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Impedance (Z) Insulation

Induced Voltage Insulation Resistance
Inductance (L) Intermittent Overload
Inductive Reactance (XL) IR Drop
Inherent Voltage Droop Iron Loss
Inherent Voltage Regulation Isochronous Governor
Inrush Current

Impedance (Z)
The total opposition to the flow of alternating current.
The following characteristics apply to the flow of current in an ac circuit:

In a purely resistive ac circuit, current and voltage will be in phase.

In a purely inductive ac circuit, current will lag voltage by 90 electrical degrees.
In a purely capacitive ac circuit, voltage will lag current by 90 degrees.
To determine total impedance to alternating current the following should be used:

Z = R2 + X2 with X = Net Reactance

X = XL - XC (when XL is greater than XC)
X = XC - XL (When XC is greater than XL)

Induced Voltage
The voltage which is produced in a coil as it passes through a magnetic field when the number of magnetic lines of force
cutting across the conductors change.

Inductance (L)
The property of an electric circuit that opposes any change in current flow. Expressed in henrys and its symbol is L.

Inductive Reactance (XL)

Any electromagnetic device with iron in the magnetic structure has what is equivalent to magnetic inertia. This inertia
causes resistance to change of current flow. This characteristic is apparent on a change in voltage. In an ac circuit the
voltage is continually changing, and the magnetic inertia (or inductance) causes the corresponding current change to
continually lag behind the corresponding voltage change.
In an ac circuit that only has inductance, the amount of current that flows is determined by the counter electromotive
force (cemf), which counteracts the applied voltage to oppose current flow. The cemf acts just like a resistance to limit
current flow. The cefm is called inductive reactance and is measured in ohms. The letter symbol for inductive reactance
is XL. The following may be used to determine the amount of inductive reactance in an alternating current circuit:
XL = 2 fL

Inherent Voltage Droop

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The decrease in voltage of an unregulated generator from no load to full load with excitation fixed at 100 percent volts
no load.

Inherent Voltage Regulation

The inherent voltage droop expressed as percentage.

Inrush Current
The inrush current of a machine or apparatus is the maximum value of RMS or DC amperes which it carries after being
suddenly energized and prior to reaching a stable operating condition.

Insulation
Class A insulation is entirely or partly composed of organic materials, such as paper or cotton. It is limited by American
Standards to a temperature rise of 50 degrees C by thermometer, or 60 degrees C by resistance or temperature detector,
over an ambient temperature of 40 degrees C. The use of Class A insulation is very much on the decline. Class B
insulation, except for binder used for structural purposes only, is composed of non-organic materials such as glass, mica,
asbestos, certain synthetic materials, etc. It is limited to a temperature rise of 70 degrees C by thermometer of 80 degrees
C by resistance or temperature detector above an ambient of 40 degrees C. Class F insulation systems are becoming
common on domestic and foreign supplied generators below 3000 kW. Temperature rises are limited to 90 degrees
celsius by thermometer, and 105 degrees celsius by resistance, above an ambient of 40 degrees C. Temperature rises for
standby duty generators may exceed these limits, as the limits apply to the generator's continuous duty rating.

Insulation Resistance
The resistance that an insulating material has to the passage of electricity usually measured in megohms.

Intermittent Overload
When a prime power unit has been operating at a rated load under stable conditions for a period of time, the intermittent
overload is the power in excess of rated power which the unit is capable of delivering for a specified period of time
without damage.

IR Drop
Voltage drop across a resistance. Equal to the current amperes times the resistance in ohms.

Iron Loss
That portion of the losses involved in magnetic structures caused by the magnetization of the cores. It depends on the flux
density, the thickness and material of the core laminations and frequency.

Isochronous Governor
A governor that maintains constant engine speed from no load to full load. The isochronous governor is a zero droop
governor.

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