[1]

T s kp ca hng im v p dng
Nguyn nh Thnh Cng , Nguyn Phng Mai


1. Mt s khi nim v t s kp ca hng im, hng ng thng

nh ngha 1.1.
Cho 4 im A, B, C, D nm trn mt ng thng. Khi t s kp ca A, B, C, D (ta
ch ti tnh th t) c nh ngha l
AC BC
:
AD BD
v ta k hiu
AC BC
(ABCD) :
AD BD
=
(Ch : Trong trng hp
AC BC
: 1
AD BD
= ta ni A, B, C, D l hng im iu ha v k
hiu (ABCD)=-1)
T nh ngha suy ra
i.(ABCD) (CDAB) (BADC) (DCBA)
1 1
ii.(ABCD)
(BACD) (ABDC)
iii.(ABCD) 1 (ACBD) 1 (DBCA)
iv.(ABCD) (A' BCD) A A'
(ABCD) (AB' CD) B B'
v.(ABCD) 1
= = =
= =
= =
=
=

nh ngha 1.2. Php chiu xuyn tm.
Cho (d). S ngoi (d). Vi mi im M, SM ct (d) ti M(M khng thuc ng thng
qua S song song (d)). Vy MM l php chiu xuyn tm vi tm chiu S ln (d)
Tip theo ta s pht biu mt nh l quan trng v php chiu xuyn tm

nh l 1.3. Php chiu xuyn tm bo ton t s kp
Chng minh.
Trc ht ta cn pht biu mt b

B 1.3.1.
Cho S. A, B, C, D thuc (d). T C k ng thng song song SD ct SA, SB ti A, B.
Khi
CA'
(ABCD)
CB'
=
[2]


Tht vy theo nh l Talet ta c:
CA DA AC DB CA' DS CA'
(ABCD) : : :
CB DB AD CB DS CB' CB'
= = = =
Tr li nh l ta c
1
1 1 1 1
1
C A'' CA'
(ABCD) (A B C D )
CB' C B''
= = = (d.p.c.m)
Nhn xt: A, B, C, D l hng im iu ha C l trung im AB
T nh l 1.3 ta c cc h qu:

H qu 1.3.2.
Cho 4 ng thng ng quy v ng thng ct 4 ng thng ny ti A, B, C, D. khi
(ABCD) khng ph thuc vo

H qu 1.3.3.
Cho hai ng thng
1
,
2
ct nhau ti O.
1
A, B, C ,
2
A', B', C' . Khi :
(OABC) (OA' B' C') AA', BB', CC' = ng quy hoc i mt song song
Chng minh.
TH1. AA, BB, CC song song
BO CO B' O C' O
: :
BA CA B' A C' A
(OABC) (OA' B' C')
=
=

TH2. AA, BB,CC khng i mt song t AA' BB' S,SC C" = = .
Ta c:
(OA' B' C') (OABC) (OA' B' C")
(OA' B' C') (OA' B' C")
C' C''
= =
=


Vy AA, BB, CCng quy

H qu 1.3.4.

nh ngha 1.4
[3]

Cho bn ng thng a, b, c, d ng quy ti S. Mt ng thng (l) ct a, b, c, d ti A, B,
C, D. Khi t s kp ca chm a, b, c, d bng t s kp ca hng A, B, C, D.
T y ta suy ra:
sin(OA, OC) sin(OB, OC)
(abcd) (ABCD) :
sin(OA, OD) sin(OB, OD)
= =


Tnh cht trn l mt tnh cht quan trng, rt c li trong vic gii cc bi ton
Ch : Chm a, b, c, d l chm iu ha A, B, C, D l hng im iu ha

Tnh cht 1.5.
Cho chm iu ha (abcd)
Nu bd b, d l phn gic cc gc to bi a v c
Chng minh.
- Nu b, d l phn gic gc to bi a, c suy ra iu phi chng minh
- Nu bd. T C k ng thng song song OD. Do (abcd)=-1 nn MC = MN suy ra b, d
l phn gic gc COA

Tnh cht 1.6.
Cho O v O nm trn d. Cc ng thng a, b, c ng quy ti O, a, b, c ng quy ti
O. a ' a A, b b' B, c c' C = = = . Chng minh rng A, B, C thng hng
( ) ( ) abcd abcd =
Chng minh. Xt AC d K =

2. Mt s v d

Ch : Trong mt s bi ton c nhng trng hp n gin nh cc ng thng song
song vi nhau, chng minh cc trng hp ny tng i n gin, xin b qua

2.1.
Cho t gic ABCD. E AB CD, F AD BC, G AC BD = = = . EF AD, AB M, N = .
Chng minh rng (EMGN) 1 = .
Chng minh.
[4]


Xt php cc php chiu:
A: E B, G C, M F, N N ( ) ( ) EGMN BCFN =
D: E C, G B, M F, N N (EGMN) (CBFN) =
( ) BCFN (CBFN)
1
(BCFN)
(BCFN)
=
=

(BCFN) 1 = (do (BCFN) 1 )
Vy ( ) EGMN 1 = (d.p.c.m)
Nhn xt: T 2.1 ta suy ra bi ton: Cho tam gic ABC. D, E, F thuc cc cnh BC, CA,
AB. EF BC M = . Ta c: AD, BE, CF ng quy (ABDM) 1 =

2.2.
Cho t gic ABCD. AC BD O = . Mt ng thng (d) i qua (O).
(d) A, B, C, D M, N, P, Q = . Chng minh rng: ( ) ( ) MNOP MOQP =
Chng minh.


Xt cc php chiu:
[5]

( )
( )
A: M J, O C, Q D, P P (MOQP) JCDP
B: M J, N C, O D, P P (MNOP) JCDP
=
=

Vy ( ) ( ) MNOP MOQP =
Nhn xt : T 2.2 ta suy ra bi ton sau:
Cho t gic ABCD. AC BD O = . Mt ng thng (d) i qua (O).
(d) A, B, C, D M, N, P, Q = . Chng minh rng: O l trung im QH khi v ch khi O l
trung im MP.
Bi ton trn chnh l nh l con bm trong t gic.

2.3.
Cho t gic ABCD ni tip ng trn (O). S(O). Khi S(ABCD) = const (S(ABCD)
l t s kp ca chm SA, SB, SC, SD
Chng minh.

Ta c
S(ABCD)
sin(SA, SC) sin(SB, SC) sin(BA, BC) sin(AB, AC)
: :
sin(SA,SD) sin(SB,SD) sin(BA, BD) sin(AB, AD)
= =



AC BC
: const
AD BD
= = (d.p.c.m)

2.4.
Cho t gic ABCD ni tip ng trn (O), AC BD J = .Mt ng thng (d) qua J ,
(d) AB, CD, (O) M, N, P, Q = . Chng minh rng: (QMJP) (QJNP) =
Chng minh.
[6]


Theo 2.3 ta c:
A(QBCP) D(QBCP
(QMJP) (QJNP)
=
=

Nhn xt. T 2.4 ta c bi ton sau:
Cho t gic ABCD ni tip ng trn (O), AC BD J = .Mt ng thng (d) qua J ,
(d) AB, CD, (O) M, N, P, Q = . Chng minh rng: JM JN JP JQ = =
Bi ton trn chnh l nh l con bm trong ng trn

2.5.
Cho tam gic ABC. AD, BE, CF ng quy, EF AD L = . T L k ng thng vung
gc BC ti H. Chng minh rng
a. HL l phn gic

FEH
b. ng thng qua L ct CA, CF ti X, Y. Chng minh rng LD l phn gic ca

XDY
Chng minh.

a. EF BC J = . Do AD, BE, CF ng quy nn(BCDJ) 1 = .
Suy ra H(BCDJ)=-1 m HL HJ nn HL l phn gic

FEH
b. XY BC K = . Xt php chiu:
C: J K, F X, E Y, I I
(YXIK) (EFIJ) 1
H(YXIK) 1

= =
=

[7]

M HI HK nn HI l phn gic

XHY(.p.c.m)

2.6. (nh l decas)
Cho hai ng thng , ' . A, B, C , A', B', C' ' . BC B' C' X, AC A' C' Y, = =
AB A' B' Z = . Chng minh rng X, Y, Z thng hng
Chng minh.

Gi A' C AB' M, C' B B' C N, AB A' B' L = = = . Xt cc php chiu:
A' : B' L, M C, Z B, A A (B' MZA) (LCBA)
C' : B' L, C C, X B, N A (B' CXN) (LCBA)
(B' MZA) (B' CXN)
=
=
=

MC, AN, XZ ng quy
X, Y, Z thng hng
Nhn xt: bi ton trn cho ta mt phng php mnh chng minh cc im thng
hng

2.7.
Cho hai tam gic ABC v ABC. R BC B' C', Q CA C' A', P AB A' B' = = = .
Chng minh rng P, Q, R AA', BB', CC' ng quy hoc i mt song song
Chng minh.
[8]


t S BB' CC', Q AC A' C', P AB A' B', M, N PQ BB', CC' = = = = . Ta c:
AA', BB', CC' ng quy hoc i mt song song
S, A, A'
P(A' NAS)=Q(A'MAS)
P(B' MBS) Q(C' NCS)

=

BC, B' C', MN ng quy
P, Q, R

2.8. Trn trc s cho bn im A, B, C, D; I l trung im ca AB, K l trung im ca
CD. Chng minh rng cc iu kin sau tng ng:
CA DA
a.
CB DB
= (1)
2
2 1 1
b.
AB AC AD
c.IA IC.ID
d.AC.AD AB.AK
= +
=
=

Chng minh.
Chn mt im O bt k trn trc lm gc. t OA 1, OB b, OC c, OD d = = = = . Khi :
( ) ( )( )
CA DA a c a d
2 ab cd a b c d
b c b d CB DB

= = + = + +

(2)
- Chn O A(a 0) = , ta c ( )
2 1 1 2 1 1
2 2cd bc bd
b c d AB AC AD
= + = + = +
vy a. b.
- Chn O I , ta c a b = v do
[9]

2
2
(2) a cd IA IC.ID = =
Vy a. c.
- Li c
2 1 1 AC AD
AC.AD AB. AC.AD AB.AK
2 AB AC AD
+
= + = = =
Vy b. d.

2.9.
Cho t gic ABCD ni tip (O). AB CD S, AD BC F, AC BD E. = = = Tip tuyn
SM, SN vi ng trn. Chng minh rng E, F, M, N
Chng minh.

SE AD, BC Y, T.MN AB, CD X, Z = = . Ta c:
(SXAB) 1 (SZCD) = = AD, BC, XZ ng quy F, X, Z F, M, N
(SXAB) 1 (SEYT) = = AT, BY, EX ng quy F, X, E
(SZCD) 1 (SEYT) = = DT, ZE, CY ng quy F, Z, E
T trn suy ra E, F, M, N

2.10.
Cho lc gic ABCDEF ni tip (O). X AC BD, Y BE CF, Z AE DF = = = . Chng
minh rng X, Y, Z
Chng minh.
[10]


Do A, B, C, D, E, F (O) nn:
B(ACDE) F(ACDE)
(ACXM) (ANZE)
=
=

EM, CN, XZ ng quy
X, Y, Z (d.p.c.m)
Ch . nh l trn mang tn Pascal, n c hn 200 h qu

2.11.
Cho tam gic ABC ngoi tip (I). D, E, F l tip im ca (I) vi BC, CA, AB.
AD (I) X, BX (I) Y, CX (I) Z = = = . Chng minh rng BZ, CY, AX ng quy
Chng minh.

K tip tuyn ti X ca (I) ct BC ti K.
Trong t gic XEDF ta c tip tuyn ti F, E v XD ng quy ti A nn t gic XEDF l
t gic iu ha
M KX, KD l tip tuyn ca (I) ti X, D nn K, E, F
Mt khc AD, BE, CF ng quy nn ( ) KCBC 1 =
Suy ra:
[11]

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )
X(KDBC) 1
sin(XK, XB) sin(XD, XB)
: 1
sin(XK, XC) sin(XD, XC)
sin XDY sin YXD
: 1
sin XDZ sin DXZ
sin XDY sin YXD
: 1
sin XDZ sin DXZ
=
=

=
=



XY YD XY DZ
: 1 . 1
XZ DZ XZ DY
= = (1)
Theo nh l Cva th
BZ, CY, AX ng quy
YB ZX DC
. . 1
YX ZC DB
=
YB ZX DC
. . 1
YX ZC DB
= (do D BC, Y BX, Z XC )

YB ZX DC
. . 1
YX ZC DB
YB DC ZX
. . 1
BD ZC XY
YD XD ZX
. . 1
XD DZ XY
=
=
=

YD ZX
. 1
DZ XY
= (lun ng theo (1))
Vy BZ, CY, AX ng quy (d.p.c.m)

2.12.
Cho t gic ABCD ni tip (O). Tip tuyn ti B v C ca (O) ct nhau ti P. M l trung
im BC. Chng minh rng

BAM PAC =
Chng minh.
t PM (O) E, D = .
Do P l giao im hai tip tuyn ti B, C ca (O), PM (O), BC E, D, M = nn
(PMED) 1 A(PMED) 1 = = . (1)
Mt khc DE l ng knh ca (O) nn AD AE (2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra AE l phn gic ca

MEP
M AE l phn gic ca

BAC suy ra

BAM PAC = (d.p.c.m)


[12]



2.13.
Cho cc ng thng a, b, c, d v a, b, c, d ng quy tha mn
a a ', b b', c c', d d' . Chng minh rng (abcd) (a ' b' c' d') =
Chng minh.
Do a a ', b b', c c', d d' nn ( ) ( ) a, c a, c , (a, d) (a ', d'), = =
(b, c) (b', c'), (b, d) (b', d') = = . Ta c
(a, c) (b, d) (a ', c') (b', d')
(abcd) : : (a ' b' c' d')
(a, d) (b, d) (a ', d') (b', d')
= = = (d.p.c.m)

2.14.
Cho t gic ABCD ngoi tip (O). M, N, P, Q l tip im ca (O) vi AB, BC, CA, AD.
Chng minh rng AC, BD, MN, PQ ng quy
Chng minh.

Gi AD BC J =
Ta c NP OC, NM OB, NN ON, NJ OJ nn theo 2.13 ta c
(JCNB) O(JCNB) N(QPNM) = =
Tng t ta c:
(JAQD) O(JAQD) Q(QPNM) = =
Mt khc M, N, Q, P (O) nn Q(QPNM) N(QPNM) (JCNB) (JAQD) = =
AC, BD, NQ ng quy
Chng minh tng t ta c AC, BD, NQ. MP ng quy.
[13]

Ch : Bi ton trn c th c gii quyt n gin nh nh l Pascal

Xt lc gic MQQPPN. Ta c:
X NP MQ, Y MP NQ, D QQ PP X, Y, D = = = (1)
Xt lc gic MMNNPQ. Ta c
B MM NN, Y MP NQ, X MQ NP B, X, Y = = = (2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra B, D, Y. Chng minh tng t ta c A, C, Y. Vy AC, BD, MN, PQ
ng quy

2.15.
Cho t gic ABCD ni tip (O). M, N l trung im AB, CD.
( ) ( ) ANB CD Q, DMC AB P = = . Chng minh rng AC, BD, PQng quy
Chng minh.

Ta c:
J/(ABCD)
J/(CDM)
JC.JD JA.JB
JC.JD JP.JM
JP.JM JA.JB
= =
= =
=

M M l trung im AB nn theo h thc Maclawrin th ( ) JPBA 1 =
Tng t ta c ( ) JQDC 1 =
Suy ra ( ) ( ) JQDC JPBA 1 = =
Vy PQ, AC, BD ng quy(d.p.c.m)
[14]


2.16.
Cho tam gic ABC trc tm H. Mt ng thng bt k qua H ct AB, AC ti P, Q .
ng thng qua H vung gc PQct BC ti M. Chng minh rng:
HP MB
HQ MC
=
Chng minh.
K AD song song PQ, HE song song BC.
Ta c :
HP
A(PQHD)
HQ
= (1)
MB
H(BCEM)
MC
= (2)
AQ HB, AP HC, AH HE, AD HM A(QPHD) H(BCEM) = (3)
T (1), (2) v (3) ta c
HP MB
HQ MC
= (d.p.c.m)


2.17.
Cho tam gic ABC, trc tm H. Hai ng thng
1 2
(d ) (d ) i qua H.
1 1 1 1
(d ) BC, CA, AB A , B , C = v
2 2 2 2
(d ) BC, CA, AB A , B , C = .
a. Chng minh rng
1 1
2 2
BC CB
BC CB
=
b.
3 3 3
A , B , C ln lt l trung im
2 2 2 2 2 2
B C , C A , A B . Chng minh rng
3 3 3
A , B , C
Chng minh.
[15]


K HJ song song AB, HI song song AC.
Ta c:
1
1 2
2
BC
H(C C BJ)
BC
= (1)
1
1 2
2
CB
H(B B CH)
CB
= (2)
1 2 2 1
HJ HC, HC HB , HB HI, HC HB
1 2 2 1
H(JC BC ) H(CB IB ) = (3)
b. Trc ht ta chng minh mt b
B 2.17.1.
Cho 3 ng thng
1 2
, ,
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 o 1 2
A , B , C , A , B , C , A A A ,
o 1 2 o 1 2
B B B , C C C tha mn:

1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
o 1 o 1 o 1
o 2 o 2 o 2
A B A B
A C A C
A A B B C C
A A B B C C

= =

Chng minh rng
0 0 0
A , B , C
Chng minh.
[16]


Do
o 1 o 1
o 2 o 2
A A B B
A A B B
= nn

0 2 0 1
0 0 1 1 2 2
0 1 0 2 0 1 0 2
A A A A
A B .A B .A B
A A A A A A A A
= +
+ +


Tng t ta c:
0 0
0 2 0 1
1 1 2 2
0 1 0 2 0 1 0 2
0 2 0 1 1 1
1 1 2 2
1 1 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 2
1 1
0 0
1 1
A C
A A A A
.A C .A C
A A A A A A A A
A A A A A C
. .A B .A B
A B A A A A A A A A
A C
A B
A B
= +
+ +
| |
= +
|
+ +
\
=

Vy
0 0 0
A , B , C
Tr li bi ton
Theo b 2.17.1 ta c:
3 3 3
A , B , C

1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
A B A B
A C A C
=
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 2
1 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
HC HC
B C A H B C A H
HB HB
HC HC
A B C A H A B C A H
HB HB
HC HC
A(CBA G) A(CBA G)
HB HB
=
=
=

[17]

( ) ( )
2 1
1 2
2 1
A C A C
CBA G CBA G
A B A B
= (theo 2.16)
( ) ( )
1 2
1 2
1 2
A B A B
CBA G CBA G
A C A C
=
CG CG
BG BG
= (lun ng)
Vy
3 3 3
A , B , C
Nhn xt: T b 2.17.1 ta c th m rng bi ton
Cho tam gic ABC, trc tm H. Hai ng thng
1 2
(d ) (d ) i qua H.
1 1 1 1
(d ) BC, CA, AB A , B , C = v
2 2 2 2
(d ) BC, CA, AB A , B , C = .
3 3 3
A , B , C ln lt
thuc cc ng thng
2 2 2 2 2 2
B C , C A , A B tha mn
3 1 3 1 3 1
3 2 3 2 3 2
A A B B C C
A A B B C C
= = . Chng
minh rng
3 3 3
A , B , C


3. Bi tp

3.1.
Cho tam gic ABC ni tip (O). E l mt im trn ng trn. FA ct cc tip tuyn ti
B v C ca (O) ti M, N, CM BN F = . Chng minh rng EF lun i qua mt im c
nh

3.2.
Cho lc gic ABCDEFF ni tip. M BF CA, N CA BD, P BD CE, = = =
Q CE DF, R DF EA, S EA BF = = = . Chng minh rng MQ, NR, PS ng quy

3.3.
Cho tam gic ABC. Mt ng trn (O) ct BC, CA, AB ti M, N, P, Q, R, S.
X MQ RN, Y RN SP, Z SP MQ = = = . Chng minh rng AX, BY, CZ ng quy

3.4.
Cho tam gic ABC. D, E, F l tip im ca ng trn ni tip vi cc cnh BC, CA v
AB. X nm trong tam gic ABC tha mn ng trn ni tip tam gic XBC tip xc
XB, XC, BC ti Z, Y, D th t. Chng minh rng t gic EFZY l t gic ni tip

3.5. (China TST 2002).
Cho t gic li ABCD. Cho E AB CD, F AD BC, P AC BD = = = . O l chn ng
vung gc h t P xung EF. Chng minh rng:

BOC AOD =

3.6.(Romani Junior Balkan MO 2007)
[18]

Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A. D l mt im trn cnh AC. E i xng A qua BD v F
l giao im ca CE vi ng vung gc vi BC ti D. Chng minh rng AF, DE, BC
ng quy

3.7.(Romani TST 2007)
Cho tam gic ABC. E. F l tip im ca ng trn ni tip (I) vi cc cnh AC, AB.
M l trung im BC. N AM EF = v ( ) M l ng trn ng knh BC. BI v CI ct
( ) M ti X v Y khc B, C. Chng minh rng:
NX AC
NY AB
=

3.8. (Mathlinks Forum)
Cho tam gic ABC ngoi tip ( ) I . D, E, F l tip im ca ( ) I vi BC, CA, AB. Xc
nh ( ) M I AD = , N l giao im ca ( ) CDM vi DF v G CN AB = . Chng minh
rng CD 3FG =

3.9.
Cho tam gic ABC cn ti A. M l trung im BC. Tm qu tch cc im P nm trong
tam gic tha mn

0
BPM CPA 180 + =

3.10.(Senior BMO 2007)
Cho ng trn ( ) O v mt im A nm ngoi ng trn. T A k hai tip tuyn AB,
AC vi ( ) O . D thuc ( ) O tha mn O AD . H hnh chiu ca B trn CD. Y l trung
im ca BX. Z l giao im ca DY vi ( ) O . Chng minh rng ZA ZC .

3.11. (Virgil Nicula)
Cho ng thng (d) v bn im A, B, C, D nm trn (d) sao cho (ABCD) 1 = . M l
trung im CD. Cho( ) l ng trn i qua A v M.
NP l ng knh ca( ) vung gc AM. Cc ng thng NC, ND, PC, PDct ( ) ti
1 1 2 2
S , T , S , T theo th t. Chng minh rng
1 1 2 2
S S T S T =

3.12.
Cho t gic ABCD, O AC BC = . M, N, P, Q l hnh chiu ca O trn AB, BC, CD,
DA. Chng minh rng:
OM OP
ON OQ
=

ABCD l hnh bnh hnh

3.13.
Cho tam gic ABC ngoi tip (I). (I) tip xc BC ti D. AD (I) X = v

0
BXC 90 = .
Chng minh rng AX AE XD + =
[19]