FLEXURE and AXIAL LOAD

What will be covered?

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Method of Strain Compatibility (and Equilibrium) Uniaxial bending; effect of prestressing Biaxial bending Axial load with bending

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At the end of the lecture, you should be able to:

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Use the method of strain compatibility to analyse and design structural concrete sections under bending and/or axial loads Construct design charts for non-standard structural sections such as those of lift cores, bridge piers and box girders

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Flexural response
P
steel yielding

ULS 3 -Inelastic, cracked 2 - Elastic, cracked

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SLS P

cracking

1 - Elastic, uncracked

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Method of strain compatibility

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3 basic requirements:
! Compatibility

Strains (deformations) at various locations related to one another

! material

laws

Stress-strain relations (aka constitutive relations)

! Equilibrium

Externally applied forces/moments = resisting forces/moments

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Method of strain compatibility

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Basic assumptions for section analysis:

! Plane

sections remain plane bond between concrete & reinft.

Linear strain distribution across a section

! Perfect

Same strain change in concrete and reinforcement at the same location

! Tensile

stiffening may be ignored

Concrete tensile strength is neglected

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Flexural analysis
c x M
<0.4fc n.a. n.a.

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C Ts Tc Elastic, uncracked

C T

Elastic, cracked

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>0.4fc n.a.

C T Inelastic, cracked

M cu Mn
n.a.

C Ultimate T

Compatibility: ~ c Material laws: ~ Equilibrium: C - T = 0 ; M = M

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Example 1 - Serviceability limit state

b d d x

c s s fs

x/3 fc

= As/bd = As/bd n = Es/Ec

As h As

n.a.

C C T

Section

Strain

Stress

Strain compatibility: c/s = x/(x-d) c/s = x/(d-x)

Material laws: fc = Ec c fs = Es s fs = Es s

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d d x

c s s fs

x/3 fc

= As/bd = As/bd n = Es/Ec

As h As

n.a.

C C T

Section

Strain

Stress

Equilibrium: Stress resultants: C + C = T C = bxfc/2 C=fsAs=nfcAs(x-d)/x M = C(d - x/3) + C(d-d) T=fsAs=nfcAs(d-x)/x ! Tan K H, NUS 2 2 1/2 " x/d = [(+) n + 2(+d/d)n] - (+)n

Ultimate flexural strength analysis

cu Mu
n.a. Actual

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0.003

0.85fc 1 c n.a.

ACI

1 = 0.85 - 0.05(fc-27.6)/6.9 0.65

0.0035

0.45fcu 0.9x

BS

x n.a.

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Example 2 Box Girder

50

1200

120 mm
1450 mm2 1550 mm2

815 250 250 50

120

1550 mm2 4000 mm2

fcu = 30 MPa fy = 460 MPa (fy/m = 438 MPa)

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cu

0.45fcu

x=200 mm

180 s mm

Cs Ts1 Ts2 Ts3

C1 C2

Mu s=0.0035x150/200 > y= (fy/m)/Es s1=0.0011 s2 > y ; s3 > y Mu= [1944x140 + 194.4x50 + 635.1x150 + 341x65 + 678.9x315 + 1752x565] kNmm = 1603 kNm

s1 s2 s3

C1 =0.45x30x1200x120x10-3 = 1944 kN C2 =0.45x30x240x60x 10-3 = 194.4 kN Cs =1450x438x 10-3 = 635.1 kN Ts1=1550x(0.0011x200)=341.0 kN Ts2 =678.9 kN; Ts3 =1752.0 kN C1+C2+Cs- Ts1- Ts2- Ts3 0 OK
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Example 3 Isolated L-beam

Determine the nominal moment of resistance of the L-section shown for bending about a horizontal axis. The reinforcement consisted of four uniformly spaced steel bars of equal diameter, with a total area of 2250 mm2. The material properties are: fcu = 40 MPa, fy/m =438 MPa and Es = 200 GPa.

600 mm

200 mm Mu 50 mm 300 mm300 mm

JG MacGregor, RC Mech & Design pp. 170-173

Ans: Mn= 462 kNm

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5 3 00 . 0 x

T = Asfy/m=985 kN
k c 2 e Ch 0.00 > C=T gives x 450 g x 0.45fcu = 985000

150 600 mm x C g

300 mm

Mn Tx 50 mm

g = 243 mm Mn=985 x 468 = 462 kNm

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300 mm300 mm

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Example 4 Balanced reinft. index

Using the rectangular stress block and material safety factors given by BS8110, show that, for a singlyreinforced rectangular section, the balanced reinforcement index for bending, for which the steel reinforcement just yields at ultimate, is given by (mc=1.5; ms=1.05) : b

b=(As/bd)fy/fcu
d

= 0.425/(1+272fy/Es)
As
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b x
d

cu
n.a.

0.67fcu/1.5 0.9x

M As

Asfy/1.05

x = cu/(cu + y) = 0.0035/(0.0035 + (fy/1.05)/Es) 0.45fcub(0.9x) = Asfy/1.05

(As/bd)fy/fcu = 0.425/(1+272fy/Es)
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Biaxial bending of sections

Mn Mnx Mny Mnx due to gravity load Mny due to wind load

" How

are , Mnx and Mny related?

2 2

Mn = Mnx + Mny

= tan & &M ' nx

1( Mny

% # # $

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xC yC C
x

Mnx
0.0 035 s

Mn = Mnx + Mny
% & # = tan & # ' Mnx $
0.9x
1( Mny

y Mny

0.4 5f c
fs
2

fs

fs

fs

T T 3 T
4

T 1 C

Mnx =
C(=

)
i

Ci ) =

)
j

)T y
j j =1

+ Cy c

Tj

Mny =

)T x
j j =1

Cx c

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Mnx/bh2fcu

b
As/4 As/4 Mnx As/4 Mny As/4

Increasing As/Acfcu

Mny/b2hfcu ! Tan K H, NUS

Exercise 1 Biaxial bending

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A concrete beam has a 250 mm square section and is reinforced by 4T28 steel bars, one bar being placed at 50 50 mm from each edge in each corner of the section. Evaluate the flexural strength of the section if it is subjected to biaxial bending moments of equal magnitude magnitude about axes parallel to the edges. The material material properties are: fy /m = 400 MPa, fcu = 40 MPa, MPa, and Es = 200 GPa. 250

50

Ans: Mx=My=52.5 kNm; Mn = 74.2 kNm

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Effect of axial load

a b

P y

a b

Equilibrium:

F=P

M=Me Me = M Me = M + Py
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Case 1 Moment @ a-a: Case 2 Moment @ b-b: Py

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Effect of axial load Plastic centroid

y 0.45fcu 0.85fc p.c. 0
i i

fy/m T y C

P y yp

x pc

)C x )T x = )C )T
j i j i j i j

y pc

) C y )T y = ) C )T
i i j i j i j i j

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Pn c e di dpc x Asi
Plastic centroid 0.45fcu

e = Mn/Pn

dc

fsi F

Tsi=Asifsi
(>0 tension)

Pn = C ) Tj
j

M n = Pn e = C(d pc d c ) ) Tj (d pc d i )
j

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x c

P-M interaction diagram for rect. section

d Pn d Mn = Pne
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Comp. steel does not yield, s< fy/Es Tension failures, x <xb; s> y P Compression failure Balanced failure

y
Comp. failures, x >xb; s< y

Balanced failure, P xb x=x ; = b s y

d

y cu
P

d Mn

e
Mn=Pne Po Tension failure

Pn

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Axial load with biaxial bending

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E.g. corner columns

My Pn
2

ex = e P e

Mx ey = Pn
2

er = e x + e y
( ey = tan & &e ' x
1

( % % 1 & M x # # # = tan & M # $ ' y$

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Pn = C ) T j
j

M x = Pn e y = Cyc + ) T j yi

M y = Pn e x = Cx c ) T j x i
j

x er

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P e

Example
P-Mx-My interaction diagram for rectangular section My=Pnex

(M x )n + (M y )n = 1

Mx=Pney

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Summary
Flexural response
uncracked elastic, cracked elastic, cracked BS: Mn = f(fcu/1.5, fy/1.05) inelastic ACI : moment Mn = f(fc, fy) ultimate

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Method of strain compatibility

strain compatibility material laws equilibrium C
n.a.

T
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Application Examples

Bridge pier Lift core

Box girder
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Tutorial 1 Q2

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A reinforced concrete short column, hexagonal in crosssection, contains six 25 mm diameter longitudinal bars and is subjected to an eccentric compression load. Given that fcu = 40 MPa; fy/m = 400 MPa and Es = 200 GPa, calculate the design ultimate load Pu that the column can carry at an eccentricity, e = 275 mm
50 mm Pu 275 mm

450 mm

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