‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻻﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺘﻄﺮﻕ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺗﻴﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻊ ﺟﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻧﻤﺎ ﺳﻨﻜﺘﻔﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻷﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺗﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻼﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻧﺴﻤﻲ ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫‪∂ 2u‬‬ ‫‪∂ 2u‬‬ ‫‪∂ 2u‬‬ ‫‪∂u‬‬ ‫‪∂u‬‬

‫‪a 2 +b‬‬ ‫‪+ c 2 + d + e + f u = g.‬‬ ‫)‪(1‬‬
‫‪∂x‬‬ ‫‪∂x∂y‬‬ ‫‪∂y‬‬ ‫‪∂x‬‬ ‫‪∂y‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ ‪ a, b, c, d, e, f‬ﺛﻮﺍﺑﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪ (1‬ﺇﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﺎﻗﺼﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ ،b2 − 4ac < 0‬ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ ،b2 − 4ac = 0‬ﺯﺍﺋﺪﻳﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪.b2 − 4ac > 0‬‬
‫ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﻮﻣﻦ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﻭﻃﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺴﺨﻨﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ax2 + bxy + cy 2 + dx + ey + f = 0‬‬

‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺇﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻘﻄﻊ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ ،b2 − 4ac < 0‬ﻭﺑﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ ،b2 − 4ac = 0‬ﻭﺑﻘﻄﻊ ﺯﺍﺋﺪ ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ‪.b2 − 4ac > 0‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ دﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ‬

‫)‪u(x, y, z, t‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻓﻀﺎﺀ ﺫﻭﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﺑﻌﺎد )‪ (x, y, z‬ﻭ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﺰﻣﻦ ‪ ،t‬ﻭﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪∂2u‬‬ ‫‪∂u‬‬
‫‪(uxx = ∂x‬‬ ‫)ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ‪ ux = ∂x‬ﻭ ‪2‬‬

‫‪١‬‬
 ‫ﺃ( ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﺝ‬
‫‪utt − c2 (uxx + uyy + uzz ) = 0‬‬ ‫)‪(10‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫‪ut − k(uxx + uyy + uzz ) = 0‬‬ ‫)‪(20‬‬

‫ﺝ( ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ‬

‫‪uxx + uyy + uzz = 0‬‬ ‫)‪(30‬‬

‫ﻓﺒﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪ ،‬ﻧﺠﺪ ﻣﺜﻼ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻗﺼﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺯﺍﺋﺪﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺑﻜﺜﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺀ ﻭﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (1‬ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻮﻥ ‪Poisson‬‬

‫)‪∆u = f (x, y, z‬‬

‫‪Holmholtz‬‬ ‫‪ (2‬ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻫﻮﻟﻤﻬﻮﻟﺘﺰ‬
‫)‪∆u + λu = f (x, y, z‬‬
‫ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ‪Biharmonique‬‬ ‫‪ (3‬ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬
‫‪∆2 u = 0‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ‪Ondes biharmonique‬‬ ‫‪ (4‬ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪∆2u + c2 ∆2u = 0‬‬
‫‪ (5‬ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻕ‬
‫‪utt + aut + bu = c2uxx‬‬

‫‪ (6‬ﻣﻌﺎدﺓ ﺃﻭﻟﺮ )ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ( ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ u, p, ρ‬ﻫﻲ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ‪،‬‬

‫ﺿﻐﻂ ﻭﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬
‫‪٢‬‬
 ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ut + (u · ∇)u = − ∇p,‬‬ ‫‪ρt + div(ρu) = 0‬‬
‫‪p‬‬

‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻭدﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﻤﺎﻁ ﺍﻋﻼﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺳﻨﻬﺘﻢ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻀﺎﺀ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ‪ 2‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﻮﺍﺹ‪ ،‬ﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻤﺎﻁ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻﺕ‪:‬‬
‫‪ −1‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ −2‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ‬
‫‪ −3‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻀﺎﺀ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ‪.2‬‬
‫ﻧﺮﻣﺰ ﺑـ ‪ t, x‬ﻟـﻠﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ( ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻑ ﺑـ ‪:‬‬
‫‪∂ 2u ∂ 2u‬‬
‫‪∆u = 2 + 2‬‬
‫‪∂x‬‬ ‫‪∂t‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻑ ﺑـ ‪:‬‬
‫‪∂u ∂ 2u‬‬
‫= ‪Lu‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪∂t ∂x2‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟـ( ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻑ ﺑـ ‪:‬‬
‫‪∂ 2u ∂ 2u‬‬
‫‪u = 2 − 2‬‬
‫‪∂t‬‬ ‫‪∂x‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻨﻬﺘﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﺣﺔ ]‪ Ω = [0, T ]x[a, b‬ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪∆u = f‬‬ ‫)‪(1‬‬

‫‪Lu = f‬‬ ‫)‪(2‬‬

‫‪u = f,‬‬ ‫)‪(3‬‬

‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺜﻼ ‪ f‬ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺍ ﻭ ‪ u‬ﻗﺎﺑﻼ ﻟـﻺﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪٣‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻮد ﺣﻠﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮد‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺮﻕ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﻵﻥ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺋﻢ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻓﻀﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺳﻮﺑﻮﻻﻑ )ﻭﻫﻲ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻘﺮ ﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ‪ u‬ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻧﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﻭﺟﻮد ﺣﻞ‬
‫ﻟـﻠﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮﻭﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﻧﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻨـﻨﺎ ﻣﺜﻼ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺷﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺳﻼﺳﻞ ﻟﻔﻮﺭﻳﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ‬
‫ﺳﻼﺳﻞ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻴﻪ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﻠﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻨﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺃﺟﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪ ،‬ﺣﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﻭﺟﻮد ﺣﻠـﻠﻴﻦ ‪ u1, u2‬ﻟـﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪ ،(1‬ﻭﻟﻨﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺠﻌﻞ ‪.u1 = u2‬‬
‫ﻧﻀﻊ ‪ ،v = u1 − u2‬ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪ ،(1‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪:‬‬

‫‪∆v = 0‬‬ ‫)‪(4‬‬

‫ﺑﻀﺮﺏ ﻃﺮﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪ (4‬ﻓﻲ ‪ v‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ،Ω‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪∂ 2v‬‬ ‫‪∂ 2v‬‬
‫‪Z Z‬‬ ‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪Z‬‬
‫= ‪∆v.vdxdt‬‬ ‫[‬ ‫‪.vdx]dt +‬‬ ‫[‬ ‫‪.vdt]dx = 0‬‬
‫‪Ω‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪∂x2‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪∂t2‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﺠﺪ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Z Z‬‬ ‫‪Z T Z b‬‬ ‫‪Z T‬‬
‫‪∂v‬‬ ‫‪∂v‬‬ ‫‪∂v‬‬
‫‪∆v.vdxdt = −‬‬ ‫[‬ ‫‪. dx]dt +‬‬ ‫‪[ (x, t).v(x, t)dx]x=b‬‬
‫‪x=a dt‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪Z Ωb Z T‬‬ ‫‪0 Za‬‬ ‫‪∂x‬‬ ‫‪∂x‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪∂x‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪∂v ∂v‬‬ ‫‪∂v‬‬
‫[ ‪−‬‬ ‫‪. dt]dx +‬‬ ‫‪[ (x, t).v(x, t)dx]t=T‬‬
‫‪t=0 dx = 0‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪∂t‬‬ ‫‪∂t‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪∂t‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ‪،‬‬
‫‪٤‬‬
 ‫‪Z Z‬‬ ‫‪Z TZ b‬‬
‫‪∂v 2‬‬ ‫‪∂v 2‬‬
‫‪∆v.vdxdt‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫([‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪) ]dxdt+‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪∂x‬‬ ‫‪∂t‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪Z TΩ‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪∂v‬‬ ‫‪∂v‬‬
‫‪[ (b, t).v(b, t) − (a, t).v(a, t)]dt+‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪0 ∂x‬‬ ‫‪∂x‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫‪∂v‬‬ ‫‪∂v‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪[ (x, T ).v(x, T ) − (x, 0).v(x, 0)]dx = 0‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪a ∂t‬‬ ‫‪∂t‬‬
‫‪v‬‬ ‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺍﻥ ﻳﻨﻌﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺜﻼ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻧﻌﺪﻡ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻓﺔ ‪ Ω‬ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‬
‫‪v(b, t) = v(a, t) = 0‬‬
‫)‪(5‬‬
‫‪v(x, T ) = v(x, 0) = 0.‬‬
‫ﻓـﻔﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ )ﺃﻱ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﻘـﻖ ‪ (4) ،v‬ﻭ )‪ ،(5‬ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ‪،‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫‪∂v 2‬‬ ‫‪∂v‬‬
‫([‬ ‫‪) + ( )2]dxdt = 0,‬‬ ‫)‪(6‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪∂x‬‬ ‫‪∂t‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﺪﺍﻫﺔ ﺃﻥ ‪) v = 0‬ﻷﻥ ‪ v‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺣﺴﺐ )‪ (6‬ﻭﻣﻌﺪﻭﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ )‪ .((5‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻃﺌﺔ ‪ :1‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ‪ f‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪ (1‬ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﻼ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍ ﻳﺤﻘـﻖ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ دﻳﺮﻳﻜﻠﻴﻪ‪:‬‬
‫‬
‫‪u(b, t) = u(a, t) = 0‬‬
‫)‪(7‬‬
‫‪u(x, T ) = u(x, 0) = 0‬‬
‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣـﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨـﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺤﺪ د ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﺝ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺘﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺘﻴﻦ )ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ(‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫‪ ، ∂v‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ x‬ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ‬‫‪∂t‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ )ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ(‪.‬‬

‫‪٥‬‬
 ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪utt − c2uxx = 0, 0 < x < l, t > 0,‬‬
‫‪ u(x, 0) = f (x), 0 ≤ x ≤ l,‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪ut(x, 0) = g(x), 0 ≤ x ≤ l,‬‬
‫‪u(0, t) = 0, t ≥ 0,‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪ u(l, t) = 0, t ≥ 0,‬‬
‫‪‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪ :‬ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪∂u‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫)‪= k ∂∂ 2 xu , (0 < x < L‬‬
‫‪∂t‬‬
‫‪u(0, t) = u(l, t) = 0‬‬ ‫)‪(8‬‬
‫)‪ u(x, 0) = f (x‬‬
‫‪‬‬

‫ﻟﻨﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ )‪ u(x, t‬ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻃﺮﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺐ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪد‬

‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻓﺘﻴﻪ ﻭﻳﺤﻘـﻖ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ f‬ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺎ ﺃﻣﻠﺴﺎ )ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﻳﺔ( ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺣﻴﺪ )‪ u(x, t‬ﻳﺤﻘـﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ )‪.(8‬‬
‫ﺑﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ )‪ (8‬ﺧﻄﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺣﻞ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪:‬‬

‫)‪u(x, t) = c1u1(x, t) + c2u2(x, t) + c3u3(x, t) + ... + cn un (x, t) + ... (9‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ u1, u2, ...un, ...‬ﺗﺤﻘـﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ )‪.(8‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻼ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺑﻊ‪:‬‬

‫‪u3(x, t) = e−9t sin 3x, u2(x, t) = e−4t sin 2x, u1(x, t) = e−t sin x,‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﻘـﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬
‫‪ut = uxx .‬‬
‫ﻟﻨﺴﺘﻌﻴﻦ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺑﻊ‪ ،‬ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪∂u‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫)‪= k ∂∂ 2 ux , (0 < x < π‬‬
‫‪∂t‬‬
‫‪u(0, t) = u(π, t) = 0‬‬ ‫)‪(10‬‬
‫‪ u(x, 0) = 60 sin x − 20 sin 3x‬‬
‫‪‬‬

‫‪٦‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ‪ u3, u2, u1‬ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪u(x, t) = c1e−t sin x + c2 e−4t sin 2x + c3e−9t sin 3x‬‬ ‫)‪(11‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺠﻌﻞ ‪ t = 0‬ﻓﻲ )‪ ،(11‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨـﻨﺎ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ‪ c3, c2, c1‬ﺑﻜﻞ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﺠﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .c3 = −20, c2 = 0, c1 = 60‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ )‪ (10‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪.u(x, t) = 60e−t sin x + −20e−9t sin 3x :‬‬
‫ﻟﻨﻌﻮد ﺍﻵﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ )‪ ،(8‬ﻭﻟﻨﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻞ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫∞‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫= )‪u(x, t‬‬ ‫)‪cn un(x, t‬‬ ‫)‪(12‬‬
‫‪n=1‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻭﺃﺷﺮﻧﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮد‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﺭدﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺮ ﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎﻳﻠﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ‪ u‬ﻟـﻠﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ )‪ ،(8‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ ،(12‬ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ‪ un‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ‪ ،cn‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﺤﻘـﻖ ‪ un‬ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺤﺴﺐ ‪ cn‬ﺑﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ‪ u‬ﻟـﻠﺸﺮﻁ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﻌﻄﻲ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻟـﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪،(12‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺮﻕ ﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ )ﺃﻱ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻﻧﻔﺘﺮﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟـﻠﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ (f‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻨﺠﺮﻳﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﻜﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﻨﺘﺒﻊ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺭﺟﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺎ ‪ ،t, x‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺎدﻻﺕ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﺎدﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺣﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻬﺪﻑ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻞ )‪ u(x, t‬ﻟـﻠﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ‬
‫)‪ (8‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪:‬‬

‫)‪u(x, t) = X(x).T (t‬‬ ‫)‪(13‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ )‪ (13‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺣﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪٧‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺘﻴﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺘﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﺎﺗﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺘﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺘﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﺤﻘـﻖ‬
‫ﺣﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺔ ﻟـﻠﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‪ :‬ﻧﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪،(13‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﻘـﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ‪ :‬ﻟﻨﺤﺴﺐ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ )‪(8‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ )‪ (13‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ )‪ ،(8‬ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪X(x).T ′(t) = kX ′′ (x).T (t),‬‬ ‫)‪(14‬‬

‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺍﺀ )‪ kX(x).T (t‬ﻣﻌﺪﻭﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻧﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺍﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺍﺀ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﻃﺮﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ )‪ (14‬ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ kX(x).T (t‬ﻓﻨﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫)‪X ′′ (x‬‬ ‫)‪T ′(t‬‬

‫=‬ ‫)‪(15‬‬
‫)‪X(x‬‬ ‫)‪kT (t‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (15‬ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎ ﻃﺮﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ،x‬ﻧﺠﺪ‬
‫ﺃﻥ‬
‫‪d X ′′‬‬
‫‪[ ]= 0‬‬
‫‪dx X‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫)‪ (15‬ﻣﺤﻘـﻘﺔ ﺇﻻ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻻﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﻫﻮ ‪ ،−λ‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻳﺴﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻟـ ‪ x‬ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻳﻤﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻟـ ‪ ،t‬ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬

‫)‪X ′′ (x‬‬ ‫)‪T ′ (t‬‬

‫=‬ ‫‪= −λ‬‬ ‫)‪(16‬‬
‫)‪X(x‬‬ ‫)‪kT (t‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺘﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺘﻴﻦ‪:‬‬

‫‪X ′′ (x) + λX(x) = 0‬‬ ‫)‪(16‬‬

‫‪T ′(t) + λkT (t) = 0‬‬ ‫)‪(17‬‬

‫‪٨‬‬
 ‫ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ ،(13‬ﻧﺠﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‬
‫‪u(0, t) = X(0)T (t) = 0‬‬
‫)‪(18‬‬
‫‪u(l, t) = X(l)T (t) = 0‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ ،T (t) 6= 0‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ ،(18‬ﻻﺗـﺘﺤﻘـﻖ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ ،X(0) = X(l) = 0‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺤﻘـﻖ )‪ ،X(x‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪X ′′ + λX = 0‬‬
‫‬
‫)‪(19‬‬
‫‪X(0) = X(l) = 0.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺘﻴﻦ )‪ (16‬ﻭ )‪ ،(17‬ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ )‪(19‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺣﻞ )‪ ،(16‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺷﺘﻮﺭﻡ ﻟﻴﻮﻓﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺭﺃﻳﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺣﻠﻬﺎ ﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪p‬‬
‫‪Xn(x) = sin λn x,‬‬ ‫)‪(20‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫‪n2 π 2‬‬
‫‪λn = 2‬‬ ‫)‪(21‬‬
‫‪l‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻓﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻓﻬﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺷﺘﻮﺭﻡ‬
‫ﻟﻴﻮﻓﻴﻞ )‪ .(19‬ﺑﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ‪ ،λ‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻄﺎﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (21‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪،(17‬‬
‫ﻧﺠﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ )‪ T (t‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪n2 π 2‬‬
‫)‪Tn′ (t‬‬ ‫‪+ k 2 Tn(t) = 0,‬‬ ‫)‪(22‬‬
‫‪l‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻄﺎﺓ ﺣﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻓﻬﺔ ﺑـ‪:‬‬
‫‪2 2‬‬
‫‪− kn 2π t‬‬
‫‪Tn (t) = e‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫)‪(23‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴﻦ ‪ ،Xn, Tn‬ﺣﺴﺐ )‪ ،(13‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ‪:‬‬

‫‪un(x, t) = Xn(x).Tn(t),‬‬ ‫)‪(24‬‬

‫ﻭﺣﺴﺐ )‪ (12‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪٩‬‬
 ‫∞‬
‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪2 2‬‬
‫‪− kn 2π t‬‬ ‫‪nπx‬‬
‫= )‪u(x, t‬‬ ‫‪cn e‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪sin‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫)‪(25‬‬
‫‪n=1‬‬
‫‪l‬‬
‫ﻟﻢ ﻳﺒﻖ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺳﻮﻯ ﺗﻌﻴـﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ‪ ،cn‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ )‪ ،u(x, 0) = f (x‬ﻭﺳﻼﺳﻞ ﻓﻮﺭﻳـﻴﻪ‪:‬‬
‫∞‬
‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪nπx‬‬
‫= )‪u(x, 0‬‬ ‫‪cn sin‬‬ ‫‪= f (x),‬‬ ‫)‪(26‬‬
‫‪n=1‬‬
‫‪l‬‬
‫ﻓﻨﺸﺮ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻛﻴﻔﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺫﺍﺗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻮﺭﻳـﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺪﻋﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺟﻴﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻓﻮﺭﻳـﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﻬﺘﻢ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺑﺄﻗﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻌﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻌﻄﻰ )‪ f (x‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ]‪ [a, b‬ﺑﻤﺠﻤﻮﻉ‬
‫‪PN‬‬
‫‪ SN‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ، 1 cn φn(x‬ﺣﻴﺚ )‪ φN (x), φ2(x), ...φ1(x‬ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﻟـ ‪x‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻄﺎﺓ‪ .‬ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻌﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻧﻌﻨﻴﻪ ﻫﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ‪ cn‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻉ )‪ SN (x‬ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ )‪ f (x‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ‪.x‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻄﻊ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫‪lim SN (x) = f (x),‬‬
‫∞→‪N‬‬
‫∞‪P‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻧـﻨﺎ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ )‪ 1 cnφn(x‬ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ‪ x‬ﻧﺤﻮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ )‪.f (x‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻭﺟﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻛﻞ ‪ Nε ،ε > 0‬ﻻﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑـ ‪ ،x‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ‬
‫‪|SN (x) − f (x)| < ε‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻛﻞ ‪ x‬ﻋﻠﻰ‪P‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ]‪ ،[a, b‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ‪ .N ≥ Nε‬ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﺃﻥ‬
‫∞ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﻧﺤﻮ )‪ ،f (x‬ﻭﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ )‪1 cn φn (x‬‬
‫)‪ SN (x‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻟـ )‪ f (x‬ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺇﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻞ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺇﻳﺠﺎد ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ‪cn‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ )‪ SN (x‬ﺑﺄﻗﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻌﺎﺕ ﻟـ )‪ .f (x‬ﻭﻧﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻭﺯﻥ )‪ ρ(x‬ﻣﻌﻄﻰ ﻳﺆﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ‪:‬‬
‫‪١٠‬‬
 ‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫‪[SN (x) − f (x)]2ρ(x)dx‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺆﻭﻝ ‪ N‬ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻻﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻻﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺻﻐﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺃﻥ )‪ SN (x‬ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎ ﻟـ )‪ f (x‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻛﻞ ‪ ،x‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬
‫)‪ SN (x‬ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ f (x‬ﻣﺎﻋﺪﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﻃﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻬﻤﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫‪lim‬‬ ‫‪[SN (x) − f (x)]2ρ(x)dx = 0‬‬
‫∞→‪N‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻧـﻨﺎ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘـﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ )‪ SN (x‬ﺗـﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﺤﻮ )‪،f (x‬‬
‫ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﺮﻑ ﻟـ )‪ SN (x‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫)‪.f (x‬‬
‫ﺳﻨﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ )‪ f (x‬ﺑﺄﻗﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺻﻨﻒ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺑﻊ )‪.φn(x‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻴﻦ )‪ φ(x), ψ(x‬ﺇﻧﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ )‪،(a, b‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ )‪ ، ρ(x‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫‪φ(x)ψ(x)ρ(x)dx = 0.‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺎﻥ ‪ φ(x) = 1, ψ(x) = x‬ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ )‪ ،(−1, 1‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ‪ ،ρ(x) = 1‬ﻷﻥ‬
‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪1.xdx = 0‬‬
‫‪−1‬‬

‫ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺑﻊ )‪ ...., φn(x), ..., φ2(x), φ1(x‬ﺇﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﺓ ﻣﺜﻨﻰ‬

‫ﻣﺜﻨﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ )‪ ρ(x‬ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻄﻰ ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﺤﻘـﻖ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ n 6= m‬ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫‪φm(x)φn(x)ρ(x)dx = 0.‬‬ ‫)‪(27‬‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫ﺗـﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﺜﻘﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬

‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ )‪) .(27‬ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ )‪ ،(27‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﻧﺠﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪١١‬‬
 ‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬
‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪Z b‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪[f‬‬ ‫)‪(x‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪φ‬‬ ‫])‪(x‬‬ ‫‪ρ(x)dx‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪(x)ρ(x)dx‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪Z b‬‬ ‫)‪(28‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬
‫‪ −2‬‬ ‫‪cn‬‬ ‫‪f (x)ρ(x)φn (x)dx +‬‬ ‫‪c2n‬‬ ‫‪φ2n (x)ρ(x)dx‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬

‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻳﻤﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ )‪ (28‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪:‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Z b‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪(x)φ‬‬ ‫‪(x)ρ(x)dx‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫‪φn(x)ρ(x)dx cn − Z b‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪ n=1‬‬ ‫‪φ‬‬ ‫‪(x)ρ(x)dx‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫)‪(29‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Z b‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪f (x)φn(x)ρ(x)dx‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Z b‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪(x)ρ(x)dx‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪Z b‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪n=1‬‬ ‫‪φ2n (x)ρ(x)dx‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ‪ cn‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺼﻐﻴﺮﻩ ﺑﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫‪f (x)φn (x)ρ(x)dx‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫= ‪cn‬‬ ‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫)‪(30‬‬
‫‪φ2n (x)ρ(x)dx‬‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻟـﻠﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ‪ cn‬ﻳﺼﻐﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻳﺴﺮ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (28‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃدﻧﻰ ﺣﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﻧﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺑﺮﻫﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ‪ cn‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻄﺎﺓ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (30‬ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻟـﻠﺘﺎﺑﻊ )‪ f (x‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﺄﻗﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻌﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻠﻰ ﻻﺗـﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺏ ‪ .N‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎﻣﺪ )‪ .φn(x‬ﺗﺪﻋﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻄﺎﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (30‬ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻮﺭﻳـﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟـﻠﺘﺎﺑﻊ )‪ f (x‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘـﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﺓ‬
‫)‪.φn(x‬‬

‫‪١٢‬‬
‫ﺗﺪﻋﻰ ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ )‪ ، cnφn(x‬ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻓﻮﺭﻳـﻴﻪ ﻟـﻠﺘﺎﺑﻊ )‪.f (x‬‬
‫‪P‬‬

‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗـﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻻﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ‬‫∞‪P‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫)‪ ،f (x) = 1 cnφn(x‬ﻟﻜﻨـﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ‬
‫∞‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫∼ )‪f (x‬‬ ‫)‪cn φn (x‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻹﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﺑﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﺃﻥ ‪ cn‬ﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻓﻮﺭﻳـﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻄﺎﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫)‪.(30‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‪ ،‬ﻟـﻠﺘﺎﺑﻊ ‪ ،f (x) = x2‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻣﺰﺝ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻟـﻠﺘﺎﺑﻌﻴﻦ ‪ φ1(x) = 1, φ(x) = x‬ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ‬
‫]‪.[−1, 1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪ ،c2 = 0, c1 = 3‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﻠﻲ ‪ SN (x) = 3‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ )ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭد ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ( ﻛﺘﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﺄﻗﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻟـﻠﺘﺎﺑﻊ ‪ f (x) = x2‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ]‪. [−1, 1‬‬
‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ ،(30‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ‪P،cn‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬
‫∞ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﻮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ )‪1 cn φn (c‬‬
‫)‪ .f (x‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻀﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ )‪ φm(x)ρ(x‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺪﺍ ﺣﺪﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ]‪ ،[a, b‬ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻌﺪﻡ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻋﺪﺍ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ‪ .m = n‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫‪f (x)φm(x)ρ(x)dx = cm‬‬ ‫‪φ2m (x)ρ(x)dx‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪.(30‬‬

‫ﺗـﺘﻤﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﺭﺳﻮﻓﺎﻝ‬

‫ﺑﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻓﻮﺭﻳـﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻄﺎﺓ ﺑـ )‪ (30‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ ،(29‬ﻧﺠﺪ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(31‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪[f (x)−‬‬ ‫= ‪cnφn (x)] ρ(x)dx‬‬ ‫‪f (x)ρ(x)dx−‬‬ ‫‪c2n‬‬ ‫‪φ2n(x)ρ(x)dx‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻳﺴﺮ ﻓﻲ )‪ (31‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ‪:‬‬

‫‪N‬‬
‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫‪c2n‬‬ ‫‪φ2n(x)ρ(x)dx‬‬ ‫≤‬ ‫‪f 2 (x)ρ(x)dx‬‬ ‫)‪(32‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬

‫‪١٣‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻛﻞ ‪ .N‬ﺗﺪﻋﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻤﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻞ‪ .‬ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (31‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻳﺴﺮ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﻥ ﺗـﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﺮﻓﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫‪ N‬ﻭﻣﺤﺪﻭد ﺑـ ‪f 2(x)ρ(x)dx‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪Z b‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ‪ f 2(x)ρ(x)dx‬ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﻟـ )‪ f (x‬ﺃﻭ )‪ ρ(x‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻴـﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻴﺎ )ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺳﻌﺎ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮﻭﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ ،(32‬ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫∞‬
‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫‪c2n‬‬ ‫‪φ2n(x)ρ(x)dx‬‬ ‫≤‬ ‫‪f 2 (x)ρ(x)dx‬‬ ‫)‪(33‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬

‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻥ ﺣﺪﻭدﻫﺎ ﺗﻘﺘﺮﺏ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ‪Z .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ )‪ f (x‬ﻳﺤﻘـﻖ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫‪f 2 (x)ρ(x)dx‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪φn(x)ρ(x)dx)2‬‬
‫‪lim c2n‬‬ ‫‪φ2n (x)ρ(x)dx = lim‬‬ ‫‪Za b‬‬ ‫‪=0‬‬ ‫)‪(33bis‬‬
‫∞→‪n‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫∞→‪n‬‬
‫‪φ2n (x)ρ(x)dx‬‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻉ )‪ N1 cnφn(x‬ﻳﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﺤﻮ )‪ f (x‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬

‫‪P‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (31‬ﺗﺆﻭﻝ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺆﻭﻝ ‪N‬‬

‫ﻧﺤﻮ ∞‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ‪:‬‬
‫∞‬
‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫‪c2n‬‬ ‫‪φ2n(x)ρ(x)dx‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪f 2 (x)ρ(x)dx‬‬ ‫)‪(34‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬

‫ﺗﺪﻋﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﺭﺳﻮﻓﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﺤﻘـﻘﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻓﻘﻂ ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬
‫‪cn φn(x))2ρ(x)dx = 0.‬‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫‪lim‬‬ ‫‪(f (x) −‬‬ ‫)‪(35‬‬
‫∞→‪N‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪١٤‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ )‪ f (x‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ‬
‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧـﻨﺎ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺑﻊ‬ ‫‪f 2 (x)ρ(x)dx‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫}‪ {φ1, φ2, ...‬ﺇﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ }‪ {φ1, φ2, ...‬ﺗﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪f (x)φn(x)ρ(x)dx = 0‬‬ ‫‪ f (x‬ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺍ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ‪f 2(x)ρ(x)dx‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻛﻞ ‪ n‬ﻓﺈﻥ ‪ .f (x) = 0‬ﻷﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ‪ cn = 0‬ﺃﺟﻞ ﻛﻞ‬
‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫‪f 2(x)ρ(x)dx = 0‬‬
‫‪ ،n‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (34‬ﺗﻌﻄﻲ‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ ‪.f (x) = 0‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻮﺭﻳـﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺗﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳـﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻤﺎﺭﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ( ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻓﻮﺭﻳـﻴﻪ ﻟـﻠﺘﺎﺑﻊ ‪ f (x) = 1‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ‪،0 ≤ x ≤ π‬‬
‫ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ‪ .φn(x) = sin nx‬ﻭﺑﻤﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ })‪ {φn(x‬ﺗﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻟـﻠﺘﺎﺑﻊ ‪g(x) = x‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ‪.0 ≤ x ≤ π‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﻧﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ })‪ {φn(x‬ﺗﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭﺟﺪ‪:‬‬
‫∞‬
‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪(2k − 1)2‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﺭﺳﻮﻓﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻓﻮﺭﻳـﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟـﻠﺘﺎﺑﻊ‪ ،f (x) = 1 :‬ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﻘﻴـﻴﻢ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻓﻮﺭﻳـﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟـﻠﺘﺎﺑﻊ ‪ ،x‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺃ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ‬
‫‪.x = π‬‬
‫ﺝ( ﺑﺮﻫﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ‬
‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬
‫‪lim‬‬ ‫‪log x sin nxdx = 0.‬‬
‫∞→‪n‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫)ﺇﺭﺷﺎد‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ )‪.((33bis‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﻃﺌﺔ ﺭﻳﻤﺎﻥ ‪ -‬ﻟﻮﺑﻴﻎ‬

‫‪١٥‬‬
 ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫|)‪|φn(x‬‬
‫‪sZ‬‬ ‫‪≤K‬‬ ‫)‪(36‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪φ2n(x)ρ(x)dx‬‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ )‪ f (x‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ )ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﻤـﻤﺎ(‬

‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫‪|f (x)|ρ(x)dx‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫‪f (x)φn(x)ρ(x)dx‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪lim s‬‬ ‫‪=0‬‬ ‫)‪(37‬‬
‫∞→‪n‬‬ ‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫‪φ2n(x)ρ(x)dx‬‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ‪ ) :‬ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ (‬

‫ﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺳﻼﺳﻞ ﻓﻮﺭﻳـﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺑﻊ‪:‬‬
‫‪1, cos x, sin x, cos 2x, sin 2x, ...‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ )‪ ρ(x‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ‪ −π ≤ x ≤ π‬ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺑﻊ؛ ﺑﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻓﻮﺭﻳـﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪Z π‬‬ ‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ‬
‫‪12dx = 2π,‬‬
‫‪−π‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫= ‪cos nxdx‬‬ ‫‪sin2 nxdxπ = π,‬‬ ‫‪n = 1, 2, 3, ...‬‬
‫‪−π‬‬ ‫‪−π‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﺮﻓﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ‬
‫‪π‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬
‫= ‪an‬‬ ‫‪f (t) cos ntdt,‬‬ ‫‪n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...‬‬ ‫)‪(38‬‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪−π‬‬
‫‪π‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬
‫= ‪bn‬‬ ‫‪f (t) sin ntdt,‬‬ ‫‪n = 1, 2, 3, ...‬‬ ‫)‪(39‬‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪−π‬‬

‫‪١٦‬‬
 :‫ ﻫﻲ‬f (x) ‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻓﻮﺭﻳـﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟـﻠﺘﺎﺑﻊ‬
1
f (x) ∼ a0 + a1 cos x + b1 sin x + a2 cos 2x + b2 sin 2x.... =
2 ∞
1 X
= a0 + (an cos nx + bn sin nx).
2 1

‫ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‬.‫ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺍﻹﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺳﻼﺳﻞ ﻓﻮﺭﻳـﻴﻪ‬

‫( ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻉ‬39), (38) ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻓﻮﺭﻳـﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻄﺎﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺘﻴﻦ‬
:‫ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ‬
N

 1 X

 SN (x) = a0 + (an cos nx + bn sin nx) =
2


1



 Z π N
1 1 X

= f (t){ + (cos nx cos nt + sin nx sin nt)}dt

 π −π 2 1

 N
1 π 1 X

 Z
=π f (t){ + cos n(x − t)}dt



−π 2 1

:‫ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ‬،‫ﻭﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻉ‬


N

 1 X 1

 { + cos ny}sin y=
2 2


1


 N
1 1 X 1 1
= { sin y + [sin(n + )y − sin(n − )y]}=
2 2 2 2



 1
1 1


 = sin(N + )y.


2 2
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
N
1 X sin(N + 12 )y
+ cos ny = 1 , (40)
2 1
2 sin 2
y
:‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ‬

1 π
sin(N + 21 )(x − t)
Z
SN (x) = f (t) 1 dt. (41)
π −π 2 sin 2
(x − t)
١٧
 ‫ﻭﺑﻮﺿﻊ ‪ ،τ = t − x‬ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ )‪ (41‬ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪π−x‬‬
‫‪sin(N + 12 )τ‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬
‫= )‪SN (x‬‬ ‫)‪f (τ + x‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪dτ.‬‬ ‫)‪(42‬‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪−π−x‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪sin‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪τ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺑﻊ ‪ sin nx, cos nx‬دﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ )‪ Sn(x‬ﺑﺪﻭﺭﺓ ‪ ،2π‬ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫)‪ f (x‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ]‪ [−π, π‬ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻊ دﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ‪:‬‬

‫‪f (x + 2nπ) = f (x),‬‬ ‫‪n = 0, ±1, ±2, ...‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ )‪ SN (x‬دﻭﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ دﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪:‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬
‫‪sin(N + 21 )τ‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬
‫= )‪SN (x‬‬ ‫)‪f (τ + x‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪dτ.‬‬ ‫)‪(43‬‬
‫‪2π‬‬ ‫‪−π‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪sin‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪τ‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻤﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ )‪ (40‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ]‪ [−π, π‬ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪sin(N + 21 )τ‬‬
‫‪π‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬
‫=‪π‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪dτ.‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪−π‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪sin‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪τ‬‬
‫ﺑﻀﺮﺏ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ )‪ π1 f (x‬ﻭﺑﻄﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ )‪ (43‬ﻧﺠﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪π‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫)‪f (τ + x) − f (x‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬
‫= )‪SN (x) − f (x‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪sin(N‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪)τ dτ‬‬ ‫)‪(44‬‬
‫‪2π‬‬ ‫‪−π‬‬ ‫‪sin‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪τ‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺑﻊ ‪ sin(N + 12 )τ‬ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ N = 0, 1, 2, ...‬ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﺓ ﻣﺜﻨﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻨﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺤﻘـﻖ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺗﻮﻃﺌﺔ ﺭﻳﻤﺎﻥ ‪ -‬ﻟﻮﺑﻴﻎ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫‪π‬‬
‫)‪f (τ + x) − f (x‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬
‫|‬ ‫‪|dτ‬‬ ‫)‪(45‬‬
‫‪−π‬‬ ‫‪sin 21 τ‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻳﻤﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (44‬ﻳﺆﻭﻝ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ‬
‫‪SN (x) → f (x).‬‬
‫ﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ | ‪ | sinτ 1 τ‬ﻣﺤﺪﻭدﺍ ﻓﺈﻧـﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ )‪(45‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺑـﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫‪π‬‬
‫)‪f (τ + x) − f (x‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬
‫|‬ ‫∞ ≤ ‪|dτ‬‬ ‫)‪(46‬‬
‫‪−π‬‬ ‫| ‪|τ‬‬
‫‪١٨‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ دﻳﻨﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗـﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻓﻮﺭﻳـﻴﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺃﻳﺔ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (46‬ﻣﺤﻘـﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ )‪f (x‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻼ ﻟـﻠﻤﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﺤﻘـﻘﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ )‪f (x‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻼ ﻟـﻺﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ .x‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﺤﻘـﻘﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ )‪ f (x‬ﻫﻮﻟﺪﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺍ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ‪ M‬ﻭ ‪ ،α‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ‪:‬‬
‫‪|f (x) − f (y)| ≤ M |x − y|α‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻛﻞ ‪.−π ≤ y ≤ π‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻧﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺑﺮﻫﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ )‪ f (x‬ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟـﻠﻤﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻓﻮﺭﻳـﻴﻪ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ )‪ f (x‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ )‪ f (x‬ﻫﻮﻟﺪﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺍ ﺃﻭﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟـﻺﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻓﻮﺭﻳـﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﺗـﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻻﺗـﺘﺤﻘـﻖ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ )‪ .(46‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ )‪ f (x‬ﻣﺘﻘﻄﻌﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫‪ ،x‬ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻳﻤﻴﻦ ﻭﻋﻦ ﻳﺴﺎﺭ ‪ ،x‬ﻓﺈﻧـﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻫﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻓﻮﺭﻳـﻴﻪ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﻌﻤـﻤﺔ ﻟـ )‪:(46‬‬
‫‪π‬‬
‫|)‪|f (x + τ ) − f (x + 0) + f (x − τ ) − f (x − 0‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬
‫‪dτ < ∞,‬‬ ‫)‪(47‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪τ‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪lim SN (x) = [f (x + 0) + f (x − 0)].‬‬
‫∞→‪N‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪−π ≤ x ≤ π‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﺭﻳﻦ‪ (1 :‬ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﺳﻼﺳﻞ ﻓﻮﺭﻳـﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ‬

‫ﻟـﻠﺘﻮﺍﺑﻊ‪.ex, x2, x, sin3 x :‬‬
‫‪ (2‬ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻓﻮﺭﻳـﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ‪−π ≤ x ≤ π‬‬
‫ﻟـﻠﺘﺎﺑﻊ ‪ ex‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪.x = π‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﻡ‬

‫ﻳﻘﻮدﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻﺕ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺧﻄﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺣﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺳﻼﺳﻞ‪ ،‬ﻟـﻠﺠﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻟـﻠﺠﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣـﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻳﻤﻜﻨـﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻣﺒﺮﻫﻨﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻹﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺒﺮﻫﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺴﻼﺳﻞ ﻓﻮﺭﻳـﻴﻪ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫‪١٩‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻓﻮﺭﻳـﻴﻪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ )‪ f (x‬ﻓﺮدﻳﺎ ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬
‫)‪f (−x) = −f (x‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ‪ ،an = 0‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻓﻮﺭﻳـﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻟـﻠﺠﻴﺐ‪:‬‬
‫∞‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫∼ )‪f (x‬‬ ‫‪bn sin nx,‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺗﻬﺎ ﺑـ‪:‬‬
‫‪2 π‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬
‫= ‪bn‬‬ ‫‪f (x) sin nxdx.‬‬
‫‪π 0‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻋﻄﻴﺖ )‪ f (x‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ‪ 0 ≤ x ≤ π‬ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻧﺸﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻟـﻠﺠﻴﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺗﻤﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ‪−π ≤ x ≤ π‬‬
‫ﺑﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻓﺮدﻱ‪.‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻴﺎ ﻓﺈﻧـﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻣـﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ‪|f (x)|dx‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ x = x0‬ﻧﺤﻮ )‪ f (x0‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫)‪ f (x‬ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺍ ﻭﻗﺎﺑﻼ ﻝ‪-‬ﻺﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ .x = x0‬ﻭﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻣـﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺑﻊ ‪ sin nx‬ﺗﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ‬
‫)‪ f (x‬ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺪ د ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻓﺮدﻱ‬ ‫‪ .0 ≤ x ≤ π‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪Z π‬‬
‫‪′‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻴﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺐ‬ ‫دﻭﺭﻱ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺍ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ‪f 2(x)dx‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﻧﺤﻮ )‪ .f (x‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺤﻘـﻘﺔ )ﺃﻱ‬
‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬
‫‪′‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ( ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ )‪ f (x‬ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺍ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ‪f 2(x)dx‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻴﺎ ﻭ ‪.f (0) = f (π) = 0‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ )‪ f (x‬ﺯﻭﺟﻴﺎ ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬
‫)‪f (−x) = f (x‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ‪ ،bn = 0‬ﻓﺒﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣـﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻭﺑﺘﻤﺪﻳﺪ )‪ f (x‬ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﺯﻭﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﺠﺪ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺑﻊ }‪ {1, cos x, cos 2x, ...‬ﺗﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‪Z‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ‪.0 ≤ x ≤ π‬‬
‫‪π‬‬
‫‪′‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧـﻨﺎ ﻧﺠﺪ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ )‪ f (x‬ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺍ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ‪f 2(x)dx‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﻡ‪:‬‬
‫∞‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬
‫‪a0 +‬‬ ‫‪cos nx‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪٢٠‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ‪:‬‬
‫‪π‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬
‫= ‪an‬‬ ‫‪f (x) cos nxdx‬‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﻧﺤﻮ )‪ .f (x‬ﻭﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ‬
‫‪|f (x)|dx‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗـﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻧﺤﻮ )‪ ،f (x0‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ )‪f (x‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺍ ﻭﻗﺎﺑﻼ ﻟـﻺﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻤﺎﺭﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻂ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺐ ﻭﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﻴﻦ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ f (x) = x, f (x) = x(π − x‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ‪.0 ≤ x ≤ π‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪∂ 2u‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪∂u‬‬
‫‪− k 2 = 0,‬‬ ‫‪0 < x < π, t > 0,‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪ ∂t‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪∂ x‬‬
‫)‪(Heat‬‬ ‫‪u(0, t) = 0‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪u(π, t) = 0‬‬
‫)‪u(x, 0) = f (x‬‬
‫‪‬‬

‫ﻫﺪﻓﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ )‪ u(x, t‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪:‬‬

‫∞‬
‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪2 kt‬‬
‫= )‪u(x, t‬‬ ‫‪bne−n‬‬ ‫‪sin nx.‬‬ ‫)‪(49‬‬
‫‪1‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻠﻴﺎ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ‪ t = 0‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﺠﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ‪:‬‬
‫∞‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫= )‪f (x‬‬ ‫‪bn sin nx‬‬ ‫)‪(50‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﻣﻊ‬
‫‪π‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬
‫= ‪bn‬‬ ‫‪f (x) sin nxdx‬‬ ‫)‪(51‬‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻓﻮﺭﻳـﻴﻪ ﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺐ‪.‬‬

‫‪٢١‬‬
‫ﺇﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ )‪ (49‬ﻳﺤﻘـﻖ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ )‪ (49‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﻌﻨﺎ ﺍﺷﺘﻘﺎﻗﻬﺎ ﺣﺪﺍ ﺣﺪﺍ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ )‪ u(x, t‬ﻳﺤﻘـﻖ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬

‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪utt − c2uxx = 0, 0 < x < l, t > 0,‬‬
‫‪ u(x, 0) = f (x), 0 ≤ x ≤ l,‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪ut(x, 0) = g(x), 0 ≤ x ≤ l,‬‬ ‫)‪(O1‬‬
‫‪u(0, t) = 0, t ≥ 0,‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪ u(l, t) = 0, t ≥ 0,‬‬
‫‪‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ f, g‬ﻫﻤﺎ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﺠﻨﺎ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻧﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

‫‪u(x, t) = X(x)T (t) 6= 0‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻹﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﺝ‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫‪XT ′′ = c2X ′′ T‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ‬
‫‪′′‬‬ ‫‪′′‬‬
‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪1T‬‬
‫‪= 2‬‬
‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪c T‬‬
‫ﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪ XT 6= 0‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫‪X ′′‬‬ ‫‪1 T ′′‬‬
‫‪= 2‬‬ ‫‪=λ‬‬
‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪c T‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ λ‬ﻫﻮ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ‬

‫‪X ′′ − λX = 0‬‬

‫‪T ′′ − λc2T = 0‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫‪٢٢‬‬
 ‫‪X ′′ − λX = 0‬‬
‫‬
‫)‪(X1‬‬
‫‪X(0) = X(l) = 0‬‬
‫‪λ∈R‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺷﺘﻮﺭﻡ ﻟﻴﻮﻓﻴﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻧﺠﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻗﻴﻢ ‪ λ > 0‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫√‬ ‫√‬
‫‪− λx‬‬ ‫‪λx‬‬
‫‪X(x) = Ae‬‬ ‫‪+ Be‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﺠﺪ ‪ A = B = 0‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﺗﺎﻓﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ‪λ = 0‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫‪X(x) = A + Bx‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﺠﺪ ‪ A = B = 0‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﺗﺎﻓﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻗﻴﻢ ‪λ < 0‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫√‬ ‫√‬
‫‪X(x) = A cos‬‬ ‫‪−λx + B sin −λx‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ‪ X(0) = 0‬ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ‪ A = 0‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ‪ X(l) = 0‬ﻳﻌﻄﻲ‬
‫√‬
‫‪B sin −λl = 0,‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ ،B = 0‬ﻓﺎﻟﺤﻞ ﺗﺎﻓﻪ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻬﻤﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺣﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺗﺎﻓﻪ‪،‬‬
‫√‬ ‫‪ B 6= 0‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ‬
‫‪sin −λl = 0,‬‬

‫√‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ‬
‫‪−λl = nπ,‬‬ ‫‪n = 1, 2, 3?...‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ‬
‫‪nπ 2‬‬
‫( = ‪−λn‬‬ ‫‪),‬‬
‫‪l‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻬﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺳﻴﻂ ‪ λ‬ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺣﻼ ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫‪ sin( nπx‬ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺫﺍﺗﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﻓﻪ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ λn‬ﻗﻴﻢ ﺫﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﻭ ) ‪l‬‬

‫‪٢٣‬‬
 ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪nπx‬‬
‫(‪Xn = Bn sin‬‬ ‫‪),‬‬
‫‪l‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ‪ λn = λ,‬ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟـ ‪ T‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫‪nπc‬‬ ‫‪nπc‬‬
‫(‪Tn (t) = Cn cos‬‬ ‫(‪)t + Dn sin‬‬ ‫‪)t,‬‬
‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ Cn, Dn,‬ﺛﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫‪nπc‬‬ ‫‪nπc‬‬ ‫‪nπx‬‬
‫(‪un (x, t) = (an cos‬‬
‫(‪)t + bn sin‬‬ ‫(‪)t) sin‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫ﻳﺤﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﻴﻦ ‪ X(0) = X(l) = 0,‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ‪an = BnCn, bn = BnDn‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫∞‬
‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪nπc‬‬ ‫‪nπc‬‬ ‫‪nπx‬‬
‫= )‪u(x, t‬‬ ‫(‪(an cos‬‬ ‫(‪)t + bn sin‬‬ ‫(‪)t) sin‬‬ ‫‪),‬‬
‫‪n=1‬‬
‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ‪ an, bn‬ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻠﺴﺎﺀ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻴﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻨﺠﺪ‪:‬‬
‫∞‬
‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪nπx‬‬
‫= )‪u(x, 0) = f (x‬‬ ‫(‪an sin‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪n=1‬‬
‫‪l‬‬
‫∞‬
‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪nπx‬‬
‫= )‪ut(x, 0) = g(x‬‬ ‫(‪bn sin‬‬ ‫‪),‬‬
‫‪n=1‬‬
‫‪l‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ‪ an, bn‬ﻣﻌﻄﺎﺓ ﺑـ‬
‫‪l‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬
‫‪nπx‬‬
‫= ‪an‬‬ ‫(‪f (x) sin‬‬ ‫‪)dx‬‬
‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫‪l‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬
‫‪nπx‬‬
‫= ‪an‬‬ ‫(‪g(x) sin‬‬ ‫‪)dx‬‬
‫‪nπc‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫‪٢٤‬‬
‫ﻧﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﻭﺟﻮد ﺣﻠﻴﻦ ‪ u1, u2,‬ﻭﻟﻨﻀﻊ ‪ v = u1 − u2,‬ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺃﻥ ‪ v‬ﻳﺤﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪vtt = c2 uxx , 0 < x < l, t > 0,‬‬
‫‪ v(x, 0) = 0, 0 ≤ x ≤ l,‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪vt(x, 0) = 0, 0 ≤ x ≤ l,‬‬ ‫)‪(wh1‬‬
‫‪u(0, t) = 0, t ≥ 0,‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪ v(l, t) = 0, t ≥ 0,‬‬
‫‪‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺒﺮﻫﻦ ﺃﻥ‬

‫‪v(x, t) = 0,‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫‪l‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬
‫= )‪E(t‬‬ ‫‪(c2vx2 + vt2)dx,‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺘﺰ )ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ( ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ‪.t‬‬
‫ﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪ v‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻺﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﺮﺗﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺸﺘﻖ‬
‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ،t‬ﻓﻨﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫)‪dE(t‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪(c2vxvxt + vtvtt )dx,‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻟﻤﺸﺘﻖ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ‬
‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪(c vx vxtdx = [c‬‬ ‫‪vx vt]l0‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪c2vt vxx dx,‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ‬
‫‪[c2vxvt ]l0 = 0,‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ‬
‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫)‪dE(t‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫= ‪( − c vtvxx + vtvtt )dx‬‬ ‫‪vt[vtt − c2vxx ]dx,‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫‪[vtt − c2vxx ] = 0,‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﻥ‬
‫)‪dE(t‬‬
‫‪= 0,‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬
‫‪٢٥‬‬
 ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ‬
‫‪E(t) = C,‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ‪ ،C‬ﻓﻨﺠﺪ‬
‫‪l‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬
‫= ‪E(0) = C‬‬ ‫‪[c2vx2 + vt2]t=0dx = 0,‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺃﻥ‬
‫‪E(t) = 0,‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺤﻘﻖ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ vx = 0, vt = 0,‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ‪ ،t > 0‬ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪ v(x, t) = C,‬ﻭﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪ v(x, 0) = 0‬ﺇﺫﻥ ‪v(x, t) = 0.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ‬

‫ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻟﻨﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪utt = c2uxx + F (x), 0 < x < l, t > 0,‬‬
‫‪ u(x, 0) = f (x), 0 ≤ x ≤ l,‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪ut(x, 0) = g(x), 0 ≤ x ≤ l,‬‬ ‫) ‪(N O1‬‬
‫‪u(0, t) = A, t > 0,‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪ u(l, t) = B, t > 0,‬‬
‫‪‬‬

‫ﻧﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫‪u(x, t) = v(x, t) + U (x),‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪ (N O1‬ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪vtt = c2(vxx + Uxx ) + F (x),‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ )‪ U (x‬ﻳﺤﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬
‫‪c2Uxx + F (x) = 0,‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ )‪ v(x, t‬ﻳﺤﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬
‫‪vtt = c2vxx ,‬‬

‫‪٢٦‬‬
 ‫ ﻧﺠﺪ‬،‫ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺔ‬
u(x, 0) = v(x, 0) + U (x) = f (x),
ut(x, 0) = vt (x, 0) = g(x),
u(0, t) = v(0, t) = U (x) = A,
u(l, t) = v(l, t) + U (l) = B
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬
U (x) ‫ﻫﻮ ﺣﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ‬
 2
 c Uxx + F (x) = 0,
U (0) = A, (U1)
U (l) = B,


‫ ﻳﺤﻘﻖ‬v(x, t) ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬



 vtt = c2 vxx , 0 < x < l, t > 0,
 v(x, 0) = f (x) − U (x), 0 ≤ x ≤ l,


vt(x, 0) = g(x), 0 ≤ x ≤ l, (v1)
v(0, t) = 0, t > 0,




 v(l, t) = 0, t > 0,


‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ‬،‫ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬U (x) ‫ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻷﻥ‬v(x, t) ‫ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ‬

(U1) ‫ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ‬

l η x η
1 1
Z Z Z Z
x x
U (x) = A+(B−A) + [ 2 F (ξ)dξ]dη− [ 2 F (ξ)dξ]dη.
l l 0 c 0 0 c 0

‫ ﻫﻮ ﺣﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ‬u(x) ‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬: ‫ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‬




 utt = uxx , 0 < x < π, t > 0,
 u(0, t) = 1,


u(π, t) = 2π + 1, (P )
u(x, 0) = 1 − sin(x),




 u (x, 0) = 0.

t

.u( π2 , π2 ) ‫ﻓﺄﺣﺴﺐ‬
٢٧