QUESTION 1 (16%) For each of the concrete members shown in Figure 1 below, sketch a feasible strut and tie

model indicating the position and orientation of the compression struts and tension ties.

Beam with single ledge support

Beam with double ledge support

Irregular deep beam

Deep beam

w*

Irregular deep beam

Beam-column joint under closing bending moment

Irregular deep beam

Beam with stepped double ledge support Figure 1

QUESTION 2 (18%) A deep reinforced concrete member carries two members with factored loads as shown in Figure 2. Material properties: fsy = 400 MPa, fc = 50 MPa. a) Sketch a feasible strut and tie model indicating the position and orientation of the compression struts and tension ties and calculate the forces in the struts and ties. b) Check the bearing stresses at where the loads are applied. c) What is the minimum width required for the most heavily loaded compression strut. d) Calculate the minimum width required for support bs.
Take: u = 0.12 h; w = bs sin + u cos ; fb1 = 0.85 fc , where = either 1.0 or 0.8

1800 mm

Figure 2

1800 mm

QUESTION 3 (16%) The concrete slab shown in Figure 3 is 7m 5m. The slab is not supported along one of the 7m long edges (free edge). The other three edges are supported and continuous over the supports, and therefore can be considered fixed edges. The slab is isotropically reinforced with an ultimate bending moment capacity of 20 kNm/m in the positive direction. The bending moment, which causes tension at the bottom, is taken as the positive moment. Along the fixed edges, the slab is reinforced to have a negative bending moment capacity of 1.33 times the positive bending moment capacity. Slab is expected to support a uniformly distributed load. Using Hillerborgs strip method, calculate the ultimate uniformly distributed load that the slab can support.

5m

7m

Figure 3

QUESTION 4 (17%) The horizontal rectangular reinforced concrete slab of 7m 3m shown in Figure 4 has fixed supports along the long edges and simple supports along the short edges. The slab is subjected to a uniform distributed load, q kN/m2. Mx+ = Mx- = My+ = My- = 4 kN.m/m. Using yield line analysis, calculate the collapse load q.

Ly= 7m

Lx = 3 m
X

Y
Figure 4

QUESTION 5 (17%) A steel frame ABCDE made of 360UB56.7 with plastic moment capacity Msx= 273 kNm is subjected to two design loads, 100 kN each, as shown in Figure 5. The connection at C is a pin joint. An elastoplastic analysis is carried out for the frame until collapse with three plastic hinges. The results of the analysis for bending moments for = 1 are shown in the tables below. a) Determine the sequence of plastic hinge formation (that is, Case A,..,..,H in the correct order) and hence the final bending moments of all members and the load factor (accurate up to 2 decimal places) at collapse. Show all stages of calculations using the standard spreadsheet form given below. (10 marks) b) What is the lightest possible section from the table given below for the frame at design load level (that is, at = 1). (4 marks) c) If the elastic buckling load factor c of the frame is 5.5, determine the actual collapse load factor for the frame by taking into account the moment amplification effect. (3 marks) Section (kg/m) 410UB59.7 410UB53.7 360UB56.7 360UB50.7 360UB44.7 310UB46.2 310UB40.4 310UB32 250UB37.3 Moment capacity Msx (kNm) 324 304 273 242 222 197 182 134 140 100 kN D 100 kN B 3m A 6m 4m E C 6m

Figure 5 Bending moments at joints (in kNm) Case Structure 100 kN A 100 kN B A 100 kN B 100 kN B A C D 345.0 322.5 0 -555.0 C D 104.9 26.8 234.2 -209.6 Joint A Joint B Joint D Joint E

100 kN C D 100 kN B A 100 kN D 100 kN B A 100 kN E 100 kN B A 100 kN F D 100 kN B A 100 kN G D 100 kN B A C 900 600 0 0 C 0 -120 360 0 C D 0 150 0 -900 C D 0 -41.0 254.7 -263.3 C 193.4 34.7 282.6 0

E 100 kN Collapse

H 100 kN B A C

Analysis Stage No: 1

Member Joint Moment Mo (kNm) Residual Plastic Moment MP-Mi (kNm)

Critical load factor, cr =

Load factor

M p Mi Mo

Cumulative Moment Mi+1 = Mi +crMo (kNm)

AB BC CD DE

A B B C C D D E

Analysis Stage No: 2

Member Joint Moment Mo (kNm) Residual Plastic Moment MP-Mi (kNm)

Critical load factor, cr =

Load factor

M p Mi Mo

Cumulative Moment Mi+1 = Mi +crMo (kNm)

AB BC CD DE

A B B C C D D E

Analysis Stage No: 3

Member Joint Moment Mo (kNm) Residual Plastic Moment MP-Mi (kNm)

Critical load factor, cr =

Load factor

M p Mi Mo

Cumulative Moment Mi+1 = Mi +crMo (kNm)

AB BC CD DE

A B B C C D D E

Analysis Stage 4 shows that the structure has collapsed

QUESTION 6 (16%) (a) Using the Mechanism (Upper Bound) Method, determine the collapse load factor from all possible collapse mechanisms for the fixed end beam ABCD shown in Figure 6(a). Plastic moment capacity for the members of the portal frame is Mp = 240 kNm. (6 marks) 10 kN 30 kN

A 2m

B 2m Figure 6(a)

C 1m

(b) A fixed-base portal frame is subjected to a horizontal load 30 kN at B and two vertical loads, one of 10 kN at C and the other 30 kN at D as shown in Figure 6(b). Plastic moment capacity for the members of the portal frame is Mp = 240 kNm. By using the Mechanism Method, calculate the collapse load factor from all possible mechanisms. (10 marks) 10 kN 30 kN B 4m A Figure 6(b) E 2m C 2m D 30 kN 1m

Formula sheet
L 250 (80 + 50 m ) ry fy

P P2 (M 1 M 2 ) Md = M2 + d P P 1 2
Si

( w2 w1 )x 2 w x
1

2L

=0

w = 11.65

Mp L2

M prx = 1.18M sx 1

N* M sx for bending about the x-x axis N s

* 2 N M pry = 1.19M sy 1 M sy for bending about the y-y axis. N s

p =

0.9 . 1 1