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2011 / `g 1432

:


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: .
:
.
: .
: .
:
.
:
.
:
.

.

C dG
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] [1-1
] [1-2 ....
] [1-3
] [1-4
] [1-5
] [1-6
] [1-7

...

 : Mathematical logic

. .

) (
)(
)(

.

11

Logical statement

:
( .
( ) ( .
.

.
P
P

F
T
P P ) (T) (True
T
F
P ) (F) (False P
P
) . ( 1 - 1
) ( 1 - 1

 ) ( ):(
PQ

PQ

)(1-2

)(1-3

12 ( If then
) ... (
) .( Compound Statement
:

:
)) (( )) ((
)) . ....(( .
) ( )(
. :
) .... ( .
) (
) ( .

 :
) : (
:
(1
(2
(3
(4

.
) .... (
Q P : . P Q
)) P (( Q
P Q :
PQ

)(1-4
P Q .

(1 2 < 3 -2 R
(2 12 = 7+5 7 =6+2
(3 11= 7+5 8=6+2
(4 = 1 3

(1
(2
(3
(4

.
.
.
.

[13 ( If and only if

:
)(Q P) (P Q
:
. )
( PQ
) (Q P) (P Q PQ
P) : (Q
) ( 1 - 5 PQ :

PQ
)Q P (p Q)(Q p
T
T
T
F
F
F
T
T

PQ
T
F
T
T

Q
T
F
T
F

P
T
T
F
F

)(1-5
P Q :
.
2
( X=-1,X=4 X2-3X-4=0
( X5=-32 X=-2

[14 Implication
:
:
X=3 : P
X2= 9 : Q
X = 3 X2=9
P Q :
X2=9 X = 3
Q P :

 :
X =3 P
X3=27 Q
X = 3 X3=27
P Q
X3 = 27 X = 3
Q P
) (Q P) (P Q P Q
3
.
( X = 2 , X3 =8
( X>2 , X>5
( X20 , X0
( : P : Q

( X3=8 X=2
( X>5 X>2
(X0 X2 0
( Q P

10

 Equivalent Statements
)(1-1

P Q P Q
4
PQ~ PQ

:

P Q
T
F
T
T

~P Q
T
F
T
T

~P
F
F
T
T

Q
T
F
T
F

P
T
T
F
F

11

 ) ( 1 - 1
1
:
( 5 25 7 . 25
( 5 25 7 . 25
( 7 4 .
( .
( .
2

:
P



a.b=0 , a,bR
X = -3

X2 = 25
X3 = 8

X=1 X=2

12

Q



a=0 b=0
X2 = 9

X=5
X=2

(X-1)(X-2)=0

 3
:
PQ ~Q ~P ( 1
~(PQ) P~Q ( 2
p(~QS) ~Q(~PS) ( 3
p(~QS) ~P(~QS) ( 4
4
P Q S
(PQ) S ( 1
(PS) P ( 2
(SQ) P ( 3
(SS) S ( 4
5
- :
S Q P :
P ~P( 1
( ~P P
( ~P
( ~ P P
( P P
S S ( 2
( ( ( (
( 3 ~S 9 > 5 + 3 - :
( ~S 9 < 5 + 3
( ~S 9 5 + 3
( S 9 5 + 3
( ~S 9 5 + 3

13

 [15 Open Sentences

) ( .
:
( X )P(X
( Y+1=3 )Q(Y
( a+b=6 a b )G(a,b
( . . . . .
.
)( 9 X )9 (
) (Y )( . a b 3
) (6=3+3 . )(
.

)(1-2
(1
.
(2
.

[16
P(X): 2X=4 :
Q(x): X-1=1
)(Z
) P(X } {2 ) Q(X }.{2
) Q(X),P(X .

14

 5
P(X):X=2
Q(X):X2=4 . Z
) P(X),Q(X

) P(X } {2
) Q(X } { 2,-2 } { 2,-2} {2 ) P(X
) Q(X .

)(1-3

) P(X ) P(X
) ~ P(X ). P(X
6
. Z
)~ P(X

)P(X

X2-40
X2-4=0
X X
X+1=6 X4
X+16 X=4

15

 ) ( 1 - 2
1
:

X<3
(
( X2-11X+30=0
( 3 )(X-30)=0
(X-1)(X-
5
( X>4(X-1)(X-5)=0
( X 4
( X+50

N
}{10, 6 , 5 , 3
Z
N
}{10 , 8 , 6 , 4 , 2
Z

2


. Z
( X-3=3 , 3X-5=X+7
( X=2 , X2=4
( X=3 , X2=9 X=-3
( X+1=0 , (X+1)(2X+1)=0
( X2-6X+5=0 , (X-1)(X-5)=0
( X X = 0 -1 1
( (X-1)(X-2)=0 , 3 >X0

16

 3




} { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5
( 2X=4
( X+4=7
( (X-3)(X-4)=0
( X29 X+2=4
( X2=16 X-1=4
4
X Y { 0 , 1 , 2 , ........... , 9 } :

( X-Y=3
( X+Y=15

17

 [17 Quantifiered Propositions

] [1-7-1 :

:
: A ) F(X :
a A ) F(a
a A ) F(a
:
aA ) F(a .
) (
aA ) F(a .
:
(X+1)2=X2+2X+1 X :
XN (X+1)2=X2+2X+1
: A ) G(x :
A ) G(x
:
bA ) G(b ) (
G(b) bA
X+1=2
Z :
XZ X+1=2
:
XZ X+1=2.

18

] [1-7-2 :

:
:
.
:
:

.
: 2 6 :
2 .6
: .
.
:
xX ) xX ] ~ P(x ) ~[ P(x
xX ) xX ] ~ P(x ) ~[ P(x
7
:

X (1 ) P(X :
) : P(X X X > 0
X (2 ) P(X :
) X : P(X
P [XR : X+35 ](3

19


) X ] ~ P ( X )~ [ P (X
X (1
) X : ~ P ( X x 0
: .
X (2 ) X ] ~ P (X ) ~ [ P ( X
) X : ~P(X X : X
X .
~ P ( X+3
)
< 5 : X R (3

] [1-7-3 : Tautology

P P
.
8
P P~ P

P~ P

~P

T
T

F
T

T
F

: ) . ( Contradiction

20

 )(1-3
1
:
( .
( .
( .
( .
( .
( Q: X N : X2 = 25
( ( XR : X < 8 ) P
2
:
( X ) P (X :
) : P (X X X2 = X
( X ) P (X :
) X : P (X X2 = X
( X ) P (X :
) : P (X X X2 .
( Q P Q P Q : .
( P ~ PP :
( P Q ( P Q ) ( P Q ) : .

21

C M : fdG dG
dG OGYG
] [2-1
] [2-2
] [2-3
] [2-4
] [2-5
] [2-6
] [2-7 |Y =|X
] [2-8
] [2-9

] [2-10
] [2-11 ) (

] [2-12

22

 : Field of Real Numbers

.
.

[21 Binary Operations

) (N
: ) (a , b N N . a + b a b
N N N
.

) (2-1 :

A A A A
A
: P . A
P : A A A
(a , b) AA P (a , b) A

1
Z+ a b = a
. a b Z+ Z+

23


3 5 = 3 Z+ , 7 1 = 7 , 10 10= 10 Z+ :
a b = a Z+ a b Z+

2
} A= {0,1,2,3 :
= a b a bA a + b . 4
A

:

a bA a bA
. A

24

 3
N :
a bN .a b = a - b N

( a b = a b . N
( a < b = a b . N
. N

) (2-2 Mathematical System :

.
A ) ( A ,

A
) ( A , , .
(N,+) , (Z,+) ,(Q,+) , (R,+) : ) (+
) (N,) , (N,- ) ()(-
.N

25

 [22 Group

.

)(2-3
) (A , :
(A , ) ( 1 Accumulative System
a b c A:
a (b c)=( a b ) c
( 2 Identity Element e
e A aA e a = a e = a
(A , ) ( 3 Symmetric System
a A
a A
a a = a a =e

1
)(Z,+
Z .

26

:
) (1
.
) (2 A
) (A ,
.
A
) (A ,
.


(Z , +) ( 1
a+(b+c)= ( a +b ) + c a b c Z
0 Z a Z ( 2
a+0=0+a=a
) (Z , + )(0
- a Z a Z ( 3
a + (- a ) = (- a ) + a = 0
) (Z , +
) (Z , +
Z
) (Z , +
2
) (N , .

a,b,c N
( a b ) c = [ a b ]c = a b c
c
)a ( b c ) = a ( bc ) = [ a] (b
)( a b ) c a ( b c
) (N ,
)(3) (2

27

 [211

)(1
) (A ,
: e ) (A ,
e
: e (1) ..... e e= e
e (2) .... e e= e
) (2) (1 :
e=e
) (A , ) . .(

)(2
) (A , a,b,c A :
a b = a c b=c
(1
b a = c a b=c (2

. Abbreviation Theorem
: a b c A
a a

28

) a c = a b ( 1 (
)) a (a c) = a (a b(
(a a) c = (a a) b
) e c = e b(
) c = b ( ) . .(
( 2

)(3
) (A ,
: a A
a A a
a r
(1) .... a a=e
(2) .... r a=e
a a = r a
a = r
) . .(

)(4
) (A , . a b A
( 1 a y = b a b
( 2 y a = b b a

29

 (1) : e ) (A ,
a A a A

a y=b
a ( a y) = a b
( a a ) y = a b
e y = a b
) y= a b . .(
)(2

)(5
) (A , a b A
( a ) = a ( 1
(a b) = b a ( 2
(1) .... a (a ) = e (1) :
(2) .... a a = e
a (a ) = a a
) . .(
(a )=a
) (2 ( a b ) A
) (a b
A
(1) .... (a b) ( a b) = e

30

] )(b a ) ( a b) = b [ a ( a b
])= b [( a a ) b

]=b [e b
=b b
)= e .... (2
) (2) (1 ) (a b) (a b)=(b a ) (a b .
) ( a b) = b a . .(
3
Z:
a bZ a b = a + b - a b
) ( )( .
)( 9

) ( e = 0
aZ a e = e a = a
a +0 -a 0 = 0+ a- 0 a= a
=a
a =a

)( b 9
9 b= b 9= e

9+b-9b=b+9-b9=0
9-8b=0
b = 9 Z
8
9

31

 )(2-1
/ 1

} A={1,0,-1 ) (A , ) (A , +

/ 2

:
) (N , + :
( + N(
( 3
( + N

/ 3

:
( ) (Z , + , .
( ) (Q+ , 6 ( 12 )-1 12 Q+ .
( .
( ) ({1,-1}, .
( ) ( Z+ , + .
( ) (A, a b = a + b2 :

32

/4

) (Z , Z :
a b Z a b = a + b + 2
( ) (-2 .
( ) (-11 ) (7 .
( 7 X = 1 .

/5

Q+ Q+ :
ab
+
Q a b = 3 ) ( Q+ , .
ab

33

 [23 Binary Mathematical system

.

:
X b = a ) (A ,
a X + b = c :

) (+ )( .

:
1
+ . N
. N
) ( ) ( 3 + 4 ) 5 ( 3 5 ) + (4 5
)( ) 5 (3+4) ( 5 3 ) + ( 5 4

(3+4 ) 5
) ( )( 3 5 ) + ( 4 5
= 75
= )(15) + (20
= 35
= 35
)( 3 + 4 ) 5 = (3 5 ) + ( 4 5
)(53)+(54
)( ) 5 ( 3+4
= )15 + (20
=57
= 35
= 35
) 5 (3 + 4 ) = ( 5 3 ) + (5 4

34

 ) ( 2 - 4
A A
:
a (b c)=(a b) (a c) ( 1
(b c) a=(a b) (a c) (2 a b c A

:
.

.

.

) ( 2 - 5
) (A , ,
:
A (1
(2 . A
(3

35

 2
) ( N , + ,

N (1
( 2 + N
( 3 N
) ( N , + , .
3
) ( Q+ , + ,

Q+ ( 1
( 2 + . Q+
( 3 . Q+
) ( Q+ , + , .

36

 [24 Ring
)(2 - 6
) ( A , , :
) ( A , , .
) ( A , .
.
4
) ( Q , + , : Q
.

: ) ( Q , + , :
Q (1
(2 + Q
(3 a ( b + c ) = a b + a c :
: ) ( Q , +

a + ( b + c ) = ( a + b ) + c (1
0 Q , a Q (2
a + 0 = 0 + a = a
- aQ , a Q (3
a+(-a)=(-a )+a=0
a b cQ :
a (b c) = (a b ) c
) ( Q , + ,

37

 5
) ( N , + ,
: .

: :
N (1
(2 + N
(3 ) a ( b c ) = (a b ) + ( a c
9 , 4 , 3
) 3 ( 9 + 4 ) = ( 3 9 ) + ( 3 4
)3 13 =? (3) + (1
14
) ( N , + , +
) ( N , + ,
) ( ) ( .

38

 [25 Field
.
)( ) (A , ,
) + (
a . -a
) ( 1
a . a -1

)(2-7
) (A , + , :
(A , +) (1
(A / {0} , ) (2
(3 .+
) (2-7 :
) (A , +

) ( , { A/ { 0
a b A
a ( b c ) =( a b ) c
ab=ba
1 A a A
a1=1a=a

a + b ( 1 A
a + ( b + c ) = ( a + b ) + c ( 2

a+b=b+a(3

0 A ( 4 a A

a+0=0+a=a
- a A a A( 5
} aA a-1 A/ { 0
a ( a-1) = ( a-1 ) a = 1
a+(-a)=(-a )+a =0

39

 )( )(+
6
) ( Q , + , Q
.

:
) (1 ) : (Q,+,
a A
a 0=0
) (2 ) : (Q,+,
abA
a b = 0
a = 0 b = 0

(Q , +) (1
(Q , +) (2
(Q , +) (3
0 Q (4
a+0=a+0=a
a Q
Q (5
-a
(- a )+ a = a +(- a ) = 0
a Q

}}a { Q / {0
}a -1 {Q/ {0
a -1 a = a a -1 =1
}a Q / {0

)( )(+
) ( Q , + , .

40

) (Q ,
) (Q ,
) (Q ,
1 Q :
a 1=1a=a

 7
) ( Q , + , :
3X+1=3

)3X+1+(-1)=3+(-1
)3X+(1+(-1))=3+(-1
3X+0=2
3X=2
1
)1 (2
=)____(3X
____
3
3
____=1 .3)X
)1 (2
____ (
3
3
2
____=1X
3
2
____=X
3
2
= } {
3

)(1

41

 )(2-2
/ 1

( Z ,+ , ) (1 Z .
(N , - , ) (2 N .
(R , + , ) (3 R .

/ 2

(E , + , ) (1 E .
(Z , + , ) (2 Z .
(K , + , ) (3 K .

/ 3

)( () :
(1 ) (A , , ) (A /{ e } , e

(2 ) (A /{ e } , , b , c A
:a

)(ab)c =(ac)(bc
(3 ) (A ,, ) (A,

/4

) ( R , , :
ab=a+b+1 a , bR , a b= ab + b + a

/5

:
2x+1=5 (1 ) ( R , + ,
5X+2=3 (2 ) ( Q , + ,

42

 [26 Relations
.

.
:
Reflexive Relation

) : ( 2 - 8

r A :
(a , a ) r aA
1
} A={2 , 3 , 4 , 5 A
. {(5 , 5 ) , ( 4 , 4 ) , ( 3 , 3 ) , ( 2 , 2 ) } = r1 (1
. {(5 , 5 ) ,( 3 , 3 ) , ( 2 , 2 ) } = r2 (2
. {(4 , 3 ) , ( 3 , 4 ) , ( 5 , 5 ) , ( 4 , 4 ) , ( 3 , 3 ) , ( 2 , 2 ) } = r3 (3
= r4 (4 > .
= r5 (5 .

43


= r1 (1 .
= r2 (2 . ( 4 , 4 ) r2
= r3 (3 .
= r4 (4 > ( 2 , 2 ) r4
= r5 (5 .
Symmetric Relation

) : ( 2 - 9

r A :
(a , b)r (b , a) r . a , b A
2
} A={ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 A
. {(5 , 5 ) , ( 4 , 4 ) , ( 3 , 3 )} = r1 (1
. {(4 , 3 ) ,( 3 , 4 )} = r2 (2
. { ( 6 , 5 ) , ( 4 , 4 ) , ( 3 , 3 ) , ( 3 , 4 ) } = r3 (3
= r4 (4 > .
= r5 (5 .

44


= r1 (1 .
= r2 (2 .
= r3 (3 . ( 4 , 3 ) r3
= r4 (4 ( 2 , 3 ) r4 ( 3 , 2 ) r4
= r5 (5 ( 3 , 6 ) r ( 6 , 3 ) r
5

Transitive Relation

) : ( 2 - 10

r A :
(a , b)r, (b , c)r (a , c)r . a , b , c A
3
} A={ -3 , 1 , 4 , 6
. {(1 , 4 ) , ( 1 , 6 ) , ( 4 , 6 ) , ( -3 , 6 )} = r1 (1
. {(-3 , 6 ) ,( -3 , 1 ), ( 1 , 4 )} = r2 (2
. { ( 1 , 4 ) } = r3 (3

: r1 .
: r2 (-3, 1) r2 , (1 , 4)r2 : (-3 , 4) r2
:r3 r, : ) ( a , b :
) ( a ,c ) ( b , c .
) ( b , c .

45

 Equivalence Relation

) ( 2 - 11

r A
.
4
} A={ 1 , 2 , 3
{( 2 , 1 ) ,( 1 , 2 ) , ( 3 , 3 ) , ( 2 , 2 ) ,( 1 , 1 )} = r1
{( 2 , 1 ) , ( 2 , 2 ) , ( 1 , 2 ) , ( 1 , 1 )} = r2
{( 1 , 3 ) , ( 1 , 1 ) , ( 3 , 2 ) , ( 3 , 3 ) , ( 2 , 2 ) ,( 3 , 1 )} = r3

: r1 .
: r2 (3 , 3) r2 .
: r3 (3 , 2) r3 (2 , 3) r3 .

46

 Antisymmetric Relation

) ( 2 - 12

r A :
,( b , a )r a = b

( a , b ) r,

5
:
: r1 (1 . A B
: r2 (2 . N
{ ( 4 , 3 ) , ( 1 , 2 ) , ( 2 , 1) } = r3 (3 } . A={ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4

(1 A B B A A=B
r1 .
(2 ab ba a = b
r2 .
(2 , 1)r3 (3 (1 ,2) r32 1
r3 . 2 1

47

 Partial Ordered Relation

) ( 2 - 13

A :
.
6
r . N
} r = {( a , b ) : a N , b N , a b

r (1 .
a = b a b , b a (2
r .
a c a b , b c (3
r.
r .

48

 7
r / .
.

r (1 a N+, a/a :
(2 : a/b a ,b N+, a = bb/a
(3 : a/b a,b,c N+, a/cb/c
r .
Total Ordered Relation

) ( 2 - 14

A
:
a,bA
(a,b)r(b,a)r

49

 8
} A={ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 12 .

) . ( 6
12 1 4 1 3 1 2 1 :
122 42 32
123 43
124
. A
9
} A={ 2 , 6 , 9 /

( aA , a/a
( a,bA , a = b b/a, a/b
( a,b,cA , a /c a/b, b/c

9 : 2 9 6 6 2

50

 )(2-3
/ 1

} A={ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 :
{ ( 2 , 2 ) , ( 1 , 1 )} = r1
{( 3 , 3 )} = r2
, ( 3 , 3 ) , ( 2 , 2 ) , ( 1 , 1 ) , ( 4 , 2 ) , ( 3 , 1 ) , ( 3 , 4 ) , ( 3 , 2 ) , ( 2 , 1 )} = r3
) {( 4 , 4
) (
.

/ 2

r N
}r = {(a,b):a,bN,ab

/ 3

A :
} A={ 1 , 2 , 3
(1 .
(2 .
(3 .
(4 .
(5 .

51

 [ 7 2 Absolute Value
) ( 2 - 15

X | |X :

X, X> 0
0,X=0
-X , X < 0
1

> 10 3

= || x

:
= 3
< 9
10
X R
=( 3 10 ( | | X-3

( X-3, X > 3
= | | X-3
(
3 = 9 < 10
0 ,X = 3
-X+ 3, X<3
3 10 = 10 3 > 0
) ( 2 - 15 :
XR (1 | X |0
:
XR(2| | -X |= | X
X Y
XR (3 | -| X |X | X

|X|2= X2 , XR (4
X,YR (5 | | X . Y |=| X | . | Y
.
= X
||X
| | Y 0
Y
||Y
X,YR (6 | | X + Y || X | + | Y
a 0 | X | a -aXa
> ,XR (7

52

 2
| Y=| X

| Y=| X

X , X>0
Y= 0 , X=0
-X , X<0

Y=X

: x0 . Y = X
)(X,Y

X Y

) ( 0, 0
)(1,1
)(2,2

0
1
2

0
1
2

Y=-X

) ( -2 , 2
) (- 1, 1

)(2,2
)(1,1

)(0,0

| Y=| X

: X<0 , Y=-X :
)(X,Y

Y X

) 0 0 ( 0 0
) -1 1 ( -1 , +1
) -2 2 ( -2 , 2

53

 3
Y=| X - 1 |+3

Y=| X - 1 |+3

]
]

(X-1)+3 ,X1
(-X+1)+3 , X<1
X+2 , X1
= Y
-X+4 , X<1
=Y

: X1 , Y=X+2
)(Y,X

X Y

)(1,3
)(3,5

1
3

3
5

: X<1 , Y=-X+ 4
)(Y,X

) ( 3,5

)( 0,4
) ( 1,3

X Y

) 3 ( 1 , 3
4
)(0,4

54

1
0

Y=| X - 1 |+3

 [ 2 8
4
|3X+6|=9 : . X R

:
||3X+6

3X+6 03X+6 -2X

) -(3X+6 0>3X+6 -2>X

:
3X+6=9 } (1) ....... { X: X -2

-3X- 6 = 9 } (2)........... { X: X< -2

. x y y .
:
}S1 = { 1 } S2 = { -5
}. S= S1 S2 = { 1 , -5

55

 5
.X R X2 |X| - 8 = 0 :

X2 |X| - 8 = 0 :
X3 - 8 = 0 , X 0 X3 = 8 X = 2
}S1 = { 2
- X3 - 8 = 0 , X <0 X3 = - 8 X = -2
}S2 = { -2
}. S = S1 S2 = { 2 , -2
6
.X R X2 + |X| - 12 = 0 :

X2 + |X| - 12 = 0 :
X2 + X - 12 = 0 ,X 0 ( X + 4 )( X - 3 ) = 0
X = -4 X = 3
}S1 = { 3
X2 - X - 12 = 0 ,X <0 ( X - 4 )( X + 3 ) = 0
X = 4 X = -3
}S2 = { -3
}S = S1S2 = { 3 , -3

56

 [ 2 9

.

.
S1 S2
. S = S1 S2

.S = S1 S2

7
R Y X :

)X - Y = 1 . . . . . (1
)X + Y = 5 . . . . . (2

: ) (2) (1 X = 3 2 X = 6 : )(1
Y = 2
) ( 3 , 2
= }) .{( 3 , 2

57

 : X - Y = 1 : L1
) ( 0 , -1
)(1,0

0 -1
1 0

X + Y = 5 : L2
X, Y

) (0,5
)(5,0

5
0

0
5

)(0,5

=
x-y

)(5,0

=5
x+y

)(X,Y

X Y

)(0,-1) (1,0

) ( 3 , 2 }). {(3,2
8
. X Y R .
3X- 4Y + 9 =0
3X + Y - 6 = 0

:
3X-4Y+9=0
- Y +- 6 = 0
3
X
+

-5Y+15 =0
Y = 3 ) (1 X = 1
= }) . {( 1 , 3

58

 : 3X - 4 Y + 9 = 0 : L

X Y

) -3 0 ( -3 , 0
9 ( 0 ,
) 9
0
4
4

L2

3X + Y - 6 = 0 :

) ( X, Y

X Y

)(2,0
)(0,6

2
0

0
6

3x)(1,3

)(2,0

0
=y-6
3x+

)(X,Y

0
=
9
y+

)(0,6
9
) (0,
4

)(-3,0

) ( 1 , 3 })
}).{(1 , 3

59

 [ 2 10 Intervals
a b R a < b
( 1 :
} { X : X R a X b Closed Interval a b
] [ a , b ) ( 2 - 1
) ( a
) ( b ) (
] [a , b a b

) ( 2 - 1

( 2
}(a,b) ={X:XR,a<x<b Open Interval ) ( a ) ( b
) ( 2 - 2

) ( 2 - 2

) b (a , b) , a ( a , b a , b
.

60

 ( 3 :

}(a,b]={X:XRa<X b
}[a ,b)={X:XRa X<b
) ( Half Open a < b
) ( 2 - 3
b

) ( 2 - 3
) ( 2 - 4
b

) ( 2 - 4
( 4 ) ( a :
} { X : X R X a ) ( 2 - 5
} { X : XR X > a ) ( 2 - 6
a
a
) ( 2 - 6
) ( 2 - 5
( 5 ) ( a

:
} { X : X R X a
) ( 2 - 7
) (4 )(5
} { X : X R X < a

) ( 2 - 8
)(
a

) ( 2 - 7

) ( 2 - 8

61

 1
] X = [ 1 , 6 ] Y = [ 3 , 8
2 ) XY
4)Y-X

1 ) XY
3)X-Y

1
3
6
)3)X-Y=[1,3
]4)Y-X=(6,8

]1)XY=[3,6
]2)XY=[1,8

2
{ X : X -3 } ( -5 , 2 ] ( 1
{ X : X -3 } ( -5 ,2] ( 2

-5 -3
0
2
} 1 ) { X : X -3 } ( -5 , 2 ] = { X : X >-5
] 2 ) { X : X -3 } ( -5 , 2 ] = [-3 2

62

 [ 2 11 )(
) ( X g(X) < f(X ):) g(X) f(X
Inequality ) . ( X
) ( X
.
.

) ( 2 - 16

) f(X) < g(X ) h(X) < I(X

.
) g(X) f(X .
1
3X +1< X +5 :
R .

3X +1< X + 5
)3X + 1+(-X) <X + 5 + (-X
2X +1 < 5
)2X + 1 + (-1) < 5 +(-1
2X < 4 .

63

 (1 ) 4
) 1
< ()(2x

2
2
X < 2 .
= } { X : X R X < 2
2
X
S1 S2
. : S1 S2 :
:
S = S1 S2

S = S1 S2
2
) ( R :
5X + 11 < 1 2X + 3 < 6 .

} S1 = { X : X <-2
} 3
< S2 = {X:X
2
S :

64

} 3
< S = S1 S2 = { X : X < -2 } { X : X

}>X

2
3
2

S= { X : < -2

2
S1 S2 S1
} S1 S2 =S1 = { X : X < -2 X R

-2

3
:

5x + 11 < 1 : 2X + 3 < 6
} X -2 3
< S2 S1 = {X: X
2
} 3
<S = {X:X R , X
2

<

2
S1 S2 S2
-2

65

 4
|X-2| > 5

) ( R

X -2 , X 2

2- X , X < 2

X-2 =-

X-2 > 5 |X-2| > 5 2-X > 5

:
} = { X : X R X > 7 } { X : X R X < -3
S1

x+1 2

S1 S2
-3

xR

) (752
x+1 2 -2 x+1 2
) (-1
)-2+ (-1) x + 1+ (1) 2+ (1
3 x 1
] s = [3,1

66

S2

 [ 2 12

) (a :
(1 X2 a2 ] [- a , a
(2 X2 < a 2 ) (- a , a
( X - a ) ( X + a ) <0 X2- a2 <0 X2 < a:2 (2
: > a . b

) a>0 (b <0
) a <0 (b >0

] (X+ a ) <0 [(X - a ) > 0 ] (X +a ) > 0 [(X - a ) < 0

] X < - a [X > a ] X>-a [X < a

) (- a , a) = (-a , a
) (1 .
6
X 2 < 9 :
) . (-3,3 X2 9 ][ 3-, 3
X2 > 9 R / X2 9
] R / [-3 ,3
X2 9 R / X2<9
) S=R / (-3 ,3

67

> |2X+5| 5 :

5- 2X +5 , X
2

-5
<
2

-( 2X+ 5) , X

7 > |2X+5| 5 :
[] [ 7 > 2X + 55 ] 7 > (2X+5) 5
] [2 > 2 X0 ][12 > - 2X 10
] [ 1> X 0 ][ -6 < X -5
=)( -6,-5] [ 0,1

68

= 2X +5

 )(2-4
/ 1

)A= [-2 , 5
} B = { X: X 1
A B AB A - B B - A

/ 2

( Y =| X + 2 | - 5

/ 3

y = 3 x+1

:
( x x + 2 = 3
( |4X + 3| =1
( X |X| +4= 0
( 2x+1 = x
( X2 -2 |X| - 15= 0
( |X2 +4| = 29

/ 4

:
2X + Y = 4

( X-Y = -1
4X + 3Y= 17

( 2X + 3Y= 13
3X + Y = 15

( 3X + 7Y = 15
2X + 3Y = 0
( 5X + 6Y= 11

/ 5

:
( |X-6| 1
( -9 < |2X -3 |- 2 -3
( 3X2 -27 >0

( 2 |X+1| 4
( 2X2 8

69

C : ddG dG
QhdGh SG
] [3-1
] [3-2
] [3-3
] [3-4 a +- b
] [3-5 a x

70

ax
n

f(x)=ax

a +- b

 : Indices and Roots

:
( 1
( 2
( 3

.
:
) 435 - 515 ( = ) 1044 - 1122 (

.
) 164 - 235 ( = ) 781 - 850 (
) (

.

. :
) 1777 - 1855 ( ) 1802 - 1829 (

. Abelian Group

71


.

.

[ 3 1
Indices
) ( 3 - 1

a R n Z
n ) an = a a . . . . . a ( 1 a (
( 2 a0 = 1
1 a0
= a -n = (a-1)n , a-1
(3
a

Z )a b R n m Z
( b 0 a 0 :
] an am= am+n ( 1
[
1 (2
= a-n
n
a
m
a = am-n (3
]
an
[
] (am)n = a mn ( 4 [
(a . b)n = an. bn ( 5
n
n
a
a
= ) (
(6
b
bn

72

an
a a
n
a . n

 Roots
) ( 3 - 2

aR nN n > 1 X :
1
n
n
X = a )(a a a n
:
n N n > 1 n 0 = 0 ( 1
( 2 ) ( n ) ( a
X = - n a X = n a Xn = a
( 3 ) ( n ) ( a
) Xn = a Xn( XR
( 4 ) ( n ) ( a
Xn = a

) ( 3 - 1
a b R n N n > 1
) n a. b = n a . n b ( 1 b 0 a 0 ) ( n (
) (n 0 < b , 0a
) (n R/ {0} b ,Ra

a
b

a
=
b

n
n

73

:
m
... (- a)m = a m
.
m
...a m . (-1) 25 =-1
(-1) 64 = 1

-3
8
18 2
81 16 -2

3 -3
2
2
-3
2
(
2
)

(
3

2
)
2 -9 2 2 3 4
8

18
=
=

3 4 ( 2 4 )-2
3 4 2 -8
81 16 -2

3 2-9+2+8 = 0 3 1 2 = 1 2 =2

4-4

2
m n Z :
m-2
m+n
125

15

25
5
=
9
75m 5 2n+ m

3
m-2
2 m+n
125 15m-2 25m+n

(
5

3
)

(
5
= )
5

75m 5 2n+ m
( 3 5 2 )m 5 2n+m

5 3 5 m-2 3 m-2 5 2m+2n

=
3 m 5 2m 5 2n+m
= 5 3+m-2+2m+2n-2m-2n-m 3 m-2-m
= 1
= 5
= 5 3-2 = 5
2
3
9

74

 )(3-1
/ 1
:
( (9)0+(8)0
( 2 -3 4 -5

6 -1 3 3
( ( 3 a )0

( (3)-1+(2)-1

( 64

( 16 + (16)- 1

5
( 10 3 4 7
( 3) 27

(a 0 ) 10 -5 2 5
( ( a + b 0 ) ( a + b )0 ( -32 )-3

( (a 0 ) 3a 0
5

)(a + b 0

/ 2

3
6
3
(
-a
)
729
2
2 20 a
3
( ) ( ( ]
[ ) ( - a
3a
4
45 a
-5
2
( 3x . y x 0

( 25 b2 c-8
2-1 y-2
4

/ 3

) ( 1
:
( bc d0

(1 b0

b5

( 4b2 b 0

b2 c-3

( 1

b2 + c2

( x

( x 4 xx0

75

/ 4

m a R
( a m 0
( a m < 0
( am>0

/ 5

a a R m,
( a m < 0
( am>0

( a m 0
( a m 0

/ 6

: ( a (x-y)z . a (z-x)y . a (y-z)x = 1

1
( x n 1 x n1 n = x n1
2

/ 7

1 +
1 =1 :

1 + a c-b 1 + a b-c

/ 8

53 -43
11 :
=
15
2 3 2 n + 1 -3 2 n
2 n-1

2n

/ 9

:
6 4 n - 1 27 2 n 3 2 +n + 3 n + 1

2 n + 1 8 n - 1 9 n + 2 3 n -3 n - 1

/ 10

1
n

1
n+ 4

9
) 3 3 n ] =27 :
([
3 3 -n

76

( a m 0

 [ 3 2
Exponential Equation .
:
(1 )) : ((1
:

ax=ayx=y,a 1

(2 xn = yn x = y n
x = +- y n
(3 = m = n xn = ym
:
3
3
3
1
( ( x + 2)- 5 = 3 - 5( x + 2)- 5 = 5
27
x+2=3x=1
= }{1
:
(

1
=0
9
2
1
3
x = 0........
9
3
1 3
1
x
x

=0
3
3
: 3 x = 1 x = 1
3
27
: 3 x = 1 x = 1
3
27
x2

) (

x2 = 3 x .3 x
2

) (
x

1
x =0
9
2
1
3
x = 0........
9
3
1 3
1
x
x

= 0
3
3
1
1
=:3 x = x
3
27
1
1
= :3 x
=x
3 :
27
2

) (

x2 = 3 x .3 x
2

) (
x

77

 3
2

2x -2x+1 = 4x+3 :

2

) 2x -2x+1 = 2 2(x+3
x2 - 2x +1 = 2x + 6
x2 -4x - 5 = 0
( x-5) ( x+1) = 0 x = 5 x = -1
= } {-1 , 5
.
4
32x+1 - 43x+2 = -81 :

32x 3 - 4 3x 32 +81 = 0 3
32x - 12 3x+ 27 = 0
(3x - 3) ( 3x - 9) = 0
3x = 9 3x = 3 2 x = 2
3x = 3 x = 1
= } . { 1 , 2

78

 5
x - :
( 3x-1 = 5x-1

( ( x - 1 )6 = 2 6

( (x+3)5 = 54

( 3
x-1=0x=1
( 2
x+ 3 = 4 x = 1
( 2
x - 1 = +- 2 x = 3
x =-1
6
R

= 14
2
3

x 2
+
2 3

x
2

+8 +8
x
2

1
3

x 1
+
2 3

x
2

x
2

x
2

8 +8

8 + 8 8 + 8 8 = 14
x
1
2
8 2 1+ 8 3 + 8 3 = 14

x
2

8 (1+ 2 + 4 ) = 14
3x
2
= =1 x
2
3

= 21

x
2

=28

x
3 2

x
2

x
2

8 7 = 14 8 = 2 ( 2

79

 ) ( 3 - 2
/ 1

:
1
( 1
5 3
= x
( ( 5 243 )2 = (x- 2 )2
27
( 10(x-4)(x-5) = 100

( -65x+25x+5 = 0

( xx-5x+6 = 1

( )22x+3-57 = 65(2x-1

/ 2

R 3 x+1 9 x - 9 2 3 x = 0

/ 3

:
(243)x-1(27)x-2 = 81

1
(729) 2 x

/ 4

x R :
2
2
2
( 3x-1+3x+3x +1 = 39

( = 25

80

4 x + 4 (2x ) + 3
x

4 +2

( (x+2) 2 = 3
2

( 6x -3x-2 = 36
( 5 (5x+5-x)=26

 [ 3 3
:
5
3
61 10 2
.

n x n y = n x y .1 .
5
5
6 12 = 5 72
:
4
4
4 3
5
3
x
= 4 15x3
n x
x
= n
n .y o
y
y
21
21
= 7 : =
3
3
3x 3 3 x
3
=
3
2y
2y
7
:
147 5 3 12

12 = 6 12 2 = 6 144
5 = 6 53 = 6 125
6
147 = 6 147
12 6 147 :
3

81

 [ 3 4 Conjugate Numbers a +- b
.
2 3 3 2 3 3 = 2 3 = 6
3
3 3 3 3 32 = 3 33 = 3
5 + 6 5 - 6
( 5 - 6 ) ( 5 + 6 ) = 25 - 6 = 19
3 2 - 2 5 3 2 + 2 5
( 3 2 - 2 5 ) ( 3 2 + 2 5 ) = 9 2 - 4 5 = -2
3
1 -3 5 52 + 3 5 +1
( 3 5 - 1) ( 3 25 + 3 5 + 1) = 3 125 - 1 = 5 - 1 = 4
8

) (

:
1
1
1
+ +
2 -1
3+ 2 2+ 3

1
2 +1
1
3- 2
1
2- 3
+ +
2 -1
2 +1
3+ 2
3- 2 2+ 3 2- 3
3 - 2
2- 3
2 +1
+ + =
3 - 2
4-3
2 -1
= 2 +1+ 3 - 2 +2- 3 =3

82

a - b
a-b
a + b -

a+b
a+b
a-b

-1

-1

a - b a + b
a+b-a+b

a+b
a+b a-b

a-b a+b
a+b a-b

=
a+b
2b
(a-b)(a+b) a-b

=
( a + b ) (2 b) = 2b

(x
y = 3 4 2 + 1, xy==333 24+1 2
+ 1,
=33 2 + 1
y = 4 2 + 1, x = 2 + 1
xy = 3
xy = 3
xy
=3
3
3
y = 4 2xy
= + 1,=x = 2 + 1 xy
= xy
3
3
xy = 3
2 + 1 4 233+ 21 + 1 33 4 2 + 1
2 +1
2 + 1 4
= xy
3
3
3
3
3
3
3 + 13
=
2
+
1
=
2
(
)
(
)

3
3
3
)= 2 + (1
2 +1 4 2 +1
= 2+ 1
= 2+ 1
3
3
= 2+ 1
3
= 2 + (1)= 3
=3
=3
= 2+ 1
=3

))

()

(()) ) ((
)) ((
) ()

()

) (

83

 [ 3 5 a x
ax
.
a ) , (a 1 x ax
) x . ( a

) ( 3 - 3
a R+/ {1} x R f (x) = ax
) f (x . ( Exponential Function ) a
:
( f(x) = 2x
( g(x) = 3x
( 1 )x
( = )f (x
2
( h (x) = ( 5 )x

84

f(x) = 1x = 1
a = 1
) . (3 -3

 9
( f (x) = 2x x = 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3
.
( (ff (x)(x1 :
2
.

( f (x) = 2x
-3
1

-2
1

-1
1

0
1

x2

( )1 )x = (2-1)x = 2- x = f (-x
( = ) g (x RY
2
) Ry : (x, y) = (-x, y
y
) ((x , 2 x) = (-x , 2x
x
x
g(x)=( 12 )x
2
2
f (x) = 2x
x
x

)(3 - 1
x
x
x

)(3 - 1

x
3

x
2

x
1

85

 : f (x) = ax
.1 :
2x 3x 4x 5x ......
( 1 )x
(1 )x
( 1 )x
1 )x ....... :
(
3
4
2
5
:
: a > 1 ax . x
: 1> a > 0 ax . x
) ( 3 - 2 ) (
a > 1 1 > a > 0 a
a )(0 , 1
.2 a 0 ax . R

2x

3x

4x

)(0,1
x

) ( 3 - 2

86

1 )x
(
x
1 ) 4
(
1 )x 3
(
2

 )(3-3
/ 1
1 4 144 :

27

118 3
Ans :
9

147 48

/ 2

1 -2
3 + 27 :

9
4

Ans : 4 3

/ 3

3 5 3 ( 4
16 : 1 ) -
2 3
2
2

/ 4

:
18x3
3
2x

a-b
( a - b ( a - b )5

-b
Ans : a
x

3 -
8

2
( 27

) 1
2 ( 3 +
3
( 5 - 1
5 + 1 -

5 -1
5 +1

/ 5

5
Ans :
24
Ans : 1

3 -
- 15 +
( 3 =0

x - 6 + x x - 2 x +3

a + 3b
( x

x + 3x = 8 :
x

1
/ 6 . y = :
5

a + 3b
x + 3x = 8
x

1
=y
5

87

dG M : HGdG dG

] [4-1
] [4-2
] [4-3
] [4-4
] [4-5
] [4-6
] [4-7
] [4-8
] [4-9

x
x
x

88

(
B A , B
)C
D Q
Sin x
Cos x
Tan x

) ( Cos x , Sin x

 : : Trigonometry

. .
:
)362 - 440( = )973 - 1048 ( :

b Cos x :
= r
a - Cos x
:r : a : b : x
328 - 388) :( = )940 - 988( :
959 .
:
x Cos
x 2Sin2
x =1- Cos x
Sin x =2Sin
2
2
2
2
2
2
Sin(x+y)= Sin x -Sin x Siny + Sin y - Sin2y Sin2x
Sin x Cotx = Cos
= Tanx
x
Sin x
Cos x
2
Secx = 1+Tan x cecx = 1+ Cot2x
) 899( = ) 1492(

) ( 2
2 = 6.28318571795865
:
(....
)- 1617
1550(
.

89

 [4 1 Trigonometry
) (4 - 1

B
C B
: Directed Angle A

( B B A
A, B
B ) C

. A B C
( B A
B ) B C
B c

>

) ( 4 - 2

:

) . ( 4 - 1
Y

B
X

90

) (

) ( 4 - 1

X
X

) (

) ( 4 - 2

 [ 4 2
: Degree Measure :
360 360
1
60 = 1 : = 60 = 1 60 = 60
: Radian Measure
.

)(4 - 3

Arc .
) (4 - 3 A O B ) (L
= r L = r m A O B
= 1 .
L = 2r ) (4 - 4 m A O B
= 2 .
>

>

) ( 4 - 3

L
r

) ( 4 - 4

) (4 - 3 r :
L= Q . r | | Q .

= L
= | | Q
r

91

 [ 4 3
= 2r
= L
2r = 2
= | | Q
r
r
2 = 360
= 180
180
1 =

= 1
.
180
: ( = Q
D
Q =
180
( = D :
( 180 :
Q ) = D

= Q
:

D 180
.

92

 1
< A 10cm
O B
. 12cm
m < A :
( O B
2 .
m < A O B0

( m < A O B :
0
m < A O B < -2

L = 10 cm r = 12 cm
= L
= 10
( 5 = 0. 833
= | | Q
r 12
6
( :
= L
= 10
5 = 0. 833
= | | Q
r
12 6
Q = - 0. 833 ) (.
2
< A 3

O B
4

= Q

D 180
3

D = 180
3 = 135
= 4

4
D 180

93

 3
: ( 45 .
( 2.6 .

= Q
= Q
=
( Q

.
45 180
4
180 D
2.6
( Q
=
= 468 = 2.6 180 = D

180 D
D 180
4
60 9

Q
1 = Q
Q
=
=
.
3
180 60
180 D
L
=||Q
r
=
L

9 L = 3 = 3 3.142
3
= 9.426 cm

94

 5
1 cm
21 20 cm
4

1
21
4
|L =|Q
= 17

.
|=|Q
r
16 20
17

Q
=
=
16

180 D
180 D
= 60. 85

D= 17 180 7
22
16

6
0.44


= Q

0.44

=
D 180
D 180
180 =25.2
D = 0.44 180 = 0.443.14

A B
A + B = 90 . . . . . . . 1
A - B = 25.2 . . . . . . 2
2 A = 115.2
A = 57.6
B = 32.4

95

 ) ( 4 - 1
/ 1

:
300 120 30

/ 2

:
1
5
3

3
6
5

/ 3

5
25 cm
6
30 cm /
.

/ 4

135 cm 8
18.857cm /

/ 5

9
4
18 27 /

/ 6

> =
5
AOB
4

96

 [4 4
) (4 - 5 ABC C
m < ABC = Q
A
Opposite

) ( 4 - 5

se
u
n
te
o
p
Hy

Adjacent

)(4 - 4

.1 AC
) ( Sine ) ( Q
AB

OPP.
= AC
= Sin Q
AB HYP.

.2 BC
) ( Cosine )(Q
AB
= BC
ADJ.
= Cos Q
AB HYP.
.3 AC
) ( Tangent )(Q
BC

AC OPP.
= tan Q

BC =ADJ.

97

 ) ) (AC)2+(BC)2 = (AB)2 :(4 - 5 (

(AB)2 :
2
BC 2 AB 2
AC
= +
AB
AB
AB

) ( 4 - 4
Sin2 Q + Cos2 Q = 1 :
) (4-4 :
AC
= tan Q ) ( AB :
BC
AC

AB
= tan Q
BC

AB
Sin Q
= tan Q
Cos Q

98

 [4 5 Trigonometric Ratio
( 1 45

ABC . B ) (45 )(45

A
AB = BC = L
45
L
(AC)2 = (AB)2 + (BC)2 :
2
L
((AC)2 = L2+L2 = 2L2
AC = 2 L
45
B
C
L
= L
=1 Sin 45
1
= Sin 45
2L
2
2
= L
=1 Cos 45
1
=Cos 45
2L
2
2
L = 1 tan 45 = 1
=tan 45
L

( 2 60 30

3 L

= 2L
= 60
A
ADBC
L
CD = DB = L
30 30
m BAD = 30
2L
2L
AD = 3 L
= L
=1 Sin 30
1
= Sin 30
2L
2
L
L 60
2
B 60
C
D
= sin 60 = 3L
3
= sin 60
2L
2

99

 = 3L
=3 Cos 30
3
=Cos 30
2
2L
2
= L
=1 Cos 60
1
=Cos 60
2
2L
2
= L
=1 tan 30
1
= tan 30
3L
3
3
3L = 3 tan 60= 3
= tan 60
1
L
= sin 30 = cos 60
:
2
3
= cos 30 = sin 60
2
.
Q
) ( 90 - Q :
sin (90 -Q ) = cos Q
cos (90 -Q ) = sin Q

60 , 30 :

90 = 60 + 30

100

 [ 4 6
)(4 - 5

: .

m B
O A = Q
B
)B(x,y
O B
y sin Q= Y
= sin Q
1
x cos Q= X
= cos Q
1
)B(x,y) = (cosQ,sin Q
:

:
sin (180-Q ) = sin Q
cos (180-Q ) = -cos Q
tan (180-Q ) = -tan Q

) B(x,y
Q y
x
A

)(4 - 6

Trigonometric Point
.

101

AOB Q
B
) (x , y . x = cos Q y = sin Q

7
sin Q cos Q tan Q Q = 0 90 180

180 90 0 .
) ( 4 - 6 :
(cos 0 , sin 0) = (1 , 0) cos 0 = 1
sin 0 = 0
0 =0 tan0 = 0
tan 0 = sin0
=
cos0 1
) (cos 90 , sin 90 ) = (1,0
cos 90= 0 sin 90=1
Y
sin90

=tan90

)(cos90, sin90
cos90
)((cos 180 , sin 180) = ( -1, 0
) B (0,1
cos 180= -1 sin 180= 0
)A (1,0
tan 180= 0

O
)(cos0 , sin0
)c (-1,0
)(4 - 6

102

)D (0,-1

 [7 4
] [4-7-1 :

.
A C A
C A ) Angle of Elevation C
(A CAB ).(4 - 7
C
D
C
A
A C

A C )
A
A
A
B Angle of Depression
( C

A C D ) . (4 - 7
)(4 - 7
8
30 ) (
45 .
A

L

30

= L
A B C . B
L
1
sin 45 = OPP.
=
30
Hyp.
2
L= 30 = 21.21m
2

45

)(4 - 8

103

 9
8 60

A

A B C : B
OPP.
=tan 60
Hyp.
AB
= 3
8
AB = 3 8 .

C 60

)(4 - 9
10
2350 70
.sin 7 = 0.9396

104

70

2350

=
ABC B
AB
= sin 70
AC
2350
= 0.9396
AC
AC = 2350 2500m
0.9396

70

))(4 - 10

 11
7 60
30 .
E

DAC = AC B
] = [
ABC : B
7
= tan 30
Y

D
7
C

30

= 1
7 Y=7 3
.
Y
3

60
30

A
7
B

)(4 - 11

E A D : D
X
= tan 60
Y
X
X = 21 = 3
3 7
= X+ 7
= 28 =21+7

105

 12
30
1000 45 .

45

ABC : B
x
X
=tan45
y
x
= 1
y
x=y..... 1
B
x
= tan 30
..... 2
y + 1000
y
= 1

y + 1000 3 y = y + 1000
3
1.7 y - y = 1000
y = 1000
= 1428.6
0.7
x = 1428.6 .

106

45

30
1000

)( 4 - 12

] [4-7-2 : Circular Sector

)(4 - 7

.
) (4-13 AOB
.180
= 1
r AB
2
= 1 L r
1 . . . . .
2

= Q
L = Q
L = Q r
r
: 1
= 1 Q r 2
2 . . . . .
2

Central Angle

r
A

O
Q

C L

) ( 4 - 13

:
: 1 = 2

1 ( 2 ) r2 = r 2
=r+r+L
2
=2r+L
L
1 Qr2
r

: 2
Q
2
=
=

.

2

r2
= D
Q
D .
360 2

= D
= Q

360 2
=

360

107

 13
60 8.

1 Q r2
=
2
1
60 64
=
2
180
1
3.14 64 = 33.49 cm2
2
3
: = D

360
= 60
64
360
= 1
. cm2 33 . 49 = 64 3 .14
6
14
cm2 15 6cm
.

- 1 = 1 L r
2
15 = 1 6 r r =5
2
- 2 = r + 2 L
cm 16 = 6 + 2 5
L = | Q | - 3
6 = Q
= 1.2
r
5
Q
3.14
1.2
=
=
180 D 180 D
1.2 = D
68 . 6898 = 180

3.14

108

] [3-7-4 : Circular Segment

)(4 - 8

AOB

.
)(4 - 14

180
:

)(4- 14

r
A
Q

O
Q

r
C

= ACB ) - ( OACB OAB

1 Q r2
) = (OACB
2
1 OA OB sin Q = OAB
2
1 r r sin Q = OAB
2
1 Q r2 - 1 r2 sin Q = AC

2
2
1 r2 (Q - sin Q) = ACB

2
Q r .

109

 15
cm 12 .30

= Q

= Q

Q = 0.5236
30 180 D 180
= )1 r 2 ( Q - sin 30

2
= ) 1 144 ( 0.5236 -0.5
2
= )cm 2 1.7 = 1 144 (0.0236
2
16
O cm 6 cm 6 cm2
.

AOB

)(4- 15

m AOB = 60

60 6cm
A

= Q
= Q

= 22
= Q
= 1.047
60 180 D 180
21
3
= )1 r2 (Q - sinQ

2
) 1 36 (1.047-sin60
=
2
= )18 ( 1.047 -0.865
= )cm2 3.276 = 18 (0.182

110

6cm

 ) ( 4 - 2
/ 1

70 50
30 tan 70 = 2. 8 tan 50 = 1.2
14 . 28/

/ 2

) (50 30
28 .9 /

/ 3

8cm 3.2cm

/ 4

12.8cm2/

100 10cm
83.3cm2 /

/ 5

37.68cm2 6cm

/ 6

12.56cm /

.10cm 45

/ 7

3.98cm2 /

60 8cm
5.81cm2 /

111

 [48
] [4-2 :
DEG
)(DEGREE.
RAD ) (RADIAN .
DRG
DEG RAD.
.
sin ).(sine
cos ).(cosine
tan ).(tangent

.1 ) (DEG ) (RAD ). (DRG
.2 .
.3 .
:
17

(3) tan 350

(2) cos 120

(1) sin 30

) * (1 : DEG .
* .30
* ) (sin = . 0.5

112

Q) = - sin Q (sin
cos (- Q) = cos Q
tan (- Q) = - tan Q

) * (2 : DEG
* .120
* ) (cos = - 0.5
) * (3 : DEG
* 350 ) (tan ~ - 0 . 1763
)) .((tan ( - Q ) = - tan Q
tan(- 350)~ - 0.1763
18

)5 (1
sin
4

cos - 3 (2)

7 (3)
tan
5

: RAD
2ndf INV
) . ( . . .
: =
)5 (1
sin
4
* RAD
* 2ndf 3.141592654 15.70796327 = 5
3.926990817 = 4 - 0.707106781 = sin
)cos - 3 (2
) cos( - Q) = cos Q (.
* .RAD
* 2ndf 3.141592654 = 9. 424777961 =3
- 1 = cos

113

)7 (3
tan
5
* .RAD
* 2ndf 3.141592654 = 21 .9114858 = 7
4 .398229715 = 5

) (1

6
2
)3 (5

:
tan (-15 ) (3) cos (-400) (2) sin

tan 8
5 (6) cos

)0.5 (1
)0.766044443 (2
)- 0.267949192 (3
)- 0.588 (4
)- 0.5 (5
)-3.077683537 (6

114

. 3.07763537 = tan

)tan (-36 ) (4

 [49 Solution of Right Angled Triangle

] [
.
19
tan 22 = 0. 4 :
)sin 22 cos 22 (1
)cos 68 sin 68 (2

=
= 4
= 2
= tan 22

10
5
= 2k
= 5k

29 k
A

22

5K

68

C
2K
B

. . . . . . ( AB )2 + ( BC )2 =( AC )2
4K2 + 25K2 = 29K2
AC = 29 K
)(1
)(2

= 2
= 2k
= BC
= sin 22
29
AC 29k
= AB
= 5k
5
=cos 22
AC
29k
29
sin 68 = sin (90 -22) = cos 22 = 5
29
cos 68 = cos( 90 - 22) = sin 22= 2
29

115

 20
5
= cos C ABC .B tan C sinA,
13
A
cosA

13K

12K

ABC : B
5k
= cos C
=
13k
2
B
) (AC) = (AB)2 + (BC) 2(
169 K 2 = (AB)2 + 25
(AB)2= 144 K 2 AB = 12K
12
tan C = 12k
=
5
5k
5
= 5k
sin A= 13k
13
12
= 12k
= cosA
13k 13

5K

21
ABC A AB = 7 cm AC = 24 cm :
sin C sin B tan C cos B

( BC )2 =( A B)2 +(A C)2
(B C )2= (7) 2 +(24) 2 = 49 + 576 = 625
BC = 25 cm

116

B
7cm
A

25cm
24cm

7
24
= sin C
= sin B
25
25
7
7
=tan C
= cos B
25
24
22
ABC . B AB = 3 cm

A
(AC)2 = (AB)2 + (BC)2
36 = 9 + (BC)2
BC = 3 3

3cm
B

60

AC = 6 cm
6 cm
3 3 cm

30

= 3
1
= tan C
C = 30
3 3
3
m < A = 90 - 30 = 60

117

 ) ( 4 - 3
/ 1

ABC B 8
= sin C . cos C tan C sin A :
17

/ 2

AB C C A B = 25 cm B C = 24 cm
sin2 B + cos2 B .

/ 3

4
= cos Q sin Q tan Q
5

/ 4

10
30
) Ans: ( 3 =1. 73

/ 5

A B C C m A B = 20cm m< C A B = 60 .

/ 6

/ 7

3 tan2 30 + 2 sin 60 + 3 tan 45 + cos2 30 - tan 60

) ( A
4
(B) cos2 45 sin 60 tan 60 cos2 30 .
(C) sin 120 cos 135 tan 150.

:
ABCD
AD=BC
) (
DC=20cm AB=14cm
AD=6cm m<CDA

118

Vectors dG : edG dG

] [5-1
] [5-2
] [5-3
] [5-4
] [5-5

a
a
*
u1 , u2

)a = (x , y
a = x2+y2
) 0 = (0 , 0
) u1 = (1 , 0 ) , u2 = ( 0 , 1

119

 : Vectors
[51 )) ((


.
.

A B
A B
A B ) a (
-:

) (1
) (2

.

120

 :
AB CD EF .

) ( 5 - 1

. ) (5-2 A B C D
A B E F
B

) ( 5 - 2

121

 [52 Conorlical Vector

) (0 , 0


. )
(.
:
O F O E
C D A B X

Y
D

B
F

A E
O

) ( 5 - 3

] [5-2-1 :

) (4 , 3
) (3 , 2) (5 , 3 B C
.
Y

)A(3,4

)C(3,2) B(5,3


X
O
OC OB OA
) ( 4 - 5

122

 ) . (2,3) (3,5) (4,3

Y
OA = A = (x , y) :
)A(x,y


L
.
X
)O(0,0
) ( 5 - 5

[53
] [5-3-1 :

.
AB AB || . || AB

)A(x,y
Y
X

A
X

)O(0,0

) ( 6 - 5

)(5-1

A ) A = (x,y :
OA = || A || =O A = x2 + y2
)(5 - 6

123

 1
:
2 ,
)7 2 ) (3,4
( ( -12 , -9 )
10
10

) (3,4 ( 3 )2 + ( 4 )2 = 9 + 16 = 5 :
= 98
= 7 2 2
2 +
)( 2 2 +
100 = 1
2 , 7
) 2
)(
( :
100
10
100
10
100
10 10
2
2
) ( -12 , -9 (-12) + (-9) = 144 + 81 = 225 = 15 :

)(5-2

: Zero Vector ) (0,0

. 0 = || 0 || = 0 .

)(5-3

: ) (x2,y2 ) (x1, y1
.x1 = x2 y1 = y2

)(5-4

: .

124

] [5-3-2 :

) A = (x , y A Q 0 Q < 2
A
.
y
x
=cos Q
= , sin Q
x2+ y2
x2+ y2
2
)OB = ( 3 , -1

|| OB || = ( 3 )2 + ( -1 )2 = 3 + 1 = 2
Q
OB
3
= cos Q
2
-1
= sin Q
2
) (5-7 Q

=
11 :
2 -
6
6

Y
X

)B ( 3 , -1

Q
O

) ( 5 - 7

125

 3
1 ,
) 1
(
2 2

1 ,
Q ) 1
(
2 2

1
2

1( 1 1
2 22

11
22
45

11
22

)(5 - 8
1
2
1
= cos Q
=
2
( 1 )2 + ( 1 ) 2
2
2

)(5-8:
Q

126

1
1
2
= sin Q
=
2
( 1 )2 + ( 1 ) 2
2
2

 4
= 5

6

= ) a ( x , y
=
x
= 3
x
x cos
= cos Q
6
5
2
5
a
5 3
= x
2
=
y
= 1
y sin
y
= sin Q
6
5
2
a
5
) 5
5 3 ,
(
2
2

5
= y
2

127

 ) ( 5 - 1
/ 1

:
( ) (-3 , 0( ) (1 , 3
( ) ( -2 , 2
( ) ( -3 , -3( )( 0 , -8
( ) ( 3 , -1
( ) (0 , 6

/ 2

128

= Q
6

= Q
4
Q=
3
= Q
2
2
= Q
3

) || B || = 2
) || B || = 2
) || B || = 4
) || B || = 3
) || B || = 4

 [54
] [5-4-1 :
A B

) (5-9
) . ( 5 - 10
B

B
+
A

A
B
+
A

B
A

)(5-10
)(5-9
A
C A B ) . ( 5 - 11
Y

)A (x,y

O
)B (-x , -y

)(5-11

129

 A B
) A = (x, y )B = (-x , -y
|| A || = || B || = x2+y2
A . -A

)(5-5

) A = (x1,y1) B = (x2, y2 :
)A + B = (x1, y1) + (x2 , y2) = (x1+ x2 , y1 + y2

)(5,4

A+

)A(1,3
X

)A + B = (3 ,1) + (1 , 4) = (4 , 5
)(5 - 12
A + B A B

130

)B(4,1
B

) A = (3 , 1) B = (1, 4 A + B

A
)O(0,0
)(5 - 12

 6
) A= (-4 , 3) B = ( 5, -2 . A + B

)A+ B = (-4, 3) + ( 5, -2) = (1 ,1

[542
) (1 : A B A + B .
) (2 : A B C
)(A + B) + C = A + (B +C
) (3 : A B A + B = B +A
) (4 :
: A A+ (0,0) = (0,0) + A = A
) (5 : A -B
)A + (-B) = (-B) + A = (0,0
) (6 : A B A + B = A+ C B = C
7
)(-2, 3

) (-2 , 3 )( -3 , 2 :
)( -2 , 3 ) + (2 , -3) = (-2 + 2, 3+( -3)) = (0 , 0

131

 [543
)(5 - 6

) A = (x , y K ) K A = A K = ( K x , K y
:
) A = ( x , y A A || A || K K
A K > 0 A .
) (5 - 13 ) K < 0( K A A
. || A || K
K A . A
Kx , Ky
Ky
X

k>0

)(X,y
y
X

Kx

k<0

)(Kx ,Ky

)(5 - 13

132

 8
) C = (-1, 3 2C 12 C -3C

) 2C = 2(3,-1) = (6 , -2
( = )1 C = 1 (3,-1
3 ,
) -1
2
2
2 2
)-3C = -3 (3 , -1) = (-9,3
9
) A = (3 , -2) B = (4 , 3 K = 3 L = -2
(2) L A (3) L B (4) K A + L B

(1) A + B

)(1) A+ B = ( 3 + 4 , -2 + 3) = (7 , 1
)(2) K A = 3 (3 , -2) = (9 , -6
) (3)L B = -2 (4 , 3) = ( -8 , -6
) (4) K A + L B = (9 , - 6) + ( -8 , -6
)= (1 , -12

[544
) (1 : A B K :
K ( A+ B) = K A+ K B
( A + B) K = A K + B K
) (2 : A K L R:
)(K L) A = K ( L A) = L (K A

133

) (3 : A B K R K
K A = K B A= B .
)1 A = A 1 = A (4
)0 A = A 0 = 0 (5

[545
)(5 - 7

A B A - B )A + (- B
10
) A = (3 , 4) B = (-1 , 3 A - B

)A - B = A + (-B) = (3 , 4) + (1 , -3) = ( 4 , 1
:
A - B :
Y
A .B
)(3 ,4
)(-1 ,3
A
B
A-B
)(4 ,1
X
-B
)(1 ,-3
)(5 - 14

134

 11
A = (2 , 3) B = (-2 , -1) K = 2 L = -1
) (1 A - B ( 2 ) K A - L B

)(1) A - B = (2 , 3)-(-2 , -1
)= (2 , 3)+(2 , 1)=(4 , 4
) (5- 15 :

)(4 ,4

)(2 ,3
A

)(2 ,1
B
)(-2 , -1
) ( 5 - 15
)(4 ,6

)(2 ,5
K A -L B

)(2) K A- L B = 2 (2 ,3) - (-1)(-2,-1

)= (4 , 6) + (-2,- 1
)= (2 , 5
:

KA

B
)(-2 ,-1

) ( 5 - 16
A 2 A B - B
-1 - B = B
B 2 A+ B
.

135

 [55
[ 5 5 1 Unit Vector
)(5 - 8

) (1 U 1
) .U 1 = (1 , 0
) (2 U2
). U 2 = (0 , 1
) C = (x , y:
)C = (x , 0) + (0 , y
)C = x (1 , 0) + y ( 0 , 1
C = x U 1 + y U 2 C U 1 U 2
) (6 , 0) (-2 , 0) (0 , -3) ( 0 , 9 U1 U2 :
(0,9)= 9U1 (-3 , 0) = -3U1 (0 ,-2) = -2U2 (0 , 6) = 6 U 2
12
)A = (4 , 7) B = (-5 , 3 A + B .

A + B = ( 4 , 7 ) + ( -5 , 3 ) = ( -1, 10 ) = -(1, 0 ) + 10(0 , 1) = - U 1 + 10 U 2

136

 U 1 U 2 :
(2, 5) = 2U1 + 5U2
(-4, 2) = -4 U 1 + 2U 2
( -2 , -3 ) = -2 U1 - 3U2

A = 4 U 1 + 5U2 )A = (4,5
) B = (2- , 3.
B=- 2U1 + 3U2
13
A = U1 - 3U2 B = 2U1 + U2 A+ B

A+ B = ( U1 - 3U2) + (2U1 + U2) = U1 (1+2) + U2 (-3 + 1) = 3U1 - 2U2
)=(3,-2
14
) A = (5 , -3 ) B = (-3,4 K= 2 L = 3 K A - L B
.

)K A - L B = 2 (5, -3) - 3 (-3, 4
)= (10,-6) + (9 , -12
)= (19 ,-18
= 19 U1 - 18 U2

137

 ) ( 5 - 2
/ 1

:
(-2 , -2) (3, 0) 3 U 1 + U2 -U1 - 2U2

/ 2

:
)4(1 ,-1) 2(1 , -1) -7(1,5) 3 (2,-1 )+ 4(-1 , 5) 7(3U1 + 2U2) -4(2U1-U2

/ 3

:U1 U2
)(-1 ,4) (-3 , -5) (0 , -1) ( 5 , 3) (2 , 0) (2 , 3

/ 4

) E = (y , x x y R A
A + E = E + A = A )E = (0 , 0

/ 5

) A + B = B + A = (0,0 A = -B

/ 6

A = ( 3 , 1) B = ( 2 , 3) K = 3 L = -2
:
K B L A A +B K A + B K A - B K A + L B
K A - L B K (A + B) (L + K) A (L + K) (A + B)
)K (L A + K B) K L ( A - B

/ 7

6 U1 U2

/ 8

U1 U2
) ( 10
) ( 3

6
3

)( 5

4
4

/ 9

) A = (5 , 2) B = (2 ,-4 x . 2A + 3x = 5B :

138

KGMG SdG : SOdG dG

] [6-1 .
] [6-2 .
] [6-3 ) ( .
] [6-4 .
] [6-5
] [6-6 .
] [6-7 .
] [6-8 .

L1,L2
L1,L2

D

n1
n2

L = (x -x1)2 + (y2_y1)2

x
n1y2+n2y1
2 1
( n1nx21+n
)
+n2 , n1+n2

L //
L
m =m
1

m1 m2 = -1

L1
L2

ax + by + c = 0
||ax1 + by1 +c
a2+b2

=D

139

 : Analytic Geometrey :
[61
) (O
x x y
y

) (R O

X X yy
A
A B A C )(6 - 1
) A ( 3 , 2

.

.
Y
)A( 3,2

)C( 0 ,2

)B( 3 ,0

)O( 0 ,0

)( 6 - 1

140

 [6 2 Distance Between Tow Points

:
) A (x1 , y1) B ( x2 , y2 :
y
)B( x2,y2
:A B C C
2
2
2

............
L
+
=
)(AC
(
)BC
L
y2-y1
L = ( x2- x1 ) 2+(y2- y1)2
)A( x1,y1
x2-x1
.
C
:
A B = B -A
x
O
)A B = (x2 , y2) - ( x1 , y1
)(6 - 2
)= (x2 -x1 y2 - y1
.. || A B ||= ( x2- x1 ) 2+(y2- y1)2
1
) A (-2 , 7) B (-3, 4) C (1, 16 .

:
)A B = B -A = (-3 , 4) - (-2, 7) = (-1 , -3
)AC = C -A = (1 , 16) - (-2 , 7) = (3 , 9) = -3 (-1 ,-3
A C = -3A B
A B C .

141

 :
AB = ( -2 + 3 )2 + ( 7 - 4 )2 = 1 + 9 = 10
BC = ( -3 - 1 )2 + ( 4 - 16 )2 = 16 + 144 = 160 = 4 10
AC = ( -2-1)2 + (7-16)2 = 9 +81 = 90 = 3 10
BC = AB + AC
A B C
.
2
) A (1 , 1) B (2 , 2) C (5 , -1

2
20
18
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 2 ) 2 + ( 18 ) 2 :
20 = 2 + 18
ABC . B

142

= AB = ( 2- 1)2+(2-1)2 = 1+1
= AC = ( 5- 1)2+(-1-1)2 = 16+4
= BC = ( 5- 2)2+(-1-2)2 = 9+9
( = ( 20 ) 2

 3
) A(-3, -1) B (1 , -4) C (10, -5) D (6 , -2 .

( -3 -1 )2 + ( -1 + 4 )2 = 16 + 9 = 25 =5
( 1 -10 )2 + ( -4 + 5 ) 2 = 81 +1 = 82
( 10 - 6 )2 + ( -5 + 2 )2 = 16 + 9 = 25 =5
( 6 + 3 )2 + (-2 +1 )2
= 81 + 1 = 82
AB = CD BC = AD
ABCD ) (.

= AB
=BC
= CD
= AD

4
) C(4, 1) B (a,1) A (3, 2a
) ( AB=AC . a R

A

AB=AC

)( 3 a ) + (2a 1) = ( 3 4 ) + (2a 1
2
2
2
) ( 3 a ) + ( 2a 1) = 1+ ( 2a 1

2

( 3 a ) = 1
2

3 a = 1

) (

: 3 a = 1 a = 2
: 3 a = 1 a = 4

143

 ) ( 6 - 1
/ 1

( ).(0 , 0) (3 , 4
( ) ( 5 , -1 ) ( -3 , - 5

/ 2

( ). (1 , 2) (6 , 4
( ).(-2 , 3) (-1 , 4

).A(5 , 7) B( 1, 10) C (-3 , -8

/ 3

) A(4 , -3) B( 7 , 10) C (-8 ,2) D (-1 , -5 .

/ 4

) A (3 , -2) B ( -5 , 0) C (0 , -7) D (8 ,-9

.

/ 5

) A(-2 , 5) B (3 , 3) C (-4 , 2 ABCD

.D

/ 6

) A (2 , 3) B (-1 , -1) C (3 , -4 .

/ 7

) (-3 , -4) (6 , 8) (0 , 0 .

144

] [6-3 ) ( :

n2
.
)
,y 2
x
2
)A = (x1 , y1) B = (x2 , y2
(
B
C A B
n1
)
,y
n1 : n2 : )C = (x , y
C(x
n1
= AC

y )1
,
n2
A(x 1
n1y2+n2y1 CB
n1x2+n2x1
= X
= Y =

n +n
n +n
2

n1x2+n2x1
n1y2+n2y1
(
,

) C
n +n
n +n
2

4

) A (4 , -3 ) B (-5, 0 1

2

n1x2+n2x1
= )1 (-5)+2(4
-5+8
= x
=

=1
n1+n2
1+2
3
n1y2+n2y1
= )1 (0)+2(-3
-6
= y
=

= -2
n1+n2
1+2
3
)( 1 , -2

145

:
M AB

)A ( x1 , y1) B ( (x 2 , y2
x1+x2
y1+y2
( = M
,
)

2
2
n1 = n2 = n .
5
C AB )A(-3 , 2) B (7 , -8
C

x1+x2 ,
) y1+y2
( =
2
2
) )2 + (-8
-3+7 ,
( =
2
2
) C = ( 2 , -3

146

 ) ( 6 - 2
/ 1

A B )A (1 , 3) B (4 , 6
2
.
1

/ 2

AB ). A (2 , -4) B (-3 , -6

/ 3

C AB 3

5
)A (2 , 1) B (1, -3

/ 4

C A B ) A(2 , 6
)B (4 , -4

/ 5

A B C A(4 , 0) B (5 , 2) C (2 , -3):
.

/ 6

) (-1 ,-2) (1 , 3) ( -3 , -3 ) (-5 , -8

.

147

 [6 4 Slope of The Line

)(6 - 1

) B (x2 , y2) A ( x1 , y1
y2 - y 1
. x1 x2
x - x = AB
1

(1 y2 - y1 = 0 = AB
// AB .
= = .
(2 x2 - x1 = 0 AB
// AB .
= .
(3 Q AB
AB tanQ } . Q [ 0 , 180 ) / { 90

6
)A (2 , 3) B (5 , 1

y2 - y1
= 1 - 3
-2
= Slop AB
=
x2 - x1
5-2
3

148

 [6 5 Parallel Condition
L1 // L2 . m1 = m2
7
) A(4 , 3) B (2 , 1) C (1 , 0 .

= 1 - 3
-2 = 1
= m AB
-2
2-4
= 0 - 3
-1 = 1
= m BC
1-2
-1
m AB = mBC
C B A .

[6 6 Perpendicular Condition
= -1 L1 L2

m1 m2 = -1
- 1
= m1
m2
= - 3
- 3

4
4
= 4
.
3

149

 8
) A (3 , -1) B (10, 4) C (5 , 11
B

7
= 11 - 4
= mBC
5 - 10
-5

= )4 - (-1
5 ,
= mAB
10 - 3
7

5
7 = -1
= mAB mBC
7
-5

AB BC
ABC . B
9
) C (-2 , b-4) B (-1, 2) A (o , b
.b R

A,B,C

150

mAB = mBC

2 b (b 4 ) 2

=
1
mAB = mBC
2
1 o
2 b b 6
2 b (b 4 ) 2
=

2 b = b
=6
1
1
2 1
1 o
2b=b4= b 6 2 b = b 6 :
1
1
Vy
=m
b= 4
Vx

Vy
=m
Vx

 ) ( 6 - 3
/ 1
) (1 ) .(0 , -2) (2 , 0
) (2 (2 , 3) , (-1 , 4) ( -7 , 6) .
) (3 ) A(2 , 3) B ( -3 , h h 1
= M AB
2
) ABC (4 )A(1 , 6) B (-2 , -8) C (7 , -2
ABC . B

/ 2
:
(1 H L H ) (1 , 5) (2 , 3 L
1
( 2
( - 2
( -2
(
2
3
3
(2 H L H ) ( -3 , 2) (3 , -2 L
( -3-
( 3
( 2
( - 2
2
2
3
3
(3 (3 , 4) (x , 6) H (-1 , 3) (-1 , 5) L L H
x ( -3

( 3

( 1

( .

151

/ 3

(1 ) A(5, 2) B (-2 , 1) C (2 , -2 .
(2) A(-1, 5) B (5 , 1) C (6 ,-2) D(0 , 2 ABCD .
(3 ) A(5 , 2) B (3 ,-1) C (0 , 1) D (2 , 4 ABCD.
ABC (4 ) A (2 , 4) B (6 , 0) C (-2 , -3:
( A . BC
( B . AC
(5 ) A (-2 , 2) B (2 , -2) C (4 , 2) D (2 , 4
.
(6 x ) (x , 4) (-2 , -9
).(4 , 1) (0 , 3
(7 a aR R :
aR
L 2 : ( a + 1) +y = 2
L : ( a + 1) +y = 2
L 2 : ( a + 1) +y = 2 L 1 :22y = ax + 6 .
L 1 : 2y = ax + 6

152

L 1 : 2y = ax + 6

 [67 Equation of The Line

) ( x , y x y
.
a x + b y + c = 0 :
.1 x = 0
-c
= y

b
-c
y = x
= 0
a
.2 b = 0 ax + c = 0
x = 0 .
.3 a = 0 b y + c = 0
y = 0 .
.4 c = 0 ax + by = 0 .

.1 :
AB ) : A (x1, y1) B (x2, y2
) C (x , y:
AB
y2 - y1
= y - y1
.
x2 - x 1
x - x1
.2 :
y2 - y 1
= m

x2 - x 1
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . y y1 = m (x x1 .

153

 9
).(2 , -3) (4 , 5
) (4,5

y2 - y1
= y - y1

x2 - x 1
x - x1

= y + 3
5+3

x -2
4-2

)(2, -3

= y + 3
4

x -2
1
y+3 = 4x - 8
......... 4x y 11 = 0 .
10
) (7,1) (0,3 ) (3 , 4

= y - 1
2
= 3 - 1

0-7
-7
x -7
2x -14 = -7y + 7
X

)(3,4

....... 2x + 7y 21 = 0 .
) (3, 4 x = 3 y = 4 .
2( 3) + 7( 4 ) - 21 ?= 0

6 + 28 - 21 = 0

154

 13 0
) (3, 4 .
11
) (1 , -3 1
.
2

)y - y1 = m (x - x1
) y + 3 = 1 (x - 1
2
2y + 6 = x - 1

) (1 ,-3

. . . . . . . . x - 2 y - 7 = 0 .
12

) A(-2 , 5
) . B (4, -1) C (-2 ,3
Y

4 + (-2) ,
D -1 + 3 ) = (1,1) B C
( = D
2
2
AD 1 - 5 :
= y - 5

1+2
x +2
3y 15 = -4x - 8
X
. . . . . . . . 4x + 3 y 7 = 0 .

A
C
D

155

 13
). (-3, 5

Y
)A(-3,5

) . O (0 ,0) A (-3 ,5

= y - 0
O A 5 - 0 :

-3 - 0
x -0
= y
5

x
-3
........ 5x + 3y = 0 .

ax + by + c = 0 :
x x y
=
y
b 0
= - x

y
= -a

156

 14
:
3x 4 y 12 = 0

= -a
= -3
3
= m
b
-4
4
: x = 0
-4y - 12 =0 y=-3 :
15
150
). (1 ,-4

Slop = tan 150

)= tan (180-30

= - tan 30
m = - 13
)y - y1 = m (x - x1
) y + 4 = -13 (x - 1
. . . . . . . . . x + 3 y + 4 3 1 = 0 .

157

 16
) (-2,1
2 x -3 y-7 = 0

2x - 3y -7 = 0
= -a
= -2
2 :
= m
b
-3
3
= -3
) ( .
2
) y y1 = m (x x1
-3
) (x + 2 = y 1
2
......
3x+ 2y+4=0

158

 ) ( 6 - 4
/ 1

-1
) . (- 4 , 0
.1 =
2
.2 ). (2 , -1
.3 ). ( 2 , -1
.4 ). (-1, 5) (-1, 3
.5 L ) (2 ,-1 L = 2
.
1
3
.6 ) (0 ,-2 = -3
.
5
.7 ) ( 3 , -4 )(2, -2
(0 ,3)
.8 )A (4,-2) B (1, 2 AB

/ 2

.1 = -3 7
.2 = 2 6
.3 :
. L1: 2 x -3y + 5 = 0
. L2: 8 y = 4x + 16
. L3: 3 y = -4
.4 ) ( 2 , -5 :
2x - y+3=0

159

.5 L 4
. 2y = 4 x -1
.6 L :
L

x + y -2= 0

.7 L ) (2, -2
x + y = 0 L .
.8 L : 2x - y = 3 H : 3x + 6y = -3
. L H
. . L H
.9 135
.
.10

L : 2y = a + 1
sr

) (1, 2 :
. aL: 2y
R = a +1
sr : ( a + 1) +y = 2
L
.
L2
L 1 : 2y = ax + 6

160

 [ 6 8
)(6 - 2
L: ax +b y + c = 0 )N (x1,y1 N
L ) (D N L :
| | a x1 + b y1 +c
. . .
= D
)N (x1,x2
a2 + b2
D

17
)A(1,3 . 2y + x = 2 :

x + 2y 2 =0 a = 1, b = 2, c = -2 :
= | a x1 + b y1 +c
|| (1)(1)+(2)(3)-2
| =
a2 + b2
(1)2+(2)2
unit

5 = 5
= D
5

L1: a1x + b1 y + c1 = 0 L2:a 2 x + b2 y + c 2 = 0 :

| C2-C1| = L L
1 2
a2+b2

161

 18

D
L1

L1: x - 3y = 1 L2: x - 3y = 4

.
L1: y = 0 x = 1 :
)(1, 0
|| a x1 + b y1 + c
= D
a2 + b 2

|| (1)(1) - 3(0)- 4
= 3 = D
10
1+9
:
| 4-1 | = 3
= D
10
1+9

162

L2

 19

)A (1,2) B (3 ,5) C ( - 1 ,3

Y
B

:AB
y2 - y1
y - y1

=
x - x1
x2 - x1
X
=y - 2
= y - 2
5 - 2
3

x -1 2
x -1
3 -1
3x2y+1=0

) C (-1,3 AB ABC
| | 3(-1) -2(3)+1
8 unit
= = D
13
9+4
AB = (3-1)2 + (5-2)2 = 4 + 9 = 13
1 (AB) . D
= Area
2
1 ( 13) .
8 = 4 unit2
=
2
13

163

 ) ( 6 - 5
/ 1

)( )( :
.1 y = 3 : 3.
.2 y = -5 : 5.
.3 x = -5 : 5.
.4 y = 4 y = -1 : 3.

/ 2

.1 ) (-2 ,1 6x + 8y 21 = 0 :
.2 = 1

3
4.
.3 :
L1: 8x - 6y + 4 = 0
L2: 4x - 3y - 1 = 0
.4 ) (0 ,-2 ). A (1,-1) B (3, 5
.5 ABC ) A(-4, 6) B(-3, -1) C (5, -255 /

2

164

Statistics AMG
E : HdG dG

] [7-1 .
] [7-2 .
] [7-3 .
] [7-4 .
] [7-5

X
ME
MO
R
S
r

165

 : : Statistics
[ 7 1 Measures of Central Tendency


.
.

.

:
.
.
.

. .

166

 [ 7 2 Arithmatic Mean
) (7 1

.
.
:

(1 ) ( :

x1 + x2 + x3 + .......... + xn
= X
:
n
1

12,11,9,8,5 :
.

x1 + x2 + x3 + .......... + xn
12 + 11 + 9 + 8+5

=
=X
n
5
45 = 9

167

 (2 :
:

=

x1 f1+ x2 f2+ x3 f3+ .......... + xnfn
= X
f1+f2+........+fn
2
) (3 8 ) (5 9 )(4
11 12 :

12

11

) ( ) (


x
f

) (x f ) (f ) (x
8
3
8 3 = 24
9
5
9 5 = 45
11
4
11 4 = 44
12
2
12 2 = 24

14
137

:
137
= X
14
= 9.786 .

168

 3
.

80-90

100

11

40- 50- 60- 7018

25

22

15

30-

30 + 40
= 35
) : (x =
2
= ...........45 = 10 + 35.
:
(1 ).(x
(2 ) (x )(f
(3 :
(
x1 f1+ x2 f2+ x3 f3+ .......... + xnfn
xf
=X
f1+f2+........+fn
315
6110
675
=X
100
1210
X = 61.1
1625
1350
935
6110

) (x ) (f
309
35
4015
45
5022
55
6025
65
7018
75
80- 90
11
85

100

169

 4
:

18-20

16-

14-

12-

10-

8-

60

10

20

15

798
= X
60
X = 13.3

xf
45
165
260
150
102
76
798

) (x ) (f
85
9
1015
11
1220
13
1410
15
166
17
18- 20
4
19

60

) (

:
) (

= +

f. E
X = X 0 +
= X 0

f
= f .
= f E = X-X0 ,

170

 5
100 .


(1 .
(2 ) ( X 0 ) (21 .
(3 ) = -
(E = X-X0 .
(4 ) (f .
(5 ) (f.E
:
f.E

E = X-X0

19 - 21 = -2 20 -2 = -40
21 - 21 = 0
44 0 = 0
23 - 21 = 2 18 2 = 36
25 - 21 = 4 13 4 = 52
27 - 21 = 6
3 6 = 18
29 - 21 = 8
2 8 = 16
82

)(X
19
21
23
25
27
29

) (f
20
44
18
13
3
2
100

182022242628- 30

f. E
X = X 0 +
f
82 = 21 + 0.82
X = 21 +
100
X = 21 .82

171

:
) (1 .
) (2 .
:
) (1 .
) (2 .

[7 3 Median
)(7-2

:
( :

.
.

.

172

 6
52 :58 50 63 55 .

50 52 55 58 63 :

=55
7
52 :58 50 63 57
55.

50 52 55 57 58 63 :

n
= 6
= ) 3(
=
2
2
= n
) 4 = 1 + 3 = 1 +(
2
+
57 + 55
= 56
=
=
2
2

173

 2 :

: :
(1 .
(2 =

2
(3
.
-
= + -


f - fb

2
= fb ME
ME = L +
.W

fm
: fm :W :L .

8

:

+
9
9
3024
15
40+ 22
46
50+ 25
71
60+ 18
89
70+ 11
100
80 - 90
100

= 100
= 50
2
= ) ( 60 - 70

f - fb

2
ME = L +
.W
fm
50 - 46 10
ME = 60 +
25
8
= 60 +
ME = 60 + 1.6 = 61.6
5

174

:
) (1
) (2 .
:
) (1 .
) (2 .

[74 Mode
)(7 - 3

. R

(1
9
:
( 4 2 4 7 8 3 4 9 7 4

= 4 .
( 18 10 5 6 8 1 5 6
= 6 5 .
( 12 11 10 7 3 4 5 8
=

175

 ( 2 :

( ) ( :
= d1 +

d1 + d2
= d1 - .
= d2 - .
. .
10

:

d1 = 25 - 22 = 3
d2 = 25 - 18 = 7
= 10 = 70 - 60

= d1 +

d1+ d2

3
10
= + 60
3+7
= 3 + 60
= 63

304050607080-90

9
15
22
25
18
11

( )( :
(1 .
=

(2 = x
(3 ) = (.
(4 x .

176

 11
:

80- 90 -100

70-

60-

50-

40-

37

59

38

= )(70-60
= = 10
=
= = 10
)(10 -x) (37)= x (38
10 -x
x
370 - 37x = 38x

75x = 370
370 = 4.9
= 37
= 38
= x
75
= 64.9 = 4.9 + 60

:
) (1
) (2 .
:
) (1
) (2 .
) (3

177

 ) ( 7 - 1
/ 1
.

/ 2

19 17 18 17 15 16 18 16 17 15 .:
(
(
(

/ 3

) (40000.

/ 4

90
:

28- 32- 36- 40- 44-48

24-

18

10

90

15

:
( .
( .
( .

178

23

20 8

/ 5
60 :
150- 160- 170- 180- 190- 200-210
7

20

15

10

/ 6

) ( :

24-28

20-

16-

12-

8-

4-

12

20

15

10

179

 [75 Measusres of Variation

.

: 70 60 50 40 30 50
30 100 90 20 10 : 50

.

:
- 1 . Range
- 2 . Standard Deviation

[751 1+

.

.
( :
12
98 24 68 35 12 :

R = 98 - 12+1 = 87

180

( :
13
:
45-55

35-

25-

15-

5-

14

15

= - 55-5+1 =1+
R = 51

[752

. n
x1 x2 .... xn . x
x x x1 x2 ,.... ,
.
.

)(7-4

:
). (S
:
x2 - ( x )2

=S
n

181

 14
9 7 5 3 1 :

= x1 + x2 ... + xn
25 = 5
= X
5
n

x - ( x )2

n
2

=S

33 - 25
8 = 2 2
=

165 - 25

=S

....

15

x2
1
9
25
49
81
165

x
1
3
5
7
9
25

) (15 :

1 9 7 5 3 1 .
) (14

9 7 5 3 1
8 6 4 2 0
: 1
= 8 + 6 + 4 + 2 + 0
20 = 4
= X
5
5

x - ( x )2

n
=
24 - 16
2

=S
120 - 16

=S

....
8 =2 2
) (1 )(14

182

x2
0
4
16
36
64
120

x
0
2
4
6
8
20

 : Standard Degree
)(7 - 4

:
.
X-X
:
=SD
S

[ 7 5 3 Correlation

)(7 - 5

:

.
( r ) Correlation Cofficient : x y
r :
= x x
= y y
=S x x
=S y x

xy -xy
n
=r
Sx Sy

): (r

) r (1 )( .
) r=1 (2 .
) r (3 )( .
) r= -1 (4 .
) r= 0 (5 .
] [ -1 , 1 r
+1 -1
.

183

 16
x y :
5

10

X = 15 =3
5
30
=Y
=6
5
=Sx
55
S y = 5 -9 = 2
220 -36 = 8 = 2 2
5

110
)5 - (3)(6

)2

( 2) (2

4 = +1
4

16

18

36

32

64

16

50

100

25

10

110

220

55

30

15

xy -xy
n
= r
=
Sx Sy
22 - 18
=r
=
4

184

xy

y2

x2

 17
x y :
7

-2

-5

-3

xy

y2

x2

-45

81

25

-5

-12

36

-2

16

-21

49

-3

95

15

5 =1
= X
5
15
= 3 = Y
5
95 - (1)2 = 19 -1 = 18 = 3 2
5
135 - (1)2 = 27 -9 = 18 = 3
2
5
-75

135

=Sx
=Sy

-75
xy -xy
)15 - (1) (3
n
= r
=
Sx Sy
3 2 3 2
-18 = -1
)(18

-15 -3
= )(9) (2

= r

185

 ) ( 7 - 2
/ 1

( 3 0 8 7 9 12 :
( :
28 _ 30 - 32

_ 26

_ 24

_ 22

_ 20

10

20

10

/ 2

10 8 6 4 2 :

/ 3

5 7 1 2 6 3 : 5
.

/ 4

x y

/ 5

x 4 .

/ 6

12

x y

186

-1

-5

-9

-13

-5

-3

-1

+1

+3

] [1-1

] [1-2 ....

] [1-3

] [1-4

] [1-5

14

] [1-6

14

] [1-7

18

22

] [2-1

23

] [2-2

26

] [2-3

34

] [2-4

37

] [2-5

39

] [2-6

43

] [2-7

52

] [2-8

55

] [2-9

57

] [2-10

60

] [2-11 )(

63

] [2-12

67

71

] [3-1

72

] [3-2

77

] [3-3

81

] [3-4 a b

82

][3-5 ax

84

89

] [4-1

90

] [4-2

91

] [4-3

92

] [4-4

97

187

] [4-5

99

] [4-6

101

] [4-7

103

] [4-8

112

] [4-9

115

119

] [5-1

120

] [5-2

122

] [5-3

123

] [5-4

129

] [5-5

136

139

] [6-1

140

] [6-2

141

] [6-3 ) (

145

] [6-4

148

] [6-5

149

] [6-6

149

] [6-7

153

] [6-8

161

165

] [7-1

166

] [7-2

167

] [7-3

172

] [7-4

175

] [7-5

180

187

188