TSgEp~krdVl TSgEp~k kgT&B . G~kTSgenaHVnxas'kg'saFarNrdmin[vileTAmuxpg nigmYy eTotVnCYyCakmSgdl'stUvnsaFarNrdExr (ExrkhmnigsIhnu) pg . BYkeKVnCJnkSePIg Kab' f~SeBT eTApl'[Exrkhm . cab'BInay TahanCan'xs' rhUtdl'ecAhayext suTEtVnCYykgT&Brbs'sIhnu ( Exrkhm) swgEtTSgGs' . sUmIEtln'-NunCabnelakln'-nl' k* VndwkKab'kSePIgeTA[ExrkhmEdr . k~gkMLgCab'dbyuTK~aenAtMbn' TYlelob eBlyb'elakln'-NunVnbJa[TahanCMnit dwkKab'ykeTA [ExrkhmenAP~MVsiTi Vk'dwg (1) . elakesk-sMeGot GPiVlext Vt'dMbg CaCnBukrlYym~ak'k~gcMeNamBYkBukrlYyCaecIneTotnrdaPiV lln'-nl' edayVnpl'Kab'rMesv nigeKOgsasavuFeTA[Exrkhm . k~gExemsaq~S1974 eBlEdlbnfelakedob-esonVncab'exaGav bYnVv EskeCIgbYnVv nigVk'37mWunerol (2) enAtg'PUmiTYlksSg BIr
(1) tamesck[ I karNr _ bse ' lak sm ui -Kn i kg u sG uI afl i rdv as " n u i etan . (2) esck[ I karNr _ bse ' laksn W -eL Gtt i embJa karenAbna yEtg . kalenaHPa ~ k' garsma tV ' n[karNf _ a manExry:xS gVndk w sma r: eTA[Exr khmenAPm U T i l Y ksS g . edayKa nbEgk elaksn W -eLVnny i ayvT i T akT ' g[bn edob-eson (GPV i l Gne u xt bl " n i ) eQa Hsa y-saemOnmkcab' . Gne u sny i ksa y-saemOnng i shkarI bn Y nak' VnmkTakT ' gng w elaksn W -eL@kV * nbEnm Pa ~ kg ' arsma te ' lakBr I nake ' Tot . km u e n H V n e c j Be I sA e n A e ma " g 4 la c eTAhB u T & P m U T i l Y k s S g rc Y c a bV ' n Gk ~ e bk I br Landk w eQB I r I nak' ng i Kb U zmsk i ama ~ k' (ePc eQa H) EdlkB M g u nSrbse ' TA[Exr khm. mns u ng i rbsP ' st agVnykmkTk u enAbna yEtg . eBlBk w eLg I elakedob-eson ng i efAEkGU VneTAsr Y cemy I . Gk ~ Cabe ' caTVneqy I fa Cavan " r ' bse ' lakesk-se M Got eb[ I nSeTA[Exr khm . mns u ng i vtC aPst ag VnbJn eTAVtd ' b M g . esk-se M Go tkV * nedaHElg[rc Y xn eTA .

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KILEm"tBIs~wg tampveTAkMBg'Kl', esk-sMeGotVnehAG~kcab'mksIbenasfa ehtuGIVnCaBYkgcab'BYkeK ? KWBYkeKEdl[BYkgsux ! kar enHKWxMVneFImkCayUryarmkehIy eJHBYkeKcSgEtCamYyyYnmYysnH eT nwgcUlmkrYbrYmCamYyeyIgehIy . elaksk-ey", sBfrs'enAkugtaxUm"a Vn[karNf _ a xnFab'Vndwg BIerOgesk-sMeGot dwkkSePIg dwkKab'tamLanTahanmg@xg'BI8eTA10 LanCaerogral'Ex nSeTA[ExrkhmtampvBIsIusupuneTAesomrab . kal enaHelaksk-ey"CanacMNg'enAbnayBCUk kLaj'kMBg'fvesomrab . kUnTahanBIrnak'Gt'minVnk*sYrfa ehtuGIVnCaeKdwkkSePIg dwkKab'cUl eTAtMbn'xSgy"agenH ebITahankMBugEtxHKab'enaH ? . kUnTahanBIrnak' enaHk*tUvembJakareQaHm"a-GUn ykeTAsmab'bMbwTmat'ecal (q~aM197071) . elakKimeGg-KUrunedtCanaykariyal&yTI2Ep~kykkarNs _ mat' Ca rnukk~grbs'sIhnu-Exrkhm Vnpl'karsmat'TSgGs'eTAyYnevotkug Exrkhm . ehtuenHehIyeTIbKb'btibtikarswknana manecnLaTI1 ecn LaTI2 tUvbraC&yrhUt . elakKimeGg-KUrunedtsBf (1990) enH rs' enAk~gCYrExrkhmCayEdnExr-f . k~gkgT&BswgEtKb'kgkPaB mankarlYcbMVt'cMnYnkUnTahanenA b"us i_ bnay ehIytUvstUvyYn-ExrkhmvayexcxI . kgT&BKanvin&yTal'EtesaH xHeTAbn'GukLkhagTMnij briePaKVy KuyTavmin[luyCaedIm xHeTotcab'sI kUnkmMueKTSgfdak'Lan rMelaP rYcykeTAlk'[bnsIeBsaeTot . 2- ebIniyayBIGMeBIBukrlYyvij xSgCagsm&ysIhnumYyCadb'Cam. ecAhayextcUlhunCamYynayTun cinparnScUlrbs'rt'Bn dwkTSgTU@ reTHePIg . b"usk i_ ugtUltYtBinitnimYy@ tUvrkluy[ecAhaynay (3) . k~gsm&ybLgmFmsikabzmPUmi ( Diplme ), mFmsikab&tPa KTI1 ( BAC I ), mFmsikab&tPaKTI2 ( BAC II ) enAcugq~S1970, 1971 Ca KMrUGakk'dl'buKliksika . ecAhayextVnepIkUnsI[naykmFmsika ( DP= Directuer Provincial de l'Enseignement Secondaire ) CYyy"ag[
(3) enAkugVt'dMbg ekayTma k'sIhnurYcmk ecAha yextVn[sisviTal&ynigsa sacarEckevnK~ayamEqkeqrckcUlkug k~gmYyfsiscMnYnBI15eTA20nak' ehIy manKUBIrnak'emIlxustUv . xn xMp al'k*VncUlrYmk~gkumEqkeqrenHEdr . BYkeyIgEqk eqrrkEtrbs'EdlTak'TinnigxSgsuTsaF rbs'rt'BnmintwmtUvEdlecInhYsehtu . xMs UmCMrabfa BYkeyIgminEdlVnTTYlyksMNUkTal'EtesaH . edayBYksisnigKU minecHrkluy[eKenaH eTIbknH q~Sekaymk eKk*bJb'Elg[sisviTal&ynigsasacareFk I arEqkeqrteTAeTot eKdak'BYkKij kgs&y tan nigbuKlikksYgepg@Ed lecHrkluyvij .

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EtVnCab', TahansaykSePIgcUleTAbLg ehIyebIkemIltamcit . buK likKyKij sUkluybFanKNembeyaK ( President de jury ) edImIVn Cab'nigVneLIgbuNs&ki . erOgmYyEdlxMcSminePcenaH KWsm&ybLg mFmsikab&tPaKTI2k~gq~S1972enAVt'dMbgkug (4) . sism~ak'CakUn nayTahanenAVt'dMbg, bEhlCaeKGagfaVnsUkbFanKN:embeya KrYcehIy eTIbeKVncemIyKNitsasTSgGs'mkcMLgdak'beNay . xMk*cab'sisenaH embeyaKBIrnak'eTotk~gsalbLgenaHk*tUvcuHhtelxaelIviJasarrbs'ebkCnenaH Pab'CamYyksarcab'Vn viJasarenaH nwgtUvVnBinsUn ( tamcab'ebImanPstag ehIyebIviJasarNamYyVn sUnenaH eKminbUkBineT ) . EteKVntUvr"UvK~aCamYybFanKN:embeyaK nigG~kkat'kalkdas'ebkCndak'elxsmat' eKk*dak'kdas'ebkCnEdl eFIltwmtUvtexaHCMnYs dkksarcab'VnKvat'ecal . ebkCnenaHk* VnCab'sJab&tmFmsikaPaKTI2eTA . ekaymkeTIbxMVndwgfa eKcMNayGs'Cag30mWunerol . enHehIyCaKMrUEdlCMruj[ksYgGb'rMCaticab' BukrlYyEdr cab'BIq~S1972mk . tSgBIsm&ysIhnumkdl'q~S1970, 1971 buKliksikaenAsatsMl Nas' EdlBYkraCkarrdkarKb'ksYg nignayTun cinparnSK~aehAfa na mWundIs BYkVk'Exgab' BYkBs'Blit . sankarNs _ gameFImin[KU Vk'Exgab'rs'ekIt bUkrYmTSgkMehIjGMeBIBukrlYyKb'ksYgnanapg ehIyBYkeKTSgenaHrs'VnsYl BYkbuKliksikak*cab'sIusMNUkecjmuxEt mgEdr xHeTotVnniyayfa ebIvadUec~HeTAehIyenaH KYrnSK~aCYyrujsaFar NrdenHTmak'TwkbeNayeTA eJHvaGs'pvEkehIy lk&nik:elIsbsaFarNrdmuxGtitraCvSg tUveKbMePcecal eVHecalk~gPk'CSGs' . BYk KUEdlmannin~akarkhm VneFI[elck~gcMeNamKUmFmsikafa BYkBu krlYyGs'enH emIleTAKanpvEkTal'EtesaH manEtpvm"agKWsmab'ecal . EfmBIelIenHeTAeTotenaH sisviTal&y CaBiessenAkugP~MeBj PaK ecInCakUnnayTahan KaneKarBvin&ysalaTal'EtesaH ykkSePIgcUl bnb'eron dal'KU ceLamxam (5) dUcCakumGam"Uvembn'CaedIm .
(4) edImIsMrYldl'kUnsis eJHpvcracrdac' ksYgGb'rMCatisMerc[ebIkmNlbLg mFmsikabzmPUmi, mFmsikaPaKTI1enAtamext EknigbkaslTplenAtamextEt mg elIkElgEtmFmsikab&tPaKTI2ecj viJasarebkC ntUvbmUlykeTAEkenAP~M eBjTSgGs' . (5) k~gq~S1972 enAviTal&yenty"g' mansism~ak'CakUnelaks&kiVMtulakarswkVt' dMbg (PUQYyelakem"A-sn) . sisnarIm~ak'VneLIgBIekameTACan'elI kUnelaks&ki VMenaHcuHBIelImk ehIycab'{bsisnarIenaHenACan'TI2 EdleF[ I sisnarIenaHxas'eK CaxS g . BwkEskeLIg KNkmkarvin&ynigsasacarTSgGs'VnrYmbCMu ekamGFibtI

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elakcagha g ehIysMercbeNjsisenaH Qb'[cUleronsalardnanaTSgGs' eTaHbICaBuksisenaHVnxMeFG I nraKmny _ "agNak*eday . enAviTal&yVt'dMbg (Gtit viTal&yBHmunIvg) mansism~ak'edayxwgnwgelakKU EdlVnbeNj[Qb'eronmYyGaTit edaybTBehInnigrMxansisnarIk~gf~ak' . fmYyk*cUlmkk~gf~ak'eron rYcda l'elakKUEdlkMBugbegon rYchk'ecjtambgceTA . sisenaHk*CakUns&kiVMm~ak'eTo tEdr .

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han Gs'elakecAhayextminrvIrvl'eGIeBI eFItamKMnitsgamcitsas nBYks~gkarneyaVyTal'EtesaH ehIyEfmTSgBYkeKemIlgayfa BYk s~gkarneyaVyEdlPaKecInCanayTahanGasIumIeL ( Assimils )enaH ecHmindl'BYkeKCanayTahan EdlVnsikaecjBIsalaeyaFaExr ( EMK - Ecole Militaire Khmre ) Tal'EtesaH . pyeTAvij BYkemExrkhmBMu EdlsikaTwsIsalaeyaFaNamYyeT EtBYkenHVnykTwsIsgamT&B qk'mkGnuvtVneCaKC&ymYyryPaKry kan'kab'Camas'lanbyuTVn ( Matre du terrain ) BYkGtitsissalaeyaFaEbrCaGnuvtTwsIsgamtS gBIsm&yGaNaniKm bmUlpMK~aEtenAk~gbnay TukTIxagekA[xSgeFIskmPaBVn100% CaBiessenAeBlyb' BYkExrkhmGnuvtsgamcitsa senHxSgkaNas' ehIyVneCaKC&yCaTIeBjcitrbs'eK . eKeXasna nigeFIviTgna bgviecTkm[pk~gsaFarNrdcbUkcbl' bCaCnElgma nCMenOelIrdkarln'-nl' ehIynwksresIrsLaj'BYkExrkhm ltwm tUv satsM minlYcbn'G~ksuk (ebIBYkeKebHEpemsmYy eKdak'luyelIedI memsenaH) sresIrfaeBTbdivtne _ cHcak'mlviTasastamEbbcin ( Acupuncture ) BUEks&kisiTi, minsIusMNUk .l. kmSgsaFarNrdEdltUvykmkvayxSgenaH tLb'Caykmkkab'ca k'smab'EtK~agpk~geTAvij ( ln'-Nundak'Kab'EbkbugeFIXatelakna ykrdmnIsWg-g"ukfaj', eFIXatelakesg-sunf, eFIXatelakfac'-Ca nigbNitEkv-saMgKIm, smab'elakGu-savuF ) .BYkkumln'-Nun eday xackumelaksWg-g"ukfaj'deNImGMNacBIbgKat' ( nl'-nl' ) k*bMEbk kgT&BBiess kgT&BEm"kh&kexcxI[exayElgmanbsiTiPaB . kgvr esnaNaEdlxSg dUcCakgT&Bq&teyag, kgTahanelakGu-savuF tUv kumln'-NunbJn[eTAvayKb'smrPUmi rhUtsab'Gs'Kansl' rhUt elakGu-savuFk*tUvsab'Vt'bg'CIvitedaysars~adln'-NunEfmeTot KW XatkmVneFIbIf ekayEdlGu-savuFVneTACYb ( TTYl{vaTebonbedA BIelaksWg-g"ukfaj' ) CaKMrb'elIkTIVMmk . eKmin[Kab' rfyndwkTahaneT luHNaEtembJakarsUkluy eTIb eKBm[ . ebIcg'ynehaHeTATmak'Kab'Ebk embJakartUvEtsUkluyEdr ebImindUec~aHeT kgvr:esnaenaH@k*tUvBYkExrkhmnigBYkyYnxageCIgvay sab'excxIGs'eTA . exaGavCaCMnYyGaemrikSgeKminebIk[TahaneT eKeTAbTHeXIjTSgKM nrlk'enAtamparnana dUcCaparGULSBicCaedIm . ebIEbrCaebIk[Tahanvij KWembJakarnwgkat'Vk'ExfexaGavenaH .k~g{kasEhrknTTYlelak GKrdTUtGaemrikSghn-F&redonenAVt'dMbgenaH TahanedIrkneskexa GavrEhk elakedonVnykexelakeTAeKaHpayeFIBImas elIsaesk-120-

sMeGot ehIymanbsasnf _ a payelakeFIsuTEtBImas Etras nigTa hanelakGt'Vy ! . etIehtuGIVnCaBYknayTahansaFarNrdCYyBYkExrkhm ? eJH 1- BYkeKnSK~aeCOtamBHraCbnlsIhnu EdlEskEkg@BIeb"kSgmk fa [kUnecAnSK~art'cUlB vaykMcat'bnkt'ln'-nl' nigckBtiGaemrikSg . ehtuenHehIyVnCaExrkhm GacbmUlkgT&BVny"agqab'rh&s eda yVnraCbnlsIhnuCYyEskBIeb"kSgpg nigedayTunbCabiyPaBsIhnuenAxs' k~gsTab'citKMnitksikrExrsukEscMkarpg . 2- BYkeKenAEtmanCMenOfa ( rhUtsBfBYksIhnuniym k*enAEteCOd Edl ) eTAfmux semcsIhnumuxCamkdwknSbeTsExrvijCaminxan . eh tuenHehIy ebIbYkeKCYykgT&BsIhnuenAeBlenH ( 1970-75 ) eTAfmux BYkeKcas'CaVnbuNs&kikan'EtFMeLIgEfmeTot enAeBlEdlsemcsI hnuyagmkkan'kab'GMNac CabmuxrdExrvijenaH . k~gKMnityl'cLMEb benHg eTIbbYkeKminykcitTukdak'sikaBIbnExrkhmdl'bnicesaH . k~gCMenOrebobenH eTIbVnCaln'-NunVnbJnKab'kSePIgeTA[Exrkh mEdr . braC&ynrbbsaFarNrdExr KWmank*edaysarEtelakln'-nl'pa l'Etmg EdlmanKMnitxI KWmYyminBmeFItamKMnitrbs'Tg'sirimt: Edl[ eFIKtsIhnu edImIkarJrkMu[sIhnurt'eTAcUlCamYyxSg ( bEhlCaln'nl'xacTiBlTwksmf EdlVKUykBHxan'raCkUr[pwkehIysffa minkt'eFIKtsIhnueT eJHln'-nl'eCOelIGaKmGUmGamJksmfNa s' ) . TI2-KWln'-nl'minBmdkBYksIhnuniym[Gs'esaH . EfmBIelI enHeTot tSgBIln'-nl'kayCaBikarsab'deCIgmk ( xMtdr{bGMNact eTAeTot ) ln'-nl'fIenHmindUcln'-nl'kalmunesaH . CaTahrN _ Kan' EtbBnfIekgVnkUn k*GYtVb'eKg bkastamviT ekaHehAGu-savuFBI lanbyuTkMBugxSgka mkVb'dMNwgcMkYtminsmehtuplenH . kalExr khmvayP~MeBjxSgkaenaH ln'-nl'VneFIsImadMuf rYcehIy[ynehaH ykeTAeVHTmak'CMuvijTIkugP~MeBj CasimakarJrkMu[BYkTmiLcUlmkk~g kugVn . ln'nl'[KUesksJk's sayfg'yamKvasVcGgrnSmux kgT&B cUleTAvayT&ByYneyokkug-eyokNamxageCIg nigExrkhm .l. KWln'-nl'cat'TukBYkyYneyokkug-eyokNamxageCIg nigExrkh mCaTmiL CaexacJybisac CastUvGrUbiy EdlKat'eCOfa tUvEtcuHcaj' TiBlrbs'BuTmnCadac'xat (?!) .

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fTI17 emsa 1975 CafmhaeCaKC&yrbs'bnExrkhmelIrbbsa FarNrdExr nigckBtiGaemrikSg . b"ul-BtVnbJaPam[edjCens bCaCnecjBIkugP~MeBj edayKankarGnueKaHesaHeLIy . bCaCnCag bIlannak' (5) VntUvcakecjecalpHsMEbgTSgbgM Vk'EbkJt'Vs' Em" kUnbIbBneTATIT@ edayxHenAkariyal&y enAsalaeron eTApar eTAeBTsYrG~kCmW enApHbgbnmitPki. KUeBTEdlKan'EtsMuBnaeBl emIlG~krbYs k*tUveyaFaVj'ecalPam . TahansaFarNrdEdlePc edaHksNanecal tUvBYkeyaFaVj'sab'cgag@ecalenAelIpvf~l' . G~kEdlsaklgBnaeBlEr"r" k*tUveyaFaVj'ecal Kb'Kab'EbkcUlk~ gpHsab'TSgKYsar . mnusENnNan'tan'tab'beCotK~aecjelIKb'pv ecjBITIkugP~MeBj . ekg mnuscas'Cra G~kCmWtUvsab' ehIytUveVHbg' saksBecalKaneBlevlanwgkb'[VnsYleLIy Kan'EtKbnwgkNat'sMBt'kenl kUnecAEm" k*eFIdMeNIrKaneKaledAteTAmuxeTot eJHxacGaCaBiXatrbs'BYkExrkhm . BukxMEbkBImayxM (6) Cab'CamYybnbusbnab'eQaHhiun-sIuFn nig GamMuCabBn BmCamYybnsITI5 CasisviTal&y18mina eQaHhiun-can' FI (7) eFIdMeNIrtampvkalf~l' EBkg ehIyeTArs'enAk~gsukkMeNIt GamMuCakUnbsarsI ( bBnsIuFn ) enAextBEvg etIyxagekItTenemKg k~gPUmiPaKbUJTis . dl'rdUvcUtkat'q~S1975 GgkarbUJVnCensbCa CnfI [eTAenAetIyxaglicxHk~gextkMBg'cam . BukxMnigkUnTSgGs'K~a bYnnak' k*tUvGgkardak'TisenHEdr ehIyVneTAenAk~gPUmitJMgsI sgat'C&eya sukcMkarelI extkMBg'cam tMbn'5 PUmiPaKtrTis . edayxHCatibUetGIun eJHrbbGaExrkhmvaminpl'GaharKb'Kan'dl'b CaCneT BukxMehImkayCadMeedayKanf~SBaVl . BYkvaVndak'Tis BukxM[CYybitsIeFIkEJglICamYykumtacas'@enAk~gPUmi . bnsI

(5) bCaCnekIneLIgedaysarrt'eKcBIsgamextekAcUlmkkkkujk~gkugP~MeBj . (6) BtmansIBIdMNwgCen srbs'BukxM KWmitEt-em"glIVnerobrab'Vb'xM . Et-em"g lI CaGtitsasacarGkrsasExr-VrSgenAviTal&yent-y"g'Edr . enAq~S1972 Vnpa s'eTAbegonsmNsisenABuTikviTal&yBHsuramit (P~MeBj) . eBlExrkhm Cen sbCaCnenaH mitEt-em"glI VneTArs'enAk~gXMuCamYyKYsarBukxM edayPrBYk vafa CacinG~krksIuBIedIm . Et-em"glIVneTAelgCamYybnbusxM eBlcUtsUvnaq~S 1975 . xMV nCYbEt-em"glI ekayeBlEdlkgT&ByYncUlQa nJnkan'kab'sukExr sB fmitEt-em"glI Vnrs'enAk~gkug QUEBEC beTskaNada . (7) bnbusenHsB fenArs'exteJFisat' .

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hiun-can'FI edayenAlIv bYkvak*cat'bJleTAk~gkumcl&tnarI minVnenACY bCMuBukxMeT . yUr@eTIbVnsMucab'eKmkelgBuknigbg@Vnmg . eBl evlaecHEtkngeTA mitEt-em"glIVntUvGgkardak'Tis[eTAPrEs elIk TMnb' CIkbLay elIkPWEs ehIyVnCYbK~aCamYybnbusxMCajwkjab' . k~gExemsa1977 mitEt-em"glIVneTAelgBukxMeTotEtbnxMVnVb'fa BukxMVntUvGgkardak'Tis[eTAyamTMnb'kalBIVMfmun (eJHkalenaH GgkarExrkhmtrTis VnekNbCaCnkgcl&tTSgbusTSgsIrab'mWu nnak'eTAelIkTMnb'Twkqa) . bnxMVnniyayVb'Et-em"glIfa mittUc(kg Qb) Vnykkg'mkdwkBukxM eday[Kat'erobcMexaGav eJHtUvmanTis eTACYyyamTMnb' . vaVb'fa vadwkeTACasgat'@ vadwkBukrbs'xMtamLa nCamYynigta@dTeTot EdlmkBIPUmiepg@mkCYbCMuK~a . tSgBIeBlenaH mk Vt'dMNwgBukxMrhUt . bnxMTSgbIVncS@emIlpvBukmineXIjvilt Lb'mkvijesaH . dl'mkfTI2kkda1977 GgkarExrkhmPUmiPaKtrtM bn'5 cab'CensbCaCnfIesIrGs'BIPUmi faykeTA[bgbegInplenAsuk fImYyepgeTot mincSVc'ykva"n'ecIneTnSBiVk eJHenATIenaHGgkarma nrbs'Gacpt'pg'VnsBKb'TSgGs' . BYkvaVnVb'fa Ggkarnwgdak'Tis [bCaCnfIeTAenAtamdgpvCatieTAP~MeBj . faVnGgkarpt'pg'sBKb' enaH G~kxH EdlKanTisk*sMueKeTACamYyEdr edImIVnCYbCMubgbnkUnecA . kalenaH bnsIxMenAk~gkgcl&t kMBugCMrHesAcMkarmn dl'fabgbusb gsItUveKCens k*TMlak'cbecalrt'rlHrlSgmkCYbbg ehIysMueTACa mYyeKEdr . bCaCnfITSgGs'tUvBYkvadwkTSgLan@ (LanTug) y"agEN nyk eTAvaysmab'kb'reNAenAk~gcMkarekAsUGUrGNg cmay20KmBIPU mi . BYkvaVnCIkreNAy"agFMdUcCasHTwkTukCamunxg'mYyEx . vasmab'tS gBITark ekgtUc mnusbussIKb'v&y TSgsImanpeJHpg . edImIkMu[ sMErk QWcab'nBYkG~keTassUreTAdl'PUmi BYkvaVncak'emkUePgnigcMero gbdivtn_ (rMlaysukrMlaysgmExr) lan'xSgkgrMBg . karkab'smab' enH KWb"ul-BtecjbJaBIP~MeBjmkekay Edlvasmab'VnKNPUmiPaKbU Jkt'cUldyYneQaHesa-PwmenaHmk . b"ul-BtVn[bJasmab'TSg eyaFakt' rYmTSgbCaCnfIk~gPUmiPaKtrnigbUJTis . vaykynehaHeTA Tmak'xitb&N [BYkeyaFabUJdak'GavuFcuHcUlGgkarnwgGP&yeTas[ EtekayhUtGavuFGs'ehIy b"ul-BtbJa[dwkeyaFabUJTisTSgGs'xg' bYnmWunnak' ykmkvayTmak'reNAenAtg'rkaekag exaGav mYk enAecalrat' ray kinsyexacBYkeyaFabUJPayrhUtdl'etIymagxaglaeTr enHebI tamesckIraykarNr _ bs'elakyU-sMbUr GtItnaykbuKlikmFmsikaku gP~MeBj sBfrs'enAkugm"uger"Gal'beTskaNada . mayxMvijVnCensecjeTAsukkMeNItenAekaHxac'kNal -123xag

ekIteCaycga EtedayCabCaCnfI VMmYyExekayk*tUvGgkarCensec jb n mk d l' e x t e JF i sa t ' c u H e T A q a yd a c ' sya lB I f ~ l' C a t i C a g 3 0 K m CatMbn'BKantIsac' CamYybnbuslIv hiun-sIufa (bnTI6) bnsIhiunsI (bnTI7) nigbnbuseBAhiun-vNdara ehAhuc (7) . bnbussIufa tU vbFankgcl&tkgQbcab'ykeTAcak'ksmab' BIbTlYckac'eJtmYysMrn'kBH EdlrbbGgkarvakMNt'[GgrmYykMb"ug (Tmn'xg'200kam) sMrab' K~a10nak'k~g1f . mayxMedaymaneraKCmWkBHbcSkaypg NamYyGt' Gaharpg ehIydl'TTYldMNwgBIbnxMtUvBYkGaefImexAb"ul-Btsmab'eca leTotenaH k*bNaleraKkan'EtxSg . eBlCitputdegIm, tamsMdIbnbus eBA, mayxMVn[bnxMeTAsMusret~atmYysabJBImIcugePAeragVyrYm Et emsamanenaHvaeqIytbvijfa KansrKansIeT BYkmI17emsa[vasab' sLH[Gs'eTA ! . mayxMVnTTYlmrNPaBTSgkIevTnanigQWcab' . bnbusxMVnbJHsBmayxMpal'd (q~S1977) . bnsITI7k*manCmWKa nf~SBaVl ehIyVt'bg'CIvitenATIenaHEdr . karkab'smab'mansPaBxSgkaNas'k~gkMLgq~S1977 . enAPUmiPaK trnigbUJTis CaBiessenAekayEdlesa-PwmVnkt'cUldKSTyYn ehIyelIkT&BsMedAmkP~MeBj . ekaysmab'esa-PwmrYcehIy b"ul-Bt bJa[eyaFaExrkhmvaysMrukcUleTAk~gdIevotNam smab'bCaCnExr ekamGs'CaecInJn' . tamesckI[karNB _ IExrekamm~ak'eQaHfac'-Q~a g sBfrs'enAkugGULSBIy"a rdva"siunetanfa yYnVndwgsankarN_ enHmun ehIy[dMNwgbCaCnyYndkxnfy ExrekameKmin[dwgesaH eLIy T&Bb"ul-Btkab'smab'PaKecIn CaCatiyYnsJatiedImExrekamb"ueNaH . munnwgT&ByYncUlQanJnsukExr BYkb"ul-BtminGackan'kab'tM bn'xagekItetIyTenemKgPUmiPaKbUJVneT bCaCnmankarrMeCIbrMCYlbH eVrtTl'sab'rs'CamYyBYkkgQb . manerOgG~kxSgBUEkecjCYyG~ksu k manerOgelaktask's (carbursyYn) cUlmkbgclaclBYkb"ul-Bt ebIeyaFaedjtamk*eKcxnVt'rkmineXIjeLIy (8) . enAVt'dMbgman JkccamGaramxwbtK~aBImat'mYyeTAmat'mYyfa G~kmanbuNCitekIt ehIy xHeTotfaekItehIy EtecjtamqwgCMnImay mindUcmnussamJ FmtaeT xHeTotfaBYkeyaFabugsmab'TSgmayTSgkUn EteyaFaenaHtUv sab'xngvij . ebItamesr enHCasgamcitsasrbs'BYkyYnehg-sMrin bMpus[ExrEdlmanCMenOrg'cSEtG~kmanbuNmkCYyenaH [KST BYkva . karkab'smab'bCaCntMbn'PUmiPaKtrnigbUJenaH
(7) bnbusenHsB fenArs'exteJFisat' . (8) tamesckI[karNr _ bs'elakhuk-GUnlagenAkecH sB frs'enArdkalIh&r nij"a.

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eXareXAbMput dUcCaBMuEmnCaCatiExrdUcK~abnicesaH . b"ul-BtbJa[sma b'ecalTSgKY@ . sUmIcl&tEdlKanBukmay KandwgerOgGIesaH k*tUv BYkvaGUskykeTAsmab'ecalEdr KWvaeFItamsuPasitcinfa CMrHesAKW CIkTSgs bgarkMu[mankarsgswknwgBYkvaeTAfekay . kUnekg Tark tUvBYkvacab'eVksmab'nwgKl'et~at Kl'say Kl'dUg eVHeLIgelIykCM BuHTugrg . varMelaPsIrYcsmab'ecal . vHmnusTSgrs'ykefImeTAqarsIu ykbmat'pwkEkmsa nigbJneTAsukcineFIf~ScinEsEkeraK . reNAFM@ eBjedayexacrab'Jn' . Kl'dUg Kl'et~at enAbLak'QamenAeLIyeBl T&ByYncUlmkQanJnsukExr ehIyykVnP~MeBjenAfTI7 mkra 1979enaH . k~gJk'kNalq~S1978 b"ul-BtbJa[CensbCaCnextsayerog mkP~MeBjykkmaBNbtgm~ak'mYy rYcehIydwkCJntamreTHePIgmk Tmak'ecalenAexteJFisat' . BYkG~kmankmaBNbtgenH KWtUvGgkar exteJFisat'TTYlbJaBIb"ul-Btmk[smab'ecalTSgGs' eJHsuTCa BYkkt' kalyYnxnExr . eKGUskykBYksayerogTSgGs' minfaCabCa Cn emkg KN:XMu KN:GI@eT ykeTAvaykab'smab'ecalenAvalEs ekAPUmi . manemkgnarIm~ak'kahanNas'Vnniyayfa etIBYkeKmankMhu sGIVnGgkarykBYkeKmksmab'y"agenH ? BYkeyIgVnbMerIGgkar esaH tg'GgkarGs'BIcitBIefIm enATIbJb'BYkeyIgVnTTYlplEbbenHeTAvij! minVc'cgmuxykeTAeT smab'eyIgenATIenHcuH ! . ekgsIm~ak'GayuVMbYn q~StUvBYkeBCXatykeTAvaysmab'EtmincMFn'Kan'Etsnb' egIbdwgxnBI snb'k*edIrcUlmkk~gPUmivij . bCaCnmUldanVnVb'[rt'eKcxnecj eTA EtK~agIegImindwgrt'eTATINa . kgQbmkdl'eXIjk*cab'ykeTAdutTS grs' EskTFak'keJallan'rMBgTMrSdac'xl'sab' . exacG~kextsay erograb'mWunnak'sab'KreCIgelIK~aKankb'eT ecalrat'raykNalvalehIm syPaymkdl'PUmi (9) . enACayEdnsayerog manBYks~levotmijdUc ehg-sMrin (minTSgGs'eT) manKMnitsLaj'nigbMerIyYntSgBIsm&ys r:mkem"H . k~gsm&ysIhnuBYkenHrs'enAlak'xneFICabCaCnrksIuFmta EtmincuHcUlCamYyrbbdwknSsIhnueT dUcCaKUb"k'enAPUmisag xHrksIurt' BnnSva"n'ykeTAlk' dUcCakrNIemExrevotmijehg-sMrin EdlrksIudwk CUkeTAlk'enACayEdnyYnCaedIm .
(9) tamesckI[karNr _ bs'G~ksIKIm-san namedImPU-BUn CabnsInYn-Ca (CakUnciJw mrbs'GMuxagbBnxM) . eBlmkCYbCMuCamYybgbnmayyayeBj enAvtKrknH Exekay yYnyksukExrVn faVnCen smkrs'enAexteJFisat' VneXIjerOgkab'sma b'BYk extsa yerogenH . kUnbuscgrbs'Kat'eQaHsl' QWehIyrt'BIkgcl&tmkdac' xl'sa b'enAnwgkSCeNIrxmnwgmuxmay . kUnbusm~ak'eTot tUvkgQb ykeTAdut sma b'TSgrs' eJHvaxl i ButeFQ I W .

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enAVt'dMbg PUmiPaKJy&BTisBYkGgkarmUl-smtik*minGn'Edr k~g karkab'smab'ExrenH . bCaCntMbn'bYnxagekamGtItkugVt'dMbg tUv sab'vinasTSgPUmi@ edaysarBYkvabgt'Vy nigcab'ykeTAvaysmab'eca lbnK~a . G~klYcrt'ecjBItMbn'4sMedAeTACayEdnf manswgral'f xH rt'mksMuenAvtKr G~kxHtUvQbcab'Vnk*tUvBYkvasmab'ecaleTA . G~k XMuvtKrk*lYcrt'eTAsukesomEdr eTAmgCakumdb'mnak' cMnYnBIrbIGaTit mandMNwgfamanG~klYcrt' . edayGt'xSgeBk bus@EdlkMBugPrk*dYl sab'Pam ekg@sab'muneK rYceTIbmnusbuseJHxHGaharpl'famBl dUcCasr CatibUetGIun (tI sac' sut) sIsab'ekayEtticeJHsImin sUvtUvkarzamBlk~gsJgkayeTIbGacTSTVnyUrCag . G~kxHedayGt'xSgeBkeTA k*haneTAlYcKas'exackb'fI Garyksac' mklYcesar GSgTTYlTansMrn'kBH ykkileckkillgmkbriePaKla ynigtkYn nS[cuHraKrhUtVt'bg'CIvit . xHeToteTAlYcbUtsUv lYcKas' dMLg tav ehIytUvkgQbcab'Vnsmab'ecaleTAeTot . k~gPUmivtKrEd lxMrs'enA BYkemkgraykarNe _ TAXMu @[kgQbmkykmgmYy@eTAsma b'ecalsat'@ . xnxMpal'k*maneQaHk~gbJIexArbs'BYkvaEdr CamYynig elaktasUr-Cit GtItGnuKNextVt'dMbg (10) . G~kbMJnsIlFmsaha ysn'K~a tUveKykeTAvaysmab'enAmuxGgbCMu . G~kxileKcEkminBmeFI karrYm G~kQWecInk*tUvkgQbGUskykeTAEdr . bgyYg(GtItKy), ela khab'-hUy (nayEp~kbuKlikKUmFmsikaVt'dMbg) k*eKykeTAEdr eda yPriyaKat'eFI[elcfa ebIkMuEtsukdUec~Hem"HbIKat'manbuNs&kiFMCamin xan . Kat'faelakesk-sMeGot ecAhayextVt'dMbgVnesI~r[bIKat'Jk's&kiVM JkenHcUldl'tecokbFannarIeQaHerob EdlkMBugCan'Ggr rYcdl'KN:XMu@k*CensKYsarKat'eTAenAcugXMuvtKr[EckkarCitP~MsMeBA bnicmkQbk*mkykelakKUhab'-hUyeTAsmab'enAGNgBIg . G~kxH eTotEdlxMlak'xn ehIytUvEbkkarNn _ wgsMdIbBn eJHminecHlwbkwb ykmkpl'[bBn EdlGt'sIuedayK~amanxnCaGtItrdkar k*bNal[ma nCemaHbIbBn bBnEskeCr eFI[EbkkarNB _ ImuxdMENgbI kgQb k*mkGUskykeTA xHeTotk*suxcitlYcrt'ecjeTAf dUcCaelakbUra"n'Ca edIm . BYklYcrt'PaKecIn tUvfCayEdnsmab'ecal ykmasVk'Edl Cab'nwgxn . ecAbsarGMuxSeQaHpla ( GtIts&kibIebIkynehaH tUvCaja
(10) kgT&ByYnkan'kab'VnkugVt'dMbgehIyenAfTI12mkra bCaCnVnlbqg swg cUlmkPUmivtKrerIykTB EttUvb"HQb yamrbs'va fTI13 Qb Edlvadak'yamk~g PUmisat'Qwg k*Vj'BYkbCaCnEdllbcUleTAPUmisa b'Gs'CaecIn . G~kEdlcUleTA erIk~gpHKN:XMu VneXIjsMeNAbJIr ayeQaHEdleKtUvykeTAsma b' . eQaHsma b'rYcBYkvaKUsecal eQaHxMe nAtg'elx328 . eQaHelaktasUr-CitenABImuxxM enAEt5 nak'eTotdl'evnxM .

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tinYn-Capg ) k*tUveKykeTAsmab'kb'GgamenAGNgBIgEdr edayBYk Qbvamkykfa [eTACYyCJnGMbilXMu . fIKICaKijk*eKykeTAEdr vay eFITaruNkmmYyf@EskeraTr i_ MBgTMrSsab' . kUnfIKIBIrnak'eQaHkanigekIn minsuxcitmkbeTsTI3nwgeKeT mkcUlrYmclnatsUrCrbxenACay EdncSsgswknwgBYkExrkhmvij . enAmanG~keTotCaecInEdlxMmincS eQaHGs' Etk~gcMeNamGtItKUnigsasacarviTal&yent-y"g'cMnYnEs sibnak' enAsl'rs'EtVMmYynak'rYmTSgxnxMm~ak'pg ekayEdlBYkyYn kan'kab'sukExrVnehIyenaH . fExecHEtkngeTA mYyfhak'dUcCamYyq~S eBlBwkeLIgk*nwkfaxn Vnrs'mYyfeTotehIy EtxMrs'enATSgkIPitP&ytk'st mindwgfafNa nwgdl'evnxn . yb'eLIgmanEtbn'BH vts&kisiTinana KuNBukmayCY y[beJsrYcputBIeKaHf~ak' kMu[dUcG~kpgEdlQbvaykeTAfa [eTA eronsUtGgkarelI enaHehIyKanfvilmkvijesaH . EtxMminePclak' davekri_ sMelogy"agmut dak'ekamkenledkeLIy . davenHtUvBYknirtIdk hUtykmunyYncUlbnic TSgBUefA pak' ExvKb'@pH eJHvaxacbCaCnbH eVrdUcenAPUmiPaKbUJeTot . xMrs'enAedayesckIsgwm ( Hope ) eJHma nCMenOfa rbbcMkYtlIlaEbbenHcas'CarlayGnrFanfNamYyminxan . mitxMxHdUcCaCin-sUFIr, sasacarbriJab&tFmCativiTa, sYn-Qwm, sasacarPasaGg'eKs edaykIGs'sgwmk~gCIvit k*dac'citcgkeFIGtXat sab'k~gq~S1977 . xMsUmCMrabfa ekayrdUvcMrUtq~S1975 xMtUveKcat'[eTAeFIkark~geragCa grYmbcSXMuvtKr cmaybIKILEm"txagelIpHmaynYn-Ca edaysarxMmancM eNHxagePIgGKIsnI nigCYsCulviT edayVnerontamsMbutTak'TgBIsu kVrSgBIsalaGWrWulic ( Institut Europeen d'Electronique - EUREULEC ) . mYyGaTit CYndb'feTIbVnmkCYbmuxkUn (kUncgTI1) nigbBnmg . enAfTI18mifuna1978 eBlEdlBYkCagPUmivtKreTAerIEdkk~gkugVt' dMbg manBYkeyaFafamkBIP~MeBj CaBYkmCwmxg'bmaNVMJn'nak' nigrf ekaHCagmeKOg bLak'dIsmkcUlmkk~gGtItVt'dMbgkug edayKan [dMNwgGICamundl'BYkPUmiPaKJy&BTisesaHeLIy . BYkeyaFamCwmV nsaksYrrkedjBYkCag[viltLb'mkPUmivtKrvij . BYkmCwmbkk*eFI karcab'cgtamXMu suk rYcxHeToteTAcab'KNPUmiPaKJy&BTis mUl-s mti taekA ( BYkJy&BehAKat'fa rs'-jwmeTAvij ) BIpHKat'EdlenAk~g carBiesaFn _ sUvCb"un CitP~MtUcP~MFMsukmglbUrI xHeToteTAcab'cgKNtMbn' shkrN_ KN:suk kgQb eTAsmab'ecaledayecaTfakt' . BYkJy&BnigkgQbxH dUcCaGaemeBCXatbcSPUmivtKrman GaeBA, Ga emOn, GaeDOn Vnrt'cUlBtsUCamYyBYknirtIrhUtdl'yYncUl . BYkmCw -127-

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edImI[bCaCnKST yYnVnerobcMdak'ehg-sMrin, GtItExrevotmij enACayEdnyYn-sayerog [eFICabFanrdTIgemag ehIyEbeQaHsuk ExrCa kmCabCamanitu EtyYnkab'tYttarbbenHnigsgmExrdl'CMerA xSgCagsm&yeTOg-mijy"ag eCACagGaNaniKmVrSgeTAeTot . em dwknShU-CImijVnsikaBIbraC&yPaBk~gkareFIevotNamUbniykmkmCamin sMercCMnan'ktIExrGgmIu . eJHmkBIehtuGIeTIbyYnUbniykmenaHminsMer c ? eJH 1- emdwknSyYnminVnsikaBIsgmExr[VneCACH . yYnXMykEt escExrCab'k~gkNab'd eKk*manCMenOfa eKGacrMlaysukExr CaextyYn CaBitVkd . yYnGackab'VnEtTIkug EttamCnbT PUmi XMu yYnminVnKit KUresaH . enHehIyCacenaHptrbs'emT&BeTOg-mijy"ag k~gkareFIyYnUb niykmkmCaTSgmUlminVnsMercenaH . 2- emyYnminsal'TwkcitbCarasExr. Exrsm&yenaHeKsLaj'eKa rBescNas' TukescCamas'elIsirisa Camas'EpndI . karEdlyYncab' XMuescExr CakarmYybJak'fa yYnmanbMNgrMlayvgktExr ehIy ykyYn[mkeFICaescelIrasExrvij . mYyvijeTot rasExrmincUlcit [Catissasn_ mkeFIkarbgitbgMeKeT . 3- emdwknSyYnnigTahanyYnminecHPasaExr EdlCakarmYyBiVkk~g karVs&yTak'Tg[yl'citExrpg nigCaBiessBiVkk~gkaresIubykka rNs _ mat'BIclnatsUExrpg . 4- yYnminsal'PUmisasTwkdIExr EdlCakarBiVkk~gkartYtta . 5- karykBuTsasnamhayanmkbgM[ExrTSgbeTsBmTTYl nig eFIkareKarBBHsgyYnEdleskexaGavpyBIsg'cIBr rMlayvtGaram BHviharExr rYcsg'viharEbbyYn bgM[sIExreskGavbMBg'EvgrebobyYn [mnIExreronPasayYn CakarmYybqSgnwgTMenomTMlab'rbs'Exr EdlV nGnuvtrab'Jn'q~SmkehIy . 6- karEdlyYnebIGMeBIkaceXareXAmkelIrasExr bgajExr[emIl eXIjfayYnmanbMNgrMlayCatiExrbeTsExrCaBitVkdNas' . 7- EpnkaryYnEdlbugdkecAhayextExrehIyykyYnmkCMnYnvij enaH VneFI[ecAhayextExrrYbrYmdCamYybCarasvaykMcat'yYnvij . buBehtuTSg7bkarenHehIyEdleFI[ExrecHrYbrYmK~a ekakeLIgbgCa -132-

kumCas&KbkBYkbHeVrTUTSgbeTsExr bqSgtTl'nwgstUvbreTs Edlcg'rMlaysasnE _ xr rMlaybeTsExr . karsnt'K~aKb'embH eFIkar eVssMGatyYnTSgTahanTSgsIuvil kMLg8fTUTSgbeTsExr eFI[em T&ByYneTOg-mijy"agminGacTb'Tl'VneLIy ehIyeTaHbICaeTOg-mij y"agVnbrEpnkarbugeVkrasExr edayBmykvgktExrGgmIumk [esayraCvijenaH k*vaCakarhYseBleTAehIyEdr eJHrasExrElg eCOElgTukcityYnfamancitesaHtg' mineVkVs'eTot dUcsuPasitExr EtgrMlwkVb'kUnecAfa esomminecalkn yYnminecalBut . EfmBI elIenHeTAeTotenaH BwtikarN_ kMBb'EtGug k*eTIbEtnwgkngeTAfI@ Cag 10q~Sb"ueNaH EdlkaleNaHyYnVneFIkarsmab'ExredayPaBsahavB phYsehtueBkk~gkardanCIkEBk vijet . BwtikarNk _ MBb'EtGugenH dUntaEm"Exr elIkElgEtescExrmYyecj EtgelIkykmktMNalVb' kUnecA[cgcS sal'BIcitKMnityYn bMNgrbs'yYn . eTaHbICaemdwknSExr mYykab'tUcsLaj'yYnk*eday EtrasExrsTab'ekamminsLaj' min cUlcityYnesaHeLIy eJHyYnCaCatisasnm _ anButtt klickluc Nas' EtExrminEmnmanKMnitbkan'BUCsasn_ Racialist rebobdUck~gsgm GaemrikSgsm&ymun EdlesrbreTsxHVnsresrenaHeT . ehtudUec~HehIy edImIkesabelbbeTsExr k~gdMeNIreqaHmkTis xaglicelIkTI2eTotenaH hU-CImijVnerobEpnkarvay"aglitln' BmTSg sikasavCavBIbuBehtunbraC&yrbs'dUntava EdleFIevotNamUbniykm kmCaminVnsMercenaH . EpnkarfIrbs'hU-CImijKW 1- erobcMsgmExr[pyxussLHBIsgmb"ul-Bt . 2- eFI[ExrsLaj'yYn EkEbbvtisas fayYnCamitmkCYyExr . 3- Bgk'[Exrqtvegg BukrlYy rSErk sIjI bJlsIyYn[mkeFICa bBncugBYkemdwknSFM@ nigBYkGaCaFrExrehg-sMrin . 4- ykkumExrevotmijmkdwknSsukExr . 5- ebIviFankarBnaeBl edImIerobcMpk~g nig[ExrePcenOyNay pS[rasExrGacrs'enAekamkartYttarbs'yYn [mtiBiPBelakBmTTY lsal'rbbGay"gehgsMrin-hunEsn BmTTYldwg Status quo k~gsa nPaBsukExrsBf fayYnCamas'nkmCa . 6- ykniKmyYnmktSgenAelITwkdIExr[kan'EtecIn edImItamBinits kmPaBExr bgat'BUCExryYn[mankUnkat'yYnExrkan'EtecIn . enHKWCaEpn karrMlayCatiExrk~gry:eBlEvgmYy EdlyYnVnFab'eFImkVneCaKC&y rYcehIyenAbeTscam nigfI@k~gcugstvtTI19nigedImstvtTI20enH enAkmCaekam . -133-

k~gbMNgmYyeTotEdr KW[ehg-sMrin, hun-EsnTTYlykBYkniKm yYnfI@enH [cUlCasJatiExrTSgGs' k~gbMNgykQ~H ebIbsinCaGg karshbCaCatibgM[mankareVHeq~atenaH . 7- bMpuselIkykEtBIkidkm EtGMBIeKaHf~ak'rbs'ExrkhmmkV b'mtiCatiExrk~gbeTs nigCaBiessBiPBelak edImIbwTVMgnUvkidkm rbs'yYnmkelIrasExr nigbwTVMgeKalbMNgyYn k~gkarelbbeTs ExrrYmeFIshB&nNcineTAGnaKt . k~gviFankarNy _ kQ~HelIBYkExrkhm bMP&nmtiBiPBelak nigelb sukExry"agqaj' dUcyYnelbbeTscamnigbeTslavenaH yYnnigGay"gehg-sMrin eFICaebIk[manesrIPaB (Ekgkay) bCaCnGacedIrcuHeLI gVn EttUvmanlixitGnuJatedIrpv (eKtUvcayluysUkeTIbVnlixit enaH) G~kNaenAsukNaGacvileTArs'enAsukenaHvij . begItkdas'V k'eVHedayevotNam ykmkTijePaKplExry"agefakdwkecjeTAekAb eTsekamyIeha Product of Vietnam . ebIk[manparlk'dUr ebIksala eron viTal&y EteKmin[sikaBIbvtiExr min[sikaBIGkrsasExresaH eLIy . eKbegon[kUnExrecHsLaj'yYn fayYnl yYnCamitmkCYy Exr . sisEdlCab'mFmsikab&tPaKTI2 ( Bacc II ) ehIy minGacyk cMeNHeTAbMerIsukVneLIy . rbs'Gs'TSgenHEdleKbegIteLIg vaKan' EtCabMNgbgajBiPBelak[eXIj ehIyKSTrbbGay"g sb'rbbb"ulBt ehIyePcsUnQwgEtmgBIevotNamUbniykmkmCaTSgmUlCa tan' tayfaj' rbs'yYn . eKalbMNgrbs'hU-CImijVnsMercCasaBrehIy edaysav&kKat'V nedIrtammaKatayTuk ehIyykVnkmCaTSgmUlk~gfTI7 mkar 1979 . y Y n v a d a k ' E x r e v o t m i j E d l T T Y l k a r G b ' r M e n A h a N U y C M n a n ' T I 1 (14) ehg-sMrin, GtItG~krt'BnCUkenAsayerog, [eFICabFannaFibtIGay"g kmCa rYcykBYkExrevotmijCMnan'TI2[CYyeFIkar EtyYnVndak's~gkarnig P~ak'gar (sIyYnbBncug) va[enAtYttatamdanBYkkumGay"gehg-sMrin, hun-Esn . esckIsMercGI@ kartUveFIy"agNa@enaH tUvEtsaksYresI~
(14) BYkCMnan'TI1KWBYkExrevotmij EdltamyYneTAenAhaNUyekaysni~siThWENv q~S1954 manGacaremon sWg-g"ukmij, ehg-sMrin. BYkCMnan'TI2KWBYkekg@nigBYk CMTg'kUnExr EdlyYncab'ykeTAGb'rMenAhaNUy cab'BIrvagq~S1952mk KWsm&y b mat'bmg' Gar"ab'cab'kUnekg manBYkEb"n-suvN, Ca-swum, rs'-sm&yCaedIm . sB fBYkExrevotmijCMnan'TI2enHmanbBnyYn xH edayyYncab'eTABIekgeBk minTSg sal'sukkMeNIt Em"bgbnpg . BYkCMnan'TI3 KWBYkekgkMJExr EdlyYnbmUlyk eBlb"ul-BtVk'T&Brt'mkCayEdnf . CMnan'TI3enH yYnnwgykmkebIeTot ebIExrrMedaHsukrYcenAeBlenH .

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sMukaryl'BmBIemdwknSyYnCamunsin ebItMNagemdwknSyYnminBm KWmi nGaceFIcat'karVnTal'EtesaH . EpnkarevotNamUbniykmfIenH KWyYnmineKagdkecAhayext ecAhaysukExr ehIydak'yYnmkCMnYsdUcEdleTOg-mijy"ag (15) Vn GnuvttambJaescmij-m"agkalBIq~S1840 k~graCktIGgmIuenaHeToteT. yYnvaykExrEdlVnTTYlkarGb'rMbJkTwsIyYnUbniykmenAhaNUy CayUrq~SmkehIyenaH [tYttarasExrK~ag EtyYnvatYtBIelIkalBYk Gay"gehg-sMrin, hun-Esnvij ehIyemdwknSyYnVnbgb'P~ak'gareKenA k~gsTab'GaCaFrehg-sMrin CaBiessenAk~gsTab'bCaCnExrEtmg edI mIkMu[ExregIbbHeVrrYcenAk~gbeTsExrdUcsm&yeTOg-mijy"ageTot . buKlikFM@Kb'ksYg eTaHmanbBnExrExrrYceTAehIyk*eday k*tUvEtyk bBncugCayYnmYyeTot . enAtamviTal&ynana eK[eronPasayYnCaPasaTI2cab'BIf~ak'TI5eLIg eTA k~gmYyGaTitcMnYn2em"ag . tamlixitqgeqIyrbs'elaktUc-QYg, GtItG~kniBnesovePA Vt'dMbgsm&yelakmas' VnsresrVb'fa enAtamviTal&ynana eK[eronPasayYnCaPasaTI2cab'BIf~ak'TI5eLIg eTA k~gmYyGaTitcMnYn2em"ag . tamlixitqgeqIyrbs'elaktUc-QYg, GtItG~kniBnesovePA Vt'dMbgsm&yelakmas' VnsresrVb'fa sisEdlbLgDIbm eKeFI Classement eCIserIsykPaKry[cUlf~a k'TI8 ( Classe de seconde BIedIm ) EtBinmindl'eKehAfaFak'ekAGI tUvsk edIrTat'xl' tUvV"c'eFITahan . bLgsBfeKtUvkarluykak' Gakk'Ga kICagsm&yln'-nl'eTAeTot . Et Taux vamindl' CakartbeyaCn_ . niyayBIkMritviCasisexayhYsvis&y xHCab' Bac ehIyminecH Fraction pg . emdwknSyYnBgk'ExrKb'ksYgrd[Qk'vegg BukrlYydl'qwg edImI gaykan'kab'tYtta eJHExrm~ak'@KitEtBIbJaKYsar kBH ElgKitKUBICa ti BIbeTstUvenACakJHyYn eTACasIeTotehIy . KUbzmsikaVnVk'Ex175erol KUmFmsikaVn250erolk~gmY yEx . G~krdkarmFmVnVk'Exxg'200erol BYkeha-NShug, Kg'-sM Gul Vnxg'300erolk~gmYyEx EtBYkenHCiHLansuTEtm"akEmrsWEds ebIKitCaluysnMVk'Ex BYkenHtUveFIkarcMnYnBIrryq~SeTIbTijLanFunenH VnCiH . edaysarBYkExrevotmijsuTEtCamnuslg'exA minGaceFI[bB&ndwk nSbeTsedIreTAmuxVn yYnk*eCIserIsykBYkCYrTI3 mkCYyeFIkarBYkGay"gyYnenHman Kg'-sMGul
(15) sUmGanCMBUkTI1 .

( GtItnisitenA Georgia shrdGaemrik ),

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eha-NShug nigBYkGtItraCkarCMnan'sIhnu nigBYkrdkarCMnan'saFarNrdmkCYyeTot . BYkekayenH dMbUgeLIyeKykmkKan'EtCabMerIBYkCYrTI1 nigCYrTI2b"ueNaHeT EtekayEdlCYrTI1nigTI2Vk'EbkK~a bnab'BIyYncab' Eb"n-suvNykeTAhaNUyVt'eTAenaH BYkCYrTI3 dUcCaKg'-sMGul, ehaNShug k*VneLIgTwkmYykMrity"agxs' ehIytSgxnCakJHyYndac'fEt mg eJHEtGMNac . e d I m I e F I [ k u m c ln a t s U E x r e x a y B Y k yY n Vn e F I n e ya V yT a k ' T a j ykBYkExrbreTsdUcCa hSg-eg"a, Dit-bn, Eb"l-Nal', y"g-Esm, Giun-tS, qSg-sug.l. k~geKaledABIr KWmYy[KSTrbbGay"gehgsMrin, hun-Esn nigeXasnarbbenH[ExrenAbreTs nigmtibreTsTTYl sal'rbbenH nigeKaledATI2 KWTak'TajykluyrUbiyvteTACYysaresd kicyYn EdlBYkenHVnrksIunSykluydular luyhg'eTA[bgbnenA sukExr EtyYnbmUlykrUbiyb&NTSgGs'eTABnKr TukVk'erolEdl yYneVH[FnaKarehg-sMrin CaCMnYsluydulareTAvij . edImICalicelbsukExr yYnVn[ehg-sMrincuHhtelxayl'Bm [kgT&ByYntSgenAelITwkdIExrcMnYn25q~S nigcuHhtelxak~gkarrab'GanK~a d*Cits~iT rvagbCaCnevotNam-lav-kmCaCabgbnyUrGEggq~S . k~gPa saneyaVyTUt BYkeKniyayfa neyaVyrbs'beTsNcinTSg bI . yYnVnbgM[ehg-sMrincuHhtelxabKl'ekaHesH Edlmanebgka teTA[yYn kat'bnyBMEdnExr cmayBI5eTA30Km cab'BIBMrYmbIbeTs Exr-lav-yYn cuHmkdl'mat'smuTCab'extJm ( Hatien ) (16) . emdwknSyYnVnniyayfa edImIkMu[bCaCnyYnnigExrecHEtTas' ETgK~aminecHcb'eTotenaH KYrExrkat'bKl'dIcMBuHTak~gextsayerog[eTA yYn .

(16) sUmGan kalbvtiviTanbeTskmCa rbs'esr .

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semcsIhnuCabFanclnaExrcMruH
enAq~S1969 eBlExresrI205nak'cuHcUl EdlkalenaHsIhnuVnGan GtbTExresrI EcgBIeKaHf~ak'neyaVyxusrbs'Tg' semcVndwgrYcehI y edaykMhwgcg'sgswkBYkln'-nl', sirimt: sIhnuVncUlrYmdCamYy yYnkumynisnigExrkhm . [T&ByYnhU-CImijvaybeTsExr smab' Exr . k~gesovePA Sihanouk's Sideshow tg'TMB&r155 sIhnuVnsarPaB Vb'G~kniBnfa I have had to take a sedative in order to sleep . Princess Monique guards her husband's supply of barbiturates, just as she did during the years they were help captive by the Khmer Rouge. He wanted to commit suicide, but she refused to give him the potion. He, too, tells me ( the author ), I owe my life and sanity to my wife . ehtuGIVnCasemcsIhnucg'eFIGtXat? eJHGs'sgwm edaysar manvibdisarI ? . k~gsMenr sgamnigesckIsgwm ( War and Hope ) k*semcsIh nuVnsarPaBBI buBehtuGIVnCaTg'eTACYyyYnevotNamxageCIg Edr Et Kan'EtCaelsEdlTg'ykmksresrsMrab'karJrmuxmat ' ( Sauver sa face ) b"ueNaH . karsMxan'KWTg'VnsarPaBfa sIhnuVnCYyyYnKb'Eb bKb'y"agEmn . enAKb'sunrkfa enAKb'TIkEngEdlTg'yageTA semcsIhnuenAEt minTTYlfa neyaVyrbs'Tg'xus k*ExrTSgbIlannak'sab'KWmanTg' CaG~kcUlrYmCamYyBYkXatkrExrkhmeT . Tg'enAEtCMTaleCrfa mk EtBIBYkGasaFarNrd Galn'-nl', sirimt: bnkt'eFIrdbharTmak'Tg'BI tMENgbmuxrd eTIbVnCasukeTACay"agenH . k~gnamCabFanclnatsUcMruH semcsIhnuenAEteFIneyaVyekam TUrbJarbs'emdwknSyYn . Tg'laElg ElglaCaecIndg . tfVk'Ex CamYyyYn k~geBlyYnCamYyehg-sMrin ebImeFaVylgTak'yksemc ehIysemcvijgakmkbrihar pl'karTn'exaypk~gclnatsUExr eTAemdwknSyYnGs'rlIg . sBfenHeTot ( ExF~1990 ) semcsIhnukMBugEtedIrtYftkunenAkUer" xageCIg edImIykeTAbJSg[rasExremIl k~geKalbMNglagkMhus lagVtdTg'[CHQamrasExr EdlTg'kalenaH CabFanrdaPiVl rYbrYmCatikmCa eFIshkarrYmdCamYyemdwknSyYnpg CamYybnExrkhm pg nigdUckalmundEdl KWsg' neyaVybCaPifuti bCabiyPaB

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rbs'Tg'eLIgvij . etItMNeTAfmux semcsIhnunwgdUrriyabf suxciteFIBlikmxH edImIesacsg'muxmat'rbs'Tg'k~gbvtisasskl CaBiessk~gbvtisasExreT ? skmPaBrbs'Tg'CamYyG~km~ag BmTSgbut sBfenHCakarbJak' Vb'eyIgCaExrTSgGs'K~arYcesceTAehIy ! .

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eKaledAnigbMNgExrkhmnaGnaKt
TSgmtisklelak CaBiessmtirasExr mineCOfa ExrkhmEkEb citKMnit lHbg'TwsIem"AniymeqghYsehtu ( Radical Maoism ) brcritsa havElgkab'smab'Exr nigminmkdeNImGMNaceTot . cMNucenHehIy EdlemdwknSevotNamyl'cas' ehIyykmkeFICaelsk~gkarkan'kab' sukExrTSgmUledaysMGagfa karJrrasExr[rYcBIBYkXatkrb"ul-Bt . bnExrkhmenAEtmanCMenOfa bdivtnm _ haelatepaHmhaGsar nig bdivtnv _ bFm d*lIlarevIrvaytamcMkYtm"arsIus-em"AniymsIvaenaH CitVnsMercdl'eKaledAeTAehIy ebIkMuEtevotNamcUlmkQanJnedj BYkvaecjBIGMNacenaH . BYknisitExrEdlviltLb'cUlsukvijekayf17emsa1975 xg' bIJn'nak' G~kEdlenAsl'rs'BIsab'edays~adb"ul-Bt valt'dMmanCag bIrynak' . k~gcMeNamBYkEdlenAsl'CIvitenH manxHenAEteCOdUcbnb"ul -BtEdr . xHVnvileTACYbEm"enAextkMBg'cam ehIyxMGYtfa ExreyIg enAEtbniceTotmanVyhUbbIdgnigmanbEgmpg EttUvbgbnVnham [bwTmat'Qb'niyayteTAeTot ebIBMuenaHeTnwgtUvbCarasExrGUskCamin xan . k~gBiFICb'elogmYyenAjvy"kk~gq~S1982 EdlmansemcsIhnunig G~km~agsIhnuVncat'EcgeLIgenaH ePvsMxan'elIkElgEtG~kkarTUtbreT secj KWmanemdwknSExrkhmFMVncUlrYm manexov-sMpnCaedIm . exov sMpnVneqIytbnwgsMnYr etIelakVnsmab'bCarasb"unannak' ? mY ylan'nak' ? BIrlannak' ? faCa JkPUtPrrbs'BYkckBti, ckBtievo tNamQanJnVnmksmab'rasExrTSgenaH . b"ul-BtEtgEtebIkvKGb'rMeronsUttMrg'eKalCMhrneyaVyvaBMuEdl elaHxaneLIy CaBiesskarGb'rMBYkKNdwknSFM@ BYkemkgeyaFaCaedIm . karebIkvKeronsUtmYyenAtMbn'87k~gexttat (sukf) CitCMrMExrkhm EkrTl'EdnExrenaHmanTSgBYkemdwknSnEdndIBiXat ( The Killing Fields ) VncUlrYmpgKW sun-esn, nYn-Ca, exov-sMpn, eGog-sarI, tam"uk . CMrM enHCamUldaneyaFaFMrbs'Exrkhm EdlmancMnYnBI35Jn'eTAbYnmWunnak' . enAtMbn'87 b"ul-BtVnerobcMyuTviFIcas'dEdl edImIkab'ykCnbTExr ( kan'kab'k~geBlyb' fbgb'xn ) eLamhuB&TTIkugP~MeBjBukrlYynigrd Vl (ehg-sMrin) Vk'Ebk . BYkExrkhmminebIyuTsasvaysgb'cUlTIkugP~MeBj dUckalq~S 1975eToteT EtBYkvaepkpleTAtamneyaVynkarTUtGnrCati nigkarcr -139-

caTak'TinCamYykgT&Bqk' (T&BclnatsUExr ) . b"ul-BtVnyl'y"agca s'fa ebIkalNakgT&BExrkhmcUlkan'EtCitTIkugP~MeBjenaH shKm GnrCatik*nwgeqqaeFIsmaFbgM[mankaredaHsayneyaVy . fIebIkarva ybyuTtUvEtykmkebICacSVc'enaH EtbnExrkhmtUvEtbmUlpMKMnit vaelIEp~kneyaVy ( cUccMerogBYkvaecInecogfa neyaVyrYmpMGavuF besIemaHmutrbs'Ggkar ) edImIQaneTArkeKaledArbs'vaenaH . ehtudUec~H ehIy eTaHbICaTIkugva"siunetanVndkkarKSTneyaVyecjBIBYkExrkhm edImIeFIkarcrcaCamYyevotNam k~gkarecosvagkMu[Exrkhmmkyk GMNacvijk*eday k*vaKanGIEbbYlpas'bresaHeLIy . k~gBiFIebIkvKeronsUtenaH b"ul-BtVncMNayeBjmYyfk~gkarsikaEvkEjkBIneyaVy nigEmkFagsgmvN:nclnatsUtIPaKIEdlrYm CamYyBYkminEmnkumynis . b"ul-BtVnbegonfa karEdlExrkhm BmcUlrYmCamYyBYkminEmnkumynis k~geKaledAbmUlyknUvkarKSTn eyaVyBIrasExrk~gsuk nigkarKSTpvTUtBIGnrCati fIebImankarEbbYleKalCMhrneyaVyxHedayBYkbdivtnC _ YbbTHCamYyBYkckBtinigs kiPUmik*eday . EteTaHCay"agNak*eday b"ul-BtVnBmanekInrMlwkBYk sisvafa [rkanUvsPaBedIm ( Their true nature) CanicehIyrs'enAeday TenjCab'Canicfa neyaVyVnpas'br EtBYkeyIgenaEtmancitKMnit dEdl (The politics have changed but the spirit remains the same ) . EfmBIelIenHeTot b"ul-BtVnFanadl'BYkemkg emKNdwknSvafa fIebIb"uss i_ Mxan'@xagkarTUttUvBYkminEmnkumyniskan'kab'k*edayk*BYkExr khmenAEtCakmSgT&Bd*xSgCageKk~gclnatsUcMruH semcsIhnu Ca bFanEtKanGMNac ebobdUcsMbkkUcGIcwg BYkeyIgvijCaEkbEpkUc enaH . sIhnunigBiPBelakxagekAminmanTidPaBdUec~HeT b"uEnsmmitTSg Gs'K~amintUvsg&yesaHeLIyfa KWBYkeyIgenHehIy EdlmannaTICaemdw knSBit@k~gkarvaybyuTrMedaHCatienH . k~gkarebIkvKsikaeronsUtenH b"ul-BtVnsYrdl'sisCaKNdwk nSExrkhmfa etIeyIgtUveFIy"agNaedImI[bCaCnKSTeyIg ? . BYkKNemkgCaecInVneqIytbfa [elIkykGMeBIBukrlYyrbs'kum minEmnkumynismkniyay ehIybgajBIskmPaBes~haCatirbs'BYk Exrkhm . xHeTotelIkGMBIbJaesdkic fatUverobcM[bCaCnbgbegIn plsUv[VnecIn CaedIm Etb"ul-BtenAEtmineBjcitelIcemIyTSg enaH . eBlenaHmanemkgvaenACYrekaym~ak'elIkdeqIyfa eyIgtUvda k'xn[TabesInwgbCaCnEdlkIkCageK enaHbnab'mkbCaCnk*nwgmkpM KSTBYkeyIgnigsLaj'BYkeyIg . b"ul-BtVneqIyy"ageBjcitfa tUv ! tUvNas' ! . -140-

enAk~gf~ak'vKeronsUtenH b"ul-BtVnefaleTasBYkP~ak'garevotNa m (kalyYnxnExr) faVneFIviTgnadl'bdivtn_ CaPaKecInk~gkarsmab' rgal . b"ul-BtVnsarPaBfa karEdlGgkarbJa[smab'BYkG~kneyaVy nigembJakarkgT&BsaFarNrdExrk~gq~S1975enaH eJHBYk eKbLak'eCaKCSedayKMnitckBti , ehIyb"ul-BtVnrMlwkBIemdwknSExr khmekg@ EdlVnGnuvtTwsIbdivtnd _ ac'xateBk nigBmanQb'[eFIkM husdEdlenaHeTot . enAeBlbJb'bwTvKeronsUtenaH b"ul-BtVnEfgsunkfaEdleFI[BY ksisKN bJakar vresna sk'TwkEP~knigsMEdgkarebCacittsUbyuTrhUtdMNk'Qamcugekaybgs' dUcG~kniBnVnelIksMdIenaHmksresrtg'TMB&r200fa xMmanesckIesaksayNas' edaysmmitTSg Gs'minTan'yl'[Vndl'CMerA . xMesaksayNas'EdlkumtsUdTeTo tnwgkan'EtmankmSg . eTaHbIxMkan'Etcas' nigtUvcUlnivtnk _ *eday k*xMtUv EtxMbwg[Gs'smtPaBedImIksagsmmit . kMuemIlgayxnfa smmit eTAminrYc EttUvbugby&t~CaniccMeJHPaBetaHetIyniglak'karCanic . etIkumEdltSgxnCaExresrIkar sLaj'esrIPaB yutiFmenaHman karebCatSgcit[VnmYyPaKnkumXatkrenHeT ? . tamsMdIhYt-GUnehg enAkecH sBfrs'enArdkalIh&rnij"aVnniya yfa eQaHqn (tayk), enAkMBg'camsm&yyYnyksukExr VntUv eKecaTbwgyYnfaCaExrkhm . Kat'kMBugEtedkGgwgekampH sab'Etma nBYkTahanyYnmYykumcuHBIrfynedIrsMedAmkrkKat'@eXIjdUec~aHk*nwkfa yYncas'Camkrkcab'Kat'Caminxan k*kMesokxneKceTAekaypH Tahan yYnk*edjcab'beNay . eQaHqntaykVnrt'cUlBeTArs'enACamYyBYkExrkhm ehIyVneFICaembJakarkgvresna . eKehAfa taqn (taCavN:k~gCYrExrkhm) . hYt-GUnehgVnrMlwksMdItaqnfa rbb enHenaEtkab'smab'dEdl KWKanEkEbTal'EtesaH eJHTwsIkhmdac' xatVnEcgfa tUvEtsmab'edImI[mnusxac nigeKarBtamTisedArbs'Ggkarkumynis nigedImI[Vnkan'GMNacteTAfmuxeTot . ebImandMeNaHsaysniPaBrYcenAsukExr EtKankarcat'Ecgkat'eTa sbnExrkhmeTenaH k~gry:eBlEvgnaGnaKt k~geBlEdlBYkGaCaFr Exrm~ak'@xMbUm xMBukrlYysg'edImenaH bnExrkhmk*nwgbmUlVnnUvkar KSTBIbCarasExrmkvij ehIykesabykGMNacmkvijeTotCaminxan Etk~gnamExrsImYyepgeTot minEmnk~gnam Exrkhm dEdlenHeT.

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CMBUkTI7 - eyabl' eyIgm~ak'@ TSgesrbreTs bswmbeTs BmTSgbCarasExrTSgG s'K~aVnemIleXIj nigecaTeTAelIEtkumExrkhmbnb"ul-Bt, eGogsarI, exov-sMpn, nYn-CaEtb"ueNaH . BitEmnehIyfa bnb"ul-BtCaCnd dl'kid VtdbLak'QamrasExrbIlannak' EtvamanktaGafkMVMgmYycMnYnFM EdlCakumExrK~agk*man kumbreTsk*man EdlVnTUrbJa ( edaycMeJHnigmincMeJH Directly or indirectly ) bnb"ul-Bt[bBwtkwdkmsmab'rgalCnCatiExrK~ag edayBYkbreTsenaHcSeqt{kascMeN j nigbwTVMgnUvkidkmnigbMNgrbs'eKmkelIbeTsExr nigCnCati ExreyIg . etIbnb"ul-BtecjBINamk ? breTsNa ExrNaCaG~kbegItpgepIm bnkwdCnGs'TSgenHeLIg[smab'Exr ? yYnCaG~kbegItBYkExrkhm . b"ul-BtmanKMnitsb'rbbraCaniym tSgEtBIeKykbgsIbgs'rbs' Kat'eTAfayhgsIusuvti-munIvgeFICas~Mem"H (1) . EfmBIelIenHeTAeTotenaH saLt-srmanbMNgd*FMeFgk~gkarksagxneK kitiyspal'xnrbs'eK [lIlajx&rxar CaemdwknSExrd*eqI~mm~ak'dUcCaeLnIn, em"A-esTug dUcCa hU-CImijedayedIrykpvsgmniymkumynisEbbem"Aniymdac'xat (Radi -cal ) .
(1) sUmCMrabfa ExrCarassamJ elIkElgEtnamWunEdlpab'escedImIbuNs&kiecj mincg'[kUnsIxn eTAeFC I as~MescEdlmanbBnrab'minGs'enaHeT . tamkarsmasn_ rbs'sIhnu cuHk~gTsnavdI Playboy q~S1987 kal34 elx5 sIhnuVnniyayfa CItarbs'hgKWTg'munIvg mans~MCapvkarcMnYn60 EttamkarBitrab'ry eJHhgmandMNak'enAJseBjsukExr Kan'EtBIsn'eTAkMBg'FM mandMNak'bI-bYnkEng eTAehIy . dMNak'mYyenAG~krSg CitparrMlgtUveKlYcdutecal . ecAha yextEtgeTAbgMr as[ ykkUnkmMueTAfa yhg eBlEdlhgeTAsMNak'lMEhenAnwgdMNak'NamYyenaH . bg sIbgs'rbs'b"ul-Btm~ak'eQaHLt-saerOn tUveKbgM[ eTAeFC I as~MhgmunIvgenAnwg dMNak'G~krSgenaH .

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eBlVneTAeronenAsukVrSg b"ul-Btk*cUlcitsLaj'gb'gl'nwg TwsIkumynis ehIyVncUlrYmCamYybkkumynishU-CImijtSgBIq~S19 49enaHmk . eBlCnenHVnviltLb'mksukExrvijnaedImq~S1953 enaH k*enAEtbnkarTak'TgCamYybkkumynisyYndEdl edayVneTAcUlrYm k~gmUldantMbn'kMBt tac tYttadwknSedayGacaremon sWg-g"ukmij KW enAcugsgamNcinelIkTI1 EdlCitEtnwgcb'eTAehIyenaH . tSgBIeka ykarsMercrbs'sni~siThWENvq~S1954mk edaymanemdwknShaNUy CYycat'EcgsMrYl[ b"ul-BtVneFIdMeNIreTAsukcineb"kSgtamry:ynehaHhaNUyy"agsat'@CaecIndg . tSgEtBIVnCYbsnnaCamYyem"AesTugmk CnenHmankarekatsresIrnUvTwsIrevIrvayrbs'elakbFanem"A d*mhimarbs'cinCaxSg CaBiessTwsIEcgBImhaelatepaH-mhaGsar nigTwsIEcgBI kareFIbdivtnv _ bFmrMlaysgmcas'skiPUmi ecal . Cn enHk*cab'manmhicitaelaPln'nigmanbMNgtSgxn[kayeTACaemdwknS Exrd*mhaPWsagmhaGsarm~ak'k~gkartsUvN: ksagrbbkumynisk~g sukExr [VndUcCaeLnIn em"A-esTug k*hU-CImij[Tal'EtVn . eh tuenHehIyeTIbCnenHVnGb'rMxneK[manebHdUgf citrwgdUcEdk sahav dUcxatUvrbYs cMeJHGIEdlmkBaMg mkrarSgnUveKalbMNgd*FMeFgrbs'eK enaH CnenHtUvEtkMeTcecalTSgGs' . edaysarcitman:brpac'Ebby"ag enHehIy CnenHk*VnkaymkCamnusKanmenaseJtna CaBiessrvagbI bBn EdleFI[G~kKUexov-b"uNarIkayCaqtvk'k~gq~S1978 ehIyb"ul-Bt k*ykbBnmYyeToteTA . edImIeFIsgm[VneCOnelOnkayCasgmniymBitVkdenaH eKtUv EteFIbdivtmYy[xSgka eJlKWtUvEtkMeTc[Gs'BYkskiPUmi vN:G~kdwknS CMnan'rbbcas' G~kTIkug nayTun CaBiesstUvsmab'G~kecHdwgecalmun[ Gs'sin eJHtam{vaTrbs'em"A-esTugfa ebITukBYkGs'enH[enArs' BYk enHEdlecHBicarNarkehtuplecIn nigbegIt[manKMnit esIerIniym bqSgtbCamYyKMnitsgmniymkumynisvijCaminxan . KwHvbFmCMenOsasna sil:k~grbbcas' k*tUvEtbMpajecalTSgGs'Edr ebIBMuenaHeT kareFIbdivtnQ _ anepaHeTArksgmniymBitVkdenaH nwgminVnsMerceCa KC&ydl'eKaledAesaHeLIy . enHehIyCaCMenOpab'muxrbs'bnb"ul-Bt ehIyCabMNgrbs'emdwknScinEdr k~gkaryksukExreFIkarBiesaFn_ nUv

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TwsIrbs'elakbFanem"Ad*mhimarbs'eK faetITwsIenaHGacTTYleCaKC&y eT ? . cMENkemdwknSyYnvij Vnyl'nigdwgBIKMnitrevIrvayrbs'elakbFanem"Ad*mhimacas'las'Nas' nigdwgGMBIeKalbMNgrbs'cinbugyk evotNamdUcCacinVnrMlayykbeTsTIebk~gq~S1959Edr eJHyYnFab' VnPkemeronCUrct'ekamkartYttarbs'GFiraCcinGs'db'mYystvtmk ehIy . emdwknSyYnVnsab'KMnitemdwknScincas'Nas' . KMnitem"AvasIu K~a tUvsbK~anwgeKalbMNgrbs'yYn EdleKagyksukExr[Vnk~g GnaKt edImI[bCarasyYnCaghuksiblannak'Gacrs'VnsYl . eKagkarNT _ I1EdlyYnxageCIgVnGnuvtKW ykBYkExrevotmijmk dak'[dwknSbeTsExrVMgmuxGnrCatimYyry:sin rYcehIyswmeFIevotNa mUbniykmsnwm@ edImITajyksukExreFICardmYyk~gshB&nNcin EdlmanyYnCaemdwknS . EteKagkarNe _ nHVntUvb"ul-BtdwgCamun ehI ykMeTcecaltSgBIq~S1972 KWtSgBIeBlsaLt-srVnbMBulsmab'sWg g"ukmijem"H . karkMeTcEpnkaryYnenH VneFICabnbnab'mkeTotrhUtdl' q~S1978 dUcCakarcab'smab'BYkJy&BTiskummUl-smti enAfTI18mifu na1978CaedIm . EpnkarTI1VnxUcGasarbg'Gs'ehIy edaysars~adb"ul-Bt . ehtu enHemdwknSyYnrg'cSemIlEpnkarTI2 EdlyYnVneFIsmbeTAnwg TwsI em"A KWbMpusbMpulpk~gs~ldwknSExrkhm eFI[b"ul-Btqtvk'vIsmab' ElgsMcd sUmIEtsg&yk*tUvEtykeTAsmab'ecalEdr nigrYmsmab' TSgExr17emsa [putBUCBYksMNl'sgmcas'Etmgk~grvagq~S1977 . b"ul-Btk*Fak'cUleTAk~gGnak'TI2rbs'emdwknSyYn EdledkriHKitEtmeFa VyylsukExrtSgBIsm&ysIhnumkem"H . edayeXIjExrgakeTArkcin, stUvyYn, y"agbrpac' emdwknSyYnk*Tak' TgrusIrkCMnYyy"agsnwksnab'mkvayExrb"ul-Bt [ExrBmcUlrYmeFICa shB&n tamKMnitbkGnrCati (sbtamKMnityYn) Edl[yYnbegItclna kumynisNcineLIgenAq~S1930 nakughugkug . kalenaHenAminTan' manExrniglavCasmaCikbkrbs'kumynisNcinenAeLIyeT . karlagsMGatCMrHsgmaedayGnuvtviFIsmab'rgalbCarasExr tam TwsIrevIrvayrbs'elakbFanem"Ad*mhimaenaH KWb"ul-BtVnedIrcUleTAk~g

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Gnak'TI2rbs'emdwknSyYn Edlrg'cS{kaslenHCayUrmkehIy . sb eBlnwgesckIGMJvnavrbs'elakBwTisPaGaemrikSg George McGovern VnsMu[Kb'beTsTSgGs' (q~S1978) EdlsLaj'esrIPaBnigyutiFm [bJnkgT&BeTAvayrMlMrdaPiVlExrkhmenaH emdwknSyYnk*ykels enHgelIkT&BKKwkKeKg vaylukcUlsukExr edayebIrfekaHVj'min eqHrbs'rusInSmux edaypayVb'BiPBelakTSgmUlfa evotNamcUl mkrMedaHbCaCnExrBIsannrkelakiynrbbkab'smab'sasn _ g Gnuvt edaybnb"ul-Bt . etIevotNamVnCYyrMedaHExrBIkumXatkrb"ul-BtEmn ? emdwknSyYnqatNas'k~gkarpBpayVb'BiPBelakenH edImIlak' VMgnUvEpnkarkidnigKMnitGakk'rbs'yYnk~gkarelbbeTsExr rYmbJ leFIshB&nNcin tambNSrbs'hU-CImij . emdwknSyYnebIviFIrarSgCa nicnUvKb'sni~siTGnrCatinana EdlelIkeLIgnUvkarEsgrksniPaBdl' beTsExrnigbCarasExr nigebIviFIBnaeBl[EvgGnay edImIerobcMCa beNIr nUvEpnkar evotNamUbniykm rhUtmtiBiPBelaknigrasExrTSg Gs' suxcitTTYlyknUvsPaBEbbsBf nkarQanJnrbs'evotNam Status quo edayebIPasaneyaVybeNIr@fa neyaVyrbs'beTs NcinTSgbICaedIm KWk~geKaledAeFIshB&nNcinenaHEtmg . b"ul-BtnigbkBYk ( eGog-sarI, tam"uk, nYn-Ca, sun-esn ) CaG~kd dl' eTaHCamincMeJHk*eday ( Indirectly ), emdwknSevotNamCaG~keKag KMniterobcMEpnkar xIdExredImIsmab'bMputBUCsasnE _ xr Etmg . b"ul-BtnigbkBYk ( eGog-sarI, tam"uk, nYn-Ca, sun-esn ) CaG~kd dl' eTaHCamincMeJHk*eday ( Indirectly ), emdwknSevotNamCaG~keKag KMniterobcMEpnkar xIdExredImIsmab'bMputBUCsasnE _ xr Etmg . KMnitkar Gnuvtns _ mab'rgalrbs'bnb"ul-Bt dUcCaVnTTYlnUvbB&nTUrbJa ( Remote control's system ) BIemdwknSkughaNUyGIcwg . ebIyYnmkCYyExr ehtuGIk*cSVc'rg'cSrhUtb"ul-BtGnuvtEpnkarsmab'rgalrasExrrMlay sgmExrexcxI eTIbCaVneFICamkCYyrMlaybEnmkMu[sl'daneTot ? semcsIhnuCaG~krujbCarasExrtSgGs'eTAcUlk~greNAmrN:rb s'b"ul-Bt edayEskbMBgGMJvnavBIkugeb"kSg mk[kUnecATSgGs'rbs'nSK~art'cUlB vaykMcat'ckBtiGaemrikSgnigbrivarkt'ln'-nl', siri-

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mt: eTaHbIekaybIyl'sal'y"agcas'nUvKMnitbnb"ul-Bt bnab'BIsemc sIhnuVncUleTATsnasukExrk~gtMbn'rMedaHq~S1973ehIyk*eday k*s emcsIhnuminVnQb'EskGMJvnavEbbdEdl@enH rujrasExreTA[b"ul-Btvaykalnwgtgcb Garksmab'nwgFaget~atEfmeToteLIy . kMhusCan'elIkMhus ( CYyyYnhaNUy rYccUlCamYyExrkhmeTot) semcsIhnuKanVnedaHsaybJaExrNamYy ekAEtBIbegItbJaEfm eLIgeLIy . sIhnuCaG~kciJwmbMb"nkmSgxaTSgBIr[FMFat' qab'TMJrelb CIvitrasExrnigsukExr edaysarEtkMhwgcg'sgswkBYkbnln'nl'-siri mt:Etb"ueNaH . etIbeTsExrnwgtUvkayCacMV"TI2 k~gGnaKtqab'@xagmuxenH ? etI kgT&BevotNamnwgcakecjBIsukExredaysYl@ ? . ehtukarNT _ SgGs'enHKanG~kNaGacTsnT _ aytUvTSgGs'VneLIy ! etIemdwknSyYnebIyuTviFIEbbNak~gkarrMlaybeTsExrenH ? 1- emdwknSyYnebIEpnkar BnaeBl [yUr eFI[mtiBiPBelakFuj Tan' rhUtTal'EtExrenAk~gbeTsVk'p~t'KMniteCaKCS Gacrs'enArYmK~aCa mYyyYn ekamkartYttarbs'yYn ehIysuxcitTTYlyksJatiCaCnCa tiNcin . 2- bJlniKmyYn[mktSgTIlMenACagbIlannak'ehIy elItMbn'dIma nCIrCati tammat'TenemKg enAtMbn'sMbUrtI bwgTensab ehIybgM[rbb Gay"gehgsMrin-hunEsn BmTTYlsal'BYkniKmyYnTSgenaHfa CaCati kmCa k~geKaledAykQ~HbsinebImankareVHeq~atenAkmCa edImIrka rbbGay"genH[manCIvitrs'rhUteTA . eJHebIrbbGay"genHrs' karcuH htelxaTSgGmalmaNrbs'ehg-sMrin k~gsnisJabKl'TwkdIeTA[ yYn enaHcat'TukCaVnkar ehIyExrnwgtUvVt'bg'TwkdIk~gGnaKtenH ebIKa nkarbugeboberobcMeCIgBYlneyaVy[Vnditdl'eTenaH . cMeJHniKmyYnCitBIrlannak'enH etIKNkmkarGnrCatiGaccat'viFankarekAbgM[cakecjbIEdndIExrekIteT ? kgT&ByYnEdlcakecjeTAenaH KWKan'EtbkexaGavTahanecal rYceskJk'exaGavsIuviltLb'mkrs'enA k~gcMeNamniKmyYnvijEtb"ueNaH . 3- emdwknSyYnmanbMNgCMrujbgat'BUCExr-yYn [mankUnkat'yYnExrkan'EtecIn ecHniyayPasaExr EtmancitKMnitsLaj'CatiyYnCag .

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enHCaviFIrMlayCatiExredayebIry:eBlEvg ehIyEdlyYnVnykmkebI VnsMerceCaKC&yrYcehIyenAcMV" nigfI@enHenAkmCaekam . EpnkaryYnUbniykmenHGacsMerceTAVn Gas&yeTAelIsankarN_ vivtin _ nbvtisasBiPBelakpg EtCaBiessenaHGas&yeTAelIsartIb CarasExrKb'@rUbEtmg . etIExrTSgGs'suxcit[beTsExrkayeTACa sukyYneT ? . yYnKanbMNgTal'EtesaHk~gkarcakecjBIbeTsExredaysYl@ KankarKabsgt'BIGnrCati KankartsUy"agbrpac'rbs'Exrk~gkarvaybeNjyYn[ecjBIEdndIExrenaHeT . emdwknSExrKb'nin~akarVnyl'rYc Gs'ehIyBIBiesaFnn _ eyaVyxus xHkarBicarNarbs'eK k~gGtitkal kngmkfI@enH . etIpvNaEdlGacesacsg'nUvkarKg'vg'nbCaCatiExr GriyFm vb FmExr sil:nigbeTsExrVn ? pvsMrab'Exrrs'manEtmYyKt' KWkarrYbrYmK~aCaFgmYy nigkarlHbg'Bli kmrbs'emExrKb'@rUb sMrab'beTsnigrasExrBit@ EttUvebIrUbmnNa mYyedImIsMercnUveKalkarenH ? etIExrkhmGacpas'brcritkacsahaveXareXA lHbg'KMnitem"Aniym revIrvay Qb'smab'ExrteTAeToteT ? EbrmkkumExresrIEdltSgxnfa sLaj'esrIPaB yutiFmenaHvij Ka nbnat'neyaVycas'las' kgT&BTSgemTSgkUnKanvin&y eQaHVk'Ebk K~a bBwtGMeBIBukrlYy rMelaPsiTimnus etIBYkeKkMBugedIreTArkGI[Bit Vkd ? mYyBYkeKnSK~aerobcMBgIkrbbraCaniymeLIgvijeTot ? BYkbnExrkhmVnykTwsIkumynisem"AniymmkeFICatmKti py eTAvijBYkemdwknSevotNamykTwsIkumynis Kan'EtCameFaVyedImI bgYbbgYmevotNamxageCIgnigxagtg nigedImIBgIkTwkdI begItCa mhaNackyYnNcinmYy . dUcGtbTrbs'elak Roger Normand VnbJak'BIbMNgnigyuTviFIrbs'BYkExrkhmsab' BYkvaenAEtVf~adeNImGMNacmkvijdEdl EtenA e B l e n H E x r k h m m i n T a n ' C a e K a H f ~ a k ' d l ' k m C a e T k ~ g r y : evlaxIxagmux enH .

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eKaHf~ak'rbs'beTsExrenAeBlenH (1990) KWevotNamEtmg Edl mankmSgxSgCagbnb"ul-Bt TSgxagvis&yeyaFa TSgyuTviFI CaBiess yuTviFIevotNamelIqakGnrCatiEtmg . evotNamVnbMpusmtiGnrCati edayrMelIkykeKaHf~ak'rbs'ExrkhmmkJMg bMbwTnUvkwdkmnigbMN gexArbs'evotNam k~gkarelbbeTsExr . edayykbnGay"gehgsMrin-hunEsn [edIrtYbeNaHGasn~ edImI[ mtiBiPBelakTTYlsal'nUvrbbbnbkJHyYnenH emdwknSyYnebIyuTviFI Kb'y"agedImIBnaeBledaHsayvibtiExr[EvgGnay Tmak'kMhuseTAelI kumExrTSgbYn faminBmCanaK~a ( EtemdwknSyYnpl'viFIKb'y"ag[Gay"g P~MeBjrkelsedImIkMu[mansniPaBenAsukExr ) sbeTAnwgcitKMnitem ExrTSgenaHpgEdr EdlswgEtElgrvl'BIGaNaniKmyYn EpnkaryYnnUb niykm karQanJnrbs'yYn Ebrmkbkab'bcak'K~aQUrqrbegItKNbkneyaVy KandwgTistMbn' k~gevlaEdlsukTSgmUlkMBugsitenA ekamkartYttarbs'yYn . mYyeTothun-Esnk*nwgtUvyYndkdak'BYkGtitExrevotmijmkCMnYs vij k~gGnaKtxIxagmuxenH ebIbsinemdwknSyYnemIleXIjfa hun-Esn KansmtPaBKb'Kan'k~gkarpl'beyaCn[ _ yYneTenaH dUcEdlyYnVn brdkemdwknSlavTg'supanuvg dak'lavevotmijksUn-PMuvihandUec~aHEdr . karnSK~abegItKNbkneyaVyk~gsanPaBbeTsExrenACakJHyYn KWExrTSgGs'K~akMBugEtedIrcUleTAk~gklVyrbs'emdwknSyYnehIy . emdwknSyYnnwgebIviFIdEdl@ KWbMEbkkmSg[exay bMEbkedImItYtta ( Diviser pour rgner ) . emdwknSyYneFIy"agNaedImI[GnrCatieCOfa yYnBMuVnlUkdk~gerOg pk~gExreT KWBYkExrK~agEdlbeQaHdeNImGMNacK~a ehIyeFI[Gnr CatieKQWkal eKElgrvIrvl'nwgerOgExrteTAeTot . Cagdb'q~SEdlBiPBelak CaBiessshrdGaemrik VneFIsmaFesd kicnigTUtCamYyevotNam etIkumbeTsTSgGs'enaHmankarxatbg'KitCa luyGs'b"unanekadidular ? etIeKVnbeyaCnG _ IteTAeTotk~gkarbneFI smmaFeTAelIevotNamenH etIbeTsExrmanbeyaCnb _ "uNaeTA k~gkar b"Hb"UvesdkicnkumbeTsGs'TSgenaH ? . emdwknSyYnVnemIleXIjkLaenHtSgBIdMbUgTImkem"H EtEbrmkemdwk

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nSExrenAEtmanKMnitepkplelIGnrCati100PaKry edayElgKitCYy xngesaHEtmg eKKitEtBIeFIy"agNakesabGMNac[Vn . enHehIy CacMNucexayrbs'emdwknSExr EdlkayeTACabMerIneyaVyxSgCatiExr eTAvij . semcsIhnuminVneVHbg'ecalBYkExrkhmesaHeLIy eJHTg' yl'eXIjfa manEteyaFaExrkhmeT eTIbmanlTPaBGacvaykMcat'kg T&ByYnQanJnecjBIsukExrVn . bnExrkhmhun-Esn/ehg-sM rinvij enAEttUvkarkgT&ByYn[tSgenAk~gsukExrdEdl edImIkarJrrbb Gay"genH[rs'enA edayBm[yYnbmUlykePaKsmtiExr sUv tI eQI tgral'f . eTaHCaxMbdiesFfa minbMerIyYn k*eday Etkarkab'smab'rgalbCarasExrCagbIlannak'enaH etIbnb"ul-BtVneFIkar[nrNa ? eTaHCaxMbdiesF minbMerIyYn k*eday EtkarGnuJat[kgT&ByYn mktSgenAelIEdndIExr karCYypl'Ggr CYydwknSsasavuFeTA[kgT&Bevo tkug-evotNamxageCIg karCYyCJnT&ByYnEdlcuHkV"l'enAkMBg'EpkMBg'esam eTAdak'enACayEdnExr-yYn etIenHCakarCYybeJssgamenA kmCaedImIkmCaekaHsniPaB enAsm&ysemcsIhnuenaH ? eTaHCaxMbdiesFga minkJHyYn minGay"gyYn k*eday EtkarcuH htelxa[T&ByYnenAelITwkdIExr25q~S cuHhtelxaelIsnisJakat'bnyBMEdnpl'dIeTAyYn tSgBIBMrYmbIbeTsrhUtdl'mat'smuT kareFItam nUvKb'meFaVyrbs'yYn edImIBnaeBlkMu[mansniPaBenAkmCa etITSg Gs'enHminEmnCaGMeBIrbs'escsamlraCehg-sMrin/hun-Esn kMBugbMerI yYn CaGay"gyYneT ? eTaCaxMEskbMBgfa sb'GaecaryYnQanJny"agNak*eday Et karxMbkab'bcak'K~agpk~geJHEtluykak' GMNacenaH etIBYkkumExr esrI EdlfasLaj'esrIPaBenaH kMBugEteFIkarbMerInrNa ? nrNacMeNj ? ExrcMeNj k*yYncMeNj ? k~gsgamNucinTSgbIelIk beTsEdlcUlrYmk~gsgamenH KancM eNjbnicesaH evotNamvijcMeNjkb'ekagTSgbIelIk ykVnTSg beTslav VnTSgbeTsExrEfmeTot . karGkuslmYyeTotKWExrKanemdwknS EdlKitCatiKitrasesaH manEtem ekabGMNacpac'kar . -149-