Angle of Internal Friction Vs Density (For Coarse Grained Soils) 45

` Obtained from effective

stress failure envelopes approximate correlation is for cohesionless materials without plastic fines

Angle of Internal Friction `(Degrees)

40

ty 10 ensi D e v ti Rela

0%

75%
GW

35
ML

SW

GP 50%

Material Type

d SP SM an
in e this rang
0

25%

30

25

20

75

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150 (G = 2.68)

Dry Unit Weight ( ), PCF D

1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.75 0.7 0.65 0.6 0.55 0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2

0.15

Void Ratio, e

0.55

0.5

0.45

0.4

0.35 Porosity, n

0.3

0.25

0.2

0.15

Correlations Of Strength Characteristics For Granular Soils

Adapted from NAVFAC DM-7.1 (5/82) p 7.1 - 149

3 2 10-2 8 6 5 4 3 2 10-3 8 6 5 4 3 2 10-4 8 6 5 4

Completely Remolded Samples: Cv Lies Below this Upper Limit
2

1 0.7 0.5

Coefficient of Consolidation (Cv), Cm2/sec

Undisturbed Samples: Cv in Range of Virgin Compression Cv in Range of Recompression Lies Above this Lower Limit

0.3 0.2

0.07 0.05 0.03 0.02

0.01 0.007 0.005 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Liquid Limit (LL)

Coefficient of Consolidation Vs Liquid Limit

Adapted from NAVFAC DM-7.1 (1982)

0.40

Undrained Strength Ratio

A- Line Source of Strength Data Below Above Field cu/p: Larsson (1980)

0.35

* * *
0 10

Lab CKoU ave/vc:Table 4

Lab CKoUDSS h/vc: MIT

0.30

0.25

* *

* * *
40 50 60

cu/p

h/vc ave/vc

Note: Cu = Su Undrained shear strength for design (stability analyses)

0.20

Note: Linear Regression Lines for Clay Data

70 80 90

0.15

20

30

Plasticity Index, Ip(percent)

Comparison of field and laboratory undrained strength ratios for nonvarved sedimentary soils (OCR = 1 for laboratory CKoU testing)
Adapted from Ladd (1991), JGE, ASCE, 117(4)

(Cv), FT2/day

0.1

50

NC

Friction Angle, ', Degrees

40 30 20 10 0 0 20 40 60 80

Soft and Stiff Clays, and Shale Compositions Clay Minerals

' (oc) Data from Table 3

100

200

400 600 1000

Plasticity Index, Ip, percent

3000
Shear Stress, kPa

Values of Friction Angle ' for Natural Clay Compositions

For p/n Range of 2 to 5

2000

For p/n Range of 10 to 20

1000

c c 0 2000 4000

NC
p = 4100 kPa
6000 8000

n = Effective Normal Stress, kPa

Peak Strength against Effective Normal Stress Relationship of London Clay Sample from 35 m Depth (Data from Bishop et al. 1965)
10,000

10,00 c = 0.10 p 100

c , kPa

10 (Table1) 10

10

c = 0.024 p

n in p /n Range of 2 to 5 10 to 20 10 100 1000

p , kPa

0.1

10,000

100,000

Relationship between Cohesion Intercept and Preconsolidation Pressure

Adapted from Mesri & Adel - Ghaffar (1993), JGE, ASCE, 119(8)

60 50 Plasticity Index (PI) 40 30 20 10 7 4 0

"L "A ine

" "U

ne Li

CH

OH r o

MH or OH
For classification of fine-grained soils and fine-grained fraction of coarsegrained soils. Equation of "A"-line Horizontal at PI = 4 to LL = 25.5, then PI = 0.73 (LL-20) Equation of "U"-line Vertical at LL = 16 to PI = 7, then PI = 0.9(LL-8)

CL

OL r o

CL - ML 0 10 16 20 30

ML or OL
40

50 60 70 Liquid Limit (LL)

80

90

100

110

Plasticity Chart