DRAFT PREDICTION OF COMBINATION

TILLAGE IMPLEMENTS

Hifjur Raheman Rohit K. Sahu

Presented by: Shweta Singh 13AG61R07 Agricultural and food engineering department

OVERVIEW
Introduction Objective Materials and method Experimental procedure Results and discussion Conclusion References

INTRODUCTION
Combination tillage: multiple tillage operations in a single pass. Reduces number of field passes resulting in reduction of labor, fuel cost and time.

Combination tillage implements

Active-Passive

Passive-Passive

Working pattern of a combined tillage machinery

OBJECTIVE

To develop draft prediction equation for passive-passive combination tillage implement.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Based on the theoretical approach for activepassive combination tillage implements as proposed by Bernacki et al. (1972), this study on draft prediction of passivepassive combination tillage implements was carried out.

Rc = Rfc + Rrc
where, Rc = specific draft of combination tillage implement Rfc = specific draft of front passive tillage implement Rrc = specific draft of rear passive tillage implement
7

CONTD..
Specific draft can also be expressed as: Rc = Rf + Rr where,

Rf = specific draft of front passive set operating individually( Rf = Rfc, because draft encountered by front implement will same in both cases) Rr = specific draft of rear passive set operating individually
= draft utilization factor

CONTD..

Rrc = Drc

Ar=Arc where, Arc and Ar = cross sectional area for combination tillage and individual tillage =

So,
Dc = Df + Dr
9

DRAFT OF INDIVIDUAL TILLAGE TOOL

=

where Dp = draft of any prototype/scale-model implement Dr = draft of the reference tillage tool w = wet bulk density of soil ws= wet bulk density of reference soil (1.28 g/cm) CI = cone index of soil CIs = cone index of the reference soil condition(472kPa) Wp = prototype/scale model implement width Wt = reference tillage tool width and a, b and c are regression coefficients for soil.

10

DRAFT OF REFERENCE TILLAGE TOOL

The draft of the reference tillage tools in the reference soil condition at different speeds and depths can be given as: =(0 +1 V)d where, V = speed of operation, km/h, d = depth of operation, cm and 0 , and 1 are soil and tool specific regression coefficients. For a given combination tillage implement, can be expressed by the following function: = f(d, V, Wi, CI, , w)
11

where p = draft utilization ratio of the rear passive set of prototype model r = draft utilization ratio of the reference rear passive set in reference soil condition, Wrp = width of the rear passive set of prototype combination tillage implement, Wrr = width of the reference rear passive set, and g, h and i are soil and combination tillage implement specific regression coefficients.
12

the draft utilization ratio of a reference rear passive set in a reference soil at different speeds and depths can be expressed by the following function (Glancey and Upadhyaya, 1995; Sahu and Raheman, 2004):

r = 2 (d, V)

13

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
EXPERIMENTAL SITE: Laboratory experiments were conducted to find the various regression coefficients in the soil bin of the Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India.

14

SOIL BIN
The soil bin comprised of: a stationary bin, a common carriage that supports the implement and soil processing trolleys, power transmission system, control unit and the required instrumentation

15

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

16

SOIL BIN SPECIFICATIONS

The bin was 15.0 m long, 1.8 m wide and 0.6 m deep. The soil processing trolley comprised of:
a.
b.

frame,
rotary tiller,

c. d. e.

leveling blade roller water sprayer

A control unit, placed outside the soil bin, controlled the direction of movement of the soil processing trolley. The testing tool/implement was mounted on the frame of the implement trolley, where screw jack arrangements were provided to vary the depth of operation.
17

SOIL DESCRIPTION

The soil at the research farm of the department was an acid lateritic sandy clay loam. In order to quantify the soil conditions core sampler and hand operated soil cone penetrometer were used
Soil texture sand silt clay Particle density Moisture content cohesion Frictional angle Sandy clay loam 57.1 % 19.9 % 23 % 2.65 g/cm3 10.3 g/(100 g of dry soil) 11.76 kPa 22.8
18

SOIL BIN PREPARATION

The real soil (sandy clay loam) was collected from the research farm and filled in the bin up to a depth of 0.5 m with layers of 10 cm. The water was sprayed in the bin to get moisture content close to field capacity.
Particle size distribution (%) Sand Silt 19.7 Clay 22.6 1.61 11.3 Bulk density (g/cm) Moisture content (g/100 g of dry soil)

Soil depth (cm)

0-15

57.7

15-30
30-45 45-60

55.2
52.5 52.2

19.4
20.2 19.2

25.4
27.3 28.6

1.56
1.59 1.63

12.1
13.2 13.8
19

SOIL BED PREPARATION

o First the tiller was used to pulverize the soil after spraying water as desired. o Then the soil was leveled with the leveling blade and compacted by the roller to the desired cone index and bulk density in layers. o At the end of each soil preparation, a hand-operated soil cone penetrometer was used for measuring the cone index to a depth of 15 cm at intervals of 2.5 cm at six locations in the soil bin following the procedures outlined in the ASAE Standards (ASAE, 2000b).

20

TILLAGE IMPLEMENTS USED

Reference tillage tool

Scale and prototype model of

Mould board plough Cultivator

1. 2.

3.

Single disc gang

o The two models of combination tillage implement used in the experiments were: 1. Front mounted mould board plough and rear mounted disk gang. 2. Front mounted cultivator and rear mounted disk gang.
21

Cultivator with disk gang combination (CTI-1)

Mould board plough with disk gang combination (CTI-2)

22

SPECIFICATIONS OF TILLAGE TOOLS

specifications CTI-1 Cultivator Cutting width (mm) No. of cutting elements Diameter of disk (mm) Concavity (mm) 2 Disk harrow 350 3 300 30 2 MB plough CTI-2 Disk harrow 520 3 300 30

A frame of 600 mm500 mm was fabricated with 50mm50 mm 5 mm mild steel angle for mounting the tillage implements during the experiment.
23

INSTRUMENTATION
The instrumentation for measuring the draft requirements of reference tillage tool, scale-model individual and combination tillage implements in laboratory consisted of an extended octagonal ring transducer and a four-channel thermal write-out chart recorder with universal amplifier.

24

Instrumented three point linkage for measurement of forces indicating positions of strain gages (4) strain gauge positions for axial force; (5) strain gauge positions for bending force; (6) strain gauge positions for top link compressive force.

25

(a) arrangement of strain gauges on lower links; (b) arrangement of dummy gauges on a plate; (c) circuit diagram for axial force measurements in lower links; (d) circuit diagram for bending force measurements in lower links.

26

Force measurement in top link of a tractor three point linkage system: (a) strain gauge arrangement in proving ring (b) circuit diagram for axial force measurement

27

Measurement of draught of tillage implements in the soil bin: (a) strain gauge arrangements in EORT (b) Wheatstone bridge circuit

28

COMPUTATION OF DRAFT
Ht = cos cos + cossin - cos cos Where, Ht = draught, kN; = tensile force in the lower link,kN; = bending force in the lower link, kN; = compressive force in the top link, kN; = is angle of lower link in the horizontal plane; = is angle of lower link in the vertical plane; = angle of top link in the horizontal plane; = angle of top link in the vertical plane.

29

EXPERIMENT LAYOUT
Laboratory experiments: Measure draft requirement:
two combination tillage implements 2. three individual tillage implements 3. reference tillage tool at different depths, speeds, bulk densities and cone indices. .
1.

30

CONTD..
o Soil data were collected using core sampler and handoperated soil cone penetrometer before each tillage experiment. o The implement trolley along with implement was pulled in the soil and the draft data from the calibrated extended octagonal ring transducer were continuously acquired in a four channel thermal write-out chart recorder after amplification. o Simultaneously, the time taken to cover a fixed distance of 10 m was noted.

31

FIELD EXPERIMENTS
Field experiments were carried out with 37 kW 2WD tractor to measure the draft requirements of two developed prototype combination tillage implements.
CTI 1 specifications Width of cut (cm) Depth of operation (cm) Mb plough 2 30 Single disk gang 84 cultivator 9 25 6.5 and 10 CTI 2 Single disk gang 168

14.5 and 18.8

32

CONTD.....
o For hard soil condition: 0.25 ha, land after rainy season was selected. o For soft soil condition: 0.25 ha, land ploughed followed by twice disking and twice cultivating.
Soil condition Hard Soft (g/cm) 1.49 1.19 Moisture content 12.5 11.16 Cone index (kPa) 1433 658

33

CONTD..
o The draft was measured by employing the electrical
strain gauges on the three-point linkage system of the tractor. o The experimental data from the force measuring system were logged with HP data logger. o Simultaneously, the time taken to cover a fixed distance of 50 noted was .

34

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Effect of depth and speed on draft utilization ratio of reference tillage tool:

Both orthogonal and multiple regression analyses were performed using a computer-based software (SPSS) package on the average values of the reference tillage tool (single disk) to determine the speed-depth response curve in the reference soil conditions.

35

REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS OF DRAFT UTILIZATION RATIO FOR SINGLE DISK IN THE

REFERENCE SOIL CONDITION

Regression Orthogonal regression coefficients CTI-1 CTI-2

Regression Multiple regression coefficients CTI-1 CTI-2

0 1
2 3 4 5 R

0.371 -0.019
0.0 -0.009 0.0 0.0 0.947

0.344 -0.021
0.0 -0.011 0.0 0.0 0.982

0 1
2 3 4 5 R

0.478 -0.007
0.0 -0.019 0.0 0.0 0.947

0.468 -0.008
0.0 -0.022 0.0 0.0 0.982

Considering the result of multiple regression analysis, the draft utilization ratio of the reference tillage tool in the reference soil condition can be calculated: = 0 +1 d+3 V

36

EFFECT OF SCALE FACTORS ON DRAFT

UTILIZATION FACTOR

The value of prototype/scale-model implements at any speed, depth and soil conditions could be predicted using

Combination tillage implement CTI-1 CTI-2 0 0

h -0.19 -0.38 0.0 0.0

i 0.897 0.966

Multiple regression constants of draft utilization ratio for single disk-disk gang combination based on the reference soil condition

37

VALIDATION OF THE DEVELOPED

EQUATION
The developed equation predicted the values of the CTI1 and CTI-2 with average absolute variation of 2.2 and 4.3%, respectively, from the observed values.

38

COMPARISON OF OBSERVED AND PREDICTED

VALUES OF DRAFT UTILIZATION FACTOR

39

Effect of depth and speed on draft of combination tillage implements

40

41

From these experimental results, it was found that the draft contribution of the front passive set to the total draft of a combination tillage implement was 7585% and 65 80% for the CTI-1 and CTI-2 combination tillage implement, respectively, and it increased with increase in either bulk density, cone index, depth or speed of operation.

42

VALIDATION OF THE DEVELOPED

DRAFT EQUATION

In laboratory:

developed regression equation predicted the draft of the CTI-1 and CTI-2 combination tillage implement with an average absolute variation of 14.5 and 13.4%, respectively.

43

COMPARISON OF THE OBSERVED AND PREDICTED

DRAFT

44

In field:
The developed regression equation predicted the draft of the C-DH an MBP-DG combination tillage implement with an average absolute variation of 18.0 and 12.8%, respectively.

45

46

CONCLUSION
1. New methodology was developed to estimate the draft requirements of combination tillage implements from the knowledge of the draft requirements of individual tillage implements in the same soil and the draft utilization ratio of the rear passive sets of these combination tillage implements. 2. From the experimental results it was found that the total draft requirements of combination tillage implements and the draft utilization ratio of the rear passive set were significantly affected by depth, speed of operation and soil condition.
47

3. The developed draft equation estimated the draft requirements of both combination tillage implements within an average absolute variation of 18.0 and 13.5%, respectively, in both laboratory and field conditions. Hence, the concept of reference tillage tool and reference soil condition could be used successfully to predict the drafts of various combination tillage implements and draft utilization ratio for rear passive set of the combination tillage implement in field conditions. This concept could save time, energy and cost by reducing the number of field experiments.
48

REFERENCES

Sahu, R.K., Raheman, H., 2004. Possibility of using passivepassive combination tillage implements for Indian farming system. In:Proceedings of International Conference on Emerging Technologies in Agricultural and Food Engineering (Etae-2004), vol. (1), IIT, Kharagpur, 1417 December, pp. 100106. ASAE Standards, 2000a. ASAE D497.4. Agricultural machinery ASAE Standards, 2000b. ASAE S313.3. Soil cone penetrometer. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASAE.

49

50