BARKATULLAH UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BARKATULLAH UNIVRSITY, BHOPAL

PRESENTATION ON ANTENNA

Submitted to:Ms. Anita Jhamalia

Submitted by:Praveen Kumar Prajapati

Introduction
y An antenna is an electrical conductor or system of

conductors
y Transmission - radiates electromagnetic energy into space y Reception - collects electromagnetic energy from space

y In two-way communication, the same antenna can be used

for transmission and reception

Antenna Definition
y An antenna is a circuit element that provides a

transition form a guided wave on a transmission line to a free space wave and it provides for the collection of electromagnetic energy.

Reciprocity
y An antenna ability to transfer energy form the

atmosphere to its receiver with the same efficiency with which it transfers energy from the transmitter into the atmosphere y Antenna characteristics are essentially the same regardless of whether an antenna is sending or receiving electromagnetic energy

Polarization
y Polarization is the direction of the electric field and is the

same as the physical attitude of the antenna

y A vertical antenna will transmit a vertically polarized wave

y The receive and transmit antennas need to possess the

same polarization

Types of Antennas
y Isotropic antenna (idealized) y Radiates power equally in all directions y Dipole antennas y Half-wave dipole antenna (or Hertz antenna) y Quarter-wave vertical antenna (or Marconi antenna) y Parabolic Reflective Antenna

Beamwidth
y Beamwidth is the angular separation of the half-power points of the radiated pattern

Half-wave Dipole (Hertz) Antenna

y An antenna having a physical length that is one-

half wavelength of the applied frequency is called a Hertz antenna or a half-wave dipole antenna. Hertz antennas are not found at frequencies below 2MHz because of the physical size needed of the antenna to represent a half-wave

Vertical (Marconi) Antenna

y Vertical Antennas are used for frequencies under 2

MHz. It uses a conducting path to ground that acts as wavelength portion the antenna above the ground. The above ground structure represents a P/4 wavelength

ounterpoise
y Counterpoise is a grounding grid established where

the earth grounding cannot satisfy electrical requirements for circuit completion. It is designed to be non-resonant at the operating frequency

Antenna Array
y Antenna array is a group of antennas or antenna

elements arranged to provide the desired directional characteristics. Generally any combination of elements can form an array. However, equal elements in a regular geometry are usually used.

Yagi-Uda Antenna
y The Yagi-Uda antenna is a simple form of a directional antenna based off of a reflector placed P/4 from the dipole antennas placement. Complex analysis to define the radiated patterns are experimental rather than theoretical calculations

Yagi-Uda Antenna-contd
reflector

P/4 dipole antenna

Radiation Resistance
y Radiation Resistance is the portion of the antennas

impedance that results in power radiated into space (i.e., the effective resistance that is related to the power radiated by the antenna. Radiation resistance varies with antenna length. Resistance increases as the P increases

Radiation Pattern
y Radiation pattern is an indication of radiated field

strength around the antenna. Power radiated from a P/2 dipole occurs at right angles to the antenna with no power emitting from the ends of the antenna. Optimum signal strength occurs at right angles or 180 from opposite the antenna

Radiation Patterns
y Radiation pattern
y Graphical representation of radiation properties of an

antenna y Depicted as two-dimensional cross section

y Beam width (or half-power beam width)

y Measure of directivity of antenna

y Reception pattern
y Receiving antennas equivalent to radiation pattern

Antenna Gain
y Antenna gain y Power output, in a particular direction, compared to that produced in any direction by a perfect omnidirectional antenna (isotropic antenna) y Effective area y Related to physical size and shape of antenna

Antenna Gain
y Antenna gain is the measure in dB how much more

power an antenna will radiate in a certain direction with respect to that which would be radiated by a reference antenna

Propagation Modes
y Ground-wave propagation y Sky-wave propagation y Line-of-sight propagation

Ground Wave Propagation

Ground Wave Propagation

y Follows contour of the earth y Can Propagate considerable distances y Frequencies up to 2 MHz y Example y AM radio

Sky Wave Propagation

LOS Wireless Transmission Impairments

y Attenuation and attenuation distortion y Free space loss y Noise y Atmospheric absorption y Multipath y Refraction y Thermal noise

Thermal Noise
y Thermal noise due to agitation of electrons y Present in all electronic devices and transmission media y Cannot be eliminated y Function of temperature y Particularly significant for satellite communication

Antenna Height
y Antenna height above the ground is directly related to

radiation resistance. Ground reflections causing out-ofphase signals to be radiated to receiving antennas will degrade the transmission. Physical length and electrical length of most antennas are approximately 95% of the physical length. Ideal antenna height is usually based on trial and error procedures

Phased Array Antenna

y Phased Array antennas are a combination of antennas in which there is a control of the phase and power of the signal applied at each antenna resulting in a wide variety of possible radiation patterns

Antenna Installation Considerations

y Safety

y standard operating procedure priority y Grounding y lightning strikes y static charges y Surge protection y lightning searches for a second path to

ground

Antenna Installation Considerations

y Base, mast, and supporting structure needs clearance, serviceability (access), and complies with state, federal, and municipal guidelines

THANK YOU