Tutorial -3

Q-M Method, VEM Method

Q1
Simplify

Z(a,b,c,d,e,f) =
(9,11,13,15,25,27,29,31,41,43,45,47,57,59,61,63)
Using VEM Method after reducing to 4 - variables

Solution.

o/p
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1

S1. Contd..

o/p
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

S1. Contd..

o/p
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0

S1. Contd..

o/p
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

S1.Contd

o/p
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1

S1. Contd

o/p
0
1
0
1

S1.Contd
AB CD 00

01

100
00

0
4

01

F
15

F
9

13

10

12

11

11

14

F
11

10

Z = CF

Q2.

Reduce
z = f(a,b,c,d,e)

(1,3,4,5,6,7,10,11,12,13,14,15,18,19,20,21,22,23,26,27)

Using Q-M method

10

Soln.

Step 1.
Arrange minterms in increasing order groups
according to the no. of 1s present in them.

11

Soln.
Group

Min

10

12

18

20

11

13

12

Gr Min
.

14

19

21

22

26

15

23

27

Soln.

Step 2
Combine terms in adjacent groups

13

Soln.
Group

Min

1,3

__

1,5

__

4,5

__

4,6

__

4,12

__

4,20

__

3,7

__

3,11

__

3,19

__

5,7

__

5,13

__

5,21

__

14

Grou
p

Min

6,7

__

6,14

__

6,22

__

10,11

__

10,14

__

10,26

__

12,13

__

12,14

__

18,19

__

18,22

__

18,26

__

20,21

__

Soln.

15

Group

Min

20,22

__

7,15

__

7,23

__

11,15

__

11,27

__

13,15

__

14,15

__

19,23

__

19,27

__

21,23

__

22,23

__

26,27

__

Soln.

Combine the adjacent groups again

16

Soln.
Group Minterms

E
1

1,3,5,7

__ __

4,5,6,7

__ __

4,5,12,13

__

__

4,5,20,21

__

__

4,6,12,14

__

__

4,6,20,22

__

__

3,7,11,15

__ __

3,7,19,23

__

__

3,7,19,27

__ __

5,7,13,15

__

__

5,7,21,23

__

__

6,7,14,15

__

__

17

Group Minterms

6,7,22,23

__

__

10,11,14,1
5

__

__

10,11,26,2 __
7

__

12,13,14,1
5

__ __

18,19,22,2
3

__

__

18,19,26,2
7

__

__

20,21,22,2
3

__ __

Soln.

18

Group

Minterms

4,5,6,7,12,13,14,
15

__

__

__

4,5,6,7,20,21,22,
23

__

__

__

Soln.

Identify prime implicants

They cant be combined any more

They are not redundant

PIs
{1,3,5,7} abe , {3,7,11,15} ade , {3,7,19,23}bde,
{3,11,19,27} cde, {10,11,26,27}bcd,
{10,11,14,15}abd
{18,19,26,27}acd, {4,5,6,7,20,21,22,23} bc
{4,5,6,7,12,13,14,15}, ac
19

Next level
1 3 4 5 6 7 10 11 12 13 14 15 18 19 20 21 22 23 26 27

1,3,5,7

XX

3,7,11,15

3,7,19,23

3,11,19,27

X
X

10,11,26,27

X X

10,11,14,15

X X

X X
X X

18,19,26,27

X X
XXX X

XXX X

4,5,6,7,20,21,22,2
3

20

X
X X

18,19,22,23

4,5,6,7,12,13,14,1

X X
X X

X X X X
X X X X

Essential Prime implicants

EPI are the ones that cover just one term

1,3,5,7
4,5,6,7,12,13,14,15
4,5,6,7,20,21,22,23

-- abe
-- ac
-- bc

Remove all the columns the EPIs have covered (each column is a
minterm)

21

Reduced Prime implicant table

10 11 18 19

3,7,11,15

X
X

3,7,19,23
3,11,19,27

10,11,26,27

X X

10,11,14,15

X X

X
X X

18,19,22,23

X X

18,19,26,27

X X

22

26 27

X X

Dominant Prime implicants

Search for Dominant Prime Implicants in the reduced PI

table

A prime implicant is dominant when

P1 contains all of the minterms found in P2.

The number of literals in P1 is less than or equal to the number of
literals in P2.

Remove the Non dominant ones

23

Contd
10 11 18 19 20 26 27

3,7,11,15

X
X

3,7,19,23
3,11,19,27

10,11,26,27

X X

10,11,14,15

X X

X X

18,19,22,23

X X

18,19,26,27

X X

24

X X

Conclusion

Essential and Dominant Prime implicants together

1,3,5,7
4,5,6,7,12,13,14,15
4,5,6,7,20,21,22,23
10,11,26,27
18,19,26,27

-- abe

-- ac
-- bc
-- bcd
-- acd

Z = abe + ac + bc + bcd + acd

25