UNIT 8.6 – 8.

13
Able to define that ‘resistanve’.
Able to name the unit for resistance aand relationship between reisitance and voltage, and cureny.
Able to calaculate the resiance of the components in a series circuit
Able to state Ohm’ law regarding the relationship between currnt, voltage and resistance.
Able to state the heating effect of resistance.
Able to name some devices that has resistors
Able to name the types and functions of each resistor
Able to list 4 factors that affects resistance of a wire
Able to calculate the resistance of booth same type of hours.
Able to name and explain how the devices work based on resistance

.
RESISTANCE
• Electrical resistance is the property of a material that prevents a
current from flowing through it.
• Low resistance ( conductors, metals ) usually allows electrons to flow
easily
• High resistance materials (insulators, no-metals except carbon)
usually does not allow electrons to flow through.
• The SI unit of resistance is ohm,( Ω )
Factors Affecting the value of resistance
• Length of the conductor ;- the longer the wire, the higher the
resistance
• Temperature of the conductor: the higher the temperature of the
wire, the higher the resistance.
• Type of conductor/material : nichrome wire has more resistance than
copper wire.
• Diameter or cross-sectional area of the wire : The thicker the wire, the
lower is its resistance
Therefore :
resistance of a conductor is directly proportional to its length
Rα l
Resistance of a conductor is inversely proportional to its cross-sectional
area, A
R α
• Combining the two:

R=k where k is a constant

K is known as resistivity of a metal, can

be represented also as ϸ
To calculate the resistance of the same wire of different length, say,
copper wire 1000m and copper wire 65 mm long. Use the formula:
 TYPES OF
RESISTORS
Components using resistance
 Diode
Allows electrical current to flow in one direction
Use of diodes – as rectifiers
Changes
alternating
(a.c) current to
direct current
(d.c)
Light Emitting Diodes ( LED)
• Use: as
indicators in
electronic
equipments
Potential divider
– device which
delivers a
proportion of the
battery’s
voltage.
LDR ( light dependent resistor) and
Thermistor ( temperature dependent resistor)
Reed switch
8.3 Main Electricity To Homes
• Main current is alternating current.(a.c) [ 50 hertz, or 50Hz)
• Live wire – flow of current from supply company to consumers’
homes
• Neutral wire – flow of unused current to complete the circuit
• Ground ( Earth) wire – connects electrical appliance to earth to
prevent electrocution if there is a current leakage.
• Fuse – a lead alloy wire that melts easily to cut off excesive current
from the electrical appliance.
 • Commercial fuse ratings
Fuse Ratings are:
0.1A, 1A, 3A, 5A, 8A, 12A
• The current needed by an
electrical appliance is

• CURRENT (A) = POWER

(W) /VOLTAGE (V)
3 PIN PLUG
WIRING OF 3 PIN PLUG
Electrical Power
• Power is the amount of electrical energy transferred per unit time.
• Power is the number of joules transferred in 1 second
• The SI Unit of power is watt (W).
• 100 W = 1kW or 1000 W = 1000 joules energy in 1 second
• Formula :

P = VI or E/t = V x I

E = VIt