Lightning Eliminators & Consultants, Inc.

APPENDIX ONE

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Key Lightning Parameters

[References 13 and 14] Peak Current, negative first strokes (50th percentile) Peak Current, negative first strokes (95th percentile) Flash Duration, negative flashes (50th percentile) Flash Duration, negative flashes (95th percentile) Range of Strokes per Flash Average Number of Strokes per Flash Peak Temperature 30,000 Amps 80,000 Amps 13 milliseconds 1100 milliseconds 1 to 30 3 to 4 > 50,000 F

The upper limit parameters usually employed for lightning strokes are as follows [Ref. 15]: Current (I) = 200,000 amperes Total charge = 200 coulombs Rate of change of current (di/dt) = 140kA/s Action integral = 2.25x106 A2s

APPENDIX TWO

Impedance Comparison of Conventional and Retractable Bypass Conductors

Background The impedance (Z) of a conductor is shown by Equation (1), the inductive reactance (XL) of a conductor is shown by Equation (2) and the inductance (L) of a straight wire is shown by Equation (3), as follows: (1) (2) (3)* where Z R XL XC f L1 L2 = impedance in ohms = resistance in ohms =inductive reactance in ohms = capacitive reactance in ohms = frequency in hertz = inductance in henries = inductance in nanohenries

Improving Lightning Safety of Petroleum Storage Tanks, October 2009

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