qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwe rtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui opasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopa sdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfg hjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklz xcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcv CHEMISTRY PROJECT bnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm On Determination of the Contents Of Cold Drinks qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwe

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Prepared BySuneet Sahu

AIM
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Project by Suneet Sahu

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It would be my utmost pleasure to express my sincere thanks to My Chemistry Teacher Dr Shrinarayan osta !"#D o$ chemistry% sir in pro&idin' a helpin' hand in this project. Their &aluable 'uidance( support and super&ision all throu'h this project titled )Determination of the Contents of Cold Drinks*, are responsible $or attainin' its present $orm.

Suneet Sahu

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Project by Suneet Sahu

PURPOSE
In recent days( soft drink brands were put into &arious +uestions re'ardin' their purity. ,ews $lashed that they contain harmful pesticide( which arouse many interest in knowin' its contents because I ha&e been drinkin' them $or years. I wanted to con$irm that whether the char'e imposed on these brands are true or not. -nother $act which inspired me to do this project is that I am in touch with qualitative analysis whose knowled'e with other $actors helped me to do so.

Project by Suneet Sahu

CONTENTS
%4 %ntroduction %%4 $heory %%%4 "pparatus
%&4

Chemicals #equired $est for Carbon *ioxide6"cid7

&4 *etection of p5
&%4

&%%4 $est for 2lucose &%%%4 $est for Phosphate %34 $est for "lcohol 34 $est for (ucrose 3%4 #esult 3%%4 Conclusion

Project by Suneet Sahu

INTRODUCTION
The era o$ cold drinks be'an in ./01 but the industriali2ation in India marked its be'innin' with launchin' o$ .imca and 2oldspot by parley group o$ companies. Since( the be'innin' o$ cold drinks was hi'hly pro$itable and lurin'( many multinational companies launched their brands in India like Pepsi and Coke. ,ow days( it is obser&ed in 'eneral that majority o$ people &iewed (prite( !iranda( and .imca to 'i&e $eelin' o$ li'htness( while Pepsi and $humps )p to acti&ate pulse and brain.

Project by Suneet Sahu

Theory
Cold drinks o$ di$$erent brands are composed o$ alcohol( carbohydrates( carbon dioxide( phosphate ions etc. These so$t drinks 'i&e $eelin' o$ warmth( li'htness and ha&e a tan'y taste which is liked by e&eryone. Carbon dioxide is responsible $or the $ormation o$ $roth on shakin' the bottle. The carbon dioxide 'as is dissol&ed in water to $orm carbonic acid which is also responsible $or the tan'y taste. Carbohydrates are the naturally occurrin' or'anic compounds and are major source o$ ener'y to our body. 3eneral $ormula o$ carbohydrates is C4 !"1#%5. #n the basis o$ their molecule si2e carbohydrates are classi$ied as67 Monosaccharide( Disaccharides and Polysaccharides. 3lucose is a monosaccharide with $ormula C8".1#8 .It occurs in 9ree State in the ripen 'rapes in bones and also in many sweet $ruits. It is also present in human blood to the extent o$ about :..;. Sucrose is one o$ the most use$ul disaccharides in our daily li$e. It is widely distributed in nature in juices( seeds and also in $lowers o$ many plants. The main source o$ sucrose is su'ar cane juice which contain .071: ; sucrose and su'ar beet which has about .:7.< ; sucrose. The molecular $ormula o$ sucrose is C.1"11#... It is produced by a mixture o$ 'lucose and $ructose. It is non7reducin' in nature whereas 'lucose is reducin'. Cold drinks are a bit acidic in nature and their acidity can be measured by $indin' their p" &alue. The p" &alues also depend upon the acidic contents such as citric acid and phosphoric acid.

Project by Suneet Sahu

"PP"#"$)(

$est $ube $est $ube 5older $est $ube (tand (top 1atch Beaker Burner $ripod (tand

p5 Paper China *ish 1ire 2auge 1ater Bath

Project by Suneet Sahu

C5'!%C".( #'-)%#'*

%odine (olution Potassium %odine (odium 5ydroxide /ehling8s " 9 B (olution .ime 1ater Concentrated 5, Benedict (olution "mmonium !olybdate
:

Project by Suneet Sahu

DETECTION OF PH
EXPERIMENT:
Small samples o$ cold drinks o$ di$$erent brands were taken in a test tube and put on the p" paper. The chan'e in the color o$ p" paper was noticed and was compared with the standard p" scale.

OBSERVATION:
SR. NO.
. 1 @ A

NAME O THE DRIN!

C#C- C#=SP>IT? =IMC9-,T-

CO"O#R CHAN$E
PI, >?D PI, IS" =I3"T #>-,3?

%H &A"#E
Almost Almost Almost Almost '.( '.( '.( '.(

INFERENCE:
So$t drinks are 'enerally acidic because o$ the presence o$ citric acid and phosphoric acid. p" &alues o$ cold drink o$ di$$erent brands are di$$erent due to the &ariation in amount o$ acidic contents.

Project by Suneet Sahu

TEST FOR CARBON DIOXIDE

EXPERIMENT:
-s soon as the bottles were opened( one by one the sample was passed throu'h lime water. The lime water turned milky.

OBSERVATON:
SR. NO.
. 1 @ A

NAME O THE DRIN!

C#C- C#=SP>IT? =IMC9-,T-

TIME TA!EN )SEC.*

18.0 1. @0 @8

CONC"#SION
C#1 IS C#1 IS C#1 IS C#1 IS P>?S?,T P>?S?,T P>?S?,T P>?S?,T

INFERENCE:
-ll the so$t drinks contain dissol&ed carbon dioxide in water. The carbon dioxide !C#1% dissol&es in water to $orm carbonic acid( which is responsible $or its tan'y taste.

CHEMICAL REACTION INVOLVED:

Ca(OH)2(s) + CO2(g) ----------- CaCO3(s) + H2O(s)

$'($ / # 2.)C ('

Project by Suneet Sahu

EXPERIMENT
3lucose is a reducin' su'ar acid. Its presence is detected by the $ollowin' test67

+. BENEDICTSS REA ENT TEST,Small samples o$ cold drinks o$ di$$erent brands were taken in a test tube and a $ew drops o$ BenedictCs rea'ent were added. The test tube was heated $or $ew seconds. 9ormation o$ reddish color con$irmed the presence o$ 'lucose in cold drinks.

OBSERVATON
SR. NO.
. 1 @ A

NAME O THE DRIN!

C#C- C#=SP>IT? =IMC9-,T-

O.SER&ATION
>?DDIS" C#=#D> P>?CIPIT-T? >?DDIS" C#=#D> P>?CIPIT-T? >?DDIS" C#=#D> P>?CIPIT-T? >?DDIS" C#=#D> P>?CIPIT-T?

CONC"#SION
3=DC#S? IS P>?S?,T 3=DC#S? IS P>?S?,T 3=DC#S? IS P>?S?,T 3=DC#S? IS P>?S?,T

INFERENCE
-ll the samples 'a&e positi&e test $or 'lucose with BenedictCs rea'ent. "ence all the drinks contain 'lucose.

'. FEHLIN S SOLUTION TEST

Project by Suneet Sahu

Small samples o$ cold drinks o$ di$$erent brands were taken in a test tube and a $ew drops o$ 9ehlin'Cs - solution and 9ehlin'Cs B solution was added in e+ual amount. The test tube was heated in a water bath $or .: minutes. -ppearance o$ brown precipitate con$irmed the presence o$ 'lucose in cold drinks.

OBSERVATON
SR. NO.
+ ' 0 1

NAME O THE DRIN!

COCA CO"A SPRITE "IMCA 9-,T-

O.SER&ATION
REDDISH .RO/N PRECIPITATE REDDISH .RO/N PRECIPITATE REDDISH .RO/N PRECIPITATE >?DDIS" B>#E, P>?CIPIT-T?

CONC"#SION
3=DC#S? IS P>?S?,T 3=DC#S? IS P>?S?,T 3=DC#S? IS P>?S?,T 3=DC#S? IS P>?S?,T

INFERENCE
-ll the samples 'a&e positi&e test $or 'lucose with 9ehlin'Cs !- F B% solutions. "ence all the cold drinks contain 'lucose.

TEST FOR PHOSPHATE

Project by Suneet Sahu

EXPERIMENT
Small samples o$ each brand o$ cold drinks were taken in separate test tubes and -mmonium Molybdate $ollowed by concentrated ,itric -cid !",#@% was added to it. The solution was heated. -ppearance o$ canary7yellow precipitate con$irmed the presence o$ phosphate ions in cold drinks.

OBSERVATON
SR! NO!
# $ % &

NAME OF THE DRIN"

C#C- C#=SP>IT? =IMCFANTA

OBSERVATIO N
C-,->575?==#E P>?CIPIT-T? C-,->575?==#E P>?CIPIT-T? C-,->575?==#E P>?CIPIT-T? CANAR'( 'ELLO) PRECIPITATE

CONCLUSION
PHOSPHATE PRESENT PHOSPHATE PRESENT PHOSPHATE PRESENT PHOSPHATE PRESENT IS IS IS IS

INFERENCE
-ll the so$t drinks samples 'a&e positi&e test $or phosphate ions. "ence all the cold drinks contain phosphate.

CHEMICAL REACTION INVOLVED:

,a"P#A G .1!,"A%1Mo#A G 1.",#@ G @"G 7777777777 !,"A%@P#A..1Mo#@ G 1.",A,#@ G .1"1#

$'($ / # ".C 5 .
EXPERIMENT
Project by Suneet Sahu

Small samples o$ each brand o$ cold drinks were taken in separate test tubes and Iodine $ollowed by Potassium Iodide and Sodium "ydroxide !,a#"% solution was added to each test tube. Then the test tubes were heated in hot water bath $or @: minutes. -ppearance o$ yellow colored precipitate con$irmed the presence o$ alcohol in cold drinks

OBSERVATON
SR. NO.
. 1 @ A

NAME O THE DRIN!

C#C- C#=SP>IT? =IMC9-,T-

O.SER&ATION
5?==#E P>?CIPIT-T? 5?==#E P>?CIPIT-T? 5?==#E P>?CIPIT-T? 5?==#E P>?CIPIT-T?

CONC"#SION
-=C#"#= IS P>?S?,T -=C#"#= IS P>?S?,T -=C#"#= IS P>?S?,T -=C#"#= IS P>?S?,T

INFERENCE
-ll the cold drinks samples 'a&e positi&e test $or alcohol. "ence all the cold drinks contain 'lucose.

CHEMICAL REACTION INVOLVED

CH3CH2OH + 4I2 + 6NaOH ------ CHI3 + HCOONa + 5NaI + 5H2O

$'($ / # ()C# ('

EXPERIMENT

Project by Suneet Sahu

0 ml samples o$ each brand o$ cold drinks were taken in separate china dishes and were heated &ery stron'ly until chan'es occur. Black colored residue le$t con$irmed the presence o$ sucrose in cold drinks.

OBSERVATON
SR. NO.
. 1 @ 1

NAME O THE DRIN!

C#C- C#=SP>IT? =IMCANTA

O.SER&ATION
B=-C >?SIDD? B=-C >?SIDD? B=-C >?SIDD? ."AC! RESID#E

CONC"#SION
SUCROSE IS PRESENT SUCROSE IS PRESENT SUCROSE IS PRESENT SUCROSE IS PRESENT

INFERENCE
-ll the brands o$ cold drinks contain sucrose. But amount o$ sucrose &aries in each brand o$ drink. 9anta contains hi'hest amount o$ sucrose.

#'().$
Project by Suneet Sahu

-$ter conductin' se&eral tests( it was concluded that the di$$erent brands o$ cold drinks namely6
.. Coca Cola

1. Sprite @. =imca A. 9anta -ll contains 'lucose( alcohol( sucrose( phosphate and carbon dioxide. -ll cold drinks are acidic in nature. #n comparin' the p" &alue o$ di$$erent brands Coca Cola is the most acidic and =imca is least acidic o$ all the $our brands taken.

CARBON DI OXIDE
-mon' the $our samples o$ cold drinks taken( Sprite has the maximum amount o$ dissol&ed carbon dioxide and 9anta has the minimum amount o$ dissol&ed carbon dioxide.

CONCLUSION
Project by Suneet Sahu

DIS-ADVANTAGES OF COLD DRINKS

.. So$t drinks are little more harm$ul than su'ar solution. -s they contain

1. @. A.
0.

8. <.
H. /.

su'ar in lar'e amount which cause problems in diabetes patients. So$t drinks can cause wei'ht 'ain as they inter$ere with the bodyCs natural ability to suppress hun'er $eelin'. So$t drinks ha&e ability to dissol&e the calcium so they are also harm$ul $or our bones. So$t drinks contain )phosphoric acid* which has a p" o$ 1.H. So they can dissol&e a nail in about A days. 9or transportation o$ so$t drinks syrup the commercial truck must use the ha2ardous matter place cards reser&ed $or hi'hly consi&e material. So$t drinks ha&e also ability to remo&e blood so they are &ery harm$ul to our body. #besity and wei'ht7related diseases. "ypokalemia !low potassium le&els% diseases. Most so$t drinks contain hi'h concentration o$ simple carbohydrates 7 'lucose( $ructose( sucrose and other simple su'ars. #ral bacteria $erment carbohydrates and produce acid( which dissol&es tooth enamel durin' the dental decay processI thus( sweetened drinks are likely to increase risk o$ dental caries. The risk is 'reater i$ the $re+uency o$ consumption is hi'h.

USES OF COLD DRINKS

.. They can remo&e rust spots $rom chrome car humpers. 1. They can loose a rusted bolt.
Project by Suneet Sahu

@. In many states( the hi'hway patrol carries a $ew 'allons o$ So$t Drinks in order to remo&e blood $rom the hi'hway a$ter auto accidents. A. Place a T7bone steak in a bowl o$ So$t Drinks and it will be 'one in 17 @ days. The meat is consumed by the acid o$ the cola. 0. Toilet Cleanin26 Pour a can o$ So$t Drinks into the toilet bowl and let the Jreal thin'J sit $or one hour( then $lush. It ma'ically cleans better than i$ you had scrubbed it. The citric acid in So$t Drinks also remo&es stains $rom &itreous china. 8. Clean 3orrosion from 3ar 4atter5 terminals6 Pour So$t Drinks o&er the terminals and the ultra7acid so$t drink bubble away the alkaline corrosion in seconds. <. Remo6e 2rease from 3lothes6 ?mpty a can o$ So$t Drinks into a load o$ 'reasy clothes( add deter'ent( and run throu'h a re'ular cycle. The So$t Drinks will help loosen 'rease stains. It is also an excellent cleaner road ha2e $rom your windshield. H. The acti&e in'redient in So$t Drinks is phosphoric acid. Its p" is 1.H. It will dissol&e a nail in about A days. /. To transport So$t Drinks syrup !the concentrate% the commercial truck must use the "a2ardous material place cards reser&ed $or hi'hly corrosi&e materials. .:.The distributors o$ So$t Drinks ha&e been usin' it to clean the en'ines o$ their trucks $or about 1: yearsK

B%B.% 2#"P5+
Project by Suneet Sahu

COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY MANUAL OF CHEMISTRY BY- LAXMI PUBLICATIONS

LABORATORY MANUAL OF CHEMISTRY

BY- VEENA SURI

DINESH COMPANION CHEMISTRY

BY- S. . MALHOTRA

!EBSITES "

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Project by Suneet Sahu

Project by Suneet Sahu