CHAPTER 5

265

Principles of Convection

Table 5-2 Summary of equations for flow over flat plates. Properties evaluated at Tf = (Tw + T )/2 unless otherwise noted.
Flow regime

Restrictions

Equation

Equation number

Heat transfer
1/2

Laminar, local

Tw = const, Rex < 5 105 ,

0.6 < Pr < 50

Laminar, local

Tw = const, Rex < 5 105 ,

Rex Pr > 100

Laminar, local

qw = const, Rex < 5 105 ,

0.6 < Pr < 50

Laminar, local

qw = const, Rex < 5 105

Laminar, average
Laminar, local

ReL < 5 105 , Tw = const

Tw = const, Rex < 5 105 ,
Pr 1 (liquid metals)

NuL = 2 Nux=L = 0.664 ReL Pr 1/3

Nux = 0.564(Rex Pr)1/2

Laminar, local

Tw = const, starting at
x = x0 , Rex < 5 105 ,
0.6 < Pr < 50
Tw = const, 5 105 < Rex < 107
Tw = const, 107 < Rex < 109
qw = const, 5 105 < Rex < 107
Tw = const, Rex < 107 ,
Recrit = 5 105

Nux = 0.332 Pr 1/3 Rex

Turbulent, local
Turbulent, local
Turbulent, local
Laminar-turbulent,
average
Laminar-turbulent,
average
High-speed flow

Tw = const, Rex < 107 ,

liquids, at T ,
w at Tw
Tw = const,
q = hA(Tw Taw )

Nux = 0.332 Pr 1/3 Rex

(5-44)

1/2
Rex Pr 1/3
Nux = " 0.3387
 #1/4

0.0468 2/3
1+
Pr

1/2

Nux = 0.453 Rex

(5-51)

Pr 1/3

(5-48)

1/2
Rex Pr 1/3
Nux = " 0.4637
 #1/4

0.0207 2/3
1+
Pr

(5-51)

1/2

1/2

i
x
3/4 1/3

1 x0

St x Pr 2/3 = 0.0296 Re0.2

x
St x Pr 2/3 = 0.185(log Rex )2.584
Nux = 1.04 NuxTw=const
St Pr 2/3 = 0.037 Re0.2
871 Re1
L
L
0.8
1/3
NuL = Pr (0.037 ReL 871)


1/4
NuL = 0.036 Pr 0.43 (Re0.8

9200)
w
L
Same as for low-speed flow with
properties evaluated at
T = T + 0.5(Tw T ) + 0.22(Taw T )

(5-46)

(5-43)

(5-81)
(5-82)
(5-87)
(5-84)
(5-85)
(5-86)

(5-124)

r = (Taw T )/(To T )
= recovery factor
= Pr 1/2 (laminar)
= Pr 1/3 (turbulent)
Boundary-layer thickness
Laminar
Turbulent
Turbulent

Rex < 5 105

Rex < 107 ,
= 0 at x = 0
5 105 < Rex < 107 ,
Recrit = 5 105 ,
= lam at Recrit

1/2

x = 5.0 Rex
= 0.381 Re1/5
x
x

(5-21a)
(5-91)

1/5

10,256 Re1
x
x = 0.381 Rex

(5-95)

Friction coefficients
1/2

Laminar, local
Turbulent, local
Turbulent, local

Rex < 5 105

5 105 < Rex < 107
107 < Rex < 109

Cfx = 0.332 Rex

1/5
Cfx = 0.0592 Rex
Cfx = 0.37(log Rex )2.584

Turbulent, average

Recrit < Rex < 109

Cf =

0.455
ReA
L
(log ReL )2.584

A from Table 5-1

(5-54)
(5-77)
(5-78)
(5-79)