METHOD

GASPEY-0TT0-3AUER

ELEMENTARY

SWEDISH
COMBINED

GRAMMAR
WITH

EXERCISES,

READING

LESSONS

AND

CONVERSATIONS

HENRI

FORT.
II

SECOND

EDITION.

LONDON.
DAVID

NDTT,
SAMPSON NEW

57-59

Long Acre, MARSTON LOW,

" PFEIFFER

W.

C.
"

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"

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YORK:

BOSTON:

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"

FLEBBE,
149
a

formerly C. A. KOEHLER
Street.

"

Co.,

Tremont

HEIDELBERG.
aTJ]L.ITJ" OROOS.

i9n.

pr"

sill

nil

The

method
been

of

Gaspey-Oito-Sauer by purchase incessantly

editions,
and
am

is

my

own

private
The text-books

property,
made the

having
after

acquired
method
are
new

from

the

authors. All

this

improved.
the

rights,
for will

especially
all be

right
are

of

making

and

right

of

translation

languages, prosecuted
to

reserved.
to

Imitations law. I

fraudulent for

impressions
communications

according
matters.

thankful

relating

these

Heidelberg.

Julius

Oroos,

Preface.
The Grammar" of the the second has edition of this

"Elementary
alterations have
been

Swedish

undergone
used

many

in the text taken from

exercises, most
class-books chief features

of which in of

best The

Swedish the second

schools. edition consist

ciation adaptationof the phonetical system of the "Assoand the application phonetique internationale" of the new Swedish orthography in accordance with the Royal Circular of the 7tli of April, 1906. and attention have been devoted to Special care of the sounds and to the the phoneticaltranscription of the words accentuation occurringin the text, but it

in the

should treated

be

remembered

here

that

each

word

has

been

would

and accented no tion menindividually accordingly, of the "melodious" accent, which being made be quite out of place in an elementary book of

this kind. The

a

author

great
the

hopes that the improvement over

of and prove Swedish

second the useful

edition, which first, will

to

is

meet

with

favour

all those

who

begin learningthe

language. He has much in thanking Mr. W. Gr. Priest, pleasure of London, who revised the manuscript of the English part, and Miss A. E. Millberg,of Berlin, who had the the Swedish to read great kindness part and helped
him with her valuable advice. 1910.

Cognac, December,

H.

Fort.

ivi249302

IV

Contents.
Page Pronunciation. The

alphabet

1. Lesson.
2. 3. 4.
"

of the letters Vowels Consonants Swedish writing The indefinite article The The definite article definite article independent terminal of substantives.
" " " " " " "

Accentuation Pronunciation

1 2 2 2 8 18 20 22 23
. .

"
" " " " " " " "

Declension
" "

I. declension II. III.

"
. .

5. 6.
7. 8. 9.

"
,
.

26 28 32 35 38 41 46 51 54 59 64

IV. " V. " in the formation of the pluralof Irregularities

" "
"

nouns

10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

15.

The gender of substantives Remarks the nouns. Read. Less. : Fisket i Sverige on The Gustav auxiliaryverbs. Reading Lesson:

Vasas
"
"

ungdom
.
.

The

The hlodhad The III. IV. The The The The

adjective.Reading Lesson: Gruvan Read. Lesson : yiS^ocMoZTTis adjective (contin.).

Read. Less.: verb. I. conjugation.
:
" " " " " "

" " " " "

II.conjugation. ReadingLesson

69 Stockholm 75 /S'^ocA:^oZm (cont.)

.

16. 17. 18.

19. 20.

Kinnekulle

80
.

verbs (contin.). Read. Auxiliary numerals. pronouns.

Slag et vid Poltava 84 Less.: yiS'rm^es/bZA:92

metersgstem
95 101

"
" " " " "

Read. Less.

Svenskt

21.
22. 23.

24. 25. 26.

27.

natur Lesson : J^m^ma 108 deponent verbs. Read. Less. : ^nsfma (cont). 113 117 The impersonalverbs. Read. Less. : Gustav Adolf Lesson: verbs. Gustav Adolf Compound Reading pronouns

Reading Reading (contin.).

Lesson:

Nordens

" "

120 (contin.) Reading Lesson: Gustav Adolf (contin.)123 List of the principal Reading Lesson : prepositions. Adverbs.

Sveriges natur
"

127 Lessoa: 130 Lesson Lesson: 135 139

:

List of the List of the Hemmet The exercises

Sveriges natur
28. 29.
"

Reading conjunctions. principal (contin.) Reading principal interjections.

of
sentences.

132

"

construction

Reading

Hemmet

(contin.)

Reading
Poems

152
I. II.

Appendix Vocabulary:

Swedish-English -Swedish English

157 161 192

Pronunciation,

"
1. The
are

1.

The

Alphabet.
consists
as

Swedish

alphabet
and named

of follow:

29

letters,

which

represented
Name.

Character.

Name.

ah
^

'C
, ^

pay kti
err ess

;^^'
q)
^^-^"^
-

bay
say
-

4-c.
"CJ

Q
R S

(French
-"e^
"

day
_

etc
^

tay
u

'^UL

eff
-

^
(yay). '

U V W X Y z
A

(Swedish
-

u^)
-z^^
"

44^.

?ey ho
e

vay

vay
ex u

-^

^^

yee koh

(French

^)
-

t^nU
4-"^

saytah
awe

ell
emm
enn 0
-.
-.

-a^*^

ai
eu

(in pair)
(French
a,
a

(in
these the

good) ^6^
letters
others
are

6
a, e,

eu*).
6
are

2.

Of and

i, o,

u,

y,

and

vowels

consonants.

a)
b)
c)

",
e,
a,

a,

and
6

are

called
are

hard soft

vowels.

i,
a

a,

and
o

called

vowels.
vowels.

and

are

called
y
are

modified called

d)
^

a,

e,

iy

o,

and

simple
towns

vowels.

occurs

only following
Swedish

in

few

names

of

persons,

and

tries coun-

etc.
2

See

the

chapter.
\

Elementary

Grammar.

\":

'-

."\

'"

Pronunciation.

" 2.
The Swedish

Accentuation.
is

accentuation

represented by
accent accent

the

signs: following

1)

'

which
"

indicates
"

the
"

strong
weak

2) 3) 4)

mid-strong
accent

'
" ' r,

"

"

"

y,

secondary weak

accent.

These

signs,when
a a

placed,
this vowel
that the

a)

b)

after after short.

Ex.:

vowel

indicate that

consonant

is long, preceding vowel is

bath. 1) a) bad [ba'd], all. 1) b) all [al^l 2) a) bada [ba'da% to bathe. all (pi.). 2) b) alia [d'a'], maturity. 3) a) mogenhet [mco'gdnhe't], 3) b) fattig[fafig'], poor. walk. 4) a) promenad [prco'radnatd], to distill. 4) b) destillera [des'tildra],

" 3.

Pronunciation
I.

of the

letters.

Vowels. 1. A.

Swedish

is

pronounced:
"a"

like 1) In long syllables

"o"

in

and "^ttte"
Phonetic

in French

man "father" like Gerin "ame". "a"

Ex.:

a) apa

a. transcription: [a'pa% monkey.

damage. b) sfcada [ska'da'],

well. c) bra [bra.'],

2) In short syllablesit has no equivalentsound in English. It nearly resembles English "u" in "fun"
and corresponds to German in "capital". French "a"
Phonetic
"tt"

in "33lott" and

a. transcription: Ex.: a) alster [al'stdr], product.

package. b) packe [pak'd^],

c) docka
doll. \dok-a%

Pronunciation.

2. Swedish
e

E.

is

pronounced:
"e"

nearly like 1) in long syllables

German "sail", "^" in "bl6".
"ai" in
Phonetic Ex.:

in

and a nd French "fe^(en"

"a"

in

"name"

e. transcription:

oak. a) ek [etk], mistake. b) fel [fell],

: syllables
" carry "parish", ",

2)
"c"

in short
"a"

in "man", in "2Scrf" and French

a) like

German

"al"

in "traltre".

Phonetic Elx.:

ee. transcription:

work, a) verk [vBevtk], sir. b) herr [hBer^^

"e"

like /9) final final

"e"

in

"better",German
words
in the in -e, such
as

in

"@affe"and
in the

in French

"porte" after the

of

used pronunciation

South

France,

syllables
Ex.
:

-er. -el,

a) gosse bird. b) fag el [fotpdl], kloster [klosttdr], c) monastery.

"e"

a. transcription: boy. [^os'a'j,

Phonetic

3) like
other
Ex.

in

"

there

"

and

"2lU

in

"hair"

in

all

cases.

Phonetic
:

e. transcription:

feast. fest [festt], [pen'a^], pen. penna

Except
when it has

in

few

words

such

as

hemma, svedd, ett,

"i" in "middle".

nearly the sharp sound of

3.

I.

Swedish

1) in
Ex.

pronounced : like "ee" long syllables

Phonetic
:

i is

in "meet".

i. transcription:

2)

a) b) piga, ]prga,% maid. bakery. c) hageri, [ba'gdrif], like "i" in "miss". in short syllables
isa
to [i'sa%

ice.

Phonetic Ex.:

: i (as above). transcription

to err. a) irra [ir'a'], b) minska [min'ska% to decrease.

1*

Pronunciation.

4. Swedish
o

0.

is

pronounced:

1) in long syllables: a) nearly like "o" in "go" or "oa" in "gfOat"in a of foreignorigin few words ending in -oh,-of,-ok,-om, such other words -ofiy 'op, -or, -OS, -ovy -logand in some
as:

kol,son,
Ex.:

sova

etc.
Phonetic
o. transcription:

wardrobe. garderob [gar'ddroth], Jilosof[fiVosotf], philosopher. epoch. epok [epotk'l, symbol [symbo'l], symbol. economist. ekonom [ek'onotm]^ polygon [pol'igoin], polygon. microscope. mikroskop [mik'rosko.'p], corridor. korridor [kor'ido!r], metamorphose. metamorfos [me'tamorfots], alcov [alkoiv\ alcove. dialog [di'aloig\ dialogue. coal. kol \kotl]^ son [sotn\son. sova [so'va% to sleep.
"o"
a

like /9) in "door"

Ex.:

in "more",

in

few

words

in "broad5" and before -rl, -rd,-I and

"oa"

"oo"
-v.

o. transcription: murmur, a) sorl [so.'rl], order. b) order [o.'rddr],

Phonetic

y) like
"rule"
in

"o"

in "to

many

lose", "oo" monosyllables at

a

and at the beginning of syllable of its own. a syllable

Phonetic Ex.: ord word. [ojlrd], chair. stol [staj!i\^ rest. ro [roj!], brother. broder [bra"'ddr% unknown. obekant [co'bdkan't],

in "too" in "u" or end of a long the word when forming

co. transcription:

2) in short syllables: a) like "o" in "clock"

Phonetic Ex.: curl, a) lock [loki], ollon b) [ol'on%mast.

in most

cases:

o. transcription:

/9)like "oo" at monosyllables,

in the the plural termination

"book",
end
-or.

"u" a

of

in short

few and in syllables

a

"put" in

Pronunciation.

Phonetic Ex.:

co. transcriptions:

cheese. [ojstt], [rcodt], rowing. receipt. c) kvitto [kvit'a)% vowel. vokal d) [vcokatl], schools. e) skolor [skco'lajr^], dolls. f) dockor [dok-ajT%

a)

ost

b) rodd

5.

U.

Swedish

has

two

different sounds.
has
a

it 1) In long syllables

peculiar to the in English. Swedish language and has no equivalent in "pure" and German It is not unlike French "u" in "fu^ren". This sound is obtained in rounding "u" and the lips as as possible closely nouncing prothe i whilst with drawing tongue and the lower lip backwards.
sound
Ex.:

a)

ur

ui. transcription: [mtr\ watch, clock.

Phonetic

b) gud [gmtd\ god.

c) hus

[hmis\

house.

d)
N.B. sound :
In

tu

e) hjuda

two. [tui^, to invite. (bjiti'da^\,

unaccented

syllables, u,

has

somewhat

more

open

Ex.: a) rubin

salu b) (till)

ruby. [rmbi'n], (for)sale. [saUui],

2)

in short

it has also a sound peculiarto syllables the Swedish language and which is nearly like in "could" or German English "u" in "pat", "ou"
"tt"

in

"ittng".
Phonetic
: u. transcription

Ex.:

a) under

wonder. [untddr],

customer. b) kund [kuntd], stund moment. c) [sfun!d], d) faktum [fak'tum% fact. e) furstinna [fudstin'a% princess. [rum!], room. f) rum

6. Swedish
tj

Y.

has:
close

1)

in
"n"

a long syllables

sound
"tt"

nearly like French

in

in "dune"

or

German

"3tt9el".

Pronunciation.

Phonetic Ex.:

transcription: y.

whirl. a) yra [y'ra''\ b) myra \my'ra% ant. c) hy [hyt\village.

2) in short

sound syllablesan open nearly like in and German French "rustre" "u" "tt" "lustre", in "f(uftern".
Phonetic

transcription: y.

Ex.: a)

ynka [yy'ka^ to pity, sister. b) syster [sys'tdr%

o

7. Swedish and
a

A.

is

pronounced:
"o"

like 1) in lonj? syllables German

"ii"

in "go",

"oa"

in "coat"

in

"BQ^n".
o. transcription:

Phonetic Ex.:

a) dr, [o.V], year. to drive. b) dka [o'ka^], c) pdse [po'sd% bag. to go. d) gd [go!], thread. trdd e) [tro.^d], like syllables in "3Sol!".
Phonetic
o. transcription:

2)

in short
"o"

"o"

in "clock"

and

man Ger-

Ex.:

a) dska b) sdll

[os'ka% thunder.
sieve. [sol!],

measure. c) matt [mot!], d) sdng [soy!], song. e) rdtta [rot'a%rat.

8. Swedish
a

A.

1) in a) before
"parish" but
Ex.:

pronounced: long syllables:

followed by a consonant "d" in longer and German
r

is

like

"a"

in

"9efa^rlid"".

transcription: ", aria [$s'rla% wagtail. iron. jdrn lice!jin], willingly. [jag'jina% gdma
cases

Phonetic

in all other in "hair".

^)

like

"e"

in "there"

or

"ai"

Pronunciation.

Phonetic Ex.:

e. transcription:

a) dga b) dta c) hdra d) Idra e) tra f) Tend

to posess. {e'ga.% ["'ta%to eat. to bear. [he'va'-], to teach. [U'ra^ wood. [trei], knee. \kn"f\^
^

2) in short syllables: r or a) before double

like
"a"

in

"c8p",y"hat" or
Phonetic

followed German "c"

by

consonant

in "2Bcrf".

Ex.:

%. transcription: scar. a) drr [sert\ b) drt \8erit\ pea. mark. c) mdrke [mier'kd'],

d) Idrka [l%rka%
in all other in "liair".

lark.

^)

cases

like

"e"

in "tbere"

or

"ai"

Ex.:

Phonetic transcription: ". a) dpple [ep'h'], apple. horse. b) hdst [hes't] c) Idmpa [l"m'pa% to apply.

'

9.

0.

pronounced: 1) in long syllables: ") before r followed by a

"i" in "bird". It has in "c("ur". "oeu"
Ex.:

Swedish

6* is

consonant

nearly like
of French

also the broad

sound

ce. transcription: eagle. a) om [ceUn], to murder. b) morda [mce'rda'], c) lordag [lceUda(gJ], Saturday.

Phonetic

'^

end

by a vowel /?)before simple r (followed of a word) nearly like "e" in "her".

to German
Ex.:

or

at the
sponds corre-

It

"(i" in ""iitter".

o. transcription: a) for ear. b) ora [o'ra'], c) fora [fd'ra% to lead. butter. d) smor [smo'r],

Phonetic for. [/oVr],

f) in
a

very

"deux"
Ex.:

all other few words German or

cases

and before r in the ending in 6 like French "ii" in ""B^ne". transcription: 0.

run.

pluralof
"eux"

in

Phonetic

a) oga [0'ga,'], eye. b) lopa [l0'pa% to

Pronunciation.

c) hon [h0in\ prayer. d) /^c*{fr0t\ seed. maids. [mo.^r], e) mor

2) in short syllables: a) before r nearly like in "6rter". "o"

Phonetic

"i" in "first"

or

German

Ex.: a) ort

ce. transcription: plant. [ceUt],

b)

torst c) dorr

thirst. [toed,.^st], door. [doer!],

j3)in

all other cases "ii" in "r5ften".

Phonetic Ex.:

like

"e"

in "her"

and

man Ger-

o. transcription:

east. a) ost [ds!t] to vote. b) rosta [ros'ta'], mossa c) [mds'a'], cap.

II.

Consonants.
10. B.

Swedish

b is

pronounced:
"h" in "ball".
b. transcription:
Phonetic

1) like English

Ex.: a) bild [biUd], image. staff. b) stab lsta.^b], kabel cable. [kaibdll c) swift. d) snabb [snabf], e) bubbla [bub'W], bubble.

2)

like English "p" in "pot" before t in the word "snabbt" (neuterof: snabb)and s- sound.
Phonetic

transcription: p.
a

Ex.: snabbt

swift. [snai?'.^], club.

blow with klubbslag [lclup'sla.'g],

11. Swedish
c

c.

is

pronounced :
in
"8ense"

1) like English "8"

e, i and
Ex.: a) ceder b) cirkel

before

the

soft

wels vo-

y.
s. transcription:

Phonetic

cedar. [seiddr], circle. tall hat. c) cylinder[sylin'ddr],

\sir'kdl'-\

Pronunciation.

2) like English

"k"

in "kill". French words such

as

a) before and k. etc.)

Ex.:

(exceptin
Phonetic

"chef":

k. transcription:

Note. words as: kanon

and. a) och [oki], girl. b) jiicka[fiik'a% not. c) icke [ik'd'], d) lycka [lyk-a% luck. In the new orthography

is substituted for

c.

Such

cannon. \kano/-n\ [kDrnpas!], kompass compass.

kurtisera
which
were

to court, [kur*tise.^ra],

etc. etc.

formerlyspeltwith

c,

are

now

with spelt

k.

See page 11.

12. Swedish
d is

D.

pronounced:
"d" in "duck".
d. transcription: bathe.

1) like English
Ex.:

Phonetic

day. a) dag [da'g], to b) bada {ba'da'], l ine. rad [raid], c)

2) like English "t" in "take". a) before s at the genitive case

vowel. before /9)
Ex.:

followed
s.

by

derived

beginning by syllables
t. transcription:

Phonetic

fear of god. a) guds (fruktan) [gut's-], landlord. [gcot's-], b) gods (dgare)

3)

d is not Swedish before j. words

audible

at

the

beginning of
j.

The
Ex.:

combination
Phonetic

dj is sounded

like

j. (See page transcription: a) djup [juiip], deep. animal. b) djur [jyuiir]^ 13. F.

12.)

Swedish

f is pronounced :

"cuif". 1) like English "f" in "frui"", a) at the beginning of words.

/?)before s and t. r) at the end of some

foreignwords.

10

Pronunciation.

Phonetic Ex.
:

transcription: /.

I
a

a) fara [fa'ra% danger.

! b) frag a [froga^]question.
( c) Jikon

[Jl'kon%fig.

a) loft[loftlloft. rake. b) rofsa [rejf^'sa'], air. c) luft [luf't],

a) strof [stro!f], strophe.

b) fotograf [fcof cograif]^ photographer. [fiVDsotf\ philosopher. c) jilosof

2) like English "v" in "voice". words ending a) at the end of words (exceptforeign in -grafj -strof-sofand those ending in -mf). in the middle of words before "s" and "^"). (except /?)
^

Phonetic Ex.:

v. transcription:

Uf[Wvl

life.

letter. bref [bre'v], table. tafla[ta'vla% silver. silfver [sil'vor], After the new / is replaced by orthography

in above

cases.

See page 18. liv in stead of lif brev in stead of bref

tavla in stead of

silver in stead of

tafia, silfver.
14.

G.

Swedish

is

pronounced:
"y"

1) like English a) before the ^) after I and

Ex.:

in "year".
e^

soft vowels:
r

i, i/, a and
root-

o.

in the

same

syllable.

Phonetic

j. transcription:
to

goat. ( a) get [je't],

'

b) giva Wva'],
c)

give.

jest, gyckel[jykidl],

d) gdst [jes't], guest.

e)gora
P \ b)
^

[jor'a% to do.

colour. j a) farg [fier!j], throat. svalg [svaUj], [si

2) like English "g" in "get". a) before the hard vowels a, -o, /9)before e and after i in short syllables.

-u

and a. unaccented

final

Pronunciation.

11

y) before

consonant.

S) at
Ex.:

the

end

of

(except 1, /3). syllable

transcription: g.

Phonetic
(

a) gata [ga'ta% street.

J b) god [gcoid], good.

gud [gmtd]^god. \c) d) gd [got],
to

go.

a) spegel [spe'gdr], looking-glass b) fattig[fat'ig^], poor.

f a) grata
^

[gro'ta%to

r
^ ^

I b) prdgla [pr"'gla% to
low. f a) lag [lo.'gl law. ] b) lag [latg],

weep, coin.

3) like English "k" in "keen". a) before s and t. /9)before the final syllables in
"sera.

-set, -sen

and

Phonetic

k. transcription:

Ex.:

highest, highest. [hdk.'st], )gst [hdk!st], ( a) hogst

~

poorly. b)fattigt[fat'ik% [fat'ikHl

said c) sagt [sakit], bashfulness. a) hlygsel [blyk\sdl], remote. b) avldgsen [a'vhk'sdn],

c) bogsera

to tow. [bok'setra],

4) like English
vowel
and
n.

"ng"

in

"finger" between

short

Phonetic Ex.:

transcription: y.

to rain. a) regna [reyna'], to gladden. b) fdgna [feyna''],

5)

like

English "sh"
Phonetic

in "sbade"

before

-e-

and

-i in

foreignwords.
Ex.:
: /. transcription geni [fenif] genius.

lodging. logi [lofit],

Note.
Ex.: In the combinations
"^j",

the g

is mute.

made. gjort [jojj,!t]^ to found. gjuta [jm'ta''],

15. Swedish
h is

H.

pronounced:
"h"

1) like English

in "hold"

before

vowels.

12

Pronunciation.

Phonetic

h. transcription:

Ex.: hagla

to hail. Uia'gla^], hehag [hdhatgX [hdhat pie

2) before
Ex.:

the

consonants

and

"/i" is

quite mute.

wheel. hjul [juitl]^ help. hjdlp [jeltp\ heart. hjdrta [J8Br'ta% flock. hjord [jojUd]^

16. Swedish

J.

1) like
Ex.
:

j is pronounced: English "y" in ".year".

Phonetic

J. transcription:

a) jord b) Jul [jut1],yule. c) bjuda [bjm'da% to invite. bear, d) bjorii[bjoe'rn], cot. c) koja [koj-a^],
earth. [jcoUd],

2)

in like English "8h" derived from French.

Phonetic

"bush", "shame"

in words

Ex.:

: /. transcription a) projeJd [projfektt]^ project, b) jurnal [furna.'l], journal.

17. Swedish
k is

K.

pronounced:
"k"

1) like English
/?)before
final
the

in "kid".
a, o, u,
e

a) before the hard

vowels soft vowels

and

and a. i in unaccented

syllables.
and after a consonant end of a word or a loan words. b) kopp [kop'], cup.
brood. c) kull [kul'],

f) before d) at the
e) in
Ex.:
some

(exceptj), syllable.

cape. f a) kap [ka'p],

^
r

d) kdl [W'l], cabbage. j a) rike [rrkd% kingdom. tedious. \ b) trdkig [tro'kig^\

formerly beginning with h drop orthography.
this letter before
y,

^ Words after the new

what. [vatd], h]i-ad each. h\varje [i'ar'jd%

li\vem[vemt\ who.

14

Pronunciation.

20. Swedish
n

N.

is

pronounced;
"n"

1) like English
Ex.:

in

"none"

generally.

Phonetic

n. transcription:

a) b) panna c) organ

natur

nature. [natui.'r]^

forehead. [pan'a'J, [orgatn], organ.

2)

like English "ng" in few words loaned from

Phonetic

"sing" before
French.

and

in

transcription; y.

Ex.: a) vink b) linka

beck. [vir)tk\
to limp. [liij'ka^], advertisement. [ano7)ts\

c)

annons

3)

is mute

in the

words:

ndmnt

peacefully. lugnt [luytt], \nemtt\ named.

combination
ng is

The

pronounced: "sing"
a

1)

English "ng" "6ringen". a) After e, i, ?/, a

a,
o

like

in

and

German

"ng"

in

and

whereby

it has

tal pala-

sound.

/?)after
sound.

and

whereby it has
transcription: y.

guttural slightly

Phonetic Ex.:

a) engelsk [ey.'dlsk], p]nglish. none. b) ingen [iy'dn'], c) yngling [yy'Uy'lyouth. steam. d) dnga [oy'a,^], e) cingelhy'dl'], angel.
rank. [ra,y.% g) halkong [bdlkoy:], balcony, h) lunga [luya,% lung.
rang

f)

2) In

the

combination

gn, g is

pronounced:

a) like English "g" in "guest" at the beginning of words: mute as (Itis then never English "g" in "gnaw".)
Phonetic transcription: g.
Ex.:

a) gnat [gnatt^ quarrel. b) gnista [gnis'ta], spark. to rub. c) gno [gn(jjt\ d) gncill[gnelf], whimpering.

Pronunciation.

15

like English /^) words.

"ng"

in

"siiig +

n"

at

the end

of

Phonetic

transcription: 7)71.

Ex.:

a) vagn
,b) ugn

carriage. [vayiri], oven. [ur)tn\

21. Swedish
j9 is

P.

pronounced like English"p" in "peep".

Phonetic

Ex.

transcription: p. pole. a) pol [pojtT\ [loA course. b) lojpjp c) apa [a'pa% monkey.

22. Is

Q.
which it is
now

always pronounced like k by orthography: replacedin the new

(qvist) kvist [kvis.% branch,
etc.

23. Swedish
r

R.

is

pronounced:
"r"

1) nearly

like English be vibrated with the

Phonetic Ex.:
root. a) [rco't],

but it should in "room" tip of the tongue.

r. transcription:

brother. b) [broj'd9r%

2) before
Ex.:

-n,

-d, -s,

-t it

is almost

quite mute.

Phonetic

,i (also:r). transcription:

child. a) ham [hajbtn], learned. b) lard [lsedtd\ first. c) forst [foRdtst],

d) hevars

God [ L^j^^^ [h^va^t|\

forbid!

24. Swedish
s

S.
"seat".

is

pronounced like English "s" in

Phonetic
s. transcription:

Ex.:

moment. a) [stuntd], b) resa \re'sa%to travel. rose. c) ros [ro)is\

stund

16

Pronunciation.

Note.

In words ending in -sion, the combination like English "sli" in "ship". Phonetic
: /. transcription

"si"

is pronounced

Ex.:

a)

mission

mission, {mifcotn],

b) pension
The

[payfojtn], pension.
are stj-

combinations: sch-,sj-,skj-and "8h" in like "sliip". pronounced

Ex.:

also

a) schal [fa.% shawl. sea. b) sjo [/0.I, to shoot. c) skjuta [Jm'ta'], tail. d) stjart [j^d!t], Sk.

The

combination

sk is in
-a

1) like English "sh"

a) before
-e,

pronounced: "ship".
and
-0.

-i,-z/,
Phonetic

: /. transcription

Ex.: a) sken b) skicka

shine. [fe!n],

[fik'a%to send. c) sky \fy!lsky. beard. d) skagg [feg!], skord c) [Jcedkl], crop, harvest.
the words: following
marshal. {7nar'fal'k],
man. [me'nijy],

j3)in

a) marskalk

b) mdnniska c) skarlakan

scarlet. [farlaikan],

2)

like

English "sk"

in "de8k".
and

a) before a consonant. /5)before the hard vowels

a, 0,

a. or

y) after
Ex.:

all vowels
Phonetic

at the end

of words

syllables.

sk. transcription:

")

1b) skog [skoj'.gX wood.

c) skur

to write. a) skriva [skri'va^\ a) skald [skaV.d]^ poet.

shower. \skm:r\^ d) skdjp[skoi-p], cupboard. swift. a) rask [rastk'], fish. b) fisk [fisikl kusk coachman. ci {kustlc], bacon. d) flask Xflisik]^ easter. e) pdsk [postk], In derivatives and in the various inflectionsof words of which ends in "s/L'", these two consonants have root-syllable sound as in the root-syllable before "e" and "i". same

Note.

the the

Pronunciation.

17

Ex.: disk-en ('fromdisk)

the counter. [dis'kdn''^ the bacon. (iiom flask)fles'kd^t], jUask-et bustling. fiaskig ^from fjask) [fJES'kig% fishery. jiskeri ffrom fisk)[Jis'kerif],

The

combination
"8"

sc

is

pronounced:
"8hip" in
words

1) like English
-scens -scent,

in

ending in

and

-scion.
: /. transcription

Phonetic Ex.: a) konvalescent b) konvalescens

convalescent, [kon'valefsnH], convalescence. [kon'valefen's], also be

Note.

pronounced: [kon'valesen^s]. [kon'vales"n.'t]

These words may

2)

like
seen

English "s"
scene. [se'n],

in

"8un"

in the

words following

sceneri scenisk

]s"^ndrif], scenery.
scenic(al). [se!niskj, 25. T.

Swedish

t is

pronounced:
"t"

1) like English
Ex.:

in

"tip" in
thank.

most

words.

Phonetic

t. transcription:

a) tacka [tak'a^to rat. b) rdtta [rot'a^], food. mat [ma-'t], c)

2)

like English "ts" in the vowels a or i.

Phonetic Ex.:

"gets" before

i followed

by

ts. transcription:

share. a) aktie [ak'tsid], initiative. initiativ [in^itsiati^v], b)

The

combination

a) like "8h" in in -Hon preceded by

Ex.: lektion

pronounced: "ship". In foreign words

ti is
a

ending

consonant.
: y*. transcription

Phonetic

lesson. [lekfcotn],

like English /5)

"ch"

in

"

ending in

-tion

preceded by
Phonetic

church " in vowel.

words foreign

tf. transcription:

Ex.: nation

nation. [natfojtn],

The

combination

tj is pronounced like German

c. transcription:

"b^"

in

"3)idb4en".
Phonetic
Grammar.

Elementary Swedish

18

Pronunciation.

26. Swedish
Ex.:
v

V.

is

pronounced like English "v" in ",voice".

v. transcription: \vaytn\, carriage. [ta'vla,\ picture.

Phonetic

a) vagn b) tavla sweet. c) Ijuv [jiiitv], 27.

W. of towns,
as
v

This
persons

in some letter only occurs names and countries. It is pronounced

as

(26 -v)

and

never

English

"w".

28. Swedish
Ex.:
x

X. in "fix".

is

pronounced like English "x"

ks. transcription:
the combination

Phonetic taxera

Note.

In like: kf.

words

to tax. \takseira], in -xion ending

"cci"

is pronounced

Ex.:

reflection. [re'flekfcoin], reflexion

29.
Swedish
Ex.: zink
z

Z.
"8"

is

pronounced like English

Phonetic
s. transcription:

in "sit".

zinc. [siy.'k],

" 4.
and

Swedish

writing.

Swedes of the Latin The make characters use differs little from their handwriting the English Notice the

handwriting.
followingletters
:

"yf

U,J

"^
v_^ Ky

U, i^x^j

(y ^

and

'?"

Preliminaryremarks.
" There
neuter
are

1.

The

genders.

in Swedish three the feminine (han-kon),

genders, viz: the

and (hon-kon),

culine mas-

the

genders. (det-kon)

Pronunciation.

19

Note. difficult sufficient group inflections

one

The for
to

study

of

the

genders
but
neuter
or

in it

Swedish be from

is

an

important
that

and
it is

Englishmen;
the followed

should
nouns

observed the
same

distinguish
which
are

nine masculine-femi-

preceded
same.

by

the

articles,

their

remaining

always

the

"
The

2.

The

numlbers.

Swedish

language
the

has

two

numbers:

the

gular sin-

(ental)

and

plural

(flertal),

"
The
The The article
noun

3.

The

parts in

of

speech.
the

parts
(artikel).
or

of

speech

Swedish
The verb adverb

are

following:

(hdndelseord).

substantive

(ting-

The The

(omstdndighetsord)
.

ord).
The The

preposition conjunction interjection

(forord).
(bindeord). (utropsord).

adjective
pronoun

(egenskapsord)
.

The The

(ersdttningsord).

First Lesson.
The articles.
three

"
the

1.

There

are

in Swedish

articles:

the

definite in-

the article,

terminal

definite article.

article and

independent
I.

definite The

indefinite article.

(Obestamd artikel.)

" 2. The English article

1.
en

indefinite
a

article
and

is
two

equivalent
forms:
and

to

the

or

an

has

which

is used

before

masculine

nine femi-

nouns; 2.
ett which
Ex.:
en

is used

before

neuter
en

nouns.

gosse

barn

(masc), a boy; child. a (neut.),

a Jiicka (fern.), girl;etf

"
verbs
as

3.

Interrogative

sentences

with
"to

the
be"
are

auxiliary'
formed

"hava"^ "to have"

English:
Ex.:
dr

and

"vara"
Is the Have
to

in

fadern godf
de
en

father

good?
father?

hava

fader f
Hava

they
have.

[ha'va%
I have.

Jag

har

[jatghatr\
" "

du har {duit ],thou hast (you have). har lian Vhani ], he has. hon har [hojnt ], she has. det har ^dett ], it has. vii ha'va% we have. vi hava I haven ii ha'vdn% you have. de hava dii ha'va% they have.
" "

Words.

[le'rlan^] the wagtail bird fdgel U'oigdJ] children hamen[ha'JLndn'^] [the]

drlan

stjdrt [fxjitt]
liten mask

tail little
worms

\li'tdn^'\

[masth]

22

Lesson

2.

pencil
I
am

blyertspenna
jag
dr

learned

[hlyeMspen^a] in
our

I go to school

several [ja'ge^r] there are, [vo'r] jag gar iskola[ja.'g sits behind goir i skoj'la^]

vdr

speaks

talar

English
Swedish

each [ta'lar'] engelska [ey^dlska] I see

[lasUd] [if] flere[fle'rd'] det jinns[dett fints] [is] sitter [sitidr] hakom [hakom^ varje [var'jd^] setr]. jag sei^ [jatg
i

lard

svenska

[sven'ska^]
Exercise 2.

Translation
The I
am a

class-room. to

pupil.
he

I go

school.
and

Our

school-master
In
a

is
The

learned
room

man; there

speaks English

Swedish.

class has
I and
see a

teacher
form
a

several maps, a black board, and are sits in a chair behind desk. Each a
a

forms.

pupil
book

and

desk.
a

What

do

you

see

on a

the copy

desks?

penholder,

pencil, an

inkstand,

reading book.

Second
II.
The terminal

Lesson.
definite article.

(Slutartikel.)
article consists of affixed to the end of substantives. English article "the".

"

1.

This

letter or It answers

syllable
to the

"

2. It has

four forms

in the

singularand

in the

viz.: plural,

"
-n or

3.
-en

Singular.
and feminine 5'^ declensions.^
nouns

for the masculine of the I'S 2"^^, 3'*^and

Ex.
:

the boy ; flickan,the hagaren, the baker. gossen,

girl ; nyheten, the

news

't

or

-et for the

neuter
the

nouns
^

belongingto
the

the

3'"'^,

4^^'and
Ex.:

5*^ declensions.

myteriet,
the table.

sedition; spdnnet,
Plural, substantives
^

buckle; hordef,

"
-we

4.

for the masculine 5*^ declensions.

Ex.:
^

and of the 2'''^

bakers.

gossarne,

the

boys; hagai^ne,the

See

lesson 3 and

the

following (4,5, 6 and 7).

The

article.

23

-na

of each for the substantives gender 3^*^ declensions.^ 2^*^ and the to P%
Ex.
:

belonging

the boys; or gossarna, flickorna,the girls ; gossarne seditions. the the nyheterna, news; myterierna,

-a

for the
Ex.:

neuter

nouns

of the

4^^ declension.

spcinnena, the buckles. neuter

nouns

-en

for the
Ex.:

of the

5^^ declension.

hamen, The

the children; borden, the tables.

III.

independent definite
(Fristaende artikel).

article.

" 5. The study of the independent definite article being connected with that of the qualifying adjective,
it will be treated
in lesson
"Vara

12.

jag
hon

dr

du dr han dr
dr

[ja!get [diai
"
_

^an'

"

[hojni
"

] ]

I am thou art he is she is

to be. [va'ra^] det dr [dett it is J vi dro [vit troj'"']we are I dren ]iis'rdn'] you are de dro [dete'rco^] they are.
"

Words. stort [stcotdt] great fertile fruktbart[fruk'tbauH] vdrt [votjbt] our of av [atv\ sedan since sdndebud (neut.) messenger(s), [sedan] [sen'ddbia^d] ambassador(s) storsta [stoRJitsta] greatest bodde folket(neut.) [foU-people [bojd'd'] dwelt hette [het'd^] was kdt] called, Russia whose name Ryssland (neut.) kommo came [rys'lan^d[\ [kom'oj''] [was sade land (neut.) [sa'dd''] said \lantd] country order no ordning [o'ddni'^'^] ingen [%*a?i'] kom come \komi] ^dr [heir] army Tidrska [hsev'ska''] rule the Baltic Sea Ostersjon [os'tdr-

pd

talet [po' in the ninth taildt] century I 8ver(i)ge [ii in Sweden svsmrtjd] chieftain hovding [he'vdiy'] 800 800

fo'n]
pd andra
sidan
on

assembled, samlade[sam'ladd'']
the other

[potan'dra' si'dan']side rike (neut.) kingdom [ri'kd']

borders, grdnserlgrentsdr]
i vdrlden vssU[it bounds in the world

mustered, gathered
sailed seglade [se'gladd^] founded grundlade

[grun'dladd'']
extended vidgade [vid'gadd'] vdxte ut

ddn]
grannland (neut.) neighbouring

[vek'std'' grew
came

to, be-

mtt]
till honom

[gran'lan^d] country mdktig [inek'tig^] powerful

^

[til!to
^

him

hon'om^]
and

See

lesson 3 and the

following (4,5, 6

7).

dtta hundra.

24

Lesson

2.

from frdn [frohi\ over us over OSS osf\ [oivdr therefore ddrfbr [dser^foer] hdr [h%tror heii^ here

did gjorde [jco'jdd'] en datg\ one day ^a^ [e.'n kdnna [vi] [we] know [c"n'a!'\ then. c?" [dot]
'

Reading
Pa 800

Exercise

3.

Rurik.

hette ket
men over

Rurik.
det

talet bodde Till honom

Sverige
kommo

en

maktig hovding, som

dag sandebud
ar

en

fran

fol-

Ryssland och sade:

finns Da

"Vart
Rurik
pa andra viixte

land

stort darfor

och

fruktbart,
harska

ingen

ordning dar.
en

Kom stor

och

OSS.'*

samlade och
kanna

har,
ett

Ostersjonoch
vidgade
varlden.

grundlade
granser

sidan
ut det

seglade over sedan rike, som

av

sina
Det

till ett
ar

de

storsta

riket

vi

alia,

vart

grannland:

Ryssland.
Conversation. Vem Vad
Vem Vad Vad

bodde hette
kom

denne

Sverige pa 800 talet? (this)maktige hovding?

fran folket i

till honom? sandebuden da?

is the
name

sade
heter

Ryssland?
rike,
som

gjorde Rurik
(what

Vad

of) det

han

grundlade?
Words.
man [the]

mdnniskan

\men'i-

the back the the the the the the

arms

ryggen

rygidn] eivdm] [I [mun.'dn] [hotrdt] \ma'gdn^] [si'dcom a*] [avmar^]

M
being
the human

body
the head the the the the the the the the trunk face

vdsen [vetsdn] (neut.) Tnd'nniskokroppen [men'ifcokrop ^dn\ huvudet [hia'vud'9t] hdlen [bo!hn]

heart liver mouth hair stomach sides

hjdrtot.Jsed'tat']
levern
munnen

hdret
mag
annar en

sidoma ben

ansiktet
ogonen
oronen

[an'sikHat]leg,legs
pan'an']
fingers

[betri]

forehead pannan
eyes
ears

fingrar [fivgrar']
nagel
ledema

cheeks
nose

nail the limbs the chin kindema [gin'ddr713*] very, much reasonable ndsan [ne'san^]

p'gondn^]

[naigdt]

[o'ronan'J

[te'dama^]
\ha'kan']

hakan

mgcket [mgk'dt^] fomuftigf [fcer-

lips

Idppaima

the beard the neck the teeth the tongue the breast

[lep'arconsists of na'] belong to skdgget U'egtdt]

nufitikt]
bestdr
tillhor
a av

[bdstoir]

halsen
tdndema

[haUsdn]
[ten'ddr-

we

hear

two

o'ra] [til'h vi hora [vit ho'ra'] tvd [t}:oi]

na*]
tungan
brostet

three four [tuy'an^] [brds.'tat]five

tre

fyra [fy'ra'']

[trei'^

fefin [/f???.*].

Declension

of Substantives,

25

Translation

Exercise
Man.

4.

Man of the of the

is head

reasonable trunk
the

being.
and the the

The

human The the

body consists
different parts

head, the
are:

limbs.

the ears, forehead, face, eyes, the chin, the mouth, the teeth, the lips, the cheeks, the nose, in neck. The tongue and the teeth are and the beard the the ribs the back and the stomach mouth. The the heart, heart is in the breast. The the trunk. to (revhenen) belong The four

lungs
limbs: hand

and two

the
arms

liver and

are

also

in the
We

breast. have two

a

man

has and

two

legs.
Each

hands

each

has

five

fingers.

finger has

nail.

Third Lesson.
Declension of substantives.
declensions

" 1. The Swedish language has five varied by four cases: which are (bdjningar)
1. the
or

nominative
what?

answering

to the

questions: who?

2.

the
or

genitive answering
of which ?

to the

questions: whose?
whom to the

3. the
or

dative
to what?

answering
or

to the

questions:to
answering

4. the

accusative

case objective or

questions: whom?
Formation

what?

of the

genitive.

" 2. The genitive is formed in the singularand the pluralby adding s to the nominative.
Ex. Note the Ex.
:

faders, fathers ; skolors, of

1. When
is added
to

schools. the

noun

s
:

the terminal definite article is affixed to the article and not to the noun.

gossens,

the

boy's ; skolornas,

of the schools.

the substantive is preceded by the indefinite Note 2. When is formed by adding s to the substantive and article the genitive case remains unchanged, not to the article which Ex.:
en

blommas,

of

flower;ett barns,

child's.

Note 3. Nouns ending in s, x and z take no s in the genitive of the indefinite form,that is when preceded by the indefinite article. is replaced The s of the genitive by an apostropheor the substantive is left unaltered.

2Q

Lesson

Ex.
Note

en

jprins

or

en

castle. a prince's prins slott,

4. Whilst the genitive is used in Englishwith nouns case and animate sometimes with nouns time and denoting objects denoting Swedish used with all of in dicate sorts space, it is nouns, whether they inanimate or inanimate objects.

I.

First

Declension.

"
nouns

3.

The
-a.

first declension

comprises all
to belonging

feminine

in

"

The 4. is formed
Ex.
:

plural of nouns by changing

this declension

-a

into

-or.

flicka, girl girls. ; flickor,

terminal definite article is in the plural.
-n

"

5. The and -na

6.

in the singular

"
N.

Example.
Definite Form.

Indefinite Form.

Singular..
en en en

G.
D. A.

blomma, blommas, blomma,

blomma,

flower of a flower to a flower

a a

N. D. A.

blomman, blomman, blomman,

G. blommans,

en

flower

the flower of the flower to the flower the flower.

Plural. N. blommor,
G. D. A.

blommors, blommor, to flowers

blommor,
flowers

flowers. of flowers

N.
G.

blommoma,
blommornas,

D. A.
Haya.

blommoma, blommoi^na,
det

the flowers of the flowers to the flowers the flowers.

I had or [ha'dd^], Jag hade [ha'dd'] du

hade,

han hon

thou hadst hade, he had hade, she had

had had I haden, you had de hade, they had.

hade, it
we

VI

hade,

Words.

sjdar

[fo'ar^]

lakes

mdngd

Vdnern Malar en Vattem

fatten

[me'O-d] quantity remarkable mdrkvdrdigf [maer'kvse'rdikt] most remarmdrkvdrdigaste

kable [mderkvcx'rdigastd]

islands isles, [0'ar'] water (neut.) [vatidn] bottom bottnen [bottndn'] rorelse [ro'rdlsd^j vement motion, mooar

klart

\kla:.it\ djup \jmtp] imt [leti]

clear

deep easily svdr sjo [svo!rfo!] rough sea

tillflode tributary [til'Jio'dd]

stream

[o'ar'] [leniddr] pa jorden [pot jo/dddn^]

lander

dar

rivers countries earth on

so little ever ganska litet [gan'ska' li'tdt'] thousand tusen [tmtsdn] some ndgra hio'gra'''] ger storre [stcerta] greater, lar-

smd'rre

[smoer.'d]smaller

Declension

of substantives.

27

[retf] otalig [oj'ta^lig^ smd [smof]

rati

sjorikaste [fo'rVmanga
man

kasta] [moy'a^]
sdger
att
i

1 [mant setgdr ati[

scittes

hldser

[set'ds'''] [hlo'sar'']

Reading Exercisers.
Syeriges Sjoar.
Vanern
ar

Sverigesstorsta
oar;
av vara man man

sjo.

Malaren

ar

markvardig

for

sina

manga
ar en

Vattern vatten och

ar

att de aro flera an tusen. sager allra markvardigaste sjoar. Dess kan
se

sa

klart. att
sa

bottnen
kan

pa ga

25

meters

det

sattes

latt i rorelse

att det

svar

djup sjo,aven
en smarre sa

da
stor
aar.

det blaser

sjo ej
Den

har

ganska litet. Markvardigt ar endast nagot storre tillflode,

en

ocksa

att fa

har

ratt

stor

Visingo.Utom
; det
ar

nagra de stora
av

sjoarna

har

lander

Sverige en otaligmangd pa jorden.

Vilken Vilka
Ar Ar Har
ar aro

sma

ett

de

sjorikaste

Conversation.

Malaren denna kallas

Sverigesstorsta Sverigesstorsta markvardig?

vatten klart?

sjo?

sjoar?

Vatterns

sjo nagra
den
storsta

tillfloden?
on

Vad
Ar

i Vattern?

land? Sverige ett sjorikt

Words.

senses

sinnen

[si'ndn']

body

the air the]sight synen [sy^ndn^] the]hearing horseln [h(Er!s9ln] fingers the blind lukten [luk'tdn^] the]smell

the]taste smaken[sma'kdn^] sharp the]feeling kdnseln [gen.'sdln] the organ of luktorganet[lukt- hoarse smell deaf orga^n] the hands hdnderna [hen'- loud ddma'] the noise of yhullret \ [huV.r9t] [the] kdnselorgan [gsn' organs deaf touch the and de dovstumma sdlorga'n] [det dumb [the] d0v'stum''a] organs oihorselorgan [hcer could kunde hearing sdhrga^n] [kun'dd''] be considered hetraktas [the] speech talet [tatldt] [hatraktsinne [si'nd^] sense tas] vi se [vit we se [orga.'n] se'] organs organ
-

kropp [krop!] luften {luf'tdn''] fingrar [jiyrar''] hlinda de [dei hlinida] skarp [skartp] hes [he.'s] dov [doiv] hogt [hokit] ilarmet i [lar.'mdt]

tjugu fern.

Translation
The We have five
senses: nose

Exercise
senses.

6.

Ave

sight,hearing, smell,
is the
ears a

taste The of

and

(touch). feeling
are

The

organ
are

of smell.

hands

the

Speech
smell,
I
am

of touch. The organs could be considered as taste and I

the organs
sense.

hearing.
hear,

sixth various

We of

see,
our

feel with
can

the

organs

body.
very

hoarse,
the
and

sharp feeling. Why

I hear

scarcely speak. The blind do you speak so loud? I am

We feel

have not
not

deaf,
see

noise.
dumb

the

air

but

v^e

do
and

it.

The

deaf

speak with

their hands

fingers.

Fourth
II. Second

Lesson.
Declension.
declension

"

1.

To

the second
nouns

belong:

in -e\ in -dom, -ijigy and feminine nouns 2. the masculine -ling -ning,-nung and -el,-en, -er, when these three terminations are unaccented;
1. the
J

masculine

3.

great
a

number

of

monosyllabic
such
as:

nouns

ending

in

consonant,

gdrd, yard; Grud, God; disk, counter; fisk,fish;gren, branch;hamn, port etc.

"
form

2.

The

substantives

belongingto
-ar

their
Note 1.

plural by adding
Nouns

to

the
before

this declension nominative. adding

Ex. :

yngling,youth; ynglingar^ youths.

ending in
in
-en -el, -e

Ex.: gosse,
Note 2. Ex.
:

boy; gossar,

drop it boys.
-er

ar.

Nouns

and

also

drop their

-e.

fdgel, bu-d ; fdglar

seger,

; vagn,

carriage ;

victory; segrar,

vagnar, victories.
or

riages; car-

terminal and -wa in the singular

"

3.

The

or

definite article is -n in the plural. -ne

-en

Reading
Lapparna
och leva
an en aro

Exercise

7.

Lapparna. smavaxta,
sommaren

med
ga

har svart, stripigt

och

Om ansiktsfarg. kolt hava

av av

de

kladda

i korta

gulaktig byxor

huvudet
mest

vintern i en renskinnspals vadmal, om ; pa De idka intet akerbruk utan de en toppmossa.

boskapskotsel
bostadter halla
deras

men

hava

ingen
De

renar.

Fasta

hava

de

icke utan

boskap fran trakt flytta

annan aro

till trakt,dar

Om

sommaren

renhjordarhava bete. de sig i fjallen.

Conversation.

nomader.

Vad

vet

Ni
ga

om

(What
de
kladda

do
om

Hurudant Om
Vad

know you sommaren?

about) Lapparna?

vintern? hava de de leva kallas de

pa

huvudet?

Idka
Varav

akerbruk? de?
ett

(What
bostader?

do

they

live

on?)
trakt till trakt?

Hava Vad Var

fasta

folk, som

fran flyttar
sommaren?

uppehalla de sig om
Words.

parents
teacher grammarschool modern lanFrance

guages

fordldrar [foerd'- Germany drar] Idrare [Ze'rara'] Sweden gymnasium [jym- mother na'sium^] piano moderna brother sprdk Uncodce'rna'' sproik] sister Prankrike [frayk- sisters uncle rVkd]

\tys'kTyskland lan^d] Sverige [sv("r'J9] moder [moj'ddr^] [piatnco] piano

broder

[brorddr']
[oyikdl]

syster [sys'tdr^] systrar [sys'trar^]

onkel

Declension

of substantives.

31

aunt

j faster [fasitdr]
I moster kusiner
holi-

spent
several years

tillhragte

{til'

cousins
easter

days garden grand ^

[mcos^tdr] [kmsiindr] pdskferier [pos'kfe'ridr] trddgdrd [tre'goUd]

-,

plays sings they go

to
me

brak^td] j^ere dr [fie're'' otr] spelar [spe/lar^]

sjunger [fuy'dr'] de gd [di!go'] goda mot mig [gorda' mojtt mi'g]

kind fatherZ-^^-^r'!/*^^-^?;^ \morfar''[m(or:far]

mo-

grand
ther

stannar [stan'ar'] [far'mojr] stays till komma to skola will come \mormor^[ma"rima"r] k om-'a' stories us oss [skorla" [sa'gojr^] sagor kakof cakes tilf] [ka'kcor'] enjoy myself roa mig [rwa' mi!g] isonson [son'son^] grand \dotterson [dot'dr- we shall play vi skola leka [z;z? skoj'la le'ka^] 8071'] to tell berdtta [bdrd'a] dottev [sow (Son baka to bake \ dot'er] [ba'ka'] grand dlska [el'ska'] daughter \dotterdotter [dot'dv- like ^ min [mi'n] dot'ar] my mina French [mi'na'] franska [fran'ska^] my (pi.) vid liv still alive i livet, dnnu German tyska [tys'ka^'] litvdt it vitd Swedish svenska \svEn'ska^'\ [snui'' teaches i Wv] Idr, under vis ar un'ddrvi^[forbeautifully \l"tr fdrtrdffligt treffliktj. sar if\ talar [ta'lar'] speaks

jf armor

Translation
The

Exercise
Family.

8.

My
our

parents

are

still alive.
He and

My

father modern

is

teacher

in
he

grammar

school. German in France,

teaches Swedish

languages;
He

speaks French,
several

years
on

plays
and

the

piano

and

Germany sings beautifully.

well. very Sweden. and

I have

spent
mother brother

My
a

sisters; they go to school. I love my parents with kind to all my heart (av alt mitt hjdrta), for they are very she is me. to-day, because My little sister stays at home to-morrow ill; I hope she will be better My (i morgan).
two Uncle and aunt

will

come

to

us

at

Easter.

shall

enjoy

during the easter holidays. We myself my shall grandfather's garden. Our grandfather will play in my tell us nice stories and our grandmother will bake good cakes for us. Their grandsons and granddaughters like them very
with cousins much.

by the father's side.

by the mother's

side.

32

Fifth Lesson.
^

III.

Third

Declension. contains:

"

1.

This

declension
n

1. the masculine

o u n s

ending in -ac?, -nad^ -skap ending in

-an,

and
2.

-ndr ;
nouns

the feminine

-d, -t, -sfj

-and and -het, -else,

-ang ;

3; the masculine
-en

and

-ion -ik^ 4. the

ending in -at, -ant^ -ass, -is and- the feminine nouns ending in and -ur, which from a foreignlanguage come
nouns

and
neuter
are

have
nouns

the

accent

on

the

last
-eum

syllable;
and
-ium

which from

end

in

and
5. the 6.
a

derived

Latin;
nouns

polysyllabic
gender and

neuter

in

-eri;

great number

each
as:

of of monosyllabic nouns with various terminations, such

salt lady; salt (neut.), (fem.), etc.

dam prdst (masc), priest;

"
"er

2.

The

substantives

of the third declension

take

in the

plural.
mdnad,

Ex.:

Note

1.
Ex.:

The

ment, month; mdnader, months; r or else,moveprinting-offic motion; rorelser, movements; tryckeri, printing-offices. tryckerier, words in -else drop the final-ebefore taking the

ending. plural
Note
a

2.

hdndelse, event (occurrence); hdndelser,events. The nouns ending in -and and -dug change a

and

into

a.

Ex.:

tand, tooth;tdnder,teeth;tang, pincers;tdnger,pincers,

tongs etc,
3.

-um

Nouns, before taking the

Note

ending

and in -eum termination. plural museum,

-ium

drop

the

syllable

Ex.: museum,

museer. plur.:

article of the terminal definite The third declension has four different forms in the singular viz: and in the plural,

"

3.

a) in
1.
2.
-n
-en

the

singular:
substantives

for the feminine

ending

and feminine for the masculine ending in a consonant;

in -e; tives substan-

Declension

of substantives.

33

3. -et for the neuter

substantives;

b)
-na

in the
for

plural: each gender.

drop
the
-um. syllable

Note.
before

Neuter nouns in -eum and -mm definite terminal article. the adding Ex.: museet, the
museum.

"4.
I. Indefinite Form.

Examples.
Feminine and Masculine Nouns. Definite Form.

Singular.
N. G. D. A.
en en

konstndr,

an

konstndrs, (an artist's)

artist of an artist
an

N. G. D. A.

konstndren, the artist konstndrens, of the (theartist's)

artist

en en

konstndr,to
konstndr, an

artist artist

konstndren, to the artist the artist. konstiidren,

Plural. N.
G. D. A.

konstndrer,artists
konstndrers, konstndrer, konstndrer,
of artists
to artists

N. konstndrerna, the artists G. konstndr ernas, of the artists

(theartists')
artists. II. Indefinite Form. Neuter D. A.

konstndrerna, to the artists konstndrerna, the artists.

Nouns.

Definite Form.

Singular.
N. ett G. ett D. ett A. ett

spinneri,a spinning-mill spinneris, of a spinningmill

N. G.

spinneriet,the spinning-mill of the spinningspinneriets,

mill the

spinneri, to
mill

spinning- D. spinneriet,to
mill

spinning-

the spinning-mill. A. spinneriet, spinneri,a spinning-mill.

Plural.
N. G. D. A.

spinnerier,spinning-mills

N.

spinneriema,
mills.

the

spinningning-mills spinning-mills spin-

of spinning-mills G. spinneriemas, spinneriers,

of the
to

spinnerier, to spinning-mills D. spinneriema, spinnerier^spinning-mills.

A.

the

spinneriema,
mills.

the

spinning-

34

Lesson

5.

the fire place eldstaden[el'dsta'ddn] sovplatser [so'vsleeping places plat^Sdr] food foda [fo'da'] kldder VkUiddv^ clothes beasts of burden dragareldra'gard'] the movings flyttningama Iflyt'niyama,'] saker [sa'kdr] things ackja [ak'ja'] ackja (a kind of boat bat [bo.'t] medar runners ime'dar^] keel kol [go.'l] rein torn [tomf] when it begins da det b or jar [do.^ dett b (Br' jar'] bli[va] [bli'va^] to become
om

skrapa upp [skra'scrape up pa' up'] dwell bo [bcj'] dessa dro these are [des'a' "'rco'] throughwhich varigenom [va'rije'nom] m't] goes out gar ut [go.'r
tjdna [ge'na']
bredas pa
serve are spread out [bre'das'] [pot on the floor madtkdn] skaffa[skaf'a'] procure not only blotf] ej blott [eji bdra bear [be'ra'] are spdnnas [spen'as'] put to looks like ut [setr ser m!t] bred [bretd] broad Idngs [l"7j.'s] along holds [rym.'dr] rymmer ndtt ochjdmt [net' just ok.'j"m.'t] driver dkande [okan'dd'] drives kor [Qd:r] kallt [kalit] cold.

marken

sledge)

hosten

[om!

in autumn down

hos'tdn] flyttaner [ne'r] to move leva av [leva' a'v] live on out of ur [iii'r]

Eeading
Lapparua
Da
dar med
ay

Exercise

9.

(continued).

det

borjarbli kallt
renarna

om

(where)
vadmal

leva

av

sina klovar.
med

Lappama
hal

de ner i skogarna, hosten,flytta de renlav, som skrapa upp ur snon bo i kator. Dessa ett slags talt aro

i taket,

varigenom

roken

fran

eldstaden marken.
aro aven

gar ut ; till sovplatser tjanarenskinn, som Renarna skaffa lappen ej blott foda och
bans

pa klader, de

bredas

dragare,

som

vid de
for
ar

vintern
ut
som

spannas liten en
rymmer

ett

flyttningamabara bans slags slade, ackja.

utan

saker.
Denne kol

Om
ser

bat,
en

medar
en

med

en

bred

langs
kor

mitten och
renen

natt och tom.

jamt

(one) akande, vilken

med

endast

Conversation. Vart Varav

flytta lapparna om
leva
renarna?

hosten? renlav
snon?

(pa vad satt)skrapa de upp Vari bo lapparna? Beskriv (Describe)lappamas bostader?

Vartill
Vad

Huruledes

ur

tjana renarna?
lappamas
siadar?
ut?
en

kallas
ser

Hum

ackja

Declension

of substantives.

35

Words.
water dwellingpla- he7nvist[he7n'vis^t]
ces

lilies

ndckrosor

{nek'-

in the

lanicountrypa landet [poi

cowslips

ddt]
in town
summer

house

i staden[i' sta'ddn] roses sommarbostad[sD- dew-drops m'arbo/stad]

rcL"''sojr\ gullvivor [gul'vi'vcor] rosor [rco'sojr]

daggdroppar tulpaner

hill

kulle [kul'd']

tulips
we

park
orchard fruittrees

park [par!k] frukttrddgdrd [fruktre^godd] frukttrdd [fruk'-

reside, (dwell)

[dag'drop'ar] [tulpatndr] vi bo [vi' bco^]

1 like
it stands

tre'\ cherry-treeskorshdrtrdd

[Qce,r'sh"^rtr"\ in the middle apple-treesdppeltrdd [ep'dl- shady

tre'\
pear-trees
flower basin

plentyof
in front of

pdrontrdd[pe'rontre']

jag dlskar (tycker eV'skar'-] om)[ja'g det star [deit sto^r] mitt i [mitt it} skuggig [skug'ig'] [moy'a'] manga [framtframfor

for]
among

garden hlomstertrddgdrd

gold fishes
violets

swim [blojm'stdrtre^gdrd] beautiful bassdng [bas"7j'] guldfiskar[gul'd' other Jis'kar] many violer [vico.'ldr]

[sim'a^] skon,fager [jo.'n,

faigdr]
manga

ibland simma

[iblantd]

andra

[moy^a' an'dra'].
10.
reside
our

Translation
The We

Exercise
house.

have two dwelling places. In in the (dwell) country and in winter in

summer-house very
a

summer

we

town.

I like

much.

middle orchard
and there

of

shady park. with plenty of

In oval

small It stands hill in the a on the house Behind there is a large fruittrees: cherry-trees, apple-trees

pear-trees.
is
an

water-lilies. In

cowslips,roses,
flowers.

garden in front of the house gold fishes swim among many flower garden we have plenty of violets, our and other beautiful dew-drops, tulips many

the flower basin in which

Sixth Lesson.
IV. Fourth Declension. contains:
in -e;

"

1.

This

declension
nouns nouns

1. all neuter 2. all neuter

the (most monosyllables)

a

root

of which
Ex.:

ends

in

vowel.

knd, knee; kndn, knees.

3*

36

Lesson

6.

"

2.

declension
Ex.:

The substantives belonging to form their plural in -n.

spcinne, buckle;spdnnen,
buckles.

the

fourth

"

3.

The

terminal

definite

article is:

1. -t in the singfular. Ex.: spdnnet, the buckle. 2.

-a

in the
Ex.:

plural.
the buckles.

spdnnena,

"

4.

Example.
Definite Form.

Indefinite Form.

Singular.
N. G. J), A. ett ett ett ett

rike,a kingdom rikes, of a kingdom rike,to a kingdom rike, a kingdom.

N. G. D. A.

riket,the kingdom rikets,of the kingdom

to riket,

the

kingdom

riket,the kingdom.

Plural.
N. G. D. A.

riken, kingdoms rikens, of kingdoms riken, to kingdoms riken, kingdoms.

Words.

N. G. D. A.

rikena, the kingdoms

rikenas, of the kingdoms rikena, to the kingdoms jHkena, the kingdoms.

Germany Tyskland [tys'klan'd] of Europe Europas [mo'rcopas^] fastland [fas't-continent lan^d]

of science men vetenskapsman [ve'tdnskapsme^n\ artists konstndrej^lkon'st-

nerdr^]

[si'dan'] the sea [ha.^v] the Nordsjon [nco'rdsidan hav

side North

Sea

fo'n]
sluttningarna
the

slopes

[slut'niyama^] rivers Jioder [Jioj'ddr] banks strdnder [stren.'ddr] skonhet {J'enihet] beauty [tys'-the Germans tyskama karna'] population folkmdngd [fol'kmey'd] millions miljoner[miVjojiridr] science vetenskap[ve'tdnska'-p]
konst lkon!st] art the world vdrlden [vae'jddn^] schools skolor {skoylcjr^]

intager [in'ta''gdr\ occupies

\endas''t] only [nor'a^] north borders upon grdnsar till[gren'sar^] sluttar [slut'ar'] slopes Idngsamt [lon^g-slowly sam't] mot, emot [moj.% towards emco.'t] utfor [uittfor'] down flow rinna frm'a'] Idrde [Ix'rdd'^] learned [men] flow flyta[flyta'l beromda [bdrom'-renowned da'] stolta over [stol'ta' proud of oivdr] vacker \vak.'dr] beautiful uppgdr till [up'- comes up to gor' til!] stand std [sto!] [hok!t][on a] high hogt (adv.) [level] samt [sairu't]
endast
norra

38

Lesson

7.

On
rooms.

the

first and Our house

second has

floor also
a

there

are

six
two

beautiful attics. Out

flows

bed at
a

loft and that

the

windows
It

verdant

can see Rhine, you valley. I should like to dwell is so pleasant to breathe the

the

slowly always in the

and
we

in
try. counning. mor-

fresh

air in the

The
move

holidayswill be
again.

over

in three weeks

shall

to

town

Seventh Lesson.
V. Fifth

Declension.
includes:

"

1.

The

fifth declension
nouns

a) all
2. in

masculine

1. in -are;

-ande;
the
names

b)

of

peoples
nouns

and

the in

foreign
a

(loan)

substantives

in -er;
neuter
:

c) all
Except
from Latin

ending

consonant.

derived and 4um the neuter in -eum nouns which belong to the third declension.
of the fifth declension
main re-

"

substantives in the unchanged

2.

The

plural.
definite

Ex.:

barn,

child and

children.

The terminal declensions is:

3.

"

article

for this

a)
1.
-n

for masculine in the

Ex.:

nouns

singular.
the baker.

hagaren,

2.

-ne

in the
Ex.:

plural.
the bakers.

bagarne,

Note. The substantives definite terminal article.

ending in

-e

drop

it before

adding the

b)

for neuter

nouns

1. -et in the
Ex.:

singular.
the child.

bordet, the table; barnet,

2.

-en

in the
Ex.:

plural.
the tables:

borden,

barnen,

the children.

Declension

of substantives.

39

"4.
I. Indefinite Form.

Examples.
Masculine Nouns. Definite Form.

Singular.
N. G. D. A.
en

en

en en

Idrare, a teacher IdrareSy of a teacher teacher's) Idrare, to a teacher Idrare, a teacher.

(a

N. G. D. A.

Idraren, the teacher

Idrarens, of the teacher (the teacher's) Idraren, to the teacher Idraren, the teacher. Idrarne, the teachers Idrames, of the teachers (the teachers') Idrarne, to the teachers Idrarne, the teachers.
Definite Form.

Plural.
N. G. D. A.

Idrare, teachers Idrares, of teachers Idrare, to

Idrare, teachers

N. G. D. A. II. Neuter

teachers.

Nouns.

Indefinite Form.

Singular.
N. ett G. ett D. ett A. ett

hord, a table hords, of a table hord, to a table

hord, a

table.

N. G. D. A. Plural.

hordet, the table hordets, of the table hordet, to the table hordet, the table.
h or den, the tables hordens, of the tables h or den, to the tables

N. G. D.

hord, tables hords, of tables hord, to tables

N. G. D. A.

A. hord, tables.

horden,

the tables.

Words.
the mountains fjdllen [fjel'dn''] drifts driver [dri'vcor'] the year dret [o.'rdt] cover tdcke [tek'd'] [coat] the top toppen [tDp!dn] limit of the [sno'snogrdnsen

gren'sdn]
dalar

snows

\da'lar''^vales depressions fordjupningar [fcerjm'pni7)ar''] the steeps hranterna [hran'tdma^] tryoket[tryktdt]the pressure
hopade
snomassor

heaped [hoj'padd^] [sno'-bulks

samman

up
snow

of

mascor']
pressas is

compressed

sam'an^] [prss'as^
till is [tiUi.^s] into ice ismassor [i'sma-bulks of ice

glacidrer [gla- glaciers s'ie'r"r] samlar gathers sig [sam'lar^ si!g] underneath nedanfor [ne'dan'fcer] hliva [hli'va'] become uppstd [up'sto^] arise hogre [hotgrd] higher hinner [hin'dv'] succeed fully [ful'fidlstdndigt sten^dikt] to melt away hortsmdlta[hor'tsmeVta] but utan {m'tan'^ kvarligga[kvair- remain li'ga] dret om omt] through the [otvdt
year

evig [e'vig'']
som

lasting eternal, ever-

sojr'] glaciers joklar [jo'klar^]

[som.']

as

40

Lesson

7.

(man) kallar (den)it

sdsom

is called

sages nd na
over

[se'gds''] is
Ino"] \no.\

said

[so'som^] sammanhdngande hanging [sam'anhey'andd] hela [o.'vdrover the whole over he'la'] sddant [sotdant] such

like

^^ h^yoiiiA i}^ 1
to reach above

mesta [mes'ta^^ most i trdnga [zV in narrow fro?;'a']

lidT Sjisetr] sd starkt [sot-

[t]here
so

strong

startkt] 13.

Reading Exercise
Fjallen.
Pa
kvar
sno,
over

de

ar hogre fjallen om

det

sa

kallt, att
utan

snon

ej

hinner

bortsmalta fullstandigt
aret
som om. man

sommaren,

stora

driver

Pa

de

allra

hogsta
ett

fjallen liggerdenna
sammanhangande
over

ligga evig
tacke

kallar

den,

sasom

hela
snon

Mesta danfor
massorna

na toppen ; ett sadant fjall sages samlar i dalar och sig tranga

snogransen.

nefordjupningar

och fjallbranterna, bliva

stora
sa

har

kan
snon

trycket av
pressas

de

hopade

sno-

starkt, att

samman

tillis. Sa

uppsta

ismassor, som

man

kallar

joklareller glaciarer.

Conversation.
Ar

det kallt pa
snon

de

hogre fjallen?
sommaren?

Hinner Var Vad

bortsmalta om fullstandigt snon? den ligger eviga kallas sammanpressade snomassor?

Words.

drawing-room formak [fd'rma^k]

sofa arm-chairs chairs foot-stools the walls

newspapers

tidningar
tak

soffa [sof-a'] Idnstolar [hn'stcj'l]

stolar

ceiling
chandelier
corner

[stco'lar^]

every

[tid[ta^k\fniyar^] Ijuskrona [jm'skrco'na] varje horn [var'ja''

pallar [palar^]
vdggai^na [veg'ar- plants

hcerhi]
vdxter
vaser vases

{vek'stdr"'\

?ia']

tapetei^[tapet'dr'] flowers papers the floor pa golvet[pot on goltVdt] rosy mattor [mat'cor^] carpets the pianoforte hung with pianot [matnojt] the door dorren [doRrtdn] the window represent

fdnstret[fontstrdt]

pictures painters landscapes

table
rare

mdlningar [moVillustrated niyar'] mdlare [mo/'ara'j landskap [lan'ds- bloom ka^p]

hord

[va'sdr^] hlommor [hlojni'ojr^] rosenrod [roj'sdnro'd] [tap'dttapetserade se'radd^] framstdlla[fram'stel'a] illustrerade [iViistre'radd']
blomstra

[blojm'stra']
emellan exotisk

[h(oird]

between exotic china

[emel'an^]

books

sdllsynt[ssl.synH] bocker [boktdr]

[iksojitisk]

porslin [porslitn].

in the Irregularities

formation

of the

pluralof 14.

nouns.

41

Translation
The In
our

Exercise

Drawing-Room.

drawing-room
and
so

six chairs
rosy papers

and
of round

there are a sofa, four arm-chairs, The walls are hung with foot-stools. many with red carpets.Some the floor is covered

picturesmade
walls. On
the
rare a

by renowned
these
A
corner

Most small

paintersare hanging from the represent English landscapes. pictures

can see

table you

several

books is
in

and

strated illufrom

newspapers.

beautiful chandelier
of
the
are
room

hanging
china

ceiling.Every
plants and

is

garnished

with

exotic

flowers

blooming

vases.

Eighth Lesson.
Irregularitiesin the formation
of
nouns.

of the

plural

"

1.

First has

declension.
no

This declension it contains :

1.

irregularplural forms, but

are

Certain
:

nouns

that

used

only in
victuals

the

plural;

such

as

anor,

ancestors

matvaror,
dthavor

bannor, chiding flavor,estate.

2.

indlvor, bowels
etc.,manners, gestures.

Some compound substantives which their ancient form of genitive in mdnniskokdrlek, philanthropy. mdnniskodtare, man-eater salupris, sale-price salutorg, market varumdrke, trade-mark varulager etc.,warehouse.

have
-o

served pre-u;

and

such

as:

which end in a as well Some feminine nouns in -e. When ding as ending in -e they are declined accorto the second declension in the singularbut follow the first declension in the plural.
3.
Ex.:

skugga
the

or

skugge, shade; skuggan

or

skuggen,

Note.

When

shade, but skuggor in the plural. ending in -e they are masculine.

"
1.

2.

Second

declension.

The following nouns before taking the syllable

drop the vowel pluralending:

of the final

42

Lesson

8.

sommar, morgon,

summer

somrav, morgnar,

summers

afton, evening
morning
nouns

aftnar^ evenings
mornings
devils.

djdvul,devil
2.

djdvlar,

Two

modify their

root-vowel: modrar, ddttrm%

mothers

moder, mother dotter,daughter four nouns unchanged in the

3.
hearts hjdrter,

daughters,
of cards

The

are

the indicating plural:

colours

Jdover,club, clubs
spader, spade,spades. that end in
-e as

ruter, diamonds
4.

well as in -a in the singular,thus belongingto the firstand the second but in the pluralthey are declined according declensions, to the second declension.
nouns

Some

Ex.:

timme

or

timma,
in the

timmar

hour; timman, plural.

the

hour,

but

Such

are:

ande, breath; droppe, drop;make, husband; mane,

moon;

tanke,thoughtetc.

"
1.

3.

Third

declension.

Several masculine and feminine nouns modify the root-vowel and most of them double the final consonant before taking the plural termination:

fot, foot
rot, root

f otter,feet

son,

son

soner,

sons

fines. bot, fine rotter,roots. boter, Notice the plural of: bok, bocker, book, books ^ ledamot, ledamoter, member, members; not, notter, walnut,walnuts;get, friends. getter,goat, goats and van, vdnner, friend,

masculine root-vowel,but do not the plural:

2. A

few

feminine nouns modify the double the final consonant in

and
letters bokstdver,

bokstav,letter
stad, town natt, night

stdder, towns ndtter,nights

fader, father
3. w,
0

fdder, fathers.
in -a, -e, -o,
-r.

The
a

and

and feminine nouns masculine form their pluralby adding stadga,

mo, statute

stadgar, statutes
mor,

maiden

maidens

^-''"{hir/ewives '^-^"{hf4ewife

ko,
so,

cow sow

kor,
sor,

cows sows

in the Irregularities

formation

of the

pluralof

nouns.

43

rd, yard

sld, rod td, toe sko, shoe vallmo, poppy bonde, countryman fiende, enemy bo, inhabitant

rdr, yards sldr, rods tdr^ toes skor, shoes vallmor^, poppies bonder, countrymen

fiender,enemies
inhabitants frdnder, relatives.

bor^,
-e

frdnde,
Note. Ex.: The

relative

foreign nouns

in

and

-i form

their

gularly. replural

teori, theory; teorier, theories;qvalite, quality;

qvaliteer,qualities.
4. 1. 2.
man

The

word

man,

man,
men,

has in
a

two

plural endings:
group

and

manner,

man (unchanged),man, when of persons forming a whole.

general sense; denoting a

men.

Ex.:

tio tusen

man

ten thousand (soldiers),

"
1.

4.

Fourth

declension.

which To this declension belong six nouns are declined in the pluralaccording to the third and fourth viz.: declensions; drende,
business drenden brdden oden
or or

drender,
or

business

fdngelse,prison
brdde, board tdckelse, covering ode, ode regemente, regiment
2.

fdngelsen
or

fdngelser,prisons
boards

brdder,

tdckelsen

or tdckelser, coverings oder, odes regementen or regementer, regiments.

The

word:

oga, eye, and

om,

ear, have

an

gular irre-

plural.
Ex.: ogon, eyes; oron,
ears.

"

5. word:

Fifth

declension.

1. The

plural forms when and fruntimmerna). fruntimren (fruntimrena

2. The word:

has three different fruntimmer,ladies, used with the definite article;viz:

finger, is both neuter and finger, masculine and takes the followingendings when used with the definite article in the plural: or fingrarne. fingren
^

Or vallmoblommor.

^
"

Only

in

compound words:

socken-

bor

etc. parishioners

44

Lesson

8.

Words,
.crusaders korsfarare[kod'sfa'rara] the Fins finnarna [jin'ar-

\ had hyste [hys'td']

agg

(a spite against) landed, went landsteg[lan'ste'g]

till

on

shore

hedningar

[he'd-heathens

dopet [doj.'pdt] [the]baptism Jm^an [h-ran'] [the]doctrine Finland Finland [/in'lan'd] bishop biskop [bis'kop'']
Kristendomen

Christianity

[kris't9ndoj^m9n]
apostel [aposttdl] apostle
en

catechumen a [en' ny.'om'ven'd] spite agg [ag-] ny omvand

uppmanade ma'nadd] lata [lota'] to let to christen dopa [do'pa'] de vdgrade [de' they refused ve'gra'dd] besegrade [ba- vanquished se'gra'dd] compelled tvang [tvay'] to receive mottaga [mort-ta'christian kristen [krns'tan'] back dtervdnde came [o'tdr-

[up'-exhorted

kvarldmnade

left called attack

[kva'TUm^nade^
blivit kallad [blrwas vit'' kal'ad']
to angripa [an'gri'-

pa]

ven'dd] preached predikade [predi'ka'dd] murdered. mordades was [mod'rda'dds]

Exercise Helige.^

Reading
Erik

15.

den

i Sverige en har av korsfarare och Kung Erik samlade da annu den ut for att angripa finnarna, som seglade med Forst Han voro landsteg i trakten av Abo. hedningar. manade uppban de vagrade. Da finnarna att lata dopa sig,men sin har, besegrade dem och tvang dem han dem med angrep den De likval icke visste att mottaga dopet. mycket om kristna
han

laran.

Da

Erik

atervande
som

till Sverige,kvarlamnade dar

darfor
darfor

biskop Henrik,
blivit kallad
snart
av en

och

Finnlands
ny

predikade kristendomen dades Apostel. Biskopen morfinne,som hyste agg till

dock honom.

omvSnd

Conversation. Vad Var

Voro

gjorde Erik
finnarna trakt
finnarna
annu

den

Helige for
han denna

att

angripa finnarna?

(where) samlade

har?

hedningar?
Erik?

I vilken

landsteg Kung
att lata villiga

Voro Vad Vad

Av the

dopa sig?
vagrade
at lata

gjorde Kung
hette
vem

Erik

niir de

dopa sig?

Finlands

mordades

Apostel? biskopen Henrik?

Holy.

46

Lesson

9.

Nowadays
the of steel. and the

the

use

of

typewritersis
safe is in the

much

spread.
of

Here

is
all

The copying-press.

corner;

it is made

My

father

preserves

in it all sorts

bills, money

family jewels.

Ninth
The

Lesson.
of substantives.

gender
I.
are:

Masculine. and male animals.

cock.

Masculine

a) b)

All
Ex.:

of appellations of the
summer;

men

mdlare, painter;bonde, countryman; tupp,

names

The
Ex.:

seasons,

months, days and

forests.
sommar,
nouns

lordag, Saturday.

c)

The and

ending in:
difference. month; skillnad,

1. -ad

-nad, of

Ex.: mdnad,

2. -ande

(names

persons).

Ex.:

handlande, merchant. Idrare,teacher.

3.

-are.

Ex.:

4. -dom.
Ex.:

barndom, childhood.
boy.

5.

-e

(Plural-ar).
Ex.: gosse,

6. -el

(Plural -ar),
Ex.:

axel^ axe.
or

7.

-er

-ar (Plural

-er),

Ex.:

seger,

victory.

8.

-ing (concrete nouns).

Ex.:

taming, die.
:

9.

-ling.
Ex.

frdmlingj stranger. kdrlek,love.

10. -lek.
Ex.:

11. 'ndr.
Ex.: konstndr, artist.

12.

-skap(Plural-er).
Ex.:

egenskap, property.

The

gender of

substantives.

47

Except:
1. The

titles

ending in

-hud

and

-rad

which

are

neuter.
Ex.: minister. sdndebud, ambassador; statsrdd,

2. 3. 4.

The The

words:
words:

altar; ankare, hdrad, district;altare,

also neuter.
^

anchor, are

elder; lever fjdder,feather; -fidder^ liver; adevj vein; ndver, birch-bark,are feminine.
The
nouns

in -sel

are

also feminine.

II.
Feminine
are: names

Feminine.

a) b)

All
Ex.
:

female

and

appellations:
the rivers and and -ang which
hand.
names

girl flicka, ; hona,

hen.

of Swedish The names of trees and the nouns in -and the final vowel in the plural.
Ex.:

modify

hand, bjork, birch-tree; substantives in

:

c)
1.
-a

The

(Plural -or),
Ex.:

skola,school; piga, maid.

borjan, beginning. intention; konst,art. mdngd, great deal of; avsikt, varelse,being.
likelihood. sannolikhet,

2.

-an

nouns). (abstract
Ex.:

3.

-d, -t^ -st (mostly abstract).

Ex.:

4. -else.
Ex.:

5. -het

(mostlyabstract).

Ex.:

6.

nouns) and -ning. 'ing (abstract

Ex.:

handling,act, action;aktning,esteem.
horsel,hearing.
-ur

7. -sel

(mostlyabstract). words). (foreign

perature; tem-

Ex.:

8. -^,

-ik^-ion and
Ex.:

teori, theory; fabrik, factory, temperatur, mission, mission.

Except:
1. The
tree ;

words:

applebrand, fire; pil,willow; apel^ gale (strong wind) ; jdst^ blast, yeast ; tingest^

48

Lesson

9.

bakelse, thing;^ors^, thirst; starch; pastry; strirkelse,

hacked hdktelse^ gaol; hackelse,

straw, and

vdxt,

plant,
2. The
mare

are

masculine.

fruntimmer^ lady; kvinnfolk, women; water-willow vide, sto, ; land,country ; ; fdngprison; spokelse, ghost; stdngsel, enclosure, else, paddock; tdckelse, bridle;harhari, covering;betsel, baroni, barony; kompani,company; barbarity; geni,

words:

genius,are

neuter.

III. Neuter
are: names

Neuter.

a)
the

The

alphabet and
such
Ex.:
as

the letters of of towns, countries, vely; generally the words used substanti-

ett

ja,

"yes":
b.

Frankrike, France; ett b, a

nouns

b)
1.
-a

The

in:
nouns

(Plural-n) and
Latin.
oga,

in

-a

derived

from Greek

and

Ex.:

eye;

drama,

drama.

2.

-an

(concrete nouns).
Ex.
:

lakan, sheet.
-ende

3.

-ande
Ex.:

and

(abstractnouns).

anforande, conduct;avseende, connection.

spdnne, buckle.
-er

4.

-e

(Plural-n).
Ex.:

5. -el and
Ex.
:

(unchanged

in the

plural).

railing. galler,

6. 7.

-m.

Ex.:
-on.

tryckeri, printing-house.

smultron, strawberry. 8. -skap (unchanged in the plural).

Ex.:

Ex.:

herrskap, master
and
-ium

and

mistress of

house.

9.

-urn,
Ex.

-eum
:

from Latin). (derived

museum

faktum,

fact ; museum,

studium, study.

Except:
The words: morgon, which masculine. are

morning,

and

afton,evening,

The

gender of

substantives.

49

Words.

pious gudfruktig[gm'dfruk'tig] women thought kvinnoi^[kvin'cor'] tyckte sig [tyk'td' dreams drommar [drosi!g] Idt uppteckna[UH had written visions [s^'nar'] up'tek^na] syner revealed angels uppenbarat[up'dndnglar [eiflar^] Christ Kristus [kris'tus''] ba'rat] rykte [ryk'td'] renown,repute spred sig [spread spread old age dlderdom [ol'ddrsUg] all around vida omkring dcom^] Rom Rome omkriy^ [rojhn] [vi'da'' the pope repaired pdven [po'vd7i'] begav sig [hdgatv hogtidligheter festivities sitg] hereafter sedermera [hdgti'dlighe^tdr] [se'darof iiunnekloster me'ra] monastery bosatt [bco'saf] settled [nun'dklDs'tdr] nuns at last kloster [khsttdr] slutligen [sluc'tmonastery avled [a'vle^d] died ligdn^] 70^ dr gammal[otr at the age went on a pilvallfdrdade [val'of 70 gam'ar] fm'rdadd grimage afterwards ddrefter[dEtTeftdr\ pa deti tiden [po! at that time den! ti'ddn^] forklaradfor hel- canonised den heliga[deni the holy gon [fcerkla'rad^ he'lig'a] for! hel'gon']. to converse sam,tala[sam'ta^la]
nordens

of [nco'r- [in]

the

ddn's]

North

Reading
Den Pa den

Exercise

17.

heliga Birgitta.
en av

den
och och

markvardigaste kvinnor, Hon I drommar var heligaBirgitta. mycket gudfruktig. tyckte hon sig samtala med Kristus och anglarna syner
lat

tiden levde

Nordens

Hennes uppteckna vad de uppenbarat for henne. rykte spred sig vida omkring. Pa sin alderdom begav hon vallbosatt och slutigen sig tillRom, dar hon sedermera var fardade hon anda till Jerusalem. Hon avled 70 ar gammal i Rom Nagon tid darefter blev hon av paven under stora forklarad for helgon. Hon grundlade i Vadstena hogtidligheter ett nunnekloster, blev det mest beromda kloster i hela som Norden. Conversation.
Vad Var vet Ni

{what

do you

know)

om

den

heliga Birgitta?
och

hon
vem

Med
Vad Var

gudfruktig? tyckte hon sigsamtala

uppteckna? rykte stort?
hon? for hon forklarad

i drommar

syner?

lat hon

Vid
Av Var
^

hennes vilken alder avled

vem

blev

helgon?

grundlade hon
=

ett kloster?

sjuttio

70.
Grammar,
a

Elementary Swedish

50

Lesson

9.

W ords.
servetter matsalen[ma'tsa^- napkins [sa^rveIdiil t'dr] rum apartment (neut.) \rumf] ifrukostera \ [fruk'ostetra] ifamiljens[famil'- we breakfasti members of J jdn's] welunch[eon]/^ ]ata tillfrukost the family ]medlemmar tili ^[e-ta' [me'd] I lem^ar] drink dricka we vi [vzV meals mdltider [mo'lti^drik'a^] tea te [tef] ddr] [the] breakfast/ri^^'os^en [fru- coffee kaffe[kafd^] cakes kakor k'ostdn''] {ka'kojr''] luncheon andra sandwiches [the] frukosten smorgdsar [airdra' ] [sm(Er'gosar'-'\ cold meat dinner middags mdltiden kallmat [kal' [the] ma't] rodvin [mid'ags vio^lti- red wine [ro'dvi'n] white wine vitt vin ddn] [vW viin] assemble kvdllsvarden [the] forsamla sig [forsupper [kvel'svaUddn] sam'la^] walnuttree valnotstrd [va'l- square fyrkantigt [fy'rnot'stre] kan''tigt] table cloth bord-duk [hco'rd- to take intaga [inta'ga'] is laid dukad ar dm^k] [aetr linen linne [/m"9'] dui'kad'] the maid laysthe cloth dukar bordet [dm'pigan [pi'gan'] dishes dar' bco'rddf] fat [fa.'t] tallrikar plates [tal'ri- she puts Idgger [Ug'dr^] 8^ at 8 o'clock klockan kar'] glasses glas [glais] [khk'an^] wine bottles vinhuteljer [vi'n- inthemorningpa morgonen hmtEVj] [movgon'dn] in the evening_p"aftonen decanters vattenkaraffiner [aj^to-ndti^] [vat'9nkaraf'indr] knives knivar m. e.m.{eftermiddag) p. forks gafflar [ef'tdr' mid'ag'] skedar vi dta [vii eat "'ta% we spoons
room
.
"
"

the

dining

Translation
The

Exercise
Room.

18.

Dining

The

of the

bers dining-roomis an apartment in which all the memto their assemble take meals: family breakfast,

luncheon,
stands around.
very

tea

and middle

dinner. of the

square

table with
the

of

walnuttree chairs
of

in the The

dining room
a

twelve

table is laid wdth When the maid

white

table cloth cloth she

at

made

fine linen. table

lays

the

dishes, plates,glasses,wine forks, spoons and napkins. We breakfast

puts on ves, bottles,decanters, kni8

we

o'clock drink In
the

in the
tea
or

morning
coffee
eat

and

lunch
eat
some

p.

m. or

At

o'clock white

and cold

cakes and drink

sandwiches.
or

evening we
dtta.

meat

red

wine.

51

Tenth
Remarks
I. Gender
on

Lesson.
the
nouns.
nouns.

of
nouns

compound
are

"

1.
as

Compound
the

of generally

the

same

gender

Ex.:

last component. husdgare (m) [fromhus (n) and agave (m)]. Tiusfru(f)[fromhus (n) and fru (f)]. posthus (n) [frompost (f)and hus (n)].

II.

Formation
female

of female

appellations.

formed by adding of male individuals -inna (female to the appellations animals and -erska (profession), titles), -a, -ska^-iska (names of peoples), -fru and -hustru (profession).

"

2.

The

are appellations

greve,

count

(earl)

grevinna,

countess

furste,prince duke hertig,

varg,

furstinna, princess
hertiginna, duchess varginna, she-wolf lejoninna, lioness dsninna, she-ass kokerska, cook
slaktarhustru
wife

he-wolf

lion lejon, ass dsna, kock, cook slaktare,butcher

(fru),butcher's

tysk,German
svensk, Swede spanior, Spaniard

tyska, German

woman (lady) svenska, Swedish (lady)woman man wospaniorska, Spanish (lady)

kines,Chinese

Chinese (lady) woman. kinesiska,

Note. Names of peoplesending in imam) change this syllable into -ska. Ex.: Norronan, Norwegian; Nor ska, Norwegian (lady)
woman.

"

3.

Specialfeminine
son

appellations.
moder, mother dotter,daughter
syster, sister

fader, father
son,

broder, brother gosse, boy herr,gentleman

farbror^, uncle
morbror'^,uncle
man,
man

girl flicka, fru, lady aunt faster^, moster^, aunt kvinna, woman dotter^,niece syster
brorsdotter^, niece.
"

systerson^, nephew brorson^, nephew

^

By

the
"

sister's side.

^ father's side. By the mother's * By the brother's side.

side.

^
"

By
4*

the

52

Lesson

10.

III.

Double

gender.

Double
have
a

plural.
double

and

" 4. The following nouns meaning:

Masculine.

gender

Neuter,

hdl,trunk
mowii' fjdll^loity

hdlar,trunks
mountains

hdl,funeral-pile hdl^ funeral-piles

scales fjdll^

scale fjall[ar\, lofty fjdll,

tain

grund,

motive

grunder, lockar,
locks

ves moti-

grund,

shoal

grund,

shoals

lock lock,curl,

curls, lock,lid

lids ZocA:,

Feminine,

Neuter.
cattle reef

not, not, walnut notter, walnuts fishing- rev, rev, fishing-line revar,
lines.

not, cattle
rev, reefs.

Masculine,

bal, ball
bank, sandbank bors, purse path ^a72.gr,

baler,balls bankar, sandbanks

bal, bale

bales 5"2Z"r,

bank,

bank

banker,

banks

borsar, purses gdngar, paths

maskar,
worms

Exchan6ors,Exchange borser,

(building)

mask,

worm

torsk, cod-fish

hes cod-fis^or.s"^*a7',

^"??^, time mask, mask thrush ^orsZ:,

ge (buildings) gdnger, times masker, masks (no plural)

vals, cylinder valsar,

ders

cylin- vals, waltz

Feminine,

valser, waltzes,

bok,

book

bocker, books

beech-tree "o^',

bokar,
trees

beech-

wo^, drag-net

notar, drag-nets ??of,note

noter,

notes

r%,

scales

vdgar, scales

v"^,

wave

vdgor, waves.

"Vor(ls. stands [fis'kdt^] [the] fishery, stdllningar [stel'fisket

"

niyar'] Bohusliin ndteu Bohusldn [bo)'[nctdn^] nets storfiske [stoj'rhtasle'n] great fishery shires jislco] landskapen Idnga [loya^] ling Uan'dska'pdn] weeks the fishers veckor [vek'cor^] fiskamci \fis'cod torsk [tortsk] kama'] halibut dralhel'dfishing hdlleflun [Jls'kUplaces fiskldgen flun''dra] gdn] shore kusfen byar \by'ar''] villages [kus'tdn^] clifi"s [sil'Jis^k9\ herring-fishery Jdippor[klip'ojr^] sillfiske trees trdd [tretd] sillen [sil'dn'] herri"g invid [invHd] on jord [jco.'ud] land,earth,soil

fishing

54

Lesson

11,

the horses the mar( the ass in the meadow the she-ass

hdstarna

[hes'tar- the

na']
stona

[stoj'na'^ [o[o-sna^] cincjen [jpot p" "7)'9n''] dsninnan \os7iin'an''] katten ycat'dii^] tuppen [tup'dn'] honorna [ho'nojv- barks hears na'] follows folet [f0'l9f] kon [kco'ii] are mjolk [mjol'k] grazing brays figg bg^ mews fdret [;fo'rdf] ull [uli] crows oxen [ojk'sdii^] cackles [vay'iidn^] neighs vagnen lays plogen [plco'gdn'] draws tjuren [cm'rdn']
dsnan kalven
useful (kal'vdn'']

[mwlos'nan] quadruped \ fyrfotad [fyrfoj'four-footed 1 tad\ biped \ tvdfotad [tvo' fo)'two-footed J tad\ faithful trogeii[trco'gdn^] several kinds fiereslags [fiere'slag's] watches over bevakar[bdva'kar']
skdlleft^ [fEl'dr^]
hor [hotr] foljerifdl'jdr'] vdrdar [vo'ddar'-] beta [be'ta^] skriker [skrvkdr'-] jamar [ja'mar^] galer [ga'hr'] kacklar [kak'lar^] gndggar [gneg'ar'] Idgger [Ug-dr'] drager [dra'gdr^] nyttig [nytig'].

mule

muldsnan

geten [je'tdn] Translation

Domestic

Exercise
Animals. to
man.

20.

Domestic friend several the hound

to

animals The
of The

(four-footed) or
man.

They are The dog is biped (two-footed).

are

useful has

ped quadrua

faithful
are

bitch

kinds
and

shepherd's dog.
house follows

dogs: the watch-dog watches

when

young watch-dog, the

four

ones.

There
the farm

hound, and

the and The The

over

barks

the hunter

it hears the least noise. and lies in wait for the game.
and

mares are shepherd's dog keeps the flock. The horses and in with the she-ass. the meadow ass together grazing The les the cock crows, the hens cackass brays, the cat mews, milk and and the colt neighs. The cow gives us good for wool. the hen The us warm us. sheep give lays eggs The and the plough. The bull, the draws the carriage ox calf, the mule and the goat are also very useful domestic

animals.

Eleventh Lesson.
The
The
to be
are

auxiliary verbs.
hava

verbs auxiliary conjugatedas

(ha)^to have

arid

vara,

follow:

The

verbs. auxiliary

55

Infinitive.

JETava,

to have.

Participle present. havande, having.

Indicative.

Supine.

haft, had.
Sul)junctive.
Present.
S.

jag

har du har har han hava VI I haven de

jag (have)
du han

or

md

hava

"M

(ha) (han) hava (ha)

S.

P. vi
1 de

(have) or Tnd hava (have) or md hava (have) or md hava hava (haven) or man md hava (have) or
hava

S.

jag hade
du han hade

Imperfect. jag (hade) or skulle

du

hade

P.

vi hade I haden de hade

(hade) or skulle hava han (hade) or skulle hava P. vi (hade) or skulle hava I (haden) or skullen hava de (hade) or skulle hava

OS

bO

S.

jag

har

haft

S.

Perfect. jag (have) or

du

md

du har ha7i har P. vi hava I haven de

haft
P.

haft haft haft hava haft

hade hade

(have) or md han (have) or md vi (have) or md I (haven) or man de (have) or md

haft haft hava haft hava haft hava haft hava haft
hava
^

hava

e8'

S.

jag

P.

haft du haft han hade haft vi hade haft I haden haft de hade haft
Future.
S.

S,

Pluperfect, jag (hade) or skulle^ hava haft du (hade) or skulle hava haft han (hade) ov skulle hava haft vi (hade) or skulle hava haft I (haden) ov skullen hava haft de (hade) or skullen hava haft
Conditional.
S.

jag skall hava

du
"*^

jag skulle hava

2-"^

skall hava han skall hava P. vi skola hava I skolen hava de skola hava Future
S.

1"1

du skulle hava han skulle hava P. vi skulle hava I skullen hava de

skulle hava

past.
hava

Conditional
S. ja^ du

past.

jag skall
du

haft J"

skall hava haft han skall hava haft P. vi skola hava haft I skolen hava haft de skola hava haft
Or matte.

skulle hava haft skulle hava haft han skulle hava haft P. vi skulle hava haft I skullen hava haft de skulle hava haft

56

Lesson

11.

Impcratiye. hav, have (thou)

Idt
orri
us

Infinitive. Pres. hava Perf. hava Int.

or

lia^to

OSS

hava

(havom), (ye)

haft,to
hava,
have.

let

have

skola

have have had to be about to

haven
Note

(haver),have

and haver are antiquated. 1. The forms havom 2. "ia^" /, is never unless written with a capital letter, it occurs of a sentence. at the beginning Note 3. The pronoun letter. I (ye, you) is written with a capital Note 4. In general conversation vi ha, I han, de ha, are used instead of vi hava, I haven, de hava. forms of the tenses of the subjunctive Note 5. The periphrastic used. mood are more frequently Infinitive. vara,
to

Note

be.

Participle present. varande, being.

Indicative.

Supine. varit,been.

Sul)jnnctive.
Present.
S.

b.

jag du han

ar ar

jag (vare) or md
du

vara

dr

P. vi dro I dren

(vare) or md vara han (vare) or md vara P. vi (vare) or md vara

I (varen) de (vare)
or vr

de dro

mdn md

vara
vara

S.

jag
du

var var var voro

Imperject. S. jag vore

du
vore vore

han
P. vi

han

1
de

voren voro

P. vi vore I voren de vore

skulle vara skulle vara or skulle vara or skulle vara or skullen vara or skulle vara
or or

S_

"

S.

jag har
du

har han har P. vi hava I haven de hava

varit varit varit varit varit varit

S.

varit varit varit (have) or hava md varit P. vi (have) or I (haven) or mdn hava varit hava varit de (have) or md du han

Perfect. jag (have) or md

(have)
or

md md

hava hava hava

Pluperfect.
S.jag hade
du hade han hade varit varit P.ti hade I haden varit de hade darit
^

varit varit

S.jag (hade)

skulle^ hava varit du (hade) or skulle hava varit han (hade) or skulle hava varit varit P.ri (hade) or skulle hava I (haden) or skullen hava varit de (hade) or skulle hava varit
or

rt

e3

Or

matte.

The

verbs. auxiliary

57

NB.

Note

5 page

56

also applies Words.

to

the verb

to

be.

ungdom garden

youth [uydcom']
the [go'Mdn''}

farm

bd[it hesittning sit'niy^] delen

in

possession

rddsherre

councillor [rod's-

storre

the greatest

de'ldn'] part [stoRrid

vdgar
stdllet

partisans anhdngare [an'hey^ard] youth (young yngling [yvliy'] man) court hov [ho'v] the combats [stri'stridema ddma^] king kung [kuTf^ the battle (at) (vid) (i) slaget, (of) [sla'gdt^] the colours fanan [ja'nan'^] (flag)
^

[v"'gar^] ways
hem

the spot [std'dt'''] home

to come

komma

captivity fdngenskap [foy'dnska^p] krigstdg [krig's-expedition t"g] longing Idngtan [Z^T^'^a/i'] land fatherfdderneslandet [the]

hemt] [kom'a'' [flyd'd'] Jtydde over forde over [fcex- conveyed dd'' 0.'v9r] lonely enslig [e'nslig^] born was foddes [fod'ds'] probably troligen [troj'ligdn'] his hans [han.'s] faithful most trognaste [trcj'gnastd^l
kom
came [kom.^ fought kdmpade [gem'padd'] bravely tappert [tap'drH]bore bar [batr] after soon kort ddrpd [ko.'j^t detrpo] faithless trolos [troj'Ms] caught gripen [gri'pdn'']

skipper skeppare[fep'ard^] vo'- in spring vdren [omi om

danskarna
the Danes

[feddrndslan'ddt]

skarna^] [dan'

58

Lesson

11.

forrddiskt[fcere!treacherously kdnde [gen'dd^ felt irresistible diskt] oemotstdndlig taken hortford [hoji'tem ojtston'dlig] [ox away forklddd [fo'r- disguised under [un!ddr] during kUd'] horde [h("\idd'] heard \tref'add^] trdffade met, came tola om over [ta'la' across talk(ing) om'} i ntended dmnade redan [em'nadd^] [re'dan'] already foretaga [fo'rd- undertak(ing) smog sig [smo^g slipped. ta^ga] si-g]

Reading
Gustay Gustav Sturarnas

Exercise

21.

Yasas

nngdom.
i

Eriksson Vasa
1497.

foddes
Hans

Uppland
var

pa

garden Lindoch
en

holmen, troligen ar
av

fader

radsherre

trognaste anhangare.
hov. och i
Han

Sasom

ynglingkom

Gustav

till Sten

Stares

Kung
svenska

Kristian

Kort fanan. forradiskt gripen och

kampade tappert i striderna mot den slaget vid Brannkyrka bar han darpa blev han av den trolose Kristian
bortford
danskarna

till Danmark. tala

hem
om

Under
stora da
en

sin

fangenskap
de amnade

horde

han

det

krigstag
oemot-

foretaga mot
Forkladd

Sverige. Gustav
och han
som

kande

standliglangtan
landet. traffade
om varen

att fa komma

kampa

dar

en

flydde skeppare,
Da
voro

fran

Danmark honom redan

kom

for fadernestill Lybeck och tillSverige i

forde danskarna

over

1520.
av

storre

delen

landet.

Pa

ensligavagar
och i Sodermanland.

det

ena

stallet till det

gar

andra

av besittning han fran sig smog t ill slutligen en av

sin faders

dar, Ravsnas

Conversation. Var Vem Mot

Av Vad

foddes
var vem vem

Gustav

Vasa? han? forradiskt sin

bans blev
han

fader? han

kampade
under

horde

Huruledes Vem Nar aterkom

flydde han
han
han

gripen? fangenskap danskarna till Lybeck?

stad?

tala om?

traffade

i denna

till Sverige?
Words.

kitchen-gar-kokstrddgdrd

vegetables gronsaker [gro'n-

den [gok'strwD^jid] wall radishes vdgg [vegf] the gardener spinage trddgdrdsmdsta-

seeds

[frrgojdmes'tard] fron [fro^n]

ren

sa'kdr] [re'di^sojr] spenat [spena.'t] love-apples' kdrleksdpplen

rddisor

[ga?'rlefcsep^h7i]
asparagus

sparris [spar

The

adjective.

59

spaden [spa'ddn^]
hackan

[hak'an^]

rdfsan [ref'san^] omgiven [om'ji''vd7i\

sdtt
seg

[sott]
[seig]

mjuk [mjuifk] hdlsosam [heVsMsamy\ [moj'gdn^] mogen flyttaCflyt'a'] det dr tid [deit etr
ti'd]
utrotar tar]. cot[m'tr

Translation
The

Exercise

22.

kitchen-garden.
we

is surrounded

large kitchen-garden.It by a high gardener has sowed We shall have seeds. plenty of vegetables in spring many and summer : radishes, love-apples, spinage, asparagus, onions, and sorrel. These salad, carrots, beans, cauliflowers, parsley are red; they are ripe. In spring horse radishes love-apples soft and are wholesome tough. Asparagus are vegetables. It is time to transplant cabbages. The gardener roots up the in the boarders. weeds the The gardener's tools are: spade, the hoe and the rake.
our a

Behind

house

have

wall.

The

Twelfth Lesson.
The
I.

adjective.
Declension.
two

into divided Swedish adjectivesare used classes: those which are predicatively those which are used attributively.

"

1.

and

a) b)

The

former

are

placed after
the

the verb

and

declined

form. the noun The latter are generally placed before finite declined like the dewhich they qualify and are forms. and indefinite

according

to

indefinite

mostly used

in the

singular

pepparrot.

60

Lesson

12.

A.

Indefinite
or

Form.
has three

" 2. The indefinite different forms:

a)
A
common

strong declension

b)
c)

the masculine and feminine in the singular requiresno whereby the adjective alteration. A particular form for the neuter in the singular, the inflection of which is -t. A form for the three genders in the common the inflection of which is -a. plural,
in Participles -ad and in superlatives -ast take
-e

form

for

Note. of
-a.

instead

Examples.
Masculine. Feminine. Neuter.

Sing, en god gosse Plur. goda gossar.

Note 1. The -t in the neuter. Ex.: Note

god fiicka goda fiickor.

en

gott ham goda ham.

ett

that adjectives

end

in

an

accented vowel

double

grd^ grdtt; hid,hldtt; ny, nytt.

-en

2. Those ending in inflection the -t. neuter taking

Ex.: 3. Note remain

(unaccented) drop the

-n

before

Tnoget; trogen, troget. mogen^ The adjectives in -t precededby unchanged in the neuter,
Ex.:

consonant

or

in -tt

fast; stolt;trott

etc.

Note 4.
in the

Those ending in -al, -en, -el,-er the vowel plural preceding -I,-n, -r. Ex.:

(unaccented) drop

gammal, gamla; tapper, tappra.

mogna;

as

mogen, Note 5. Those in -ad participles Ex.:

ddel, ddla.
-d precededby a consonant, -d in -t in the neuter. hlint milt
as

endingin
change
" "

well

hlind mild aktad

Those

neuter:

aktat.
-d

Note

6.

ending in
neuter:

precededby

vowel

change

d in

-tt in fhe neuter.

Ex.:

god,

gott.

B.

Definite
or

Form.
declension
the
same

"
three

3.

The

genders

definite and both

weak

numbers

has for the inflection -a.

to

declined according the adjectives 4. When are dependent form this preceded by the Inthey are generally definite article artikel): (fristaende

"

62

Lesson

12.

1. Before
Ex.:

noun

with

the terminal

definite

ticle. ar-

franska sprdket,the French language. In this case the adjective NB. is generallyprecededby definite article (see B. " 4). independent
2. After
Ex.
:

the

noun

in the

genitivecase.
father's

the faderns stora egendoinar,

large estates.

3.

After
Ex.:

the

monstrativ relative and depersonal, possessive,

pronouns.
min

mdnniska! jag olyckliga

Remarks.

gode van!

a) b)

Some

are adjectives

such indeclinable,
etc. etc.

as:

ode, waste; gdngse, usual;hra, good These have adjectives

an
s

all cases; they take substantives. as

Ex.
:

the in the

same

termination in used when genitive

but:

den den

misfortune. dygdiges olycka,the virtuous (man's) dygdige mannens olycka, the virtuous man's

misfortune.

Words.
gruvan

maimer

[grrn'ran^] [malt[em'ndn'']

mdr]
dmnen

inre [in.^rd] her get [hserjtdt]

[mettdr] : [grui'vcor^'] sidor [^oit al'd^ si'dojr''] gdngar [goyar''] rum [rumf\ nedgdngen [ne'dgoy'dn] [op'niy'] oppning brunn [brunf] stegar [ste'gar^] korgar [kor'jar^]
meter gruvor at alia tunnor

[tun'ojr^]

pd

[po! da'gdn^] lampor [lam'pojr^] bloss [blosf] upplyste [up'lys^td] nyttiga[nyt'iga^]

dagen

The

adjective. Exercise 23.

63

Reading
For att komma har
man

Grruyan.
at

maimer

och

jordens inre
mider
Dessa

fatt spranga
flera hundra

i nyttigaamnen sig djupt ner i berget

andra

jorden,stundom
at alia och

meter. att de
nere

Sa far

man

gruvor.
av en

hel

utvidgas mangd gangar

en

sidor^sa
rum.

besta slutligen

Dar

kunna
en

ofta flera hundra

manniskor blott
ner

arbeta.
smal

Nedgangen
ser

till
ut

gruva
en

utgor vanligen
; man

oppning, som
skuUe med
vara

som

brunn

stiger
tunnor.
man om

pa

branta

stegar eller hissas utfor i korgar eller

kolmorkt eller
aven

sjalvagruvan ej upplyste den

pa

dagen,

lampor

bloss.

Conversation.

Vad Varav
Huru

har

man

fatt

gora

for

att

komma

at

maimer

jordens inre?
bestar
en

gruva?
kunna

manga

manniskor

arbeta
ut?

en

gruva

Huru
Hur

ser nedgangen ypplyses gruvoma?

till en

gruva

Words. havsvikama [eti klojtt] vdldsalUet[vse'dds[hav'svi'karna] the peninsulahalvon aUdt] [hal'vo^n] the equator ekvatorn rund [ekva'- round [rwitd] moves ror sig [rd!rsiig] line infinite linje [Unijd] [linih odndlig \oj'En^dlig\ Hot fictitious hemisphere Jialvklot [Jial'vad[Ji7)jeiraa\ finger similar kWt] lik(a) [li'ka^^ divides delar [de'lar^] quarters fjdrdedelar[fjss'jisouthern ddde'lar] sydlig [sydligl surface northern yta [yta'] nordlig [noj'MUg^] slat [sh.^t] oceans oceaner[Q)' seaindr] flat the m2im-\2inAfastland"t wide vidstrdckt [fas-t[vi'dlan'ddt] strek^t] the continents kontinenterna fire eldsprutande[el'dspitting [kon'tinen'tdrna'] sprm'tande] leads tracts of land landstrdckor for [/o.V] talet [lan'dstrEk^ojr] in the year dr or pd lowplains, or pot tatldt] Idgland [lo'glan'd] [otr land by the French av fransmdnnen streams strommar [stro[a.'vfran'smin^dn] in the Alps pd Alperna m'ar*^] [po.' volcano vulkan [vulka'n] fna^] al'p9rna'] of mounthe summits .chain bergskedja[bser'jstopparna [top'artams rocky ge'dja] klippig[klip'ig'] strait sund heights [sun'd] hojder [hojtddr] uddar way vdg [v"!g] [ud'ar^]. capes
.. .

the earth ball a the universe

jorden [jutrddn]
ett Mot

the Isthmus the bays

ndset

Ine'sdt]

64

Lesson

13.

Translation
The

Exercise
earth.
a

24.

The universe. earth surface The the

earth The
two

is round

like is
a

ball; it
fictitious

moves

equator
similar earth
are

line, that
Three
and

in the infinite divides the

of the
oceans.

into of

hemispheres.
covered into the
are

quarters

the

by

seas

deep
the

main-land
new

is divided On

two

continents:
are

old

and

continents.

main-land called

flat pieces of land, which valleys (through)in which that from with

high mountains, plains,deep and vdde

flow. chain
a

great rivers
volcano.
A A

mountain

spits fire
one sea

is called

of mountains

consists

of several

mountains.
sea.

strait is Isthmus
are

into another in the year

The

that leads way of Suez was cut

by the French
of the

1870.

Glaciers
with

ice. There

are many mountains highest

in the glaciers
are

heights covered Alps. The summits

eternal
snow.

covered

The

sea-shores

consist

of

steep capes,

deep bays

and

rocky

peninsulas.

Thirteenth Lesson.
The

adjective
(continued).
of

II.

Degrees degrees:

comparison.

"

1.

The

comparison of Swedish
the

aifected

by

two

adjectivesis and the comparative

superlative.
A. Formation

of the

comparative.
be

"
classes

2.
:

The

comparatives may

divided

into three

a)

degree is,by adding

Ex.:

The comparative which expresses and which is formed in the regular

-are

superior
way,

that

to

the

positive.
richer.
an

rik,rich;rikare,

The comparative which expresses and which is formed by the words: placed before the positive.

b)

equal
or

gree de-

lika

likasa

Ex.:

lika rik
as

as
.
.

rich
.... .

lika

or

likasa

fattig

poor

The

(continued), adjective inferior

mindre

65

c) The comparative which expresses an degree and which is formed by the words: icke (lika) sd placed before the positive.
Ex. NB.
:

or

mindre "Thaii" "As"

rik

.,

icke

(lika)sd

rik

not

so

rich

is translated

by
som.

an.

is translated
dr

by
my stor

Ex.

Han He Han He

rikare

an

min

fader.
father.

is richer than
dr

icke
so

sd

som as

jag.
I

is not

strong

(am).

B.

Formation

of the

superlative.
be:

"

3.
or

The

superlative may

attributive, predicative

absolute.
the

a) The by adding
when

attributive is regularly formed superlative the is -ast to used positiveand syllable followed by a noun be (which may understood).
Ex.
:

Bosen

dr
rose

den

vackraste

hlomman
. .

The

is the
den

flower prettiest

Jag
I
am

dr

yngste (sonen).

the

youngest (son).

b)
same

used

superlativepredicativeis formed in the the superlative but is only manner as attributive, after the verb and is invariable. as "mm" predicate
Ex.
:

The

Dessa These
am

blommor

dro
are

vackrast.

flowers

prettiest (in German: (the)

jc^onften).

that is without c) The superlative absolute, comparison is formed by placingsuch words asi mycket, alldeles, hogst, ganska,before the positive.
Ex.:

mycket god,

good; hogst angendm, very alldeles bid, quiteblue. agreeable;

Remarks.

most

1.

The

ending in -al,-el, adjectives accented) -en, -er (unthe vowel and in n the r drop precedingI, comparative and superlative.
ripe;mognare, riper; mognast, (the) ripest.

formation
Ex.:

of the
mogen,

2.

the

in -ad,-e, -se, -es, -isk and Polysyllabic adjectives form their comparative by polysyllabic participles
Grammar.

Elementary Swedish

66

Lesson

13.

placing the
the
Ex.
:

adverb mera and their superlative b}' placing adverb mest before the positive. krigisk, warlike
;
mera

krigisk ; in
-a

mest

krigisk.

3. The

ending adjectives

form

and
the Ex,

superlativeby adding only

still stilla, ;
stillare ; stillast.

their comparative and -st to -re

positive.
:

which followingadjectives degrees of comparison like those in -a. the

4. Notice

form

their

C.

Declension

of the

comparative.
superior

"

4.

degree
Ex.:

The comparative expressing a is indeclinable.

a)

Singular.
en en

rikare vackrare

furste flicka
bord

den den det

rikare vackrare storre

fursten flickan

ett storre

bordet.

Plural, rikare vackrare storre

furstar

de de de

rikare vackrare storre

flickor
bord

furstarne flickorna
borden.
an

b)
inferior
Ex.:

The

comparativewhich
degree follows
the
lika

expresses

equal

or

indefinite declension.

fursten dr furstarne
bordet borden

(icke sd) rik som konungen lika sd (icke sd) rika dro som kungen lika (icke sd) vackert dr som skdpet lika (icke sd) vackra dro som skdpet.

D.

Declension

of the

superlative.
is declined instead -e

" 5. a) The according to the

of
an -a

attributive superlative

definite form but takes an in the three genders and both numbers.

The

(continued). adjective
de de de

67

Ex.:

den den det

fursten vackraste fiickan bar net flitigaste

rikaste

furstarne vackraste flickorna barnen. flitigaste

rikaste

remains unchanged. predicative b) The superlative

Ex.
:

Dessa

blommor

dro

vackrast.

c)

The

absolute superlative Singular.

is declined

like the

indefinite form.
Plural. rik

Ex.:

fursten
barnet

dr

ntycket mycket E.

fiickandr mycket
dr

vacker sndllt.

furstarne flickorna
barnen

dro dro

dro

mycket rika mycket vackra mycket sndlla.

"
liten smd

6.

Irregularcomparisons.
Comparative. mindre,
smaller

Positive.

Superlative. minst, smallest smdrst, sdmst, vdrst, worst didst, oldest bdst, best minst, least mest, most fldsta,mesta est. ndst, ndrmast, near"
"

small (sing.),
"

(plur.), ddlig,elak (ond),bad

" smdrre, sdmre, vdrre, worse

old gammal, bra, god, good fa, few much (sing.), mi/cfcen
manga
ndra

dldre, older bdttre, better fdrre, less

mera,
more
"

(plur.), many
near.

flera
ndrmare,

nearer.

Words.

blodbad

\bloj'd-slaughter
pomp the men deceit

tilldoden

dei[ti'l

to death

ba'd\
stdt
mdnnen

ddn]
knektar

[stoif]
\mentm\

[knek'-

soldiers

tar']
ring [riy!]
bodeln
svdrdet

svek

[sve.'k]

ring
ner executiosword

(treachery)
slott \sht:'\ sal [sa.'Z] uppsyn
iron

the [boiddln] the [svseirddt]

castle room, hall

face, mien, [up'sy'ri]

uppstdllda \up' posted

look throne [trco.^n] the decision beslut"t[bdslm.'t9t]

steVda}
vdntade
was awaiting \vvrvtdid^''\ killed were dodade^de'dadds']

deposition avsdttning [a*t*sif'niT)]

domstol stco'U
a

[doj'm-

court

tillsatte [til'sat'd] instituated condemdomdes were [dom'dds'] stice) ned (of Ju-

hy Hades

[hyl'a- was

sworn

pd forhc forhand

[po.^beforehand

dds']
krontes

allegiance

forhanid] de anklagade [a?i* the accused ones kla^gadd\

crowned was [kron'tds^] invited inbjudit [hvbjm^dit]

68

Lesson

13.

fomdmsta

most [fce'Ji-

eminent self him-

n"m'sta\ visade sig \vi'- showed

forfoljt [fce'v- persecuted fom avsatt [a'vsaf^ matte straffas should be punished

nddig [no'dig^] clement tankte \t"7)'td^'\ thought samtyckte [sam'- consented distinguished framstdende tyk'td] 'it [fram'sto'dndd] deliagit partaken [c [de'lta^git] commanded uppkallade [up'- called together befallde [bdfaTkaradd] dd'] samlades assembled std till rdtta [sto^ to sue at law [sam'la'til! ret'a'] 'dds] mork decided [mcer!k] gloomy avgjord [a'vjcor^d] satte sig [sat'd'] sat (upon) led out were fordes ut [fcR'jid9s' uc't] framtrddde appeared be executed. [fram'tre'dd] avrdttas[a'vr"t^as] demanded begdrde[hdjseirdd]

Reading
Nu
tes

Exercise
blodbad.

25.

Stockholms

Kristian hyllades
med

II

sasom

i Stockholm

stor stat.

Till

Sverigeskonung och kronhade han hogtidlighetema

deras fruar.
han Han

de fornamsta mannen inbjudit visade sigiiadig mot alia, men

En
arna

i riket och
de mest

i sitt sinne tankte slott. De

mork

pa svek.
svensk-

1520 blevo dag i november uppkallade till Stockholms

framstaende samlades
uppsyn
nu

i och

en

sal

pa och

slottet.

Konungen
Infor

kom
honom

in med

satte

sig pa

sin tron.

framtradde

Gustav

Trolle

och avsatt honom, matte forfoljt begarde, att de, som straffas. Konungen samtyckte hartill och befallde,att alia,som i deltagit till ratta
beslutet
om

Gustav

Trolles

skulle avsattning,

sta

han tillsatte. Domen var domstol, som pa forhand till doden. avgjord: de anklagade domdes Darpa Pa fordes de ut till att avrattas. danska Stortorget voro knektar uppstalldai en ring, och inom denna viintade bodeln
en

infor

med

svardet.

Nu

dodades

82

av

de

fornamsta

svenskarna.

Conversation. Vem
Var

hyllades
krontes

sasom

Sverigeskonung?
dessa

han? under
om

Vad Vad Vad Vad

Av

skedde
vet

hogtidligheter?

Ni

detta

blodbad? Trolle?

Vilket

ar agde begarde Gustav

det rum?

befallde
vem

konungen?
de de

tillsattes domstolen? domdes

av

Till vad
Hum

anklagade?
fornamsta svenskarna dodades?

manga

70

Lesson

14.

The

termination

of the
P*

supine is: conjugation.

" "

-at for the -t 'tt

" " " " "

2^^ S'-^

-it

"

4*^

"

"
or

2.

The

first three

weak

and conjugations

called regular are conjugations the fourth irregular or strong

conjugation.
First

conjugation.
-ra,

"

3.

The

first

contains conjugation

in -erttj-iga^ It takes:

-la,-na,

-ska,-sa

the verbs and -ta.

ding en-

-ade in the -ad in the -at in the

imperfectindicative. past participle. supine.

to love.
volee.

"

4.

Alska^
Active

Indicatiye.

Sul)juiictive.
Present.
I love S.
or

I loye S.

etc.

may

love

etc.

jag dlkaf" du dlskar' han dlskar P. vi dlska I dlsken de dlska.

dlska or md dlske or md dlska han dlske or md dlska. P. vi dlske or tna dlska I dlsken dlska or man de dlske or md dlska.
du

jag dlske

Imperfect.
I loYed S.
etc.

I loved

or

might

love

etc.

jag dlskade du dlskade han dlskade. P. vi dlskade I dlskaden de dlskade.

jag dlskade du dlskade han dlskade P. vi dlskade I dlskaden de dlskade

S.

skulle or matte dlska or skulle or matte dlska or dlska. or skulle or matte dlska matte or skulle or skullen or mdtteftidlska or dlska. or skulle or matte

Perfect.
I have S. loved
etc.

I have S.

or

may md md

have

loved

etc.

jag har dlskat

du har dlskat han har dlskat. P. vi hava dlskat I haven dlskat de hava dlskat.

hava dlskat jag du hava dlskat han md hava dlskat. P. vi md hava dlskat I man hava dlskat de md hava dlskat.

The

verb.

71

Pluperfect.
I had S. loved hade
etc.

I had S.

or

might
or
"

have

loved
or
"

etc.

alskat du hade alskat han hade alskat P. vi hade alskat I haden alskat de hade alskat.

jag

jag
du han

hade hade

skulle
skulle

matte

matte
matte

hade

"
"
""

P. vi hade I haden de hade

skulle skulle
skullen

"
"

matte

" "

mdtten
matte

"

skulle

Future.
I shall S. love
etc.

Conditional.
I should S. love
etc;

jag skall dlska

jag skulle dlska

du skulle dlska han skulle dlska.

du skall dlska han skall dlska. skola P. VI dlska I skolen dlska de skola dlska.

P. vi skulle dlska I skullen dlska de

skulle dlska.

Future
I shall S. have

past.
loved
etc.

Conditional
I should S. have

past.
loved
etc.

dlskat dlskat skall hava dlskat. han skall hava P. vi skola hava dlskat I skolen hava dlskat de skola hava dlskat.

jag skall hava

du

jag

skulle hava

dlskat

dlskat du skulle hava han skulle hava dlskat.

P. vi skidle hava I skullen hava de skulle hava

dlskat dlskat dlskat.

Imperative.

Infinitive.

dlska, love. dlskom, let dlsken, love

us

love.

ye.

Pres. dlska, to love. Perf. hava dlskat, to have loved. Int. skola dlska, to be about to love.

Participles.
Pres.

Perf. havande

dlskande, loving. dlskat,having loved. loved. Sup. dlskat,

Passive

voice.

Indicative.

Subjunctive.
Present.
I he S.

am

loved

etc.

or

may

he loved
or

etc.

S.

jag dlskas
du dlskas han dlskas.

P. vi dlskas I dlskens de dlskas.

md dlskas du dlskes or md dlskas han dlskas. dlskes or md P. vi dlskes or md dlskas I dlskens dlskas or man de dlskes or md dlska.

jag dlskes

72

Lesson

14.

Imperfect.
I S.
was

loved

etc.

were

or or

might

be

loved

etc.

jag dlskades
du

S,

jag dlskades
du

dlskades Tian dlskades. P. vi dlskades 7 dlskadens de dlskades.

dlskades han dlskades P. vi dlskades I dlskadens de dlskades

skulle or matte skulle or matte skulle or matte or skulle or T/ia^^e or or skullen or mdtten or sfcwZ/e or wdffe
or

Perfect.
have S.

heen

loved

etc.

I have S.

or

may
ma

have

heen dlskats

loved,

Ja^ ^ar dlskats

jag

hava

Imperative.

Infinitive. Pres.

dlskas, be loved.
let us be loved. be dlskens, ye loved.

dlskoms,

iUska^s, to be loved. Perf. hava dlskats, to have been loved. Fut. skola dlskas,to be about to be loved.

Participle.
Perf. dlska^ dlskade (m and f),dlskat (n),

(pi.) loved.
=

The

verb.

73

Supine:
Note. The "hlivai" and ^vara^

(ilskats

been

loved.

verbs passivevoice is also formed by the auxiliary and the participle perfectpast. jag Mir (dr) dlskad etc.,I am loved. jag blev (var) dlskad etc.,I was loved.

Irregular verbs
Infinitive.
heta kunna
leva veta be named to be able to live to know will
to

of the
Plur.

I.

Conjugation.
Imperfect.
hette

Ind. Present,

Supine.
hetat kunnat
levat vetat velat.

Sing.
heter
kan level"
vet

heta kunna
leva
veta

kunde
levde visste ville

vilja

vill
Words.

vilja

utlopp [m'tlop^] mouth

salt-sea saltsjo [sal'tfo^] holmar islets [hol'mar^^

halvdar\hal'v0ar^\ peninsulas
straits sund, pi. [sunJd']

kring [kriy.'] around utgores av \m't- are formed out of jo'rds a.'v'] skilda [fil'da^] separated

uppfyllda [up'

filled up

[vi'kar^] foliage ldvskog[l0'vskoj'g^ dungar [du7far'] clumps soder [so.'ddr] south malmenlmal'mdnl the suburb the zoological djurgdrden [jui'rgarden goUddn] anden [an'dd'n] the ghost shuset riksdag parliament[rik'sda'gshm' house S'dt] the sluice slussen [slus.'dn] the vessel f artyget [fa'rty'gdt]
strax intill

vikar

JyMa]
lummiga[lum'iga'] bushy
itself sjdlv [fsl'v] ddrigenom [d".'rithereby

je'n'om]
delat [de'laf] divided s e.'the south at soder to [o.'t

ddr]
at norr i vaster i oster oster om

[o!t nor!]to the in the [tV ves.'tdr] in the [i'os.'tdr'] to the [os.'tdr

north
west east

east of

om.']

quite near

[strakis intiH] buried begravna [6agra'vna'] close to hredvid\hre'dvitd] vice versa tvdrton^tvBBJi-tom''] vanligtvis[va'n- usually liktvi^s] beldgen[bdUigdn^situate(d)

kunglig [kuy'lig'] royal allt ifrdn [altt ever since ifroin] helgeands [hd'jd-of the Holy

an'ds]
bygffd[byg;d] ligdn'] ny [ny.']

Ghost built

ndmligen [nem'- namely

new.

Reading
Stockholm Hela
sma ar en av

Exercise

27.

Stockholm.

de vackrast

trakten
oar,

kring
och

Malarens

belagna stader i Europa. utlopp i ^Saltsjon" utgores av

av

holmar

halvoar, skilda

sund

och

vikar

samt

74

Lesson

14.

branta berg, skogar och lummiga lovskogsuppfyllda av sma dungar. Sjalva Stockholm liggerpa flera holmar och halvoar och ar darigenom delat i flera delar: I mitten ligger "Staden'' pa och
en

holme

mellan

"Norrstrom" och "Soderstr6m" ;

samt

at soder

^Kmigsholmen" i vaster om "Ostermalm*^ "Staden" at ^Saltsjon" till ligga "Skeppsholmen*' och ^Djurgarden'^ "Staden''ar Stockholm aldsta del. Har det "Kmigliga Slottet" och pa ar liten intill holme strax en ligger"Riddarholmskyrkan". dar konungarna allt ifran Gustav II ligga begravna. Pa en annan holme, ,,Helgeandsholmen'', liggerdet nya "Riksdagshuset". Bredvid ^Soderstrom" ar en sluss byggd for fartyg,som skola till ,,Saltsj6n'* eller tvartom; vattnet i Maga fran Malaren laren star namligen vanligtvis hogre an i "Saltsjon''.
"Norrmalm" "Sodermalm'',atnorr
i oster.

Oster

Conyersation.
Ar

Stockholm
vad vad

en

vacker

stad?

Av
Pa

utgores trakten
manga
aro

kringMalarens
Stockholm

? utlopp i Saltsjon

liggersjalvaStockholm?
delar
ar

I hum

delat?

Vilka
Vad
ar

Stockholms

viktigaste byggnader?

byggt det bredvid Soderstrom?

Words,

buildings

hyggnader\hyg'nad^dr]

professors
merchant lesson

head-master

\iskol)fdrestdndare j ddrvis^niy] [lektion [Ukfcotri] I [foTdston^dard]

sovsalar

\l"'rard^\ kopman [gd'pman^] lundervisning [uwIdrare

ham \haiji7i\ forvaltas [foR'rlar] matsalar dining-rooms [ma'tsa^valtas] bestdr av IS composed [bdsto'r lar] of a.'v] infirmary sjukrum [fuckrymlig \rym'lig^^ spacious rum^] school-rooms stilla \stil'a^'\ skolrum [skco'l- quiet scolded \_gr"'grdlade pa rum'] teachers of sprdkldrare[spro'la^dd] viskade [vis'ka'dd] was languages ing whisperkh^rard] ritldrare drawing [ri'tU''' industrious master flitig [flitig'] rard\ master skrivldrare[skri'vhdvlig[ho'vlig'] polite writing [skco'nindulgent skonsam U^rard] sam'] singing sdngldrare [soj}'blames tadlar [tad'lar^^ master W'rard] Idrjungar [Ise'r- punishes straffar\^straf'ar^'\ pupils strict Strang \str"y^ juy^ar] class rooms klassrum [klas'- impartial opartisk [oj'par^tisk].

dormitories

[so'vsa'- children

is conducted

The

verb.

75

Translation
The

Exercise
School. the finest

28.
in buildings
The the town.

Our
It

school
of three

is

one a

of very

is conducted

by

learned
We have

director.
three

school

is

composed
modern

dormitories,two spacious
Latin
a

an dining-rooms,

four infirmary,
a

class-rooms.

teachers
a

of

(for)
other

languages, a singing master, master,

teachers.

and

Greek

master,
and

drawing
two

writing

master

Pupilsmust
strict but
absent
son

be quietin the class-room.

Our teachers

are

very

impartial. Are
;

all

present to-day? No,

director scolded

four the

pupilsare
merchant's

they
and
Is

must he
was

be ill. Our

because

the

lesson.

Industrious
masters. but

children polite your

very

parents and
blames
us

always whisperingduring loved by their are master indulgent? Yes, he

seldom.

often

punishes us

Fifteenth Lesson.
Second

conjugation.
the second

"

1.
are

The

verbs

to belonging-

gation conju-

divided into two classes: a) To the first class belong all verbs the root of of the contains one ends which in -k, -p, -s, -t, and weak vowels : a, y, o, e, i. These verbs take: -te in the imperfectindicative. 't in the past participle. -t in the supine. b) To the second class belong all verbs the root of which does not end in -k, -p, -s, -t,but contains one of the vowels: a, y, o, ", i. -de in the imperfectindicative.
-d in the
-t in the

past participle.

supine.
Boja,
Passive Indicative. Present.

Kopa,
Active

to

buy.

to

bend.
voice.

voice.

76

Lesson

15.

Imperfect.
S. jag
du han
\
"

S. jag

I
"

kopte. kopte. kopten. kopte.

bojde. bojde. hojden. bojde.

du han

koptes.
koptes. koptens. koptes.

hojdes. hojdes. bojdens. hojdes.

P. vi
I de

P. vi
I de

Note. the verb:

The

etc. Subjunctive
as

compound tenses of the Indicative and the with the same verbs are conjugated auxiliary
dlskas.

dlska,

Imperative.
S. kop. P. kopom.

kopen.

boj. bojom. bojen.

S. kops. P. kopoms.

kopens.
Infinitive.

hojs. bojonis. bojens.

kopa.

hoja.
Participle.

kopas,

bojas.

Present,

Past,

kopande,

bojande.

kopt.

hojd.

Supine.
kopt.
The of the verb:
^

bojt.
can

kopts.
be used

bojts.
in the

forms periphrastic dlska,dlskas.

just as

conjugation

78

Lesson

15.

Words.

uppfarten \up'-

the ascent

fa^rtdn]
hissar

lifts [his'ar''^ down jamvdgar [jx'dnrailways Idtta {let'a^^ facilitate ve'gar] tunnlar tunnels called sd kalladid) so [tun'lar'''] s. k. promenadplatser walking place [so.'kal'add'] [prco'mdna'dfinnas [jin'as^^ are found,
,
=

steam-launch dngslupar [^oy'sIm'par] stupar [^stui'par^'] slopes sinks

plafsdr]

there

are

kungstrddgdrden (the) King's [kuystrEgo'rddn] garden (the)Hopgarden humlegdrden \hum'ldgo'rddn\ operahus [oj'pdraopera house hm^s]
nationalmuseum
national
seum mu-

underjordisk
innehdller historisk

underground

[un'ddrjojUdisk] [ind'- containSjholds

historical \histcjt-

Tisk'\
tvdrsover

[tvsej,'through

[nat'fojna'lmiase^urri]
konstsam sandds

se'vdr]
bekant
known [bdkanti]

lingar

artistic(al)

collections [kon'stsam^liyar] sand [san'do^s] ridge bergds [bxr'jo^s] ridge seger [se.'gdr] victory ries works, factofabriker [fabritkdr\ avdelning[a'vde% division park [paM^k] park

[le'ddr^] leads also ock lokf] talrik [ta'lri^k]numerous visited besokas [bdso'kas^] are bekvdmt [bdk- comfortably v"7n!t] Jiotta[Jlot'^'} navy forlustelsestdlle pleasure [fcerlus'tdlsd- ground
sterd]
the lustsloiten [lus't-

leder

stockholmare

Stockholmers

[stok'hormard] omgivningar[om'-environs jivniy^ar]

pleasure

castles slot'n] tram-cars. spdrvagnar[spo'rvay^nar]

Beading
"Sodermalm" stupar

Exercise

29.

Stockholm.

sjon.For att latta uppfarten For hissar. dit har man tva s. k. jarnvagarna finnas tva A ,,Norrmalm,. langa underjordiska ligga vagar, s. k. tunnlar. Stockholms tva fSmamsta promenadplaster, ^Kungstradgarden'' och ^Humlegarden'',samt Operahuset och Nationalmuseum, innehaller statens historiska och konstamlingar. Tvarssom
brant
at
over

"Norrmalm*'
Sten ock Vid
en

gar

en

sandas, "Brunkebergsasen**,bekant
denna as genom ker. fabrifinnas stora ,.Kungsholmen'*
over

genom

Stures

leder

seger Pa tunnel.

danskarna;

flottan.

"Skeppsholmen" ligger en avdelning av Djurgarden ar en vacker park med talrika

den
ar

svenska
sommar-

bostader;

stockholmarnas
ocksa

forniimsta Stockholms

forlustelsestalle. niirhet

Mycket

besCkas

de

liggande

och j,Drottningholm". kungligalustslotten ^Haga**, ^Ulriksdal"

The

verb.

79

Mellan
kommer

Stockholms
man

olika delar

avensom

tilldess

omgivningar
angslupar.

latt och

beqvamt

med

sparvagnar

och

Conyersation.

Vilken
Var Vad Var

malm

ar

brantast?
tva fornamsta ? promenadplaster

ligga Stockholms
kallas de?

liggeren
aro

avdelningav

svenska
fornamsta

flottan? forlustelsestallen ?

Vilka

stockholmarnas

Words. creditors tTa.desm3inhandlanden[han'dlan'ddn] business, pi. affdrer [afsridr] debitors var or gods [va'goods r(j)T\ gcot^s] manager vinst [vin.'st] profit tradesmen handlanden\han'd- bills the
^

fordringsdgare Ifoj'rdriyse'gard]
gdldendrer [jel'dd-

ne'rdr]
disponent [dis'pco-

lan'ddn]
the merchant clerks

receipts

kopmannen man'dn]
kontorister

[co'p-

commercial code losses balance-sheet

assets

[kon'tojrisitdr] book-keeper hokhdllare \ha)'khoVard]

cashier traveller

nenit] [vek'slar^] kvitton [kvit'ojn^] handelsbalk [han'ddlsbal'k] forluster [foRVlus'tdr] balanskonto [6alay'skon^toj]
vdxlar

kassor

office
merchandise
customers

[kaso.'r] [handels]resande [re'san'dd] kontor (neut.) [kontco'.r]

handelsvaror kunder

aktiva (tillgdngar)
ak[til'goy^ar, tiv!a]

liabilities does

(skulder),passiva

buys [han'ddlsva'rcor] [kun'ddr^] sells employs

sends
out

luppdrag (neut.)
orders

[up'dra^g]
I

bestdllning[bdst"l'my']
\D'j,ddr

order-book invoices correspondence

orderl^bok

imports bco'k] fakturor exports enter tm'rojr'] brewdxUng \bre'vmake out vek'sUy] ombud,
agenter

agents

attend bm'd,ag"n.'tdr] [om' cash-book kassabok [kas'akeeps bco'k] invoice-book fakturbok [fak- pays receives tm'rboj'k] stock-book lagerbok [la'gdr- signs

pasivia] [skul'ddr, gor [joir] koper [p0-"ar'] forsdljer[fcersel'jdr'] [sgs'dlsysselsdtter sd'dr] utsdnder [m'tsen'ddr] infor [in'fqr'] utfor [m* ftfor'] inskriva [in'skri^ va] utstdller [uctsterdv] besorja [bdsoe'rJa'] for [for^] betalar [bdta'lar']
uppbdr

\up'bser''\
[wv[fer'

undertecknar
dr

boj'k]

ddrtek'nar]

ledger

Jiuvudbok

[hui'-

is bound

tvungen

vudbo/k]

tvuy'dn'']

80

Lesson

16.

take stock ascertain go

inventera

[in'ven-

in

tetra]
utrbna

beyond

cheap
dear
now
. . .

now

therefore

[m'tre'na] [0'vdrskri'da] regularly hilligt [bil'ig^t] dyrt [dyji't] yearly an an [sn! enf] easy ddrfor [dser'fc"r] or
overskrida
... . .

hV compliance z enlighet med 'nligh"t meid] vederborligen [ve'properly with to

ddrbce'rligdn regelmdssigt [regdlmesHgt] drligen[o'rligdn'] latt [Ut^ eller [elidr]

Translation

Exercise

30.

Commerce. The them dear.

and
a

business; he buys goods and sells again with a profit. Tradesmen buy now cheap now The merchant employs several clerks,a book-keeper
tradesman does cashier in his office;he world to sell and
all kinds

sends

out

travellers
The

to every

part of the
and the
out

buy goods; he therefore

clerks

ports imenter

exports
or

of merchandise.

travellers'

customers' attend
to

orders the

invoices

and

order-book, make correspondence with the

in the

The book-keeper keeps the agents, travellers or customers. invoice the book and the stock-book. the cash-book, ledger,
The money

cashier from

pays his Code

the
and

merchant's
The

creditors manager

and

receives
the ters, letthe

debitors.
in France

invoices, bills
commercial
to

receipts. In
every

signs compliance with

is stock the take

merchant

boimd
every lance ba-

keep books
that sheet It is
he

properly and
may

regularly and
his losses the the
assets
or

year

ascertain whether easy for

profits. The

shows then

go

beyond
to

lities. liabihis

merchant

ascertain

profits.

Sixteenth Lesson.
Third

conjugation.
the

belong all " 1. To this conjugation verbs and a few others : monosyllabic
ie, to show ske, to happen bo, to dwell bero, to depend glo, to gape
gnOf gro, to to rub shoot sno, to

following

twist

tro, to believe varsko, to warn

sy, to to to
sew

bry, trd,
ro,

trouble, to bother

long for
row

forth

to

sko, to shoe

fly, to flee

The

verb.

81

gry,

to

dawn

sky,
spy,

to shun to to spit,

vomit

md, to be, to feel forma, to be able nd, to reach J to take after

sd, to sow forebrd, to reproach fid,to skin feM, to strike

forsmd,
spa, to to

to

disdain

to predict foretell,

brd[s], I
2.

dtrd,

long for.

to

resemble

These

verbs

take: indicative. imperfect

'dde in the -dd in the

-tt in the

past participle.

supine.
to

Tro,
Active Indicative. voice.

believe.
Passive Indicative.

voice.

Subjunctive.
Present.

Subjunctive.

S.

jag
du Tian
tror. tro. iron. tro.

S. md tro}
tro.

jag
du
tros.
tros. trons.

md
md mdn md

tros.^
tros. tros.

P.

VI

md
man

I de

md

tro. tro.

han P. vi I de

tros.

tros.

Imperfekt.
S.

jag
du

S. trodde.^ trodde. trodden. trodde,

jag
troddes, troddes. troddens. troddes. troddes.^ troddes. troddens. troddes.
same

) trodde.

han
P. vi I de

)
trodde. trodden, trodde,

du han P. vi

I
de

as

in the Note. The compound tenses are conjugated the verb: dlska, cilskas (page 70).

manner

Imperative.
S. tro P. tron. S. tros. P. trons. Infinitive.
tro.
tros.

Participle.
troende.
^

trodd.

The
no

The

and conseis antiquated quently simple form of the subjunctive longerused. forms are like those of the verb dlska, dlskas. periphrastic
Grammar.

Elementary Swedish

82

Lesson

16.

Supine,
trott. trotts. is formed
oss.

with

1st person pluralof the imperativemood verb ^Idta^ and the personalpronoun the auxiliary

Note.

The

Ex.: Idtom

oss

tro, let

us

believe.

IrregularVerbs
Infinitive. Pres.

of the

III.

Conjugation.
Participle,
dod

Indicative.

Imp, Sing. Plur. dog dogo jick jingo gick gingo logo log
sag stod

Supine.
dott

Sing.
do
to die to
to to

Plur. do

dor

fd

get
go

r
se
^

fdr gdr
lev
ser

fd
ga le
se

fdtt gdtt
lett sett

(adj.) (und) fdngen,

-et

gdngen, -et
sedd sett stdnden, (ut) -et

laugh
see

to

sdgo
stodo
10

std to stand sld to beat

stdr sldr

std sld

stdtt

slog
Words,

slagit

slagen, -et.

parishes kyrkosocknar [ccer'ksok'nar] the half [heltftdn] hatften shelves avsatser [a'vsaf"-.
Sdr] stairs trappsteg [trap'stenart

naturshdnhet
ndra

[na-beauty of
near

ture na-

tm'rfonhe't] [ne'ra']

wide,broad [bretf] to comprise, omfatta [oirvfafa]

brett
to
cover

ste'g] speciesof [ste'na'ut]

stone

jdmn [jemtn] to rise si'g] hoja sig [hoja' liknande [li'k- resembling

flat

sandsten

[san'd-

sandstone alumish slate

nan^dd]
tredje [tre'djd^] third
hard

ste^n] alunskiffer

[hoUd] [dstr

hard

[a'lunfif'dr]
kalksten

blackish svartaktig\svax'tlime stone

[kal'k-

ak^tig]
ddr up'
vdxa

ste^n] trap^ trapp [trapf] barrskog [bar's-firwood kco'g] country hygd [bygtd] church kyrka [fcer'Ara'] house herrgdrd [hser- manor go^jid] utsikten [m'tsik the view tdn] sldtten [sUttdn] the plain
yta [yta^]
*

uppe

up

there

9^
[vek'sa^]
to grow
,

b or

fertile dig [boR'.idig''] tilled [co'dlad'^] vated culti,

odlad

splendid stdtlig[sto'tlig^'\ odndligt [wend^- infinitely ligt]

sake skull [skul'] travellers. resande [re'san'dd]

surface

its

igneous rock (a varietyof a stair-like aspect. presenting

an

dolerite

or

basalt named

from

The

verb.

Reading
Det

Exercise

31.

KinuekuUe.

Vastgotabergen ar KinnekuUe. 300 m. invid Vanern/) ar nara Det ligger hogt, 14 km. langt Det omfattar halften sa brett. tre hela kyrksocknar och nara Det bildar icke en jamn sluttning, fern andra. delar av samt stora trappsteg. Varje i utan avsatser, liknande hojer sig sarskild stenart : den lagsta av sandsten, bestar av avsats en den tredje av kalksten. andra den av alunskiffer, Toppen innehaller en hard svartaktig bergart,som kallas trapp. Dar vaxer barrskog; bergets ovriga delar utgora en bordig uppe och val odlad bygd, med kyrkor och statliga herrgardar. Utsikten over bergetslagre delar samt over hela Vastgotaslatten Vanerns och vida yta ar oandligt vacker, och KinnekuUe skull mycket av for sin naturskonhets resande. besokes markvardigaste
av

Conversation.

Vilket ar det markvardigasteav KinnekuUe? Vid vilken sjo ligger

Hurudan Varav Ar For Av
ar

Vastgotabergen?

dess dess
over

sluttning?
avsatser?

besta

utsikten
vad

bergets lagre delar

KinnekuUe?

vacker?

besokes

vilken

bergart bestar

toppen?
temperature temjperatur [tem.blossoms favourable
is commenced

Words. the seasons drstidema[o'rstrof the year ddrna\ the trees trdden [trcddn^] the weather vddret [vetdrdt] i dr [it this year otr] fruit frukt [frukU]
nature

blommor gynnsam

psratut^r] [blojm'cor^]

natur(en) [natmtr]

[jyn'sam'] borjas [bcer'jas'] untddr] [in'tef

the crop, the skdrden[J CR'rd9n^] harvest wonder under \un!d9r]

intet under

places bathing badorter[ba-dco^r-

no

wonder

fogaunderligt un'ddrligH] [frffs,'

ej att

tdr]
the leaves the days bladen

dagama
man

[bla'ddn*] [da'gar-

people
in wet ther
wea

na^] [mant]
I vdtvdder

undra pd at' ["j.' un'dra' pof\ het [he!t] hot it is gettingdet blir kallt cold dark mork [mortk]

[kalit]

vid
'

[vo'tvs'ddr]early
ruskvdder

tidigt (pd dagen)

[ti'dig't]
Strang, hdrd hoird] [streyt
kort bast short best

[rus'kvE^ddr]
(neut.) \kli-

the sick climate

desjuka[de!furka^]
klimat

matt\
^

[kco!rt] [besit]
6*

famous

lake in Sweden.

84

Lesson

17.

dogdays
there will be
to

rdtmdnad

(sing.)

seems

synes

\sy'n9s^]

[ro'tmo'nad] det shall finnas [skali Jin'as']

smdle

begin
to

borja [bcer'ja^]

fall

smile

[smo'le']

is

coming

on

everything
to

allt [al'tiy' allting,

to catch cold to recover

altt]
revive leva

igen [leva'' up! i'jdn']

upp

falla ned [fal'a' netd] nalkas [nalkas''] forkyla sig [foergyla' sitg] tillfriskna [tilfris^kna].

Translation
The
seasons

Exercise
of the

32.

years.
are

Spring
with
there

is the

season
"

that

(av) blossoms. will be plenty

seems

If the of

Trees I like best. is weather favourable

"

white

this year,
and everything the

fruit.
We

All nature

smiles

to

revive.

have
"

had
No

warm

summer;

harvest

has
are

hot ;
we

we

already commenced. in (pa) the dog days.

in
"

wonder

that

it is
summer

so

"

During the

whole

in In is
wet to How and

In autumn it is not so hot as bathing-places. Leaves shorter. summer. begin to fall; days become cold ; winter is coming on. Winter the morning it is getting cold in Sweden. People catch cold very easilyin very dwell

weather.
recover. can
"

The
In

sick must the month

fond
so

spend winter in
of December

warm

climate

it is dark

early.
"

people be

of winter! low.

The

days

are

so

short

the

temperature is

Seventeenth
Fourth

Lesson.

conjugation.

Strong verbs.

" 1. The strong changes of their root

verbs are characterized by vowelin the Imperfect Indicative. into three

the

"

2.

They

are

divided

chief groups:
the
root

a)

The

first group

contains

verbs

of

which undergoes but one and in the plural of the

vowel-change

in the

singular

ImperfectIndicative.

According

to

vowels the verbs divided into 9 classes.

change of the different rootbelonging to the first group may be

the

86

Lesson

17.

Olbservation.

It results from the above that the verbs characterized: to the first group are
1.

belonging
in the Imperfect

by

simple change
Indicative;

of the root- vowel

2.

by the preservation of the root-vowel

in the

Supine;
whereas

those
:

belonging to change
in the
u.

the second

group

are

racterized cha-

1.

by

double

of the root-vowel

perfect in the Im-

Indicative;
2.

by the vowel
which is

Supine and

Past

Participle

always

verbs all the irregular tenses belonging to the 4 conjugations.The irregular in the vowill be given in the text as they occur cabulary. or contains

c) The

third group

the different changes undergone by their root- vowels, the strong verbs are also characterized terminations: by the following

"

3.

Besides

-en

in the Past
" "

-it

Participle. Supine.

The

verb.

87

Imperfect.
S.

jag
du han grep. band.

S. jag
du han grepo. grepen. grepo. bundo. bunden. bundo. P. vi I de grepos. grepens. grepos. bundos. bundens. bundos. greps. bands.

P. vi
I de

Subjunctive.
Present.

S. jag
du han gripe. binde.

S. jag
du han gripes. bindes.

P. vi
I de

gripe.^
gripen. gripe.

binde.^
binden. binde.

P. vi I de

gripes.^
gripens. gripes.

bindes.^ bindens. bindes.

Imperfect.
S. jag
du han
)

S. jag
bunde. du han grepe. grepen. grepe. bunde. bunden. bunde.

[ grepe.^
)

[grepes.^
I

bundes.^

P. vi
I de

P. vi
I de

grepes. grepens. grepes.

bundes. bundens. bundes.

Imperatiye.
S. grip.
P. bind. bindom. binden. S. P.

grips. gripoms. gripens.

binds. bindoms. bindens.

gripom. gripen.

Inflnitiye,

gripa,

binda.

gripas. Participle.

hindas.

gripande.

bindande.

gripen. Supine.

bunden.

gripit.
^

bundit.

gripits.

bundits.

The

compound

forms

are

after "^alska" conjugated

page

70.

88

Lesson

17.

vis^t^^^t^^^^^
a

^ ^

i Nl ill illIIP! i*iri'l-ili:"il

-"^s
-to

vS t^-:ts S i :t:j ."^ -1-'^s ."*"i ,^ ."tS -"^ 'Sj-^ .-t^ -^.-ts .-s.-t-s --^
"^

"" .-t^

I U^~r

Wliiiiffliiiii

ifiitti-PliiillHiilii '^^-^'?i,'^""2,
^o

^5'^o ^o

ro

ro

'ts^

'^

Qi

^^

."

^ ,^;:s;;5-:2

5^!^o"^

The

verb.

89

":5"i

S-

^^ c5

'"'.*

'^^oS,g.
'-

'"'-

"=^

c/j

cc

"^

so

CO

?~

i: ^

S"

g ^

i: g ^'^

53,1 ?^-g g^^

^M

II ill g
"

CO

cc

cc

"o

"c

90

Lesson

17.

Words,
the attack anfallet [an'fal'dt] framgdng [fram'-success gonv'] the enemy fienden[Ji'dnddn^] [tru- the troops truppema p'drna'] disorder oordning [oj'o^Jidniv\ the bands skarorna [ska'rcorna^] kulregnet \km'l- the shower

[m'tsto'] to undergo to see [o'tdrse^'] again first forsta [/cers^a']

utstd dterse skedde

[fed'd^] took place vek [ve.'Jc] gave way rdkade [ro'ka^dd] got a' to watch pd [pas' passa
to anfalla [an'f aVa'\ to overmanna [o'vdr-

attack overwhelm

of

man'a]
snart Idt

rty'dt] hdstbdr [hes't-

the bullets stretcher

[snaji^t]

soon

spridde [sprid'd^] spread

bo'r]
bar
moda

[6o.V] [me'da^]

(borne by a horse) row barstretcher,

[UH]

let caused,
to

sonderskjuta
undkomma

shoot escape with

to

[sdn'ddrfm'ta] pieces
to [un'dto

difficulty,

kom'a]
draga (undan)
draw

dterstoden

trouble the \o'tdr- rest

sto/ddn]
Turkiet turkisk omrdde

\turkiidtTurkey

turkish [tur'ikisk' \om'ro^ddterritory der befdlhavare \bd- chief comman-

ftlha'vard] fdlttdg [fd-tto'g] campaign

disaster olycka [oxlyk^a^ the prisoners fdngama

[dra'ga^^ medfora [me'd- to bringalong fo'ra] neighbouring ndrbeldgna [ne'rbdl"g''na] to wound sdra [so'ra^^ exhausted utmatiad [uct mafad] formd [/cermo/]to be able
to

[fov'arna']
lidanden

rddda, sig.

run save

[li'dan^sufferings

[red'a^']
modlos

to I '

away one's

self

ddn]
dterstd [o'tdrsto^] to remain ddribland [de.'Hbamong

lan'd]

[moj'dWs] disheartened giva sig fdngen, to surrender [ji'va'' si'gfoydn^](one's self) few,a few. fd [foi]
Exercise
Tid PoltaYa.

Eeading
Slaget
Det vek.
sarna

33.

forsta da

anfallet rakade de

skedde svenska

med

Men

framgang, och fienden trupperna i oordning; ryssamt

passade p", och anfollo dem

overmannade

snart

skarorna. de spridda svenska Konungen lat fora sigomkring baren i det varsta kulregnet liggande pa en hastbar; men moda undkom med blev sonderskjutenoch konungen pa sin

hast.
undan

Aterstoden

av

haren

drog sig,medforande
och
man

konungen,
har

niirbeiagna floden Dnjepr, som Sarad mellan Ryssland och Turkiet. gransen formaddes konungen att med n"gra hundra
over

till den

bildade utmattad radda

sig

floden

in pa turkiskt omrade.

I den

aterstaende

svenska

The

verb.

91

liaren

voro

befalhavarna

och

en

del

av

trupperna modlosa

bestod av omkring nu olyckor, och haren, som falttagets och daribland sarade, gav sig fangen 5,000 sjuka 14,000 man, svenska De at Ryssarna. fangarna fingo i Ryssland utsta efter
ja lidanden.

Endast

fa

av

dem

atersago faderneslandet.

Conversation, Skedde
Vad det forsta anfallet da

vid Poltava de svenska

med

framgang?
rakade

gjorde Ryssarna, i oordning?

fordes manga
man

trupperna

Hur Huru

konungen omkring?
blevo
gav

Vid

vilken

flod

sjuka och sarade? haren sig den svenska

Words.

fangen

at

Ryssarna?

the visit at the door

besoket
pa

[bdso'kdt] dorren [po

harden

to knock

do"r.'dn] by
a

the

side vid fireen

[vi'd

cup

hope

hsedtddn] kopp [kopt^ jag hoppas [hop-as']

[knak'a^] [vem!] glddja sig[glsd'ja''] pleased alt sedan since ever [se'dan''] hdlsa [hel'sa^] to greet
who? to be take ivar so god och tag I a seat, plats \vair so please! 1 gojtd oktatg
y
ma

knacka vem?

good bye!
how
are

farvdl (sd Idnge)! so [farve'l Uy'd']

star det till

to be

plates] [mo!]

you ? huru det

will you

from
sit

me

long
no

[hm'rm' tilf] frdn mig [fro'n rnitg'] sitt ned {^siti neid] Idnge {ley'd'-'] nej [nejf]
stanna

stoir

vill Ni [viUnit\ itack! \takt] \_jatg jag tackar you"

thank (I)

tak'ar']
tackar sd
in
^

mycket \kom'a'

\\tak'ar^ so my'kdt']
to call for /comma

to to

stay
hear

[stan'a^]

to-day
I
am

to do

(erfara [erfa'ra'] ^fd veta [fo ve'ta^] [jo'ra^] gora

Translation
The

sorry

itn] i dag [^ datg] det gor mig ont [det jotr mitg

conif].
34.

Exercise
Visit.

Who open
the

knocks door.
"
"

at

the

door?

Go
to
"

and the
see

see

who
How
a
"

it is and
of modern
are

It is Mr. very since I been

Holm,
you

teacher
you.

languages.
"

am

pleased
saw

you?
very cup I have
a

It is
on

Sit
of

age this chair

I have
"

an

Take
so

seat, please!
I
am

it is by the fire-side;
very

cold.
you

well,

but

ill.

"

Will

not

take
"

tea?

No,
to

thank

only called

hear

you; how you

I cannot
are.

stay longer.
I have

much

to

do

and

92

Lesson

18.

I must

go

back

to

the

country
I
am

to

day. Another
that you
to
me. see

time

I will

stay longer with

I thank

you.

sorry

cannot

stay longer

Good

visit. I hope for your you bye! Greet your father from

you

again

soon.

Lesson. Eighteenth
Auxiliary verbs. (Continued.)
" 1. Besides the auxiliaryverbs: (pages 55"57) there are in Swedish two
verbs, which
tenses

hava

and

vara

either to form of verbs.

serve

or

to

auxiliary tain cerperiphrase

other

They

are:

"

2.
Present.

1.
S. jag
du han

mdf

may.

Imperfect.

P. vi
I de

m,d.
man. ma.

Ma

serves
"

to
"

periphrasethe
"
"

Present

Subjunctive.
"

Matte

Imp.

"

3.

2.

Skola,
jag
du han

to be

ought. obliged,shall,
Imperfect.
S. jag
du han
i
,

Present.

S.

" shall.

skulle.

)
skola. skolen. skola.

P.

vi I de

P. vi
I de skolat.
serves

skulle. skullen. skulle.

Supine:
The
tenses. The

Present

of skola

to

form

both

future

to periphrasethe Imperfect of skola serves Imperfect and PluperfectSubjunctiveand to form the

Present

and

Past

Conditional.

94

Lesson

18.

lowland ldgland[lo'gldn'd] tx) hdnsyn till with regard [me^d hen'sy^n tilf] mountainous fjdlhnark \_fjd'land mdr'k] tdthet [ts'he't] density inhabitants inhyggare [in'byg'ard] folkslag [fol'k- race med

glest [gles't]

thinly befolkad [bdfol- peopled kad'] hogldnta [ho'g- upper len^ta]

northern nordlig[noj'rdlig^]
tat

[te.'t]
bebyggt

dense

to inhabit, to [bdbyya^] l"el"ygyci

people
tdtare
more

sla^g]
utseende

densely
'

[m'tsidor si'-

look

se^dndd]

sprdk [spro'k]
pa
orase

language
on

\tE'ta^rd bebyg!t] peopled sdrskilt [sas'rjil^t] particularly of which, vars [vaj.^s]

both

sides tola

(whose) [to'la^']
\bdto bear

[poi om'sd' dco'v]

bade
.

besldktad
as

akin
to resemble.

och

well
...

as

[bo'dd'okr\

shk'tad'] likna [lik'na^^

sydlig[sydlig^]

southern

Reading
I

Exercise
folk.

35.
I I

Sveriges
med

ar synnerhet de hoglanta trakterna och allra mest de galler detta om om Tatare nordliga skogs-och fjallmarkerna. bebyggt ar laglandet, sarskilt de sydliga till slattlanden, exempel Skane, vars sodra och vastra delar med hansyn till folktathet tala jamforelse med de battre befolkade trakterna i Europa. De fiesta av

Sverige bo over lander sydligare

miljoner manniskor. Sverige glest befolkat.

jamforelse

Sverigesinbyggare aro
bo
finnar

tillnationen
som aro

svenskar.

I nagra

trakter

och
bade

lappar,
men om

beslaktade
och

folkslag;de likna

varandra

till utseende
nagra Dalarna.

finska gransen, sidor pa omse

bo nara sprak. Finnarna aven skogar, som ligga ner Lapparna bo i fjalltrakterna

i de stora

till Harjedalen.
Conversation,

Hum
Ar

manga

manniskor

bo

Sverige?

Vilken Vad
Vad

Sverige sMedes tatt eller glest befolkat? provins ar folkrikast? kallas Sverigesinbyggare?
vet

Ni

om

Finnarna
bo

och bada

I vilka

trakter

dessa

Lapparna? folkslag?

Words

[kmvcM't] frimdrke \_fri'postcard [bre'v- stamp kcou^t] mser^ka] universal po- vdrldspostforening telegraph telegraf\te'ldgraif] ds stal union order post anvisning pos'tfo^\vssr postal reniy] [pos'tanvis^niy]
post
post [pos/^l
brevkort

envelope

kuvert

The

numerals.

95

postman
letter double

hrevhdrare

[hre'v-

non-postpaid ofrankerad

be^rard]
brev

[oj'fraifkerad]
to

[breiv]
[du[m'tom-

deliver

avldmna

[a'vhm^-

dubbelporto
utomlands

na]
latest
to

postage
abroad

b'dlpojCtoj]

senast

[se'nas't]

lan'ds] [te'ldtelegramm wire,telegram

post office
value
ters matprinted to send
to

register rekommendera [re'komendetra]

ord tal

words

graTnf] postkontor [pos'tkon^cor]

vdrde

figures
electric invention
to

[io!dd] \tail\ elektrisk [elekitrisk]

[vse'rdd''] trycksaker \tryk'sa''kdr]

skicka
tillhora

finning \up'finHy] despatch avsdnda [a'vsen''upp

[^fik'a^^
[tiVho^ra]
Exercise telegraph. 36.

da].

belong

Translation
Post You to must to and to The all
a

and

buy letter-paperand
your

envelopes, if

write

brother.

Will

you

give

me

wish you two penny

stamps,
money

With postal orders one can send post card. that belong to the universal postal the countries,
has

union.
for

postman
had

delivered

me

letter; non-postpaid

I therefore abroad at o'clock

to pay double postage. The is two half-penny. This pence

postage
wire
have
was

of letters

ched despatletters

nine
latest.

o'clock;
Go
to

should

have office

received and

it at twelve
these

the

post

notes, bankenclosing registeredletters (containing) and figures the actual value should be written in words of the most electric telegraph is one the envelope. The on vers The of modem remarkable inventions times. post-man deliand printedmatters twice a day. letters, news-papers able to buy I had not been this letter registered. I have shut. stamps, for the post office was On registered.

Mneteenth
The
I. Cardinal

Lesson.

numerals.
numbers

(Grundtal).
fern, five
sex, dtta.

"

1.

en

{m

and

f),ett (n)one

tvd, tu, tvdnne, two tre, trenne, three fyra, four

six

sju, seven

eight

96

Lesson

19.

nio, nine Ho, ten elva, eleven tolf,twelve tretton,thirteen fjorton, fourteen femton, fifteen sexton, sixteen sjutton, seventeen aderton, eighteen nitton, nineteen tjugu, tw^enty

trettio, thirty fyrtio, forty femtio, fifty sextio, sixty sjuttio, seventy dttio,eighty nittio,ninty hundra, a hundred tusen, a thousand en miljon, a million
en

billion a biljon,

noil, nought.
between 20"100

"
units

2.
are

In compound numbers added as in English.

:

the

Ex.

femtio fern, fifty-five. in the

as

"
smaller

3.

In the hundreds and is number placed before

Ex.
:

thousands

the

in

English.

hundra, three hundred. fyra tusen, four thousand.

tre

"
"
and
are

4.

Tvenne Hundra
neuter.
Ex.:
ett

designatestwo
is used
tusen

persons be

or

longing thingsbeas

together and
5.

instead
may

of tva.
used
nouns

and

hundra,
the

ett tusen.

"
2

6.

Note
4 that

followingexpressions:
gor
i

-|-2
2

is tvd och

(plus)tvd
minskat

dr

i lika
=

jfyra.
tned

2 4* 2 2
" "

f fyra
\
tvd tvd tvd

wied

tvd

dr

tvd. (etc.), tvd.

2X2
2 4
:

4 2

"

j blir ifrdn fyra fyra. gdnger tvd gor (etc.) tvd. i fyra gor (etc.)
genom tvd gor tvd (etc.)

"

fyra

I ^**

|f ^"/^^
a
"

" 7. "In the year" (year)placed before the

Ex.: In

is translated numeral.
1830:
dr

by the word

the

year

1830.

II. Ordinal

numbers

(Ordningstal).
fjdrde, fourth femte, fifth sjdtte,sixth

" 8. forste,-a,

first

andre, -a, second tredje,third

The

numerals.

97

sjunde, seventh dttonde, eighth

nionde, ninth

tionde, tenth eleventh elffe, twelfth. tolfte, trettonde,thirtheenth

fjortonde,fourteenth tjugonde, twentieth thirtieth trettionde, fortieth fyrtionde, femtionde etc.,fiftieth hundrade, hundredth tusende, thousandth.

"

9.

number takes the termination

Ex.
:

the greater compound ordinal numbers is placed before the smaller number, which of ordinal numbers
not
as

In

in

English.

fyrtiosjunde,4:7th (and

fyrtionde sjunde).

III. Collective numbers

(Samlingstal).
tjog,a
gross,
a score

" 10.

ett par,

pair (couple)
a

ett
en

ett dussin,

dozen

gross.

IV.

Fractional

numbers

(Deltal).
are

"

11.

The

fractional numbers

by adding
numbers.
Ex.
:

formed in Swedish the particle -del (part) to the ordinal

en

third. a tredjedel,
two tredjedelar,

tvd

thirds.

V.

numbers. Proportional formed by the cardinal

"
adding

12. the

numbers are proportional to -dubbel or -faldig particles:

tvddubbel treduhhel
or
or

The

numbers.
Ex.:

tvdfaldig, twofold. trefaldig,threefold. of the

"
Hvad

13.

The in the

hours

day

and

night

are

pressed ex-

followingway:
What

dr

klockan?
dr dr dr

Klockan Klockan Klockan Klockan Klockan Klockan Klockan 5.10 Huru

is it? time (o'clock) It is one, two, six o'clock. ett,tvd, sex. half tvd, It is half past one. ire kvart pd (till) fern. It is a quarter to five.
en
en

dr
ar

kvart
kvart

over

tre

^^ .^
tvd.

^
-i

^^^^^
m.

^^^^^
t-

dr

5, 10
to six. At

pa minuter

fyra )
over

It is 5.10
i
sex.

(dr) fattas 5,
m.

10

minuter

It is

past two. (wants)

dags?

what
Grammar.

time?
7

Elementary Swedish

Beading
Syenskt

Exercise

37.

metersystem.
namn av

Metersystemet bar
eller den folk lika
s.

sitt

enheten

for

langdmattet

k. metern.

For

att

bestamdes tillganglig av en miljondelav en fjardedel jordmeridian. Langdmattet varvid overavdelninefter decimalsystemet, indelades sedan sammansattes motsvarande namn av grekiskarakneord garnas 10, 100, 1000, 10000 meter) (deka-,hekto-,kilo-, myria-meter, och underavdelningarnas motsvarande latinska (deci-, av centi-,

for alia bliva enkel, samt till en tioden ursprungligen

milli-meter;1/10, 1/100, 1/1000 meter). Yt-och rymdmatten fingo, sasom langdmattens qvadrering uppkommande genom med och kubering, samma namn tillaggav qvadrat- eller lika kubik". skulle vara for viktmattet, grammet Enheten
med vikten
av en

kubikcentimeter

destillerat vatten
rum.

vid dess
iir

storsta
numera

tathet

och

vagd i lufttomt
storre

Metersystemet

6ver brukligt

delen

av

den

civiliserade viirlden.

Words.

hour

[oliddr] istund [stunid] \timme \timd^\

alder

I station
train

bangdrd \ba'ngo'^jid] tag [totg]

The

numerals.

to

p.

m.

celebrate jira [^'ra'] (inthe pa eftermiddagen

last this dayweek

forliden [fcerli^ddn]
i

afternoon) [_po ef'tdvmid^ato set

to

dag

miss

gdri] avresa [a'vre'sa] komma for sent till [kom'a'for

senit ndst

dtta daam datgom gar till[i

da'gar'' tiV] ot'a,

late this
sen

[se-'n]
[i mor'-

morning

i morgan

next
was

til] [nes.t]

on']
to leave

avgd [a'vgoi]
klockan

born

foddes [fod'ds^] Translation

o'clock

[khk'an'].

Exercise
Age.

38.

How

old

are

you?
month
was

I my

am

is

twenty.
my old. The

Next

twelve years old. My brother father will be forty-four.Last

old.

week
so so

mother

thirty years
is
a man

She

does

not

look

teacher

of

fifty years (of age). Is he

old. She
we

be eightyyears old? soon grand sister born? It is a great (hog) age. When was your of 17^^ This day week born on the was January 1899. will celebrate my elder brother's birth-day. Your The Hour.

father

will

It

What is not will

o'clock is it? Can what you tell me late; it is only two o'clock p. very
you
come

o'clock it is?
m.

At you

time nine
the
a

to
morrow

me

to-night? I will await

I will set out for be

what until

o'clock.
to

To

train leaves

at

nine

o'clock, I will
the

and as at the station at

London

quarter

nine, not

to miss

train.

Words. rule rdknesdtt [re'kud-

SEf]
de fyra rdknethe four rules sdtten [de fyra' addition

multiplikator multiplier [murtiplika'tor'] faktor [jakitor] factor

dividend

[di'vi[di'vi-

dividend division

dentd] [adHt- addition

term

division

fojin]
term
summa

fcoin]
kvot

[tasrim] [sum'a']
^

[kvco't]

quotient
to

suhstraktion
minuend

sum, total subtraction

sammanldgga

put

to-

[sub'strakfojtn]
[mi'nui-

[sam'anh'g^a] gether called kallas [kal'as'] is (are)

addera

[adefra] to add enid] uppkomma [up'-to result subtrahend [suh'kom^a] trah"n.'d] sammanldggande rest [rssH] rest [sam'anhg^andd] skillnad \jil'nad'] difference subtrahera to subtract [sub*multiplikand multiplicand trahe'ra] former forra [/cer-a'] (the) [muVtiplikanJd]
7*

100

Lesson

19.

latter [se'nard'] (the) to multiply [multiplise.'ra] common gemensam[^jeme'nsenare

multipUcera

utvisa [m'tvi^sa] to show produkt [^proj- product

duktt]
dividera

[di'vi- to divide detra'] divisor multiplikation multiplication divisor \divi'sor^^ storlek lstoj'rle%] [murtipUkafoj^n] quantity.

Reading
De

Exercise
raknesatten.

39.

fyra

Addition. dem.

Att
som

Talen,

uppkommer
kallas
storre
aven

genom

sammanlagga tal kallas adderas, kallas termer, deras sammanlaggande,

Att

aven

att addera

och
summa.

det tal,

som

Subtraktion.
att

draga

ett mindre

tal fran

ett

storre,
Det
o

subtrahera

det

forra

fran

det

senare.

talet

kallas

minuend, det mindre

eller skillnad.
Att
sa

subtrahend.

Ater-

stoden

kallas, rest

ar

att

Multiplikation. taga det forra

talet kallas med
ett tva

ett multiplicera ganger,

som

tal med det

senare

ett annat

manga

utvisar.

Det bada

forra

det multiplikand,

senare

: multiplikator

gemensamt
dividera

uppkommer
Division.

genom

faktorer. Det namn, kallas multiplikation produkt. vill saga

att

tal, som
tal i
Det
sa

Att

dela

ett

lika stora delar, som ett annat manga Det forra talet kallas dividend, det senare
som

tal innehaller enheter.

visar

storleken

av

var

och

en

av

de

tal, delar, i vilka divi-

divisor.

denden

blivit

delad, kallas kvot.

Conyersation.

Vad Vad Vad Huru

gor gor gor

8 3 5

till 10?
fran ganger ganger 15? 9?

manga

innehalles

i 12?

Words.
time October [ti'd] November januariljan'uicu'ri] februari [/e'December bruiairi] mars [maM's]

tid

January
February
March

oktober november

\okt(oibdr\ [ncovem'[desem.^-

bdr]
december

bdr]

vanlig [va'nlig^^ ordinary mdndag \montdag\ Monday June tisdag [tiisda'g^ Tuesday Wednesday onsdag \(l)insdag^^ juli {jiatli} July torsdag [tMUsda'g] August augusti \a(^gustti^ Thursday fredag tfreidag] September September[septem:- Friday Saturday lordag ilo^trdag] bdr^ April May

april lapriit] maj [maji] juni [jmtni]

102

Lesson

20.

"

3.

person. (Masc, fern, and neut.)

Second

Singular.
N. G. D. A.

Plural.
N. I (Ni)yyou. G. Eder (Er,avEr),Yom of you. D. (at) Eder, Er, to you, you A. Eder, Er, you.

du, din, av dig, thy (ofthee) thee (at) dig, to thee, dig, thee.

thou

"

4.

Third

person.
Feminine. N. G. D. A.

Masculine.
N.

han, he G. hans, av honom, his (of him) D. (at) honom, to him, him A. honom, him. Common gender.
N.

hon,

she her

hennes, av henne, her, of (at) henne, to her, her

henne, her.
Neuter.

den, he, she her G. dess, his, D. (at) den, to him, to A. den, him, her.

her

N. det,it G. dess (av det),its D. (at) det, to it A. det, it.

(ofit)

Plural
for all

genders.

N. de, they G. deras (av dem), their (ofthem) D. (at) dem, to them, them A. dem, them.

Note.
to

"2V"u is used instead of "I" and answers form "you". is also commonly used the English polite "M"
In conversation

novels etc. but it is not generally in narratives, accepted as a mode of the individual addressed is of social address. The title or name used with the third person of the verb. more frequently Ex.:

Huru
Har Ar

mar

grevenf

varit doctor? Paris,

doktom

How are you. Count? Have i Paris? you Are you Mrs. ill,

been

in

fru Smith

sjukf

Smith?

intimate is used between Du like German and French "tu". ,,bu" //'

relatives, friends,

"

5.

B. Possessive I.

(Agande).

Adjectivalpossessivepronouns. My.
Plural
Neuter. N. G. D. A.

Singular.
Masc. N. G.

and fern.

for all
N. G. D. A.

genders.

min, my min, of my (my) D. (at) min, to my,

my A.

mitt, my mitt, of my (my) (at) mitt, to my,

my

miiia, my mina, of my (my) (at)mina, to my,

my

min,

my.

mitt, my.

mina,

my.

The

pronouns.

10^

"6.
Singular.
Masc. N. G. D. A.
far,

Our.
Plural

and
our

fem. N. G. D. A.

Neuter.

for all N. G. D. A.

gender.

vdr, of our (our) (at) vdr, to our,

our

vdrt, our vdrt, of our (our) (dt) vdrt, to our,

our

vdra, our vdra, of our (our) (dt)vdra, to our,

our

vdr, our.

vdrt,our.

vdra,

our.

"7.
Singular.
Masc. N. G. D. A. and

Thy.
Plural
Neuter. N. G. D. A. for all N. G. D. A.

fem.

genders.

c?m, thy cZm, of thy, (thy) din, to thy,thy din, thy.

thy "ZzY^, ditt, of thy (thy) (dt) ditt,to thy, thy ditt,thy.

dina, thy. cZma, of thy (thy) cZwa, to thy, fa^:; thy dina, thy.

"8.
Singular.
Masc. and

Your.
Plural Neuter.
N. G. D. A. for all

fem.

genders.

N. edert (ert), N. eder (er), your. your G. eder[s] (er([s]), G. edert (ert), of of your, (your) your, (your) D. ("d^j ec?er fer), D. (dt) edert (ert), to A. your, your eder (er), your. A.
to your, your edert (ert), your.

edra (era), your edra, of your, (your) ("a^J edra, to your, your

edra,

your.

"9.
N. G. D. A.

His.
his his N. G. D. A.

Her.
hennes, her hennes, of her, (her) Ta^j hennes, to her, her
hennes, her.
N. G. D. A.

Its.
its c?ess, of c?ess,

hans,

of /iaw5,

(his)

its
to

(its)
its,

^a?is,to his, C""t)

his

fd^j dess,
its

hans, his.

dess, its.

"

10.

Their.
their N. c^eras, their of their, G. c?eras, their D. (a^) deras, to their, A. deras, their.

104

Lesson

20.

"

11.

Reflexive

possessivepronouns.
Plural Neuter.
for all N. G.

Singular.
Masc. and
N. G. D.

fern.
N. G. D. A.

sin,his,her, its sin, of his, her,

its

his,her, its sitt, his,her, its sitt, (at) sitt,to his, her, its his,her, its. sitt, used

genders. sina, his, her,its,

their

sina, of his, her,

its,their

(at) sin, to his, her, its A. sin, his,her, its.

D. (at) sina, to his,

A. their her, its, sina, his, her,its, their.

in a subjective flective rethey refer to the subject sense, that is when of the sentence, whilst hans,hennes, dess and deras are used objectively, that is when they do not refer to the subjectof the sentence.

"

12.

sina Sin^ sitt,

are

Ex.:

Han He

sin broder (syster). his brother loves (sister). (theboy) sin broder (syster). her brother (sister). loves (the girl)

(gossen) dlskar

Hon
She

dlskar (flickan)

Det
It

(bamet) dlskar sin broder (syster). (thechild)loves its brother (sister).

sitt barn. loves his child. (thefather)

Han
He

(fadern) dlskar

Hon
She

(modern) dlskar

sitt bam.

(the mother)loves her child.

Det
She

(fruntimret)dlskar
(thewife)loves

sitt bam. her child. sina

De

barnen) dlska Jlickorna, (gossarne,

broder.

love their brothers. the children) They (theboys, the girls, Gossens fader soker hans bok (gossens bok). The boy'sfather is lookingfor his book (theboy's book). moder soker hennes bok (flickans Flickans bok). for her book (thegirl's mother is looking The girl's book). hans bok soker broder Bamets (barnets bok). child's brother is looking for its book The (the child's book). De (gossames fdder, jlickomas modrar, barnens broder) soka deras bok. the girls' mothers,the children's They (the boys'fathers, for book. their a re brethren) looking

II. Absolute

possessivepronouns.
the and
same
are

the the

" 13. These pronouns have possessive pronouns adjectival

same

forms as declined in

manner.

Tue

pronouns.

105

Singular.
Masc. and
min,

Plural.
Neuter.

fem.

mina, mine mitt, mine thine dina, thine ditt, its sina, his,hers,its his,her, sitt, ours. ours vdrt, vdr, vara, edra (era),yours. eder, er, edert,ert, yours. with Note. Sin, sitt,sina agree in gender and number whereas: possessedobject the objectis possessed noun. is used when hans by a masc. din, sin,
hennes
dess deras
"":"""" """""" """""" "
" " ""

the

fem.
neut.

"

""
""

"
"

plural

"

14.

C. Demonstrative I.
Masc.

(Utmdrkande). Conjunctive (Forenade).

Singular.
Fem.
Neut. this det or c?ef^"2, of this, dess or detta, this to (at) det or c?e^^a, this this, this. det or c^e^^a,

N. cZew or denne, G. (dens) dess or D. A.

denne,

den dess

or

or

denna, denna,
or

(at) den
den
or

or

denne,

(at)den
den
or

denna,

denne,

denna,

PZwraZ
.

(forthe

genders).

N. de or dessa, these these. G. cZeras or dessa, of these, D. (at) dem or dessa, to these,these. A. cZem or dessa, these. Note. In conversation "this" is expressed by den liar,det Jidr substantive takingthe and "that2" by den ddr, det ddr, the following terminal definite article. Ex.: den hdr det ddr gossen, this

boy.
child.

barnet, that

II. Absolute

(sjdlfstdndiga).

have the demonstrative The absolute pronouns declined and are forms as the conjunctive ones same in the genitive, in the same but take an manner s remain unchanged, the conjunctive whereas pronouns the followingnoun only taking an s.
Ex.:

Denne
This

mans (conj.)

sjukdom

dr

farlig.

dangerous. tvd rosor! vilken tyckerNi bdttre Se hdr dessa (conj.) omf (abs.) fdrg men Jag tycker bdttre om dennas jag tycker mycket om dennas (abs.)doft.
man's disease is

106

Lesson

20.

See

these colour

two

roses!

which but

do you

prefer? I preferthe
smell of that
one

of this one, much. (very)

I like the

Words.

omgivning environment, [om'ji'vniT)] surroundings impression intryck \in'try^k'\ ndrvaro \n8sr- presence va^roj] mdtta \mot'a^'\ measure, deration moavbrott

[vser'md']warmth exterior yttre Yyttvd]

vdrme

kdnnbar ddrstddes

sensible l^en'bar]

[de'r-

there

sU^dds] njugg [njugt] mg:\

hdrdsint irdsir id-

stingy rough

[a'vbrof] interruption overgdng [0V9r- transition

Northerner Nordbo[nco'udbco^]

alternativ

alternative [artdr-

natHv]
cold kold [gdltd'] hetta yhet'a^^ heat svalka [sval'ka^^ coolness

uppfriska [up'- to refresh jris^ka] bildande \bil'- formative dan''dd\ sakna [sa*A;na']to lack,to
lacking

sin't] tender [oTw/] vdnlig \ven'lig^'\ friendly sudden hasiig {has-tig^'] forbereda [fo'r- to prepare bdre^da] fysisk [M [jy!sisk] physical moral moralisk [mojra.'lisk] [fif'tdskiftevis alternately vi's] ndrande nourishing [ns'ran'dd]
dm
_

be

mognande

maturing.

[moj'ynan^dd]

Reading
Nordens

Exercise
natur.

41.

Den sin
narvaro

yttre omgivningens maktiga intryck gor i norden darstades latt kannbar. Naturen ar Strang, ofta
hardsint.
host Den och kan ocksa
vara om

njugg
ar

och
da

och

men vanlig,

hastiga avbrottet av foringen overgang var, beredd, utan liksom smygande sig fram, ar just en bild av vad i sitt inre. moraliska nordbon I den ar fysiska som
det vinter och

vanligen utan

m^tta.

Det

vinter, genom

varlden det
som

harska

skiftesvis dessa

alternativ

ligger daremellan, den narande, bildande mognande v^rmen

hetta; uppriskande svalkan, den

av
"

kold

och

det

ar

vad

som

saknas.

Conversation. Hurudan
Kan ar naturen
vara

i norden? mild? till de

4

den

ocks^
ar

Hurudan
Vad

Overgangen
nordbon i norden?

arstiderna?

liknar saknas

i sitt inre?

Vad

The

pronouns.

107

Words.

bird
swallow stork bird of passage

fagel [foigdl] svala [sva'la'^

stork

thrush

trast

field-mouse
siskin

dkerrdtta

[trasit] [o'kdr-

[stoxiU]
gronsiska [gro'nsis'ka] cuckoo gok [i0-A:] pheasant fasan [fasa.^n] singing-bird sdngfdgel [soiffo'g9l] skata magpie [ska'ta^]
quail
net

nightingale
cage titmouse
nest

robin owl

jiyttfdgel [flyt'fo'g9n ndktergal \n"k'tdrga'n bur [bm!r] [me's] mes fdgelho [fo'gdlbco^] rotgel [rojtigel]
uggla \ug'la^^ steglitsa [ste'glitsa]

vaktel
ndt

[vak'tdV^

gold-finch
feathers

\nett\ fiyga [flyg'a^']

mage) fjddrar [fje'drar'] (plu-

female

partridge
lark

[hco'na'-] rapphona [rap'ho^na] Idrka \lseji'ka^^

hona

i gdr \i go'r] yesterday to sing sjunga [Juv'a,'] to [kvit'ra^^ chirp (to kvittra twitter) ful IfmtT] [stdira\ ugly
to to

destroy
build shoot chatter

huntingsman jagTYidstare [jeg'mes'tard] snipe l^snep'a^'] sndppa

to to

forstora [foerbygga [byg'a'] skjuta [/m'^a']

iprata [pra'ta^] [snattra [snat'ra^

Translation

Exercise
Birds.

42.

Swallows
warmer

and

storks

are

birds

of

it becomes countries, when nightingale? I caught it yesterday; in

The

passage; cold. Do

they fly to
you the
see

this

it

sings

whole their

day
nest.

its

cage.

The is
a

young

tit-mice

are

chirping

in

robin

pretty

little bird.

These

however Your you

they are very gold-finches and Their buy them?

does of
not

useful, because
siskins
feathers
are

very

are owls; ugly field-mice. they destroy did beautiful; where me

birds

please

very

much.
her egg

The in

cuckoo the
yours.

build

nests How I

other many
them

any birds.

nest;

its female

lays
are

My
nets.
man a

pheasants
you Larks shot?
are

greater
I did
not

than shoot

partridges
with
a

have

them;
birds

caught

the

first

singing
of has

in
that

Spring.
he
"

When

talks

too
".

much,
The

it is said

him,
shot

chatters six

like

mag-pie
and
so

sportsman
thrushes.

twelve

larks,

quails

many

108

Lesson. Twenty-first
The
pronouns.

(Continued).
D.
Relative The pronouns

(relativt pronomen).
are:

"

1.

relative pronouns

vilken

(masc. and fem.), who, that; vilket (neut.), which, that; vilka,who, which, that (forthe

three

genders).
^^^^^^ ^^^^"

S, det,dem \^^^'
vad, which.
Masc.
N.

Singular.
and fem. N. that Neuter.

vilken, who, that G. vilkens, whose, that 1). (at)vilken, to whom, that. A. vilken, whom,

vilket,which, that G. vilkets,of which, that D. (at) vilket,to which, that A. vilket,which, that.

Plural

(for the three genders).

vilka, who, which, that G. vilkas, whose, of which, that to which, that D. (at) vilka, to whom, A. vilka, whom, which, that.
N. Note
1.

Som

is indeclinable

and

may

be

used

for all
"^som-"

genders. Like the English relative pronoun is never governed by a preposition.

Ex.;
1.

"that",

Mannen, fader.
The
man,

som

(vilken)star
stands
med
on

pa

hryggan
my

dr

min

who

the

bridge,is

father.
du

2. Gif mig
min

kdppen
hund. the

vilken

^som") ("not
you Ni
are

slog

Give
3.

me

stick with
till

which

hit my
talar
om.

dog.

Jag
I do

kdnner not

ej
know

flickan som

the

girlthat you
with

speakingof. objective
is may pronoun

Note
case or

2.

When the end in

the

relative pronoun

is in the the

when
the
as

connected preposition
of the sentence, the

placed at
be

relative pronoun

left out,

English.

110

Lesson

21.

"
N. G.
D.

3.

vem?

who?

vad?

which?

Singular.
vem? vems?

who? whose?
to

N. whom?
D.

vad?

what?
of what? to

G. vars? A. vad?
star

fdfj vem?
whom? Ex.:

faf) vad?
what?

what?

A. vew?

Vem Who At
vem

framfor
before
du you sett? you har

huset?

stands

the house?

giver
do
Ni Jiar

applet?

To
Vad

whom

give the apple?

"

Intet.
"

What
Vilka

have
hooker

seen? han

Nothing.
last?

Which

books

(has he)

did he

read?

"

4. which

Vilkendera
-dera

is declined of
an "s".

like

the vilken,

mination ter-

remainingunchanged except
af
dessa

in the genitive

admits

Vilkendera

Which
Vad

of these

(tvd)Idrjungar (two) pupils is ill?

dro

dr

sjuk?

for fdglar
kind (sort)

dessa?

What

of

birds

are

they?

"

5.

Vem is used for persons, vad for things. Vilken is used for persons and things.

F. Indefinite
1. man, 2. nagoUf 3. annan^ 4.
5.
var

prononns

(Obestdmda pronomen),
-en.

one,

they, we, you (orpassive voice). Gen.

and
Ace. some,

-ensj Dat.

nagot,nagra^ any,
en

somebody.
and every one,

other. annatj andra(e)y all var(t), (ett) ; en (ett)

every.

och

each,
6.

varje(indeclinable). vem heist;vad heist; vilken

whatever. and both. bagge^

som

heist
j

whoever,

7. bada
8. 9.

all. allj alia, alltj hel,helt,hela,whole, entire.

10. mangen,

manget, manga.,

many

a.

The

pronouns

(continued).

Ill

11. 12.

some. somliga^

several. or flera, flere

admit of
an

indefinite pronouns The NB. like the substantive.

"s"

in the

genitive

G. Correlative

pronouns.

Declension.
Singular.
Masc. N. and fern.
N. Neuter.

den, he, she G. dens, of him, of her D. (at) den, to him, to A. den, him, her.

det, it,the
"

one one one

G.
her D. A. Plural

"

of

^he

(at) det, to it, to the det, it,the one.

(for both
N. G.

numbers).

de, they deras, of them D. (at) dem, to them A. dem, them. Observations.

a)
Ex.

This pronoun is almost by the relative pronoun

:

wed folloalways immediately

^som^.

Den,
He

som

fruktar Gud,
fears
dro

dr

sail.

who
som

God

is
dro
are

happy.
icke not alltid de

De,

rika,
rich

lyckligaste.

They

who

are

always
a noun

the

happiest.
and

It may also be used with determinative becomes a pronoun in the genitive case.

b)

and
dr

drops

then it the "s"

Ex.:

Den The Den The

man

som,

fruktar
fears God
som man

Gud

sail.

man mans

who

is
. . .

happy.

dygder
of the

virtues

who

c) In
Ex.
:

the dative and accusative

into "de'" when

Gud

followed
de
man, men,

by

a
som

"dem" substantive.
cases dro
are

changes

dlskar

dygdiga.
virtuous.

God

loves

the

who

Reading
Den

Exercise

43.

Kristina. for Kristina, redan stod ledig som lysande tron, som barn ; glansen av hennes faders ara, vilken omgav henne redan i vaggan; hennes utvecklat, tidigt eldigasnille,som, tidigt hennes radsherrars beundrades; hennes faltherrars bedrifter;

vordnad samtal: henne bans Men denna Vad

for folk

for

Gustav
gav

Adolf

dotter; de
Att Gustav

lardes

djupsinniga
for
s

allt detta blev for

hennes

maktiga sjalen
Adolf

hog spanning.
tron

foljdendarav?

lag, hans rike for trangt, bans barbariskt,och hela norden

for religion
en

syntes enkel,

frusen vildmark.

Rom icke hennes yppiga inbillning. Hela fornojde sjalva icke for hennes hoga sjal. jord forslog

Vems Vad
Hur Hur

dotter

var

Conversation. Kristina?

bidrog att giva hennes

syntes
fann

sjalen
Adolfs

for

hog spanning?

henne
folk

Gustav och

tron?

hon

religion?

Kunde

nagot fomoja Kristina?

Words.

food
butter wine

foda [fo'da^
smor

Xsmd!r

cheese beer

ost [(osit\ 61 [0.7]

vin

vineyard brandy
beef
veal

roast-beef
ham

beverage [mVn] chocolate vinberg[vi'nbser^j] brdnnvin [bren'- salt vi'n]\ pepper oxkott [(jjk'scof] vinegar oil kalvkott {kal'vcot^^^ oxstek \(ok'ste'k] bacon
skinka
bit

dryck [drykt^
choklad ffoj/daid] salt [sal't]
peppar dttika

[pep'ar^]

[et'ika''^ olja [ol'ja^]

[fiyka^]

water

piece (pit)

eke) [bitt^ {sty

sugar

flask [fl"s!k] vatten [vafdu] socker [sok^^dr]

The

deponentverbs.
to prepare

113

meat

mat

[matt]

thirst Rhine-wine eatable rancid to become rancid to harvest

[toejitsti renskt vin {rsniskt

torst

drinkable
sour

tillsdtta drickbar

[til'sst'a]
\drik'-

vitn\
dthar

ba'r] sur [smtr]

osmdltbar indigestible [co's[e'tha^r] hdrsken [hed'skdn'] meVtbar] jag dr torstig [jaig hdrskna[h"x'skna'] I am thirsty skorda

[/(B'dda^]

to

quench
I

setr sldcka

tcex'stig']
[shk'a''

falla i smaken to i smaJkdn] to please [fal'a'' behaga [bdha'ga^] nourishing ndrande [n"'ra7i'd9]
Translation

bruka

[brw/ka^]
for
sed

use

jhava
'

[ha'va'' for setd].

Exercise
Food.

44.

Who become

has

sold The

you

this butter?
that

it is not

eatable; it has
yards vine-

rancid.

wine

I have

wine. Brandy What did What meat prefer beef to veal. prefer? you of consists luncheon roast eat at luncheon? usually My you In Germany beef, ham, eggs and a piece of cheese. they drink beer, wine and other beverages. Fresh eggs are rishing. nouAt drink coffee with milk, chocolate breakfast we

pleases my
do

customers.

in my harvested is distilled from

or

tea

and

we

eat

sandwiches.

The

salad wine
bacon

is

prepared with indigestible

to
a

salt,pepper,
has
meat. become I
am

oil and
sour.

vinegar.This
a

is not drinkable; it
are

sausage, I will drink thirsty; Eat

are

Ham,

and

little wine
and
am

with water
cup

quench
What wine.
of

thirst. my sort of wine

After

this cake
you my
a

drink
very to drink

of tea.

fond

each

meal

of? I father used

fond of Rhine
a

small

glass

brandy

and

to smoke

cigar.

Lesson. Twenty-second
The

deponent
verb

verbs.
is
an

"1.
gated meaning.
Note the the

deponent

in the

is a verb, which passive form whilst having

conjuactive

1.

The

deponentverbs

form

their

compound

tenses

with

supine.
",9"

of the deponent verbs retains Note 2. The present participle when alone and drops it when followed by a noun.
Grammar.

Elementary Swedish

lU

Lesson

22.

"

2.

four Swedish verbs, of which the

The

contain conjugations are : principal

2Qd

ponent de-

yst

Conjugation,

Conjugation (cont^).
to be afraid. to be ashamed.
to

andas, dagas,

breathe. to dawn.
to to

rddas,
synas^

skdmmas, tyckas,to
vdmjas,
to

hope. to sweat. svettas, tdras, to weep. vistas,to stay,to sojourn. avundas, to envy.
2nd

hoppas,

appear.
seem.

be

disgusted.

2/vas, to boast. 5rd

hrn"i ^^^^

Coujugation.

\
\

Conjugation.
want.

*" ressemble. to take after.

behovas,to
dvaljas, to
minnas,

^th

Conjugation,
is.

dwell. to recollect.

to bite, bitas,

there ^/in-s (^(C?e;fj,

Pronominal

verbs.

The conjugationof the pronominal verbs is formed with the help of the personal pronouns which verb is "hava". are placed after the verb; the auxiliary
3.

"

Example. Beklaga
Present.

sig,

to

complain.

Indicatiye.

Jag beklagar mig, du beklagar dig,

plainest.
han hon
)

I complain. thou com-

Perfect, jag liar beklagatmig, I have du har beklagatdig, thou

hast
"73
"

det vi beklaga oss, we i / beklagen eder, you " de beklaga sig, they ) and
so

he she \beklagarsig, it )

com-

plains.
det
com-

"'"'

it

I
have

vi hava

beklagat oss,
S
o

plain. / haven
we

eder, beklagat

forth.

you

de hava

beklagat sig,

they
Words, samtid

(contempora[sam'ti^d] epoch;

neous)
age

drottning \drot'-

queen

antiquity fomtidlfco'mti^d]

[ef'tdreftervdrld posterity vseUd] tanke {taij'kd^^ thought

metall [metalt]metal sldkt [slekit^ generation storhet [stco'rhe^t] grandeur

niy'] diadem diadem [di'ads.'m] spira [spi'ra^'] sceptre val [vaU] election,
choice

[krco'na'] humiliation fdrddmjukelse feature drag [drdtg^^ to descend nedstiga\nedstVga]

crown

krona

The

deponent verbs.
rulla

115

imperial [cej'Sdrkejserlig %'] enda [eWfZa'l only to achieve fullkomna (ful'kom'na] nojd [noj.'d]

{rul'a^^

to

revolve,to

senaste

roll future [se'nas'td]

to explain tyda \tyda^'\ de dodlige [do'd- the mortals tent, conlig'd] satisfied, pleased nedldgga [ne'd- to depose ned leg^a] umgds [um'go^s]to be envirodrva [asr'va'] to inherit vdrdig [vee'Mig^]worthy prime ypperst [yp.'djisfi now now d] to add tilldga[til'leg'' omsom oinsom den the Most High Hogste [om'som'] coin to \hdktst9^'\ stdmpla teckna sig[tek'na'] to depict one's [stem'pW] self imperishable oforgdnglig
.
.

\a)-foRrJE7flig^

behova

[bdhova^]to need. 45.

Reading
Ej nojd att
umgas

Exercise

Kristina.

lever yppersta snillen, i eftervarlden. Varje hennes hon i forntiden, omsom omsom tanke blir en metall, bild, som, stamplad i en oforganglig slakter hennes for varlden senaste de och ruUar tyder kring storhet. Utan rike vill hon vara drottning;utan diadem sjals den yppersta bland dodlige. Sedan hon nedlagt en arvd spira, och hon nedsteg val finnas vardig en annan; vill hon genom ifran tronen, da hon till den kungliga icke kunde lagga en med sin samtids infor den Hogste sjalvasin forodmjukelse storhet. "Du har andas mig sa stor" gjort du givit hon "att om till Gud; mig hela jordens rike, sager I detta enda drag tecknar skulle du ej fornojtmitt hjarta." tillfuUkomnandet hennes att hon av sa talande, jag sig sjalf flera. bild ej behover tillagga
krona. kejserlig hon I blott

sin egen

Conversation.

Nojde sig Kristina

yppersta
Vilken
Varfor Vad Vad
var

med snillen?
hon

att

umgas

med

sin samtids

hennes

onskan? livliga

nedsteg
hon

ifran tronen?

sade bild?

till Gud?
detta

bemarker

styekes

forf attar

angaende Kristinas

Words.

116

Lesson

22.

rich frisk \^frisik} (foer'forlustelse only lus'tdlsd^] lek [le.'k] wise play sadness careless sorgsenhet [sorto die senhe^t] to bear [mcj'ddiscourage- modloshet loshe^t] gay fortvivlan [foertdespair for to care vi'vlan'] have a) (hava) lust [lus!t] (to

healthy
amusement

rik

[ri'k]
hlott

ment

mind

\m'blot'] vis [vi's] sorglos [sor'jle's] do [de!] tdla [to'la^] munter {munitdv] glad [glcu'd] hekymra sig [6aQymtra siig] frdmmande [fridas% m'an'dd]

endast,

pleasure

fomojelse

[f("r-

strange
unsettled

joy
action

conduct
to

encourage

to

regret
wish

something
to

continually
weak poor

nojtdlsd] glddje [gle'djd^] handlinglhan'dliy'] uppforande [up'foran^dd] modigljo'ra^ gov a moj'dig^] dngra [oyra^] ndgot {no'gof] onska [^on'ska^] stdndigt[st"n'dig't] [si'a!g] svag fattig Ifat'ig']

[co'bdkan't] fordnderlig [foer-

obekant

to to

sn'ddrlig'] bedrova grieve [bddro'va] discourage modfdlla [moj'd-

fd'a]
to

gladden
(a bad action)

uppmuntra

\up'-

to do

mun'tra] begd [bdgo!]

tadelvdrd

blamable

[ta'ddlvse^jid'].

Translation
The sonl and

Exercise
its faculties.

46.

Man

has
are

always
who to

There weak
the cares, when for

people
like
man

something to hope continually complain

powerful;
how to the bear

for of

and

to

wish.

their envy

lot; the
the

would

become

poor

rich;
and

wise
for

only

knows

pains,

troubles

The child is careless; dies in his heart. hope never and lively; it does not care healthy it is always gay of plays and but ness, Sadthe future; it thinks amusements.

discouragement
cries it often the has least
a

and

despair
to

are

strange
Our

to

it.

When

it

mind

laugh.
least
and
care

unsettled;
us,

pain,
we

the

whereas
us.

the

least When

pleasure
have
we

the
a

impressions are grieve and discourage least joy gladden and

bad

encourage

done

action,
blamable

we

are

ashamed

of

ourselves

and

regret

our

conduct.

118

Lesson

23.

I.

Interrogative

conjugation.
as

in

" 2. The English.

Ex.:
cir dr

interrogativeconjugationis formed
jagf
bamet
am

I?

voro

sjuktf

we? vi? were is the child ill?

II.

Negative

conjugation.

gether Swedish differs altonegativeconjugation from the English one; the negativeparticleis and it is placed after the verb in simple icke (ej, inte) the auxiliaryand the verb in comtenses and between pound tenses, the English negative forms "do not" and "^did noi" should therefore never be translated literally.

"

3. The

Ex.:

do not speak (we speak not). vi tola icke,we have not spoken. vi hava icke talat,we shall not speak. vi skola icke tola, we

Note.

placedbefore

In subordinate phrases the the subjectand the verb.

should negativeparticle

be

Ex.:

jag

sade honom, att jag icke kunde gd pa teatem. I could not go to the theatre. I told him (that)

III.

Interrogative^negative
4.

conjugation.

"
noun

the negasentences interrogative-negative tion always stands after the subjectwhether it is a In

or
a

pronoun.
:

Ex.

Skall jag icke

Shall I not
see

se

dig

you

i dag f to-day?

Har
Has

varit sjuktf barnet icke not the child been ill?

Words. vdrldshistoria

historyof

the

world [vai'ddshistco^ria] remembrance minne [min'd'] virtue dygd [dyg!d] statesman statsman [stat's-

aim foremdl [fo'rd- object, mo^l] life levnad [le'vnad^]

verksamhet

activity

man'] [jel'td^] hjcilte

hero

quality egenskap [e'gdn-

ska^p]
personlighet[paerpersonality

[vasjb'ksamheH] salvation rdddning[r"d"niy^] dager [daJodr] light kunskap {kun'- science ska^p]
social samhdltsordning order

soj'nlighe^t]
sdtt

\_S"t''\ hragd [bragdi]

way

drhundrade

great deed

[sam'helsoUdniy] century [o'rhund'dradd]

The

impersonalverbs.
to fdre7ia[fore'na^]

119

mod [moxd] courage slaveri [^sla'vdri^ slavery bildning [bil'd-culture tillvaro

unite

\til'va^Ta)\ presence to leave efterldmna [^Ef'tdvUmfna]

[o'tdv-to
recall

ovanlig [M'va^n- unusual %] dear dyrhar \dyr'ha^T\^ spiritual andlig ~Mg [an'dJZt^'] [a temporal vdrldslig[v^'j^dshdrlig [h^'rlig''] splendid final. slutlig[slm'tlig^]

dterkalla

kaVai]
ensldld

private [e'nfiVdl^ Exercise

Adolf.

Reading
Fa dant
namn

47.

(xustav manniskor
som av

hava

i varldshistorien
Adolf
; ett
namn som

efterlaranat

ett

sa-

Gustav
alia

aterkallar minnet

icke
av

blott

den
Redan

enskilda
och

manniskans

dygder,

utan

ock

statsmannens snillets,

darmed hjaltens

icke alltid forealskvarda

dessa
men varjehjarta;

nade

egenskaper. skuUe personlighet.

mera

som denna, lika ovanliga

annu

har

honom gora ban blivit det

genom den

dyrbar
genom

for

sattet

egenskaper anvandes,

slutliga bragd, vilken foremalet for hans levnads verksamhet, namligen Europas Den och fran harliga varldsligtslaveri. raddning andligt under som dager af samhallsordning, kunskap och bildning,
dessa tvanne

varpa blev

sista arhundraden
har for Adolfs

sig over gjutit

och

if ran

det

nordligaEuropa,
mod och

sin tillvaro att tacka svard.

Gustav

Adolfs

Gustav

Conversation.

Vilket Vilka
Vad

namn

har

Gustav

Adolf

efterlamnat

varlds

historien ?

dygdep aterkalla hans namn? alskad? sa gjorde honom

var

Vilket
Vad

hans
var

livsmal?

Hurudant
har

Adolfs tid? Europa vid Gustav Europa Gustav Adolf att tacka for? Words.

120

Lesson

24.

to to to to to to to to

to

[s^'nas'] synas forstora destroy {foRrstotpour clear up ra] shine fiora [ho'ra^] to hear thunder dska bad [os'ka^^ ddlig [do'Iig'] blixtra lighten \blik'stra']this morning i morse [moji'Sd^'] freeze dark mork frysa [frysa'] [mcer!k] skate dka skridsko [o'ka'' overcast mulen \hdbetdckt, mm'ldn"]. skrUdskco] tekit, thaw toa [if0*a'] : Page 123) (Contin.
to to
seem

hail

hagla [ha'gla']
osa

[0'sa' ne.'d] Mama [kla'rna^] skina [/rna']

ned

Translation
The

Exercise
weather.
we

48.

What it has
It

sort of weather and

have this

snowed

hailed The will

? to-day morning;

It is bad
now^

weather

it is
but shall

pouring.
soon a

is dark
up.

weather. The
sun

sky is overcast,
soon

it will It The

clear nice
and

shine

and

we

have

day. It is very sultry ; it will soon rain It has large drops are falling.
the whole and

thunder.

lightens
dered thunstreets

lightenedand
stormy.

night ;
now

the

weather

was

were

muddy
The

it is

hard.

pond
become the

is frozen; milder.

snowing
seems

and

to-morrow

it has frozen very it is it. Now^ skate we can on at sunrise it will thaw ; the weather
for slippery, It has Do you

to

hailed hear

very

hard; the
a

vest har-

is almost is

destroyed.
sea.

it thunder?

storm

raging on

Lesson. Twenty-fourth
Compound
"
1.

verbs.

Compound verbs, that is verbs composed of be a noun, an and a prefixwhich root- verb a may ded diviare a preposition or adjective, an adverb verbs. and separable into inseparable
A.

Inseparable

verbs.
one

" 2. Verbs beginning with are prefixes inseparable:

anJ

of the

following

um-,

be-fhi-, sam-, ent-j er-j for-j gen-, hdr-,miss-, reder-. und-, van-,
:

Ex.

forstd,we understand. jag erbjuder,I offer.

vi

Compound
B.

verbs.

121

Separable

verbs.
u n

or

compound verbs composed of a n o an adjective are separable. The separableprefixis placed after the verb.
Most of the
Ex.: Domaren tog del av brevet. The judge took cognizance of the letter.

compounded with an adverb or a " 4. Verbs in the are generally inseparable preposition in and the separable meaning figurative proper meaning.
Ex.
:

jag jag

oversdtter sdtter over

I translate. (ins.), I overstep. (sep.), the composition only be learned by

on

Note.
of the verbs

It is difficult to give absolute rules belonging to this class; they can

practice. Some avhdnda^ anklaga,

to
to

inseparableverbs.
nedgora, to overwhelm to worship tillhedja, underldta, to help from

spoliate
accuse

frdnkdnna, to dispossess fdregiva,to pretend

inverka, to influence innebdra, to imply (infer.)

dkalla,to invoke to reflect back dterspegla,

overgiva, to leave,to surrender.

tnotvdgay

to

counterbalance

Some
to share av-dela, frdn-taga,to carry away hddan-jara, to decease

separableverbs.
receive hurl down to bland till-blanda, dress to pd-kldda, over-ldsa,to read through.

(ejmot-taga,to

ned-hugga, to

in-packa, to pack up inne-stdnga,to shut

Note.
Some
noun

in

compound verbs composed : these are very few and inseparable by practice.
remain Ex.:

of an or a adjective will be better learned

Hvem
Who

hushdllar

for honomf

keeps

his household?

Words. kallelse
vocation [kal'dlsd^'] kraft [krafit^ strength,
power

befriare [bdfritard] tar [fo.V]

skote

liberator
tear

Ijus \_jmts] light frihet [/rr^e'^] liberty defender forsvarare [/ce^svdrv

[fo'td^]
[e'gdn']

[ofra'] ojffra
egen

bosom to offer
own

framstd [fram'[vseriv]
Mod \blojid^ fro [/V0/] krans \kranis\
task mission, blood seed
crown

to come

forth

sto']
to fulfil, to fullborda \_ful'-

b(o''jida\

besegla[bdse'gW] to

achieve seal

122

Lesson

24.

fukta {^fuk'ta^^ to bedew thankful tacksam [tak'sam''] to accomplish to regard akta [ak'ta^^ utfora \m'tfd^ra\ upon venture to uppfostra [up'- to bring up vdga \vo'ga^'\ to be knotted fajs'tra] knytas \kny'tas^'\ to bless. protestantisk [velsiy.^na] vdlsigna protestant [prco'testanftisk]
ddel skon

l^etddT]

[fe'n]

noble beautiful

Reading
Han
var

Exercise
Adolf.

49.

Gustay

den,

som som

inom

eget
varv

brost

kande

kallelsen

och
; och

kraften
han

att framsta

Ijusetsoch frihetens forsvarare

fullbordade Vad snillen hava

enda

detta

heliga

och

beseglade det med

som

sitt
fro

eget blod.
och

stort, adelt och skont dessa landers utfort, bildat och tankt, lag redan
for

hjaltar
bade

i den

att hjaltetanken

Ijusets seger

vaga

sig

sjalvoch sitt folk ; och detta sig i eviga bragder i statens

skonaste
en samma

fro har

efter bans dod utvecklat vilkas likasom i snillets varv,

blommor
tarar ;

ma av

knytas tillen
hela
av

krans, fuktad
men

det
det

minne, Europas tackprotestantiska

krans at befriarens

mest

folk, som

aktades honom
ga

att vardigt offra sitt

i sitt skote blod minne

att med uppfostra denne hjalte, i den heliga striden, att med honom

valsignat

till den

senaste

eftervarld.
Conversation.

Vilken
Vilka Som

kallelse kande
voro

Gustav bans Adolf

Adolf

inom

sig?

foljdema av
kan Gustav

regering?
betraktas?

vad

Words. clothes

clothing
overcoat

kldder klddsel

tailor
trousers

stocking \kletddr] [kled^sdl] sock overroc]4^0'vdrrok^] skrdddare [skrslinen d'ard'] necktie byxor benkldder
,

strumpa

[stru7n'pa^'\
halv strumpa

[hal'vstrum'pa]
linne \lin'd^'\ halsduk [hal's-

be'n[byk'sayr', IcW'ddr] waistcoat

dm'k]
pairof braces hdngslen[heyishn]
shoe shoe boot boot maker

Slipper morning gown

chambermaid
hat felt hat hat straw

{vesif] [tofidl] toffel morgonrook

vdst

{mor'onrok'-^

half kamTnarjungjru [karrfarjuy^frm] hatt

[skco'ma'kard] sko [skcof] stdvel [st0tv9l] halvstovel [hal'vsto'vdl]

bonde

skomakare

\hat\

peasant
collar cuff

[bojn'dd^]

fiUhatt [fil-thaf] halmhatt [hal'mhae]

krage Ikra'gd] manschett [man-

Adverbs.

123

shirt

{^foj'jiia^'] slcjorta muddy

handske

smutsig [smut'sig^]

glove
fur

[han'd-

slippery
very hard mild is raging

slipprig[sUp'rig']
mycket StarJet [myk'df star'kt]
mild
rasar

tight
skilful

skd'] pals [peHs] trdng [troyf] skicklig [jik'lig']

kvav

[mil'd] [ra'sar^].

sultry
stormy

(kva!v]
(Contin.: Page 127) 50.

stormig [stor'mig^] Translation

Exercise

Clothing.
We have
me

had
; I

warm can

clothes

made. it.
as

This
He
was

overcoat has made

is too
on a

tight
new

for

hardly

button

tried

his ful skil-

coat ; it suits him very The tailor. trousers

"

well,
are

it

by

fashionable with
my my
room.

; I will

wear

slippersand
Has the

wide; the waistcoat is pleasure. You see me I must morning gown, because keep
too

it with

much

chamber In

maid
we

brushed
wear

hat?
and

The

felt hat.
cotton
one.

winter
socks.

Which hat? my woollen stockings

old coat and
are

in
on a

summer new

Take
folded

off your
we

put
a

Dress Have

for quickly, you

going
linen ?

to take

walk you

this

morning.
these
braces

up

my
are

Where

did This
The

buy

silk neckties? is
worn

pair of
shoe-maker
wear

makes wooden
cuffs

They elegant. very should buy a new out ; you pair. half boots boots. Peasants and shoes,
shoes.
You The

usually
these I

collars
and

are

too

tightfor
so

shirts ; the
not have
on

old-fashioned
must

the

gloves too dark.

fur; it is
it is very cold

will

them.
your

beat

the

dusty ! to-day.

Put

woollen

because stockings

Lesson. Twenty-fifth
Adverbs.
adverbs all Swedish adjectives may them in the neuter.
Ex.:

"

1. Swedish

are

derived from adverbs become

adjectives ; by placing

polite; hovligt,poHtely. Jiovlig, troget, faithfully. trogen, faithful; adverbs end

in

"
"

2.

Some

-igen.
pressed question exquestionexpressed

Ex.:

probably. trolig, probable; troligen, word

3.

The

"ja"
"

answers

to

and affirmatively negatively.

Jo "

to

124

Lesson

25.

Ex.:

Vill du
Will you Vill du Will you

dricka
drink
a

ett

glas vin?

Ja.

glassof wine? Yes, I will. Jo. icke dricka ett glas vin? Yes (certainly). not drink a glass of wine? of

Degrees
form 4. Adverbs like the adjectives.

comparison.
their

"

degrees of comparison
politely ; hovligast,
not
occur

Ex.:

more politely; 7^oi;%are, hovligt, most

politely.
does in the
parative com-

The "^" in the positive Note. form and superlative forms.

Irregular

adverbs.

"Icke" and "ej" are used in preferenceto is chiefly used in conversation. "inte" which

"

5.

List

of

the

principal

adverbs.
once

aldrig, never annorstddes, elsewhere alldeles, quite alltid, always bakom, behind
hortom, beyond

genast, at

gdrna, willingly
sooner hellre,

hum

how (mycket),

(much)

varest, where

why varforfej, hdr, hit,here,there

bredvid, near thither ddr, dit,there, then da,

afterwards efterdt,

hddanefter,hereafter badly,ill ilia, inom, inanfor,in

inunder, underneath likasom, as, like as likasd,as
. .

emellandt, sometimes however emellertid,

enkom,
ens,
even

on

purpose

for likafullt,

all that

famlande, groping fordom, formerly fort, fast fram, forward framdeles, henceforth

likvdl,yet, still

Idngt,far
mer, mera,

oiF
more

Idnge, long mindre,

nog,
nu,

less very

framfor, before
foga, little (toomuch) for (mycket), forr, formerly forut, before

mycket, much,
enough
now

lately nyligen, nyss, presently

ndra,
near

ganska, quite, very

126

Lesson

25.

han

kallade hade

ning
som

sin ogonsten, som han med sa mycken forsvarade Wallensteins svard: mot hotande den

anstrang-

Niirnberg,

hugnaden, att det var en av dess invanare, den unge stadens av Leubelfingen,vilken likasom ett ombud tacksamhet berg konungen anda in uti dodsstunden; Niirnfoljde sin valgorares bildstod, fastan beslot att uppresa inre och yttre tvang sedermera hindrade forandringar verkstalligheten.
en

En

Gustav bar
samt

Adolf

stor

sten

till det

funnet. besokt

Stenen

ridknekt valtrade pa Liitzens fait s stalle, der det konungsligaliket blev sedan bibehallit sin plats jamte nammet blivit

Schwedenstein,
av en

omgiven

av

var,

som

kommit

till dessa

planterade trad och nejder.

Conversation. Var

Gustav kallas
stad ung bar

Adolf

alskad
som resa

av

tyskarne?
av

Hum Vilken Vilken

Varfor Vad Vad

rummet,
beslot
man

flackades
bans

bans

blod?

att

bildstod? anda in i dodsstunden?

bans

konungen foljde

Niirnberg beslutit
sten? Words.

star pa kallas denna

att uppresa det stalle,dar Gustav Adolfs

bildstod ? funnet?

lik blev

Adverbs.

127

oldfashioned

gammalmodig

to to

wear

bdra
on

[bas'ra^]

dusty
have made to button
to to
.

[gam'almoj'dig] dammig [dam'ig^]

.

put

Idtit gora

[lo'ti^t
to dress
to

jo'ra^]
kndppa igen {knep'a'zjVtz.']

take walk

[be'ra''] taga pa sig [ta'ga^ poi si'g] kldda sig \klE'da^'\ taga sig en promenad

[proj'md-

try
suit

on

forsoka, prova [fcersetka, proj'va^]

anstd, passa

to

fold up

naid] Idgga tillhopa

to

[leg'a' tiUhoj'pa^],
to

[a7i'sto\ pas'a^l
brush to take off
to

buy

kopa [ge'pa^]

borsta

[bod'sta^]

to beat

piska {^pis'ka^\

avtaga [a'vta'ga]

Translation
The The State and

Exercise

52.

(xovernment. world. and

It

British
the

comprises
which countries the
House

United

Empire is the greatest in the Kingdom (England, Scotland

the

land Ireother

form

British in the
The and

Isles) India

and

many

and

Colonies
a

governed by
of

king.
Lords first

It is five parts of the world. is exercised legislative by power House of

the

Commons.
a

At

the

opening

of the

the king sitting

is called the
; the

throne

speech.
is not
has had of

In

speech, which ditary England Monarchy is herethis country, for wives

and queens. most celebrated

delivers

Salic law

appliedin
many

may

reign. England

Queen

during

was one longest glorious last century. This great queen was beloved by all her subjects, respected and admired by all civilized peoples and often received by all the Sovereigns of Europe. very be brance rememEngland may proud of Queen Victoria whose

Victoria's

reign

the

the

will be

imperishable.

Lesson. Twenty-sixth
List
av^

of

the

principal

prepositions.

of

bakom, behind after efter, enligt, according

emot, towards

emellan, between

igenom, through innan, before inom, in, within med, with of medelst, by means oaktadt, in spiteof

framfor, before frdn, from

hos,
at
. .

omkring,
pa,
on

about

.'s

rorande, concerning
sedan, since

ibland,among

128

Lesson

26.

under, under,during
utan^ without

at, to

anskont, notwithstanding
over,
over.

uti, in
utom,
out

Words.

polhojd [poj'lhofd
olikhet Skdne

latitude

mountainous bergstrakt [bserj'region idrak''t]

strdcka ut to stretch oj'likhe't] diversity ^sko'n9^] Scania vjuit] [^strek'a^ climate luftstreck[luf'tgent emot [je^nt just opposite strek^] emco't] chest nut(tree) mild mild kastanje[kastaniJ9\ [miUd] mullbdrstrdd mulberry-tree dkta [ek'ta^] real, very, genuine \imul'h"jLstre''^^ to thrive rye-(seed) frodas [frco'das'] rag \rotg'\ sdde ovre [^SE'dd^^ seed [o^vrd] upper luxuriant Lapp mark [Lap Lappland frodig [froj'dig^] to be precious brddmogna Tnajb^k^ kom \kojijin\ corn [bro'dmoj'gna] to freeze fara [/a'ra'] risk,danger frysa hort harvest,crop [fry'sa'' hdrgning [bserj'bo'r't] niy'] naturlig \natmtr- natural condition heskajfenhet %] {hdskafidnhe't] fimportant betydlig\bdty'd^Istring [considerable sformdg a ^Toductiweness lig^^ motas [me'tas'] to meet with [al'striysfcerreal mo''ga] verklig[vser'klig'] nedre nordisk [nojUdisk] northern. [ne'drd] lower
'-

Reading

Exercise
natur.

53.

Sveriges
Ett

land

som

utstracker

sig

under

sa

olika
gor

polhojder,

maste sig visa manga och luftstreck en overgang

inoni

olikheter. till det mildare

Skane
emot

tillutseende detta. Akta

gent
blott

liggandenedre
an

Tyskland,
Skane.

men

har

annu

vintrar

kastanjen,mullharstradet, ehuru
storre

planterat, frodas i Husdjuren aro frodigare. Ragsiidet behover blott halvfemte manad att mogna, ej langre, an i Tyskland och i Lappmarkerna ovre Italien,da det daremot (dar endast kornet bradmognar) behover halvannan dartill, sommar fara att innan bargningen bortfrysa. med
och beskaffenhet och alhastigareforandring i naturlig och stringsformaga finnes ej i Sverige,iin emellan Skane Detta Smaland. kommer det senares av betydliga hojd over
En

havet,
Norrland forst

som

gor

den

smalandska rike.
Den

bergstrakten nilstan till ett

fran

mitt
av

i Gota

soder

resande

motes

hiir

verklignordisk

natur.

Adverbs.

129

Conversation.
Vad Aro
ar

Skane?
i Skane

vintrarne
trad
vaxa

mildare
behover

an

Tyskland?

Vilka
Hum Ar

i denna

provins?
for att mogna? ragen naturen i Skane och Smaland?

manga det stor skillnad mellan

manader

Vad

kommer

detta

av? Words,

constitution

statsforfattning length
steam [sta'tsfoRvfat^nixi]

ship

langd [Isy.'d] dnghdt {oyhoH^

councilors of statsrddsherre
state

national edu[sta'tsrad'sh^rd] cation

to to

folkundervisning
[fol'kunddrvi'sniy] [vil'fa'ra] villfara hefalla[6a/aZ*a'] k(on)ungarike [ko'nuyari'kd] borgare [bor'jar9^] vdlja [vel'ja'] genomfora [je*nomfo^ra] \^an' sva''rig'] forpliktad till [fcerplrktad'] anse for [an'se''] forbdttra [foerbet'ra]
Idsa [le'sa'] skriva [skri'va']

the execution of laws fleet army the Swedish diet chambers diet-bill

lagarnesutforande

comply
command

[la'gamd^s m'tfceran'-dd] fiotta{flot'a''^ hdr \hetr]

den

kingdom
citizen choose
to

svenska
en

dag riks-

to

[svsn'ska'

carry out

rik'sda'gdn] kammare[kam'ar9'] riksdag sordning [rik'sdagso^rdniy]

Forsta Kamm
aren

responsible ansvarig for

for
to be bound to

the First Chamber the Second Chamber

to count
to

kam'aIfcer'sta'^

improve
read write

rd^n]
Andra Kammaren
"

to to to

military
under

vice ser-

] [an'dra^ militdrtjdnst\mi'-

respect

lite'rgen'st]
the under
.
. .

to admire to receive

hogakta[h0'g ak^ta] beundra [bdun'dra']

re-

reign
reforms

railways

stolt over to be proud of vara [stoltt] fdrhdttringar [fcerbet'riy^ar] imperishableoforgdnglig [co'fcerjey'lig]. jdrnvdgar [jx'xnvs'gar]

[uniddr gering rdje!ri7)]

mottaga[mojt'aga^]

Translation
The

Exercise

54.

Grovernment

of Sweden.

Sweden
The

is
state

king
of

should

governed by a king. It is an old monarchy. cillors comply with the Constitution. The Counare

responsiblefor

the

execution

of laws.

The the
men

consists

Diet The Swedish the fleet and army. the 1866 Diet-bill to of chambers. According is composed of the richest and most learned first Chamber of the kingdom ; the second Chamber, of citizens chosen

king

commands

in two

Elementary

Swedish

Grammar.

130

Lesson

27.

from to

among

the

people.
out

In

Sweden

all citizens
of

are

bound
forms re-

militaryservice.
were

carried their fleet

was nor

the Under in Sweden.

now over

reign

Oscar

II many

Railways were
10 000 steam the

stretched The National

who

out

and

length is
numbers

over

kilometers.

Swedish education
cannot

1200

ships.
than

much

improved
is less

and

number

af those

read

write

in Sweden

in any

other

country.

Lesson. Twenty-seventh
List antingen
att, that hade
. . . .

of
. .

the

principal
...

conjunctions.
but

either eller,

or

men,

ndmligen, namely (viz.)

och, both

and
. . .

och, and
ocksd, also whether om, if, sdledes,thus ty, for
an
...

dock, though da, as, when ehuru, although

otherwise eljest,
or eller, emedan,

an,

sometimes
. .

times some-

for as, since,

Jivarfore, why nevertheless likvdl,

Words. bevis

dndd, however.

proof \^b9vi!s]

skdrgard {fas'rarchipelago

goUd] archipelagic skdrgdrds natur nature ["s natm'r] its like sin like [si'n li'kd^] beech bok [bojfk] lund [lun^d] grove, thicket bolja [bol'ja^] wave fecundity bordighet[bce'rdighett] vattenomrdde [va-basin fdnom'rodd] cornfield sddesbygd[se'dds-

calcareous soil kalkgrund \kal'kgrun'd^ knappast [kna- scarcely p'ast'l ovan \o'va^n'\ above enstaka [ensta'-ka] lonely,isolated unsettled orolig [cj'rco'lig^

likvdl [lik've'l] equally both bdda [bo'da'] utmdrkt [m't- remarkable

7nser^kt]
till H i anseende with regard to an'sedn^do til] around kring [kriy!]

byg'd]
hlandning [blan'dmiscellany

mellerst
dessutom gynna

central most [mel'dJLst] moreover [dss'ui^-

niy'] dustry bergsrorelse mining in[basr'jro'rdlsd] forening [fo'rd- union niy'] influence inflytelse [in'fly'tdlsd] mountainous bergig [bserjig'] wildness vildhet \vildheH'\

torn] [jyn'a'] to favour happy, lucky lycklig[lyk'lig^] vdlgorande [ve'l beneficial jo'randd] forvdna [foer rto astonish \to wonder vo-'na] vegetation vdxtlighet [vek'stlig^het]

Adverbs.

131

Reading
Foljerman
det vackraste fran fran Skane

Exercise
natur.

55.

SYeriges
ostra

kusten,

sa

visar

beviset

och

Karlskrona

pa Ostersjons mildare tillKalmar en strand, som

sig i Blekinge skargardsnatur

pa sina stallen Kalmar vaxer trad ga

i skonhet

knappast mera : bokskogen ej hogre.

Vatterns

har

sin like i norden. lundar

och

Ovan enstaka

smarre

dock

oroliga boljor skilja Vaster- och Ostergotland, tvenne av Sverigesfruktbaraste landskap, bada skillnader i bordighet. I anstora likval utmarkta genom seende till sjalva landets bildning hor Vastergotland till vattenomrade. Vanerns, Ostergotland till Vatterns och det mellersta Malaren ar Kring sjoarne Hjalmaren sadesbygder, dessutom Sverigesstorsta slattland med harliga en lyckligblandning av akerbruk och bergsgynnade genom rorelse. Dessas foreninghar strackt sin valgorande inflytelse
klara,
men aven

tillVarmland

och Dalarne, utan

att likval i dessa

bada

delar hava kunnat besegra naturens bergiga landskaps ovre annu kalkgrunden kring sjon borjande vildhet. Likval narer i forvanar. som Rattvik)en vaxtlighet, Siljan(t.ex. Conversation.

Vilken
Ar

natur

har
fran

Blekinge?
Karlskrona till Kalmar skon?

stranden
aro aro

Vilka Vilka

Sveriges fruktbaraste

landskap?

Sverigesstorsta

sjoar?

Words.

great powers

stormakter

[stco'r- at

the head

i spetsen

cavalry

makHdr] kavalleri, rytteri regiment ryt'd\ksLvaVdritj

captam

for [spet'sdn]

infantry

fotfolk, infanteri
in'[fco'tfol^k,

lieutenant

sergeant

corporal fantdri^l cornet artilleri artillery {^ctr'tihrii'] horse-soldier ryttare [ryfard^] garrison foot-soldier fotsoldat [fco'tsoldaH] victory
field-marshal

[re'jd regemente menttd] kapten [kaptetn] lojtnant[loftnan't sergeant [s^rfanH korpral [korpra'l
kornett

\kornEti']

garnison [gar'nisajfTi]

[se!gdr] seger fdltmarskalk

volunteer [fri'vilHg] frivillig recruit rekryt [rdkrytt] declaration of krigsforklaring

war

[fd'tmarfark]
troops

sfoRrkMrirj] \krig'
m^"^"2?2c?e(av en plats)\intagandd\ dragon \draga)tn^^ kyrass {kyrasi^

discipline
colonel

trupp [trup'] place [di'sidiscipUn dragoon plUn]

overste

capture of the

[o'vdrstd^l^cuirass

132

Lesson

28.

[sv^.^rd] gevdr [JdVEtr] gun patrorikok [pacartridge-box ir congo'k]

svdrd haversack
to to

helmet sword

hjdlm Yjdim']

lance

laiis
utova

[lan^s] [m'te'va]

pistol
to to

pistol [pistojH]
vdpna
utrusta

exercise
arm

Xvsp'na^"]
\m^trus^ta^^

to
to

equip

mat-tornister

\ma't-tornisHdr\
keep fight
underhdlla

\un'-

ddrhoVa] kdmpa [cem'pa^]

vinna

fear to disarm to bear strict

to win to stand to defend

[vin'a']

[sto'] forsvara [foersva'ra]

std

frukta [fruk'ta^\ avvdpna [a'vep^na] hdra [""'ra'] strdng [streif);'] {ph'liobligatory ohligatorisk gatojirisk] compulsory tvingande [tviyan'dd].

Translation

Exercise Army.

56.

All

great
in

powers

of

Europe

consists and
field

and cavalry, infantry foot-soldiers fought bravely and won marshal commands the troops. In

An army army. The horse-soldiers artillery.

keep

an

the
the

victory.
German
at

The
of

army
head

is very strict. The Colonel discipline the colonel stand his regiment. Under the

stands

the

sergeant

and
"

the

captain,the corporal. MilitaryService

the
Comet

nant, lieuteis not

bravely the England. and recruits will of the garrison. The colours volunteers be exercised, equipped and armed, because soon a declaration of war is feared. After the capture of the place, the garrison helmet disarmed. cuirass and was a a Dragoons wear ; lance with Footdefend themselves the or they sword, pistol.
The

obligatoryin

defended

soldiers bear
bear
a

gun,

and cartridge-box

haversack.

Officers

sword.

Lesson. Twenty-eighth
List
ack!

of
alas!

the
dear!

principal

interjections.

ajf ay! o anf dicta!plague!

gtid nd's!
alas!

fy!
hva!
min

fie!

st! hush! tag mot! look here! what! hvadan! I say! hm! ha! ha! ah!

hva sann!

sa!

hey!

lappri!

nonsense!

topp! agreed! tro mig! depend

usch!
oh!

upon

it!

faith! really!

Translation

Exercise Nayy.

58.

is the most Navy powerful in the world, the is considered whereas the German as greatest and Army last States. During these strongest of all the European have built huge of the civilized nations most twenty years is the greatest port of and men-of-war torpedo-boats London the In this port are world. seen ships of all the European countries. and A fleet is composed mercantile transatlantic mercantile of British and sailers. fleet is by The steamers far the the most important of all fleets, by its tonnage, of and The its vessels number the bravery of its sailors. pool Livergreat ocean steamships which regularly ply between The

British

and

Newto

York
cross

are over.

most

comfortable and

and

take
are

less

than

five the
and

days Japan

America
of
a

Germany
in the
art

nowadays

greatest

competitors also occupies

Bretain

of

navigation
the

prominent

place in (bland)

world's

navies.

135

Lesson. Twenty-ninth
The construction
I. Order of

of sentences.
the
words.

A.

Place

of the

subject.

"

1.

The

a) Before
Ex.
:

subjectis generallyplaced: the verb in affirmative and negativesentences.

laser
^

jag

I read ; fadern

the sjong icke,

father did

not

sing.
verb
barnetf
du
not

b) After the negative sentences.

Ex.: Laser Alskar
Do you the

in

negative and

interrogativeor

Does

the child read?

is the child

..reading?
icke din
like your

moderf
mother? of the

Note.
word
"

When

manner

Ex.:

with the help is made interrogative should or precede the verb. "Jw" the subject Mdnne de voro trottaf were they tired? Hon dr ju nojdf she is
"

Exceptions.

" 2. The subjectis placed after the the sentence a) When begins with. 1. the object.
Ex.
:

verb:

huset har min fader kopt. house father has bought this house (this My has bought).
Det
or an

my

father

2.

an

adverb
Ex.:

adverbial
vi

expression or

junction. con-

Nu
Now I gar

skola
we are

voro

Yesterdaywe
3.
an

till sdngs. going to bed. vi pa landet. in the country. were

gd

attributive
Ex.
:

adjective.
dr

Mdktig
the
Om
If he han
was

Gud!

God

is is powerful! (powerful

God!)
a

b) When
subordinate
Ex.:

principalphrase is preceded by
vore

sentence.

rik, skulle han

he would

(were)rich

mycket gott. gora do much good.

for ever!

c) In

exclamations.
the drottningen! queen

Ex.: Leve

136

Lesson

29.

B. Place

of the indirect

case. objective

"
without
case.

3.

a) The
any

when used objective case precedes the direct objective preposition Idrjungen gav teacher gave the boy
en
a

Ex.: Ldraren
The

hok.
book.

b) When by
a

the indirect is preceded case objective the direct objective should immediately case preposition after the verb. be placed
Ex.:

Ldraren
The

gav en teacher gave

hok
a

at

Idrjungen.
to the

book

boy.
case objective

c) Like
a noun

in

the English in the

indirect

of

is
Ex.

placed
:

genitive case
my father's house.

and

precedes

the

noun.

Min

faders hus,

11. Order

of

clauses.

"

4.

a) Generallythe
sentence sentence.
de icke dro

part in the
of the
Ex.
:

clause which bears the principal should be placed at the beginning

skola skyldiga,
should de be

Om
If

they

are

not

guilty they
the

frikdnnas. acquitted.

b) The relative pronouns, to generallyfollow the nouns

Ex.:

adverbs,conjunctions which they refer.

rdknade stolen

Drdngen

pa

vilkens

har stuUt pengar The servant whose on from me. money

(vars) trohet jag frdn mig.

faithfulness I relied has

c) When
^Sa"

subordinate
are

sentence

cipal precedesthe printhe

junction con-

sentence, both
which
hamet Ex.: Ndr
When

generally united by
rendered in

is not

English.

fick se
saw

the child

sin moder, sd borjade det att le. its mother, it began to smile.

Words.
kindness godhet {^gojtdhet']

tjdnsteande

servingspirit medlem

[gen'stdan'dd]
frid \_fri'd^ peace comfort trevnad [tre'vnad^] root rot \ro)it^ leende Ue'dn^dd] smile gubbe [gub'd^] old man

[rojf] rest,repose member [me'dlem^] world's life vdrldsliv [vse'jidsli'v] natural life naturliv [natrn'rro

im
fear of God gudsjruktan \_gut'sfrukHan\

The

construction

of sentences.

137

tapperhet [tap.'dvbravery circumstance forhdllande /Ae^]j [^foRrhol'cin^dd] |condition to call forth framkalla [^frara'kaV'a]
hitter

gro

{gra)f\ va'rallvarlig[aZ* %] viga [vrga^'l

to shoot
earnest

to

bless

n/juta

to \njwi'ta''']

\hitt9r\

fdrkvdva
V".'va]

bitter [foerk-to choke

up

Ijuv Umiv] Jiembygd[hem

enjoy delightful

native land.

hyg'd;\

Reading
Godhet
och

Exercise

59.

Hemmet.

ordning, dessa
overallt far
vaxa
en

himmelns frid
den i dessa
over

tjansteandarpa
samma

jorden, framkalla
Ingen bitter
tid ett leende
forkvava rot

samma

och

trevnad. allatt
over vara

; dar

vill gro,

uppkommer
av

eller

tar,

och

ett ord

karlek

den.
ro,
over

Karleken
var

vakar

barnets
trevnad

gubbens
Det

medlems
ur sasom

val

och
"

vagga , for att ;

lycklig gar
hogre
sterna du
se

manniskan i livet
dar mot

varldslivet
ett

hem.

star

upp aga deras

himmeln. sin
se

gronskande trad, vaxande allt KonNorden ar kail och allvarlig.

; blommornas

ej

hembygd

tid

ar

kort.

Vill

se Frankrike jord, Italien, ; vill du se hemmets och familjens vigda jord,se Sverige! se overallt bland fjallen och skogarna, dessa stilla gardar, der manniskan njuter ett foradlat naturliv,dar i skotet av heliga och Ijuva forhallanutvecklas den svenskarnes : nationaldygder gudsfruktan och tapperhet.

Conversation.
Vad Hur

framkallar forkvaves
aro

friden

och

trevnaden

i hemmet?

varje bitter rot?

bland forrattningar

Vilka Vad
Vad

karlekens

familjensmed-

lemmar? liknar hemmet?

motsvarar utvecklas

nordens
och

hem
aro

Var

vilka

sydligalanderna? svenskarnes nationaldygder?

i de

Words.

fatherland
native

country
sacrifice
native land

fddemesland [frddmdslan'd] fosterland [fcos'tarlaa^d] uppoffring [up-ofriy'] fosterjord [fco'stdrjcoUd]

dra glory [s'ra'] patriotism fosterlandskdrlek

sentiment love attachment

[fcos'tdrlandsgse'rlek] kdnsla [(gen'sla'''\ karlek [f^rZe'fc] tillgivenhet [til'ji'Vdnhet]

138

Lesson

29.

fidelity
devotion

troliet

\tra)thet]
\h"'n-

to
on

protect
the establishwar

skydda
i

Uyd'a']
"

hdngivenhet

krigsfoi bt

[kri'gs-

gi'vdnhet] danger
civil

ment
plikt
to

fara duty

[fa'ra']
contribute

medhorgerlig [me'dbor'jdrlig plik't]

hidraga framgdng

[bi'dra'ga] [fram'-

prosperity

social

duty

samhdlsplikt [sam'helsvUk't]

to
to to to to to

require prevail
unite threaten travel

fordra
rdda

[fco'rdra'] [ro'cZa'] [/ore/na] [hoj'ta'''] [re'sa^] [start' a'].

to
on

love the peace,

dlska
pa

{el'ska^'] fredsfot

forena
hota
resa

establish-

ment

[fred'sfoj^t]

stay

stanna

Translation

Exercise

60.

Fatherland.

We

ought
our

to

love,
time
to

protect
of peace

and to

defend contribute
at

our

native
to

country.

It and life. land

is

duty
time
of

in
war

its

prosperity
of his
a our

in
A

defend

it
to

even

the die

sacrifice
for

brave

soldier the

ought
of in
the

fight

and

native

when

glory

the

nation hearts
of of love

requires
all

such

sacrifice.
;

Patriotism united in their

and

prevails
the
same

good
and

citizens attachment it.

all to

are

sentiment when fatherland

we

fend delove

country
to

danger
are

threatens
the

Fidelity,
civil
and

devotion
When

principal
in
a

social
we

duties.
are

travel

or

stay
native is

foreign
Let

Country
us

always country,
of
our

thinking
because

of

our

land.
more

love and
more

our

native

nothing
than

beautiful

worthy

love^

fatherland.

139

Readings,
1.
En

En
ar

frukost
1869 de

pa

Medelhavet.

hostdag

hollo

tvenne

ekipager vid
stego
Det akte D.D.
var en

i Marseille

just dar

stora

angbatarne liggasom
det forsta
barn. de
som var

hamnen i alia riktherre

och

ningar
en "wne

ploja Medelhavet.

Ur

dam, bagge unga, med tre sma famille tres-distinguee" och

,

synbarligen
vagnen H.H. her-

i andra K.K.
med

tycktes tigen och

skuUe

tillhora

uppvaktningen. som hertiginnanav Ostergotland,

Det

sina barn

resa

till Nizza, for

var sex

att

dar

vintermanaderna. tillbringa
den

Klockan
annons,

pa

aftonen,

timman

da, enligt

angbaten skuUe
man annu som

rojde,att
en ar van

koldragare,
vid
vara

ingen rok ur angskorstenen avga ; men eldat pa, och vid sidan av angbaten lag Den lastade in kol pa den forra. som
over

ordentligaangbatsturer forvanas
och
man

oord-

ningen soderut,
anlanda
"Nar

ej syntes missnojda. passagerarne fartyget?"fragade en av avgar

kan

darfor

undra

pa,

att de nyss

prinsens uppvaktdenne tvart.

ning kaptenen.
"Nar

vi
nar

fatt kolforradet
sker

ombord",

svarade

"Och
"Det "Det "Det "Tva?

det?" hel timma?"

vet

jag

icke."

en drojer kanske kan droja tva." Omojligt!"

"M

kan

hava

ratt,
med

det

ser

omojligt ut", medgav

fyra i dag,
sex",
ar

tenen; kapan

"slippa vi jag
vagar "Men

tre

eller

det mer,
anmarkte

hoppas."
det
var

annonserat

klockan

den

uppvaktande forargad.
till. och vande Kaptenen smalog medlidsamt ryggen den anmarkte "Men det ombord", ar hoga personer uppvaktande. ej med nagot bevardigade honom Kaptenen smalog, men alia ocksa Ombord svar. ar konung, om skepparen ensam tillstades. vore Europas suveraner Till nagon for angbatskonungen i fraga ma ursakt namavsedd for gods an for var bat, han forde, mera nas, att den Emelleroch tystlaten folk, och gods ar en talig passagerare.

140

Readings.
H.K.H.

hytt och balar. tunnor Men besvarligt klattrande over hertigenforedrog att vistas pa dack, avvaktande med latt befor avresan, stunden vilken lange lat vanta griplig otalighet var sig. Klockan 11, nar angbaten stotte fran land. pa
sma

tid hade
efter

hertiginnanmed

sina

funnit

sin

ett

Natten

var

kolmork,

men

havsvinden

vanligoch
nagra och han
av

mild.
de

Trots

morkret
mellan med den

trodde vilka

sig prinsen igenkanna

angbaten gled fram,
det i yngre

betraktade

ogn.pper, dem det ater-

djupa rorelse, ett poetisktsinne erfar,nar

Prinsen hade dagar skadat. namligen en gang som yngling, och da i egenskap av lojtnant svenskt ett Medelhavet. orlogsfartyg, gjorten resa over pa icke minst. Fram Men emot sjon suger och Medelhavet

finner

stallen, som

kande morgonen fanns ombord.

sig prinsenhungrig.
Fartyg,
icke
men som

Men

ingen restauration
beraksam-

endast atande. Ni huruvida

gora han

nattresor, aro
gav da

nade

for

sovande,
ar

for

Prinsen
Ert

sig i

sprak
miteten

med

kaptenen,

avkastade

ej
vad

bekant.

"Vill
att

och
pa",

sallskap halla kaptenen,

anonytill
"sa ar

godo
Ni i
var

med

jag

har

bjuda

sade

Min frukost vantar valkommen. redan ". hjartligen Prinsen och intradde tackade sin kavaljer med forbindligt

kaptenens hytt,
att forakta.

dar

en

frukost

serverades,

som

visst icke
en

Men

det
samma

person

visade

sig i

drojde icke lange forran hytt. Det var en lang

som

fjarde
man,

ung

fran hjassatillfot,men sotigoch flottig belt obesvarat tog plats bland de andra frisk med tog aptiti frukosten. "For att vara rysk amiral, talar Ni till prinsen.
att

icke desto mindre

vid bordet och del-

en

franska", ypperlig
?" och
ar

yttradekaptenen
"Vem har

sagt Er,

jag
vara

ar

rysk amiral
amiral franska
an

fragade
ar

prinsen; "jag har den komligt belaten darmed. nar underligt, jag i min
marskalker." "Tva viss franska "och

aran

svensk

full-

Men

att

jag talar

mindre

slakt haft icke mindre

tva franska

marskalker", upprepade kaptenen

vilka de?" svarade

med

en

aro andakt, och Bemadotte!" "Eugene

ogon,

prinsen. "Bernadotte!" upprepade anyo kaptenen och gjordestora dem han oupphorligenflyttade mellan prinsenoch ma-

vilken sednare ocksa fick stora ogon. skinisten, Ni ar "0m en Bernadotte", tertog kaptenen, "sa kan sieur Monhar stallet slakting, jag p^ presentera for Er en nara bat och sonson De la Graise, maskinist av en pa min

syster till marskalk

De

Bernadotte.*
mottes. Det kan Huru
ene

bagge sysslingarnes ogon

i ett sadant Fr^n dar
samma vra

ligga
olika tillen

mycket
odets

omsesidigtbetraktande.
kommer
man,

lotter !

den

142

Readings.

och i den atgarden liksom i varje vid Ostersjon, sittningar konunoch Polens annat Sverigesforsvagande voro Danmarks Sa makterna att de tre borjade villige deltaga. hjartat gar av
nastan mot pa
en

gang

och
Karl

utan

skymt
bast
var

av

rattvisa

ett anfall

Sverige.
Just
nar

konung

som

sysselsattmed
om

sina
och

nojen
Polens "Det

vid

Kungsor, kom
Detta

underrattelse

Danmarks

fredsbrott. forundrar
Ma
sa

slog honom
han,
avgora "att

med

harm

och

forvaning.
hava vilja
en

mig",
vara!

sade Gud

mina

krig.
fa

hjalpeross
saken

grannar val; vi hava med

ratt-

fardigsak.
vi nog
Nu med
en var

Jag
tala det

vill forst
den slut

den

ene

; sedan

med

andre."
med

nojena.
och
da han

Som

en

blixt stod danske

Karl

sin

krigshar pa
om

Seland
och

foreskrev strax

konungen Ryssland.
det, hort

forodmjukande fred,
Tsar Peters

rattelse darefter fick underlost emot sages

forraderi
Seland

gick det
hade
"Vad

Vid i luften han.

"Na

landstigningen pa
ett

Karl,
en

underligt vinande
"

Ijud.

ar

det?"

Och

svarade "Kulorna, Eders Majestat", skall hadanefter detta sade val", Karl, blev det ock, ty fran den stunden sa

gammal
bliva min
hans
ar.

sporde krigare.
musik."
en oav-

var

liv
Tsar

bruten

kedja
trots

av

strider under

mer

an

aderton

Peter

hade,

vanskap, gjort ett hastigt och forradiskt anfall. Med en ringa har seglade da Det till Ostersjolandskapen. gallde att nu konung Karl over Tsaren forst undsatta av belagrades. Narva, som med I november sina fataliga Karl manad trupper ryckte tillNarvas fran Pernau, dar han undsattning. Det landstigit, vat ett forfarligt prcivade bade mod och krafter, ty tag, som haren och snoyra i vinterkold maste genomtaga ett alldeles ode och forharjat land, dar han dagars tid knappt pa sex upprepade forsakringar om
fann ett
nar

Och

spar han

av

manniskor
nara

och
atta

dar

han

led brist pa
han

allt.

antligenstod
harens

vid malet, sag

tusen

framfor

sig den
Vid dock

ryska
Peter

sextio
om over

krigare.
ankomst at

underrattelsen befalet

svenska
de

harens

lamnade

Tsar

ryska trupperna

hertigen

inat sitt eget rike. Karl Croi och begav sig sjalv av pa vagen sin har och beslot att angripafienden daremot uppstalldesjalf till och med inom hans egna forkansningar. Det var ej tid haren. svenska hotade den att langre droja, ty noden i strackte sigkring Narva Ryska forskansningarna Narvaflodens halvkrets, med flyglarne stodda mot Svenska
Ett haren
var en

lang

strand.

for

svag

att

angripamer
mitten

an

ett par niirbe-

lagna punkter. Dessa

par raketer skuUe i Nu flogo de tva raketerna "med orden Gudshjalp* losen. luften, och under faltropet:"Med Guds hjaip!"drog den lilla

av ryska linien. utsagos nara vara tecknet, klockslagettu-tiden,och

Readings.
svenska fann bans
som

143

haren

framat.

sig ytterstpa
drabanter,
anfordes
av en

Konungen i sin enkla blaa rock beoch honom vanstra narmast foljde flygeln,
utvald
Horn. med

trupp

av

ett hundra

femtio
om sa

man, den

Arvid

Nagot till hoger

dalkarlarne ocb

konungen
bela

gick Magnus ovriga haren.

I detsamma

Stenbock

svenskarne framfor

blast, som
ett
sa

drev

sig ett
se

ryckte fram, uppstod enstaka men tjockt,

som

en

haftig
med

moln

tatt

snoglopp,
icke
kunde

att ryssarne,

hade

detsamma

mitt

i ogonen,

trettio till fyrtio steg framfor

sig.
an

Nagra
skada

svenska

generaler ville

uppskjuta anfallet
"vi hava
mera

till ovadret
gagn

gatt forbi.
darav."

"Nej",
som

sade

konungen,
Karl

Ryssarne,
sedermera

trott,att
av

och sig tillbaka, dragit

som

forblindades
vallarne. med

det starka
voro

snogloppet, anade
pa
aven

ocksa
av-

forran ingenting, stand fran snomolnet

svenskarne Da

blott

femtio

stegs

forsvann

till alias

forundran

frambrytande solskenet stortade forskansningen. Gravarna fylldesav brots vallarne medforda o ch bestegos.Ryska linjen risknippor, Detta och kastades at sidorna. var gjortinom en fjardedels den timma, och genom tillvagabragtaoppningen sprangde
ens, svenskarne mot

och

vid det ater

svenska
I

fram rytteriet

att val

understodjafotfolket.
forsvara

borjan

sokte

ryssarne

sig;

men

bestort-

underbart svenskarnes hastiga anfall och deras ningen over spred sig allt,mer, och snart sprungo utomordentligamod

de
om

som

skramda

far

om

varandra.

Manga
da

sokte motte

svenskarne

fly undan
for

till skogs. Men

och

pa dem

sidan
Karl

sjalv i spetsen
tillbaka in i
I emot sages saledes De

drabanter

dragoner och jagade dem

ryssarnes
och

trangseln.

vild
bron

oordning
over

stortade
Den grav

nu

hogra flygelner
tre tusen

Narva.

brast,
mellan
som voro

ryssar,
maste

det,

funno

sin vid

boljorna. Storsta
floden
mer

delen
och

stanna

stranden

och
ovade

svenskarne.

ryska gardesregementena, hejdade for en stund vana,

ralema

krigsMen
geneda

det

svenska den

anfallet,och
fran Tsaren

gjorde allt
ens

for

att ordna att

ovriga massan.

borjade med
tyskarne
sina Croi allt vad
och

ropas, fran andra

olyckan komme utlanningar,som

att akta

de forradiska
over dragit

landsman,

och
var,

i fortvivlan
utan Da

tyskt

borjade ryssarne nedhugga nagot befal. Hertigens av

han och tvenne att
som av

eget liv hotades.

besloto
hellre

bans

generaler samt nagra lamna sig i svenskarnes

raseri.
over

andra
hand

utlanningar
an

fangar

vara

utsatta

Med

adjutanteroch
och
stotte

till svenska
de gavo

sidan

dar

betjaning pa Magnus

for sarnes ryssprangde de

Stenbock,.

at vilken

sig till fanga.

144

Readings.
Nu intraffade
De

emellertid
vad

den

striden haftigaste fatt

en

i detta
av

slag.

vid

stranden och de

instangdaryssarne
de

uppforde i hast

trossvagnar
liarifran till storsta

fingo

forskansning,och

borjade
delen
och

hade sig. Svenskarne de tjugufyra skott, varje soldat bortskjutit forsvara ihardigt
nu

medfort,
Ett
annu

uppsokte
ryssar

nya

ur

doda

Senders

patronkok.

stort

antal
att

stupade,ock likval ville de aterstaende

vanstra

icke
For

giva sig.
fiendernas

den flygelej skulle komma ett stort ryskt batteri,som hogra till hjalp lat Karl erovra lag pa en hojd mitt emellan bada flyglarne,varigenom han Da fran forlorade varandra. dem avskar hogra ryssarnes foratt skickade ett officerare modet och begara flygel par

skoning.
dess

Nu

inbrot

morket

och

langre sokte nu vila, bast han kunde, upphorande. En var men genomingen fick avlagsna sig. Karl gick med annu klader till vata vakteld, som en gardessoldaterna uppgjort, marken. utbredt over och lade sig dar pa en kappa, som man
Med och huvudet Snart handla. dom
komma De

kunde

fortsattas, utan

att striden ej tjockt, lat giva tecken till konungen

blev

sa

i knaet

pa

en

bland

bussarne, tog

han

en

kort

behovlig vila.
kommo tvanne

anmaldes

af ryssarnes anforare for att underfor Karl, dar denne lag vid vaktelden.
utan fort
samma av

Overenskommelsen
av

Ryssarne, forhallandet, tyckte sig ej nog verkliga

uppgjordes snart.

kannekunna fordem.

med kannedom av undan; svenskarne kunna bliva snart hallande, tyckte sig ej nog Man

med
borde snart

som

uppgjorde,att generalerna och krigsfangar. Kanoner, fanor,

men

overbefalet standar
over m.

skulle stanna
m.

ock
upp-

kvarlamnas,
bron

alia

trupperna genast

den

bibehallna vapen. taga hem igen med lagade i ordning, och redan att laga bron hastade Svenskarne hunnit klockan langt innan dagsljuset fyra foljande morgon, visa

verkligabelagenheten, tagade
var

fiendens

hogra flygelover

skyndade till sitt hem igen. flygel hade stridit med storre framRyssarnes vanstra kom natten under Men bud, att hogra flygelndagtingang. generalen pa vanstra flygeln gat, varigenom den befalhavande
bron, och
och
en

sig tvungen att gora detsamma. oppnades genast. Overbefalet Underhandlingen harom den ovrigaskaran skulle bliva krigsfangar fingeavtaga ; men
fann

dock

skulle
Det
var

alia ett

lamna

sina vapen.
val vilka manga voro bland man, bland tusen svenskar, for knappt sex

formiddag markvardigt skadespel att foljande

tusen gevar

se

tio eller

tolv

vapnade, stracka
vilka
svara

manga

voro

medfarten.

uttrottade och mina " Bland

sjuka efter
sex

den

foregaende

hundra

dalkarlar*, skri-

Readings.
ver

145

ingen ett enda skott kvar". se modiga ut. Svenskarne uppstalldes i en lang rad pa ett led for att taga sig nagorlunda huvud vandrade Med blottade i en lang stracka ryssarne ut. infor konung Karl nedlade ocb sina fanor forbi svenskarne och vapen. Det varade lange, innan alia hunnit forbi; men bos ryssarne, skramseln att vid bron stor var sa trangdes Magnus
ban

Stenbock,
dem

"hade

Men

bad

likval

manga

hundra

i vattnet
forsta

och

drunknade.

Efter denna ryssarne. forsta seger ett djupt forakt och ansag fattade Karl for dem lamnade dem Darfor ban ock snart och dem foga farliga. Sa
slot Karls

falttagmot

tagade

att straffa den

polske konungen,
Karl

som

infalliti Livland.

3.
Da

von
om

Linne.
vart

fadernesland,dess kunna vi ofta och historia, och folk, dess samhallsskick natur den okunnigbet ej annat an pa det bogsta forvana oss over avseenden i de dessa ocb de oriktiga som lagga forestallningar, bildade framlingar gora sig bar vid ej sallan i dagen. Aven de verkligtstore av skyldiga till stora misstag,ocb manga som Sverige frambragt, aro for dem antingen till namman,
net annat dad

vi bora

utlanningartala

okanda,
folk.
Det

eller ock

anses

de

ej sallan

bava

tillhort nagot

vilket for ingen bilett svenskt finnes dock namn, hela varlden inom torde vara obekant, och vilket person darfor att gora mycket bidragit Sverige kant ocb aktat i frammande
namnes

heist
kanna
sa

det namnet hela jordklotet, och beundran var over bor bildade manniskor ock varje svensk finnas. Da det detta namn den man ocb veta, vem gjort var, som land.
Det namnet
ar

Linn6,

och

med

vordnad

ryktbart.
I
en av

sodra grans, socken

Smalands beter

vackraste
socken.

ifran Skanes inom denna

Stenbrobults

trakter ligger, ej langt Komministersbostallet

Rasbult,

och
en

bar, i

en som

ringa och

i dopet maj gosse, vid namn komminister en fattig blev kyrkoherde i forsamNicolaus Linnaeus, vilken sedermera

oansenligkoja, foddes den 23 erboU namnet Karl. Fadern,

var lingen, en

1707

och anlade en for den alskare av blommor redan ifran lille tiden vacker tradgard, i vilken den gossen livlik karlek for blomstervarlsina spadaste ar inbamtade en sedan forskaffade honom den en karlek, som plats bland stor
"

varldens

mangen Detta Karl

samma

namnkunnigasteman, men och bitter stund. sorglig

fick ban
var

honom tillika tillskyndade Hos

redan

som

skolgosseerfara.
studium
sa

den de

unge

Linnaeus bos

bagen

for naturens

stor, att denav

honom

borttog
Grammar.

all lust for lasandet

gamla
IQ

Elementary Swedish

146

Readings.
och

latinska Med
stora

grekiska forfattarne, vilka

storre i vilken iver han sokte han daremot

studerades
att

i skolorna. i naturens

desto

lasa

kimskap om SkaDa han till foljd harav allmakt, vishet parens visade och en haglos sig sasom ingaluuda flitig larjunge i de i skolan och da dessutom naturvetensom foredrogos, iimnen, ringa aktade, sa var det ej underligt, skaperna den tiden voro i Vexio larare skola hans honom om sasom oduglig ansago
att

bok,

sig ansag och godhet.

inhamta

studera.

Ocksa eller skulle

tillradde

de

hans pa det kunna

fader
att

att satta han

honora

i pa

skraddare-

snickare-lara,
i
en

atminstone

nagot
Med och

satt

framtid

fortjanasitt
att pa

uppehalle.
detta
av

biodande blott
en

hjarta beslot aven tillfallighet gjorde,

fick kvarstanna

fadern att i gossen

lyda

rad,
en

inradan han

skolan, varest gjorde endast obetydliga framsteg. Darfor, da han for lamnade Vexio att student i Lund sasom gymnasium han dit ett ingalunda vackert i'ortsatta sina studier, medforde avgangsbetyg, i det att hans larare forklarade, att "ungdomen
f*"rtfarande
i skolorna under kan liknas fastan pa den
annan

doktor

Rothman

dock

vid

sma

trad

i att

en

tradskola,
unga trad ehuru

dar

det
arta

tiden, utan val, sig

dem anvandt

sallan, hander,
likna storsta vilda allra

icke
man

allt satt

stammar,

pa

omflyttade i sin daliga art

I denna avsikt

och och

flit; bliva dessa sedermera det handa, att de forandra kan jordman, bliva skona trad, som giva behaglig frukt.

ingen

annan

avsandes kanske for hans han dar

till akademien kan komma i

ett

denne pa
ett

yngling (Karl Linnaeus), som

som stalle,

kan

vara

gynnsamt
han Vid till

forkovran

kunskaper".
sadant vitstraffades han
svar nam-

Med

ingalunda glatt mod

till
en

begav
inresan

sig med
vid sin i staden och

ord
av

Lund, motgang. ny
den
en

varest

genast

ankomst horde till den

ligen
att

klockorna

ringa
hans

begravning,
vore, erhoU vilken alia
snart

pa

sin

vem lorfragan,

avlidne

han

det

var

skydd
hade

och mahanda

slakting,hos av fattige, hjalp. Den

varit nodsakad
att

upplysningen, hoppats finna forbisedde 3'nglingen

han lamna

Lund,
fattade fritt

sa

vida for

ej
en

en

gjort hans lyckligtillfallighet

vid
namn

synnerliga flit
snart

bekant

doktor for

Stobseus,
att

vilken

sadant

behag
till och

honom,
lovade
var

han
utan

ej
aven

blott lat honom

begagna
och

sin stora

boksamling,
med

upptog
till sin

honom

i sitt hus

gora Lund
som

honom

arvinge.
att inhamta En sadan medtom, dessualskade. Olof Da

Emellertid

ej en
den

lamplig plats for

mest

kunskaper
var

i de

amnen,

Linnaeus

daremot

delade

Upsala, undervisning
att skaffa det for
var

varest

beromde

Rudbeck
Linnaeus

i naturens sin

kunskap.

for

sig
i

lakare,

honom

bliva beslutit att utkomst, hade stor vikt, att de baste lararne av Han beslot

i medicinen

funnos

Upsala.

darfor

att

lamna

Readings.
Lund,
Det dock
var

147

varover om

hans hosten

valgorareStobseus hogeligen fortornades. till Upsala. Har 1728 han kom fick han
mot

snart

kampa
Den lilla
var

den

storsta

nod
som

och hans

de

svaraste tiden

be-

kymmer. lamna honom,

vara

penningsumma,
snart

foraldrar den

kunnat ansags

fortard,och

da

det

sokte foraktligt att studera lakarevetenskapen, erhalla att for understod han sina studiers forgaves nagot Noden fortsattande. maste gick sa langt att han med papper sina frusna fotter, det att de omlinda skuUe sticka fram ej pa Utan mat, klader eller penningar hade de trasigaskodonen. ur han knappast nagot annat beslut att fatta an att saga farval nastan
at

Upsala
Nu ock

pa besannades

och

samma

gang Innan

at studierna.

dock

ordspraket,att
han lamnade den besoka

da

noden

ar

storst,

ar

hjalpen narmast.
annu

Upsala, ville han

tradgarden,
av

namligen
varest

en

gang for

botaniska
vid

han

njutitsa
han den forr
samma

m3'cken gladje
honom forut stod han delar han

betraktandet
orter.

en

mangd

utlandska,

frammande
dar
nastan

En

sadan, som gladjen over

ej skadat,
glomde
vaxtens
som

nyss sin

utslagen. I sorgliga benoggrannett

lagenhet
het,
"

och
var

undersokte

med

storsta

det

ju ocksa,
honom medfora han
annu

trodde, sista gangen

Till sist ville ett minne pa
en

sadant blomman

noje
for

var

beskart. henne

han

avbryta

att

sasom

ligaredagar, da
at

vagade hoppas
barsk

lyckframtid, agnad

fran

naturvetenskaperna.
Da hordes Da
en plotsligen

stamma,

som

hand.

Linnaeus

vande doktor

sig
Olof

om,

efter vordig prastman, Linnaei snart da stora och insikter, fragor uppskattade nagra han de sysselsattmed utarbetandet av ett verk om sjalvvar vaxterna i bibeln omtalade och dartill ansag fa kunna sig god i sitt hus, sa att den hjalp av Linnaeus, sa upptog han honom med studenten snart fattige gladjesag sig kunna fortsatta sina studier. Detta underbara bekant kan
man

Celsius

sag han den aldre, vilken

hejdade hans framfor sig en

saga

vara

en

av

vandpunkterna
blev han

i Linnes

ungdomsliv. namligen den ryktbare professor Rudbeck, vilken ej allenast till sina barns ock skaffade honom larare, utan tog honom blott var forordnande han en student, under att, ehuru ung JRudbecks undervisa i ortkunsde studenterna sjukdom ovriga han med allmant ett uppdrag, som kapen eller botaniken,
med
"

Genom

Celsius

bifall kommit

an fuilgjorde,

da

till dess
resa en

en

aldre da

universitetslarare denna

ater-

fran

en

utlandsk
som

och

visning. Lyckan,
ater att
vara

tid

gynnat
varfor

overtog Linnaeus, borjade

han beslot
att

undernu

honom

nagon kan

tid lamna

foretog

han

ogunstig, tillstyrUpsala. Pa sin valgorare Rudbecks ofta darfor och 1732 en vidlyftig livsfarlig
10*

for

148

Readings.
till

fard

Lappland,
varest

vilket han detta

land hade

da
ett

var

sa

gott

som

alldeles gora nya

obekant, och
vaxter

rikt

tillfalleatt
lands Med vande

iakttagelserrorande
och han

egendomliga

ovriga naturforhallanden.
dar

invanare, djur alia de dyrbara

han ater

tillbaka dels

samlingar, som till Upsala, naen

undervisaude
dels han

sammanbragt,
snart

visserligen
i

finna

vi honom

Dalarne,
om

i naturalhistorien undersokande detta Sara

(i synnerhet Moreea,

laran

stenarterna),
Har

landskaps naturalster.
dotter
av

forlovade
Annu hade

sig

med

Elisabet

stadslakaren

i Falun. Linnaeus

ej

blivit medicine

doktor,

och

for

detta till

mals

vinnande

Holland,
utan
aven mera

skapen,
vann
"

det vara bast att begiva sig han ansag i vilket land pa den tiden ej blott lakarevetenbotaniken stod i storsta aven utveckling. Har
snart
var

han vad

ej
han

blott

doktorsvardigheten,utan
och anseende. det lat

aven

allmant har

erkannande

En storsta tavlade

mangd
med kande

arbeten,
sa

som

trycka,
sin

vackte

uppseende,

att

gamla hogt
visa honom

aktade

varandra

i att den

svenskens unge medel och gora honom att forstracka bans resor behagligt samt bekostade

sig vara

vetenskapsman vanskap, samt oppet ertavlade larjungar;rika man

bans till vistande i Holland

rike; land, Spanien

satta

Mn

olika
"

land kommo

"

sig

darstades Men

och Linnseus

England och FrankFrankrike, Holland, England, Tyskfrikostiga anbud, om han ville nedundervisa ungdomen vid darvarande
var

universitet.

svensk
av

och

alskade

for

mycket
1amars

sitt fadernesland nade alia dessa

for

att

lockas

frammande och atervande

guld;
brud.
vunnit
man

han

lysande
som

utsikter och

efter

tre

franvaro
Att
ara

till sitt fadernesland

en

sin vantande land

sasom

vid

sin

person, hemkomst armar,

frammande

sa

stor

skulle
man

mottagas,
val kunnat

med

oppna hemma

hade

vanta,
overallt kunde

men

sa

sager, blev blev

dock
han Molnen hava

ingalunda handelsen.
sa

Utomlands att han

firad,
livnara
efter

forbisedd,
dock
sasom

knappast

sig.

skingrade sig
fatt anseende

lakare, utskickligaste till professor i Upsala, vilken han 1741 namndes befattning den anda till sin dod innehade 10 januari 1778. han sedan i tid var bans Under hela denna rykte standigt stigande, och
talrika
voro

efter nagon Stockholms

tid, och

att f5rst

de

erkannanden
han titel
av

harav,
den
samt

som

kommo

honom

till

del.
av

Sa, erholl

arkiater,
tiden

utnamndes ansags

till riddare
siisom
en

nordstjarneorden (vilket stor utmarkelse) ovanlig som

namnet
von

lika

adlades, varvid
den

han

antog
till

Linn6.
att

Sa

stor
son

var

glans, som
faderns
nu

var

fast vid

detta bans

namn,

bans

ende

f5re Vi

dod i

utnamdes

blivande for

eftertradare.
bans

hava

storsta

korthet

redogjort

men levnadslopp,

det ^terstar

att

antyda,

150

Readings.
fortfarande
om

tvartom

hogt
"

skattas liksom

for allt det utmarkta i allt

de innenagra for fel

halla, aven
och I kanda dessa

i dem

manskligt
alia och pa

"

hava oriktigheter Linnes naturforemal

att
en
var

insmugit sig.
talrika arbeten finnas da tiden
satt

ordnade,
skrifter

namngivna, latteligenkan
de
att

beskrivna med
som

sadant

av tillhjalp

dessa Men

bestamma sokte de

naturforemal,
pa naturalstrens
m., utan

ban

antraffar.
och

darjamte
nedom
om

Linne sarskilda

allt satt utreda

sprida kannaturveten-

forekomst, levnadssatt,
vilket till
en

nytta

ocli

anvandande hava

m.

allt

nedsjunkit namnkunskap. finnas och som upptackter iakttagelser, nya bans nedlagda i dessa arbeten, och ej mindre viktiga aro foreoch oriktiga vidskepliga vederlaggningar av en mangd skaperna Otaliga aro
de forut varit allmant Hartill som stallningar, gangse. mod. aven ej blott kunskaper, utan gang mangen fordrades Sa
t.
ex

skulle

blott

svavade

till och
att
en

med

Linnes

liv

fara,

da

visade,
som
an

dar for

forvarad
en summa

"flygande drake
av

blivit said

tio tusen

Hamburg sju huvud", mark, ej var annat

med till 1 naturen, talrika
utan

ban

bedrageri,och
i Stor mindre
var

att

dylika djur ej finnas

blott

enfaldiga personers
utan

inbillning.
Linne genom verksamhet bar haft sina

tvivel
var

verk,
och
sa

men

ej professor vid givna ahorare. och aretitel,

storartad
vara

bans

sasom
sa

larare.

Ingen
han-

hogskolor
Att kallas

manga

"Linnes

larjunge*
blott

derfor
en

skyndade
av

ej

for en ansags till bans studenterna

forelasningar,utan

infunno rikets fornamsta man mangd med till och for att atnjuta bans undervisning. Ja, sig aven danskar, tyskar, engelsman. schweizare, fransman, ryssar, isbora infunno sig for att av homom landingar och amerikanare tolkas naturens under sa,
aven
som

endast

han Fran

forstod

det.

Outtrottligvar
till sent

pj\ aftonen

i fullt i

eller forelasningssalen utan

tidigtpa morgonen han arbete, meddelade ej blott pa botaniska tradgarden sin undervisning,
lararen. ut i fria naturen for
att

ofta vandrade

han

lara

rika, sina tal-

de

och utforska turens navetgiriga larjungar att sjalvaundersoka vandrade hemligheter. Till ett antal av ett par hundra anvand och efter en flitigt ut tidigtpft morgonen, dag inpa aftonen i Upsala, foljande under klang sin alskade larare till bans bostad. sent
aven

t"gade de
valthorns under anseende
annan

pukors
Och

och

bar-

vaxte
sa.

de de da

forut
av

ringaktade naturvetenskapernas
nastan
mer an

att

alia vordades

nagon

vetenskap.
Sa satt Liun6
som en

vetenskapernas konung
strackte
furstar

Upsala.
den bil-

och
dade det

bans

blomsterspirasmakt
Jordens
ara

sig
och

over

hela

varlden.
som en

maktige

furstinnor och

att sta i

beroring med

honom,

ansago fran alia

Readings.
hitll insandes
stammas naste

151

till honom

skatter

av

naturalster ban

for

att

be-

och trakter

beskrivas.

Sjalv utsande
for att darifran

till varldens

avlags-

larjungar folio val under sina resor offer bland dem naturalster; manga den stor och modor var for sjukdomar, sa forsakelser, men maktade Linne ingiva alia, att standigt nya unga hag, som nu Varpa berodde erbjodo sig till nya farliga farder. man utovade alia sina Linne denna samtida, ofantligamakt, som pa i den soka att tvivel hon Utan och snillrikhet, ar hoga laga? dunkla forstod att tyda naturens vanned han gator, och den Men allt i naturen. omfattade varmed han glodande karleg,
i

hemfora

dittills okanda

iycka. Val ar det sant, att han ofta nastan barnsligt gladde sig at de hedersbetygelser, till del, men honom kommo aldrig lat han harleda sig som Tvartom skrifter att i sina satta sig sjalv i forsta rummet. underandas de alia den djupaste vordnad, den oinskranktaste herre; overallt soker han blott framgivenhet for naturens visa Guds godhet och allvishet. Da han gjort nagon viktig han och storartad sig icke darover, utan upptackt, forhaver utbristor i glad odmjukhet: "Jag sag skuggan av Herren, den vordnad och forbi, och jag hapnade av allsmaktige, svava
han bar sin beundran". for ogonen, radig, Gud vinner Hundra infor rikets Hans

ej ringa grad odmjukhet, varmed

torde

hon

val

vara

att

soka

aven

den

valsprak, som
ovanfor Ar sin det och

han

bokstavligen alltid
sa; en

hade rattman

inristat
ser

dorr, lydde
om

"Lev sadan

dig"^
aro

underligt,
karlek?
den

sin samtids
ar

beundran
snart

forflutna, sedan
over

stander

Sverige
dess
som

genom forandrats.
av

Linnes

klagade bortgang lidit,och mycket Men det, som ej forandrats, ar

den
von

tredje forlust: som oersattliga

den har den sedan dran, beunstorste
vanner

Gustaf

hela

bildade Linne.
av

varlden

agnas

Sveriges

vetenskapsman,
i vitt skilda med

Karl

Arligen
bans vid

fira naturens

land

de, som domkyrka nu tyst

varifran I

arsdagen odmjukt sinne

intratt
men

fodelse, och
bans
grav

otaliga aro
i

stannat enkla for

Upsala

eller och

i bans

boning
ar

undangomd,

hundra

pa sedan

Hammarby, det stalle,

hela jorden. vetenskapens sol klart stralade over vara barrskogars djupaste skugga doljer sig en liten fr^n
en

vaxt,
lika

som

krypande stjalkhojer
for alia
namn. ar

sina

Ijusroda,klockLinnoea

blommor. bar

Kar Linnes

denna

blomma,
friska och

borealis,

ty hon
hennes dock brett Linne
^

Standigt

gronskande aro

blad, enkla
tjusar
med hon
en

och

alia och mild bans

blommor, men ansprakslosa hennes fyller den omgivande nejden vitt och
Hari kunde
man

vallukt.
ara.

se

en

bild

av

sjalv och
Innocue

Th.
adest.

Fries.

numen vivito,

Poems,

Vagen.
Mitt Som Vid
Nar

liv
rores

ar

en en

vag,

tid

I svallande

tag,
strid.
pa

vindarnas

lugn blir
vinden
somnar ar

Och
Da

hav, tyst,
av

hon

Vid Hon Till

Hon

stranden

hon

kysst.

lagger sig ner

ro

i det bla.

synes

ej mer;
anda.

Men Af
En

fins dar varldshavet

ju
ar,

droppe
solen

hon
annu

Och Kan

spegla sig dar.

K. A. Nikander.

V"rylsa. Nu
Da
ar

den

varens Ijuvliga

tid,
marken.
och

allt vill

grcinskas pa
sa varm

Och Och D^ Och

luften flaktar
ronnen

blid,

blommar simmar morkbla

i med

parken,
gungar,

i gullstankt fjaril
svanen

rosen

sina ungar

Pa

\kg.

Poems.

153

Pa Den

fastet hela

solen

i
nu

hogan^

loft

Och
Och Den

sitter, daggvin och rosendoft, lyss pa faglarnas kvitter. glada goken fran lindens krona
dag
dricker
kuku pa

Sitt kiinda
I

nytt

hors

tona

gronan^ skog.
i allt

Hvad Och Vart

liv,som lustigt
med lov kan

sig ror

zephirerblandas!
tala, sjalfklippan hor
andasdar

Och
Dar Dar

blomsterkullarna

grater kalian,

suckar

hacken,

sjunger vagen, dar Sin polska upp.

min

spelar backen

Kom

herdinna,
ut

rack

mig

din hand,

Och
Med

foljmig
kransar
om

i det

grona!
krona.

hundratusende
skall sedan dalar

blomsterband

Och Och For

jag dig
en

du
och
ar

barg
'Nu

kyss mig unnar. jag hogt forkunnar:

C. F,

det

var.

Dalgren.

Tradgardsflickan.
Blomman
ar

min

van

Svek Oskuld
bor Blommor

mig aldrigan,
oga. tusen slag, hvar det

i hennes

Nya med
Dricka
Som
en

Ijusutur
aldre

dag hoga.

"

Solen

omt, syster vardar jag dem dem aldrigglomt. jag glommer \dem," men
Blomman
ar

min

van, I

Svek Oskuld
bor

mig aldrigan,
oga.

i hennes

Lilla blomma Vakna Larkan

slar

bla!
hor pa,

upp!

de Ijuva slagen. rod! Lilla blomma dod? du redan Ar

obsolete form

of the dative

case.

154

Poems.

Det An Lat

for star den

bitti
solen forst

ar

pa

dagen.
dal sedan och

vanlig over
och

sjo,
kan du

ga ner, Lilla blomma Vakna upp

do.

bla!
pa,

hor

Larkan

slar

de

Ijuva slagen.
blomma ock
en

Sjalv en
Vissnar
Det gar

jag
dag.
andra.

mig,
Varens Kort

som

eder dar

forga,
ocksa.
kommer
an

ar

m,in

Lat

OSS

alska
natten lat
oss

da

varandra.

Svarta Glada

mulen blomma

en

sin blund, liten stund

med

Sjalv en
Vissnar
Det gar

blomma

jag
dag
andra. C. W.

ock

en

mig,

som

eder

BUttiger.

Flyttfaglarna.
Sa Och
Da hett

skiner

solen ge

pa

Nilvagen ner,

palmerna

griper oss
taget

ingen skngga mer. langtan till fadernejorden,

Mot norden! mot

Och

forsamlas.

norden!

Och
Den Dar

djupt under

fottren

vi

se

som

en

grav

Men

gronskande jorden,det blanande hav, och stormen var oron dag sig fornyar. himmelens vi fara fria med skyar. hogt mellan
nedslar klacka
var

Och
Dar Dar Dar

dar liggeren fjiillen

ang;

skara, der
dem

redes

var

silng.

lagga i iigg under

vi ut

kyliga polen,
vid midnattssolen.

dal, Ej jagaren hinner var fredliga halla guldvingade iilvor sin bal. Dar
GrOnmantlade Och

skogsfnm
hamra

dvargarne
ater pa

sitt

spatserar i kvallen, gull in i fjiillen.

Men

Och Och Och

skakar
hararna

de

bargen star Vindsvales son snoiga vingar med dan, gloder, vitna, och ronndrufvan
Mot soder! mot

taget forsamlas.

soder!

Poems.

155

Till Till
Dar Dar

gronskande

angar, den

till Ijummande
star

vag,

skuggande palmer
vila vi ut fran

ater

var

hag.

langta vi

ater

luftigafarden. till nordliga varlden.

E.

Tegner.

Martyrerne.
Flavins. Skon Da Som I
ar

(Extract.)

du,

nar

du och

beder.

Stralar

glansa

i ditt oga,

ditt anlete skimrar marmorbild en krona, som liljans

Lar ock

tempelsalen.

mig

att

bedja.

Perpetua.

Jag
Kan Sa Om Ett Skall Den

kan
ensam

det

ej.
lara
av

Det

ord

som

skapte hjartat,
ord.
se,

hjartat bonens
kraft kan

ogat ej

dagen ej
underverk
tala
rena svavar vara

egen dess

spada drag bestralar. stoftet nodvandigt ar, om

sin Gud,
som

med

och

Anden

blott,

duva,
over

med

silvervingar,
mulna

Milt
Lar Kom Hur Nar Du Fran

tidens
den

flod,

brost

hit emellertid.
du

till bonens

genljud. helga suckens vill visa, dig Jag skall dig bereda. nad
offer

till ditt
amnar

upphof med din kanslas da ropa framga, tankarna

tillbaka;

foremal varjejordiskt
sedan

Knapp
Att

dina
sedan

sinnen
knan.

Boj

handerna, till vittnesbord du for varlden sluter; Herre knan; for hela varldens
Blott

Boj
Det

dina

till det

hoga

neder.

Bonens

laga sankes himlastege

Stagnelius.

Star

djupt i odmjukhetens blomsterdal.

Ur
"

"rritjofsSaga".
"

kvinna, kvinna ! nu forsta tanke, som "Den

0 Det
var en

sade. Frithjof Loke

hade,

den logn, I kvinnoskepnad till jordens man. med falska tarar En blaogd logn, som Alltjemt oss tjusar,alltjamtoss darar, sin rosenkind, Hogbarmad logn med tro av varis och Med vind, dygd av
och han

sande

156

Poems.

hjartat
mened

flarden dansar hur hon

och
pa
var

sveket

viska,
friska.
"

Och Och
Hur

lappar
mitt
hur kar

dock,
kar kan hon

hon

hjarta
hon

kar,
ar!

var

mig,
sa

Jag
Att

ej
i

minnas
leken

langt
min
som

tillbaka,
maka.

ej
bragd,

var

Jag
Dar

minns
hon

ej ej

jag

tankt

uppa,

tanktes
vuxna

som

pris
fran rot

ocksa.

Som Slar
Den

stammar,
Tor

tillsamman,

den

ena

med
men

himla-flamman,
lofvas
en,

andra andra
var

vissnar;
klader i

Den Sa

gront
var

var

gren;

yar

gladje,
van

sorg

gemensam;
ensam.

Jag
Nu

ar

ej jag

att

mig
..."

tanka

ar

ensam.

E.

Tegner.

158

Appendix.
4.

Fyrfotadjur. Quadrupeds.
hunden,
the

hasten, the dsnan, the

0X671., the
ox

horse
ass

dog

kalven, the calf fdret, the sheep lammet, the lamb

geten, the goat

svinet,the pig the lion lejonet, bjomen, the bear

raven,

the fox the wolf vargen, the tiger tigern, kamelen, the camel the elephant elefanten, 5,

h J or ten, the stag rddjuret,the rose the chamois gemsen, haven, the hare kaninen, the rabbit ekorren,the squirrel katten, the cat rattan, the rat the mouse musen, mullvaden, the mole the reindeer. renen,

Faglar.

Birds. the quail vakteln,

the eagle tuppen, the cock honset, the fowl the egg rt^^e^, the chicken kycklingen, the pdfdgeln, peacock gdsen, the goose ankan, the duck the swan svanen, dufvan, the pigeon storken,the stork ugglan, the owl papegojan, the parrot
omen,

sndppan,

the

snipe

rapphonan,

the partridge Idrkan, the lark the black-bird koltrasten,

thrush the nightingale ndktergalen, the sparrow sparven, siskan, the siskin the kanary-bird kanariefdgeln, svalan, the swallow the titmouse mesen, the cuckoo. goken,

trasten,the

0.

Fiskar, Insekter.

Fishes,

insects.

torsken,the

cod-fish

paddan,

the toad

gdddan, the pike laxen, the salmon "Zew, the eel

karpen,

the carp the herring sillen, sutaren, 1

,,
.

grodan, the frog hummern, the lobster masken, the worm larven, the caterpillar the butterfly fjdriln, ollonhorren, the may-bug
wyran, the ant

,^

the trout forellen, ostronet, the oyster muscle musslan, the shell, krdftan, the cray-tish snigeln,the snail the snake ormen, 7.

spindeln, the spider

flugan,the fly
bee getingen, the wasp odlan, the lizard. the 6ie^,

Staden.

The

towu.
tower

byggningen,the building kyrkan, the church

huset, the
house

tornet, the

klockstapeln,the steeple

domkyrkan,

the cathedral

Appendix.
tuUhuset, the custom-house sjukhuset, the hospital the exchange borseyi,
teatern, the theatre
the hotel hotellet, vdrdshuset, the inn posthuset, the post-office the kafeet, coflfee-house castle the wall vdggen, fortress the fdstningen, the platsen, place,square target, the market 6 oc^eTi, the shop the slottet,

159

gatan,

the

street

the pavement. pldstret,

8.

Huset.

The

house.

dorr en, the door the lock Z"2,9e^, nyckeln, the key trappan, the staircase rummet, the room 7nottagningsrummet, the parlour sofrummet, the bed-room the window fonstret, fonsterluckan,the shutter

the ceiling ^a^'ei^, golvet,the floor klockan, the bell spisen, the chimney koket, the kitchen kdllaren, the cellar loft granary spannmdlsboden,tloLe the well vindskupan, the garret.

hrunnen,

9.

Mobler.

Furniture.

bordet, the stolen,the

table chair soffan,the sofa spegeln, the looking-glass skdpet, the wardrobe dragkistan, the chest of drawers the picture taflan,

vaxljuset,the wax-candle the tallow-candle talgl'juset, Ijussaxen, the snuffers skeden, the spoon
the gaffeln, fork

vdgguret, the time-piece sdngen, the bed

huvudkudden, the pillow lakanet, the sheet madrassen, the mattress sdngtdcket, the blanket
mattan,
the

kniven, the knife koppen, the cup the plate tallriken, bordduken, the table-cloth handduken, the towel servetten,the napkin, serviette

forhdnget, the curtain flaskan,the bottle

glaset,the glass korgen, the basket. Clothing. tovlorna, the slippers skjortan, the shirt forklddet, the apron ndsduken, the kandkerchief

carpet
candlestick

Ijusstaken,the

10.

Kladning.

hatten, the
mossan,

hat
the

(bonnet)
frock-coat

the cap
the

bonjouren,

fracken,
jackan,

tail-coat

the
the

jacket

cowl nattrocken, the dressinggown vdsten, the waist-coat benkldder, 1

kdpan,

halsduken,the kravatten,the
handskarne,
the fickuret,

neck handkerchief
cravat

byxor, strumpan,
.-^^

7.

J
the

the
^

,i

^ trowsers
^^^"

stocking sA:on,the shoe stoveln,the boot

the gloves watch bandet, the ribbon slojan, the veil the walking-stick spatserkdppen, umbrella the paraplyn(et)
,

parasollen, the parasol

160

Appendix.

pungen,

the the

purse

ringen,

ring

orringen, the ear-ring the spectacles. glasogonen,

11,

Kroppen.

The

body.
neck the the shoulder

mdnniskan,

(the)

man

halsen, the
skuldran,
ryggen^

the head kuvudet, the brain hjdman, hdret, the hair pannan, the

back

forehead
face

ansiktet, the ogat,

the the
ear

brostet, the breast lungan, the lung hjdrtat, the heart

magen,
armen^

(chest)

eye
nose

the the the

stomach
arm

ndsan, ora^, the

handen,
cheek mouth

hand the

kinden,
^nunnen,

the the

fingret (fingern)^ nageln, the nail

ftene^, the leg kndet, the knee

finger

Idppen, the lip tanden, the tooth the tongue tungan, the chin hakan,

foten,

the

foot

the i("?2,

toe

skdgget,

the

beard

strupen,

the

throat.

12.

Mat

och

dryck.

Eating

and

drinking. cabbage
potatoes
the
carrot

frukost,
middag,

breakfast dinner supper

kdlen, the potatisar,

moroten,

kvdllsvarden,

ftroc?,bread wJoZ, meal, flour

soppan,
meat

drier, peas honor, beans

the

vegetables fronsakerna, 0^^,

s^e/b,roast-meat oxkott, beef

soup the

kakan, the cake frukten, the fruit

smor,

butter

os^en, the cheese t-me^, the wine

67e^, the
beer
water

fdrkott,
kalvkott, skinkan,

mutton

veal

vatinet,the
kaffet,
^ee^, the
the
tea

fldsk, pork
(the) ham
the fish salad mustard the the

coifee.

fisken,
senapen,

saladen^

mjolken, the milk the chocolate chokladen,

honingen,
timjan,
the

the

honey

oljan, the oil dttikan, the vinegar

thyme

saltet, the
pepparen,

salt the pepper

korveln, the chervil persiljan, the parsley

syran, the sorrel.

VOCABULARY.
Explanation
of the The

signs and abbreviations

used

in the

Vocabulary.

five declensions of substantives are designatedby the numbers 1., 2., 3., 4. and 5. followed by the terminal definite article in and the flexion of the indefinite form in the plural. the singular Ex.
:

fana,

1. -n,

-or

The four conjugationsof verbs Roman III. and IV. figures I.,II., The sign " placed after the Roman that the verb means figures of and third the verbs to the is quiteirregular. belongs strong group that the noun The has no plural. The sign sign -1~ means means, that the pluralis similar to the singular. adverb, conj. adj. adjective,adv. conjunction,prep. imperfect, sup. preposition, pres. supine, present, imp. s, singular,pi. plural. past part. past participle,
"

flag(the flag, flags). are designatedby the

Swedish-English.
A

adj. allvarlig, \^al'va^rlig'], serious, solemn, grave

Ackja,

1. -an,

-or

[ak'ja^], ^ack- alpstav, 2.

-en,

-ar

[alpsta'v],

adder a, I. [ade'ra], to addition addition, 3. -en, -er {ad'itfojtri], alstringsformdga, 1. -n [aVaddition s^n7;s/cermo'^a],productiveness
-n, "ffrar [a'lunaluminous slate -er aftonvard, [af'ton- fif'dr], afternoon meal amerikanare, 5. -n, va'rd], [am'mto esteem, to akta, I. [ak'ta'], katnard],American to regardupon consider, amiral, 3. -en, -er [am'iraH], (as) admiral 5. r ment esentspite, agg, -ef, [a,gf], I. [a'na'], to have a presenana, timent adv. surmise never of, to aldrig, \^al'drig^'\, all offer all,adj. [alf\, anbud, 5. -et, [an'bm'd'], all alia,adj.(pi.) [aZ'a'], andakt, 3. -en, -er [^anda"t], adv. [^al'de'lds], devotion(s) alldeles, quite to breathe adv. allenast, [^ale'nasH'], only, andas, I. [an'das'], ande 2. solely [a], [an'dd'], -en, -ar mind allmakt, 3. -en, -\- {aVmak't], spirit, omnipotence andlig, adj. [an'dlig'], spiritual allmdn, adj. [^aVmen'''], anfall,5. -et, [an'/aZ'], general onset, allmdnhet, 3. -en, -f[^aVmenheH'], attack in general, anfalla,IV. {^an'faV'a'], i ", to attack commonness; II. to generally lead, anfora, [anfoe^ra], allra [al'ra'], a superlative) to command by far (before anforare, 5. -n, [arr/ce'rara], conductor leader, allsmaktig, adj. [al' smek'tig'], to attack omnipotent angripa, IV. [an'gri'pa], a dv. cerning, conever (so). angdende,prep, [an'go^dndd], alltjdmt, [al'tjemH'], to ennoble adla, I. [a'cfZa'J,

alpenstock [duce alster, 5. alstret [^alistdr'], pro-

2. alunskiffer,

3. -en,

"

"

"

"

"

regarding
Elementary
Swedish Grammar.

11

162

Vocabulary.
-?i,
"

2. -en, -ar arm \artra\, 3. -er partisan kind, spe\^atdt\, art, -en, to accuse cies anklaga, I. [an'kla'ga], to assume ankomst, 3. -en, + [an'kom'st],arta, I. ^si^J [a'dta^], arrival certain quality a face inherianlete,4. -^,-n [an'le'td], ary, 5. -et (arven) \_ariv],

anhdngare, 5.

\sLn'h"ifard\ arm,

anldgga, II.
on, to

to put [^an'leg^a^

tance

establish
11.
to arrive [an'Zfn'cZa], to [aTi'm^'Za]
,

arvinge,2.
att
an-

anldnda, anmdla,
nqunce

II.

heir [ar'vir/d'], (beforean infinitive) of av \aiv][pi^v)], inavhrott,5. -e^, [^a'vhrot^

-n,
-ar

to [a^.H,

"

anmdrka,
serve

II. [ari*7W"r'fca], to ob-

terruption to interavhryta, IV. [a*i;6r2/'fa],

rupt

annan,

annat(n),

andra

(pi.)

other avdelning, 2. -e?i, -ar au'dra'], [an'an', an'at', [avc^e'Zaddivision 3. -ew, -er [a?zo7?.'s], m'l/], annons, to go off vertisement avgd. III. " [a'vgo'], adto I. 5. [an'o2;se.Va], avgdngshetyg, [a'vgoyse^, annonsera,
"

vertise

testimonial "bdty^g^

3. -e/i, + to settle, [an'ony'-avgora, II. O [a'vjo^ra'], decide to miYe/f], anonymousness look III. I. [a'^Aras'^a], to to throw off O avkasta, [ari'se'], upon, anse. to decease to consider avlida,IV. [a"^'Z^'(ZaJ, deceased 4. avliden,adj. [a"i;Zi'cZ9/i], anseende, -^, -\- [an'se^dndd],

anonymitet,

regard;i consideration,
in consideration ansikte,4. -t,-n
countenance

"

distill, avldgsen, adj. \^a'vlek^sdn\,

of

tant,remote
remove

to face, avldgsna, I. [a'vUk'sna], [^an'sikHd],

3. -en, -er [an'siktsansiktsfdrg, avresa, complexion /"r'j], avresa, ture adj. [a?i-sproA:sZ0's], ansprdkslos,

II. 1.

to depart [a'vre^sa], n.-or depar[a'vre'sa],

modest, moderate anstrdngning, 2.

-eri,

-ar

a],to execute avrdtta, I. [a*?;r"f layer, [an'- avsats, 3. -eTi, -er [a'vsafs],
bed
arse, III. O avseende, 4. to [a'vse'],

effort streyHy], 5. res+ [an"s?;aV], -ef, ansvar,

[view
have in

ponsibility resansvarig, adj. [awstJaW^'], ponsible either antingen, conj.[an'^i^^'^n],

-f, -ri [a'vse'dndd],

-er

respect,regard
3. avsikt, tention
-en,

in[a'vsik't],

meet to cut off 1. [an-^r"/'a],.to avskdra,\Y. [a'vfse^ra], antrdffa, to 5. II. [a*i;sfor?/cZl, [an'Z^/'cZa], point avstdnd, antyda, -ef,
"

out

distance

to go to I. [av's^m^na], anvdnda, II. [awvewcZa],to use avsomna, anvdndande, 4. -^, -j-[an'ven'- sleep to send avsdnda, II. [a'vsoi'cZa], dandd], use, application to forward 2. -ar off, anvdndning, [an'vfn'cZ-en, te denixi\, avsdtta, II. O [a't'Sf^'a], use, application 2.-n (apostlar) [apos.^tdl], apostel, pose to throw avkasta, I. [a'i^/cas'^a], apostle 3. -en, 4- [aptUt], appetite off a/?^iY, to work avsdttning, 2. -en, -ar [a't?5"^*arheta,I. [aroe'^aj, work 4. -n n%], deposition arhete, -^, [ar'^e'^af, to retreat 2. -n ("ifrjar [ar7"a.'^ar], avtdga, I. [a'v^o'^a], arkiater,

physician

to await avvakta, I. [a't'-ya/c'^a],

Swedish-English.
B

163

to desire, begdra, II. [69j"/ra],

to

had, 5. -et, \hatd\ bath baker \ha'gard^'\, hagare, 5. -n, behind bakom, prep, [bakom'], ball bal, 2, -en, -ar \ha:T\, b ale 3. -er [6a/Z], bal, -en, 2. -ar [balbalsamering, -en, embalming sa'meriyli, [bam'bmbamburor, 5. -et,
"
"

require
"

behag, 5. -et,

[bdha'g], pleasure,

ease, comfort

adj. [bdha'glig], behaglig, fortable comto need behova, II. [6a^0.'t*a], adj.\bdh0tvlig'], behovlig, sary, neces-

"

needful

acquainted I. [69A:os.'^a], to defray bekosta, path, way band 1) dious, commoband, 5. -et, [6an/d], ; bekvdm, adj.[69A;z;".'m], comfortable convenient, 2) ribbon;3) volume venient, conadj. bekvdmlig, barbarisk, adj. [barba'risk], [6aA:?;f.Wz^], commodious barbary barbarous, bekymmer, 5. -(Vje^, barn, 5. et, [baUn], child [^99^filial, m!dr}, sorrow, care barnslig,adj.[fta'^nsZz^^'], childlike situated adj.[^^Z^.'^an], beldgen, 3 . 2. beldgenhet, -er -ar [ftar'sArw^^], barrskog, -en, [bdle'gdn-en,
" " "

bamboo ro^r], 1. bana, -n, -or

bekant, adj. [ftaA^an/f], known,

road, [6"'na'],

fir-forest

rough, rude barsk, adj.[ftaj^'sA:], 3. tery bat-er [bate.'r{], batteri, -e^,

situation he't}, to overbeldgga,II. O [ftaZe^.^a], lay,

to cover

to besiege beldgra,I. [bdU.'gra], build to 6en, 5. -e^, [6e.^n], bebygga, II. ["962/^'a'], leg,bone with buildings, to to prepare bereda, II. [6are.^(Za], on, to cover to cultivate mountain berg,5. -e^, [ba3r!j], till, bergart, 3. -en, -er [6"r-Ja'^^], \b^byg'ar^'^'\, bebyggare,5. -n, inhabitant rock,veinstone, gangue IV. to bergig, adj. [bxr'jig'], 0 mountainous beg, bedja, \be'dja^\
"
" "

to

pray -en,
-er

bedrift,3.
deed feat,

3. -en, -er Ibddriff],bergstrakt, {bser'jsmountainous trak't], hilly tract, bedrageri,3. -e^, -er [bddre'gd- country 3. -n, -r [6^r-jsbergsrorelse, ri.% deceit II. [6a/a?'a'], to command, roe'rdlsd] befalla, to order bergds, 2. -en, -ar [bser'jo^s], 2. -en, -ar befattning, [6a/af- mountain-ridge to depend (upon) bero,III.[6arw.'], m??'], occupation, pursuit to be renowned beromd, adj.[bdrom^d], IV., sz^ ["a^na'], hejinna, to touch found, [todo, to be] berora,II. [6ardVra], I. \b9foVka^'\, to people berova,I. [6ar0/ija], to bereave befolka, 3. 5. beroring, -en, -ar [bdrce'riy], befriare, -n, Ibdfri'ard'],
"

liberator 5. -e^, befdl,

"

contact

command [bdfe'l], 5. [69/fZbefdlhavare, -n, Aa'?;ara], commanding officer IV. O [SajziJa'], to repair begiva, to [bdgra'va'], begrava,II. (IV.)
"

besanna,
to

I. [basan^a], to affirm

confirm,

to seal besegla,I. [6ase.'igrZa], 1. [69se.*i^raj, to vanquish besegra,

2, -en, -ar [6asiY/nz7/], besittning,

possession bury begravning, 2. -en, -ar ["a^ra*v- beskaffenhet,3. -en, -{- [bdburial nature skaf!dnhe't] nf??'], quality, condition ceivable, conbegripkg, adj.[ft^^W-pZi^'J, [scribe ll* IV. to decomprehensible beskriva, [bdskri^va],
, ,

164

Vocabulary. bland, prep. ["Zan.'cZ], among to mixt, to blanda, I. [6Zan*c?a'],

blend

to bestow beskdra, IV. \hdfseira\,

upon decision 5. -et besluty [bdslid't], I. to hesluta, [hdslvitta\ decide red kindheslaktad,adj.\hdslekttad\
"

blandning, 2. -e?i, -ar mixture 7117)% soft blid,adj. [ftZiVcZ],

[blan'd-

IV. \hestitga], IV. \bli'va^\ to ascend, 6Zzi;a, to become hestiga, 2. flash to climb,to mount -ar feZias^, -en, [6ZiA:.'sf], I. irradiate to bestrdla, [bdstroHa], (of lightning) to consist blood bestd, III. O [bdstot], blod, 5. -ef,-j\blojid'], definite blodbad, 5. -e^, bestdmd, adj.[69S^fm.'c?], [6/a;'6?6a'6?], termine, massacre, slaughter to debestdmma, H. [69S^f7?2.'a], flower to define blomma, I. [6Z"i;Wa'], t blesome rou5. besvdrlig, adj. [6asr^.'r%], blomster, -e^, [6Zo"//s^ar],
"
"

flower visit besok, 5. -e^, [ftasa'/c], to visit besoka, II. [6as0.^A:a],

"

bete,4. -#,-n betjdning, 2. attendance waiting, service,

blomsterband, 5. -e^, stdrban''d\ 2. -en, -ar [be'td'], blomsterdal, pasture dale -f[bdgenHy], stdrda^l], flowery -ew,
"

[6Zom'[blom'[blom\bhm'-

blomsterkulle, 2.

-n,

-ar

to consider betrakta,I. [fta^ra/c'^a],

hill stdrkuVd], flowery

blomster spira, I. -n, betraktande

-or

stdrspi'ra], flowery sceptre consideration torch bloss, 5. -et, tandd], [bios!'], adv. 3. blott, betraktelse,-n, -r [bdtrakUdlsd], only,simply [blot'], observation bare blottad, adj. [6ZD^'ac?*], wink blund, 3. -e7z, -f-[6Zi/n.'c?], betydlig,adj. \b9tyidlig\ tant imporblue bid, adj.[5Zo.'], to admire to turnto blue, bldna, 1. [6Z0W3'], beundra, I. [bdun!dra], blue 1. beundran, + [69i^n.'(^raw], admiration to blow bldsa,II. [blo'sa'], proof 6Z"s^,3. -671, -\-[bhsU], wind bevis, 5. -e^ [SatiVs], to bevdrdiga, I. [bevse.'rdiga], blue-eyed bldogd, adj.[ftZoo^^cZ],
"
"

(4.-^,-|-), [bdtrak!-

worthy of to retain, bibehdlla,IV. [6r"a7ioZ'a], to keep on bible 2. -?i {biblay) bibel, \bi':bdl\ bute to contribidraga, lY.lbi'dra'ga],
think 5. -e^, approval bifall, [fti'/aZ'], -j3. "i7c?, -en, -er [bWd], image,

bldnka,

II. [ftZf??'^^^*^']? to twinkle bleed II. to bloda, [ftZof'tZa], ing bleedblodande, adj. [ftZo'cZan'c^^],
to dwell 60, III. [6w/],

beech bok, 2. -en, -ar [bcoik'], book 60A:,3. -en (backer)[bcoik],

boksamling, 2. -en, -ar [Z)(^cA:library (books of a..) sam^liy], picture bilda, I. [bilda% to form bokstauligen,adv. [bojksta'vlieducated gdn], literally bildad, adj. [ftz'/'^^ac/^], mative, forboning, 2. -en, -ar bildande, part. [6i7'da?2'c?9], [ft^^'m?;'],
dwelling civilizing bard, 5. -e^, bildning, 2. -en, -ar [6i7"d'"i2;'],
formation, education

[Z"w.W], table, board on board; om [am.'] bildstod statue borgare, 5. -n, [bor'jar9^\ \bildstoj^d\, burgher,citizen biskop, 2. -en, -ar [ftis'/coj?'], to bore borra, I. [bor'a'], bishop bitter adv. [Z"o.i^.'Zl, bitter, bort, adj.[6iY.'9?'], away, off bear to bortfrysa, IV. [boji'tfrg^sa], bjorn, 2. -en, -ar [ft/ce.'^n], freeze up leaf blad, 5. -ef, [blaid],
" "

"

"

166

Vocabulary.
-m,
-ar

to drink [dalkar^l],dricka,IV. [c?nA:a'], drift 1. -or driva, -n, [dri'va^], IV. drive 3. to -er dam, driva, [da'm],lady [(iri'ya'], -m, pond, droppe, 2. -n, -ar [cZrop'a'], damm, 2. -en, -ar [cZam-], drop 2. -en, -ar [cZro^'m'T;'], drottning, to dance dansa, I. \dan'sa^\ queen be to Danish,Dane drunkna, I. ["i^rw2?*/!:?ia'], dansk, adj. [dan'sk], d ecimal drowned decimal, adj.[de'simaH], to delay,to decimalsystem. 5 -et, -[~ [^esi- droja, II. [fZroj'a'], decimal system be long ma'lsyste'm.], del, 2. -e?2, -ar [deH], \drdm!:\ part,portion drom, 2. -men, -mar dream I. [de'la^], to divide c?eZa, to take deltaga, IV. [iie'Z^a'^a], duva, 1. -n, -or \dvi'va''\ pigeon share (part.) thicket a dunge, 2. -n, -ar [duy'd'], sides dunkel, adj. {durjikdV] dark, bedessutom, adv. [cZ^szi^fom], gloomy,dingy I. [c?es'^z7e.Va], to distill destillera, dwarf dvdrg, 2. -en, -ar [cZi^c^r/;], -er diadem, 5. (3.), [di'ads^m], -et, virtue dygd, 3. -en, -er [dyg.'d], diadem dJ^ZzA:, like,similar adj.[^'Zz'^], dividend,3. -en, -er [di'vidsn'd], dear dyr, adj. [cZ^Z-'r],

dalkarl, 2.

Dalecarlian

dividend

divide dividera,I. \di'videira'\,

division, 3.
division

-eri,

-er

dear dyrbar, adj. [t^^'r^aV], then cZa,adv. [do'], [cZ{'viya"/?i], cZan,5. -et, -f" roaring [^^-^^1^ [visor cZara,I. [cZo'ra'], to to infatuate,
"

di-er divisor,3. '-?i, \divi'sor^\ befool adj. (profound) ddck, 5. -et, c?/wp, [im.'jp], deep, deck [dek'], djupsinnig, adj. [jmpsin'igl, ddrefter, adv. [cZ^.'rf/rar], after thereprofound animal djur, 5. -e^, [jtnir], therefore ddrfor, adv. ["Z"r.^cer], 2. djurgdrd, -en, -ar [jm'rgo^jid], adv. [d^.'riblan'd], ddrihland, zoological garden among doctor ddrigenom, doktor, 3.-71, -er[(Zoyfc/^Qr], adv. \dsetrije'nom\ 3. -e?2,-|doktorsvdrdigket, [cZ^A:*- thereby doctorate torsvas'rdighet], ddmere, adv. [dsetmerd],down 2. [^"i".'m], cZow, -en, -ar judgment, there sentence there upon ddrpd, adv. [d".'rpo], dam, 3. -en, -er [dom% dome, ddrstddes,2A^\d,setrsted9s'\, there
"

cupola

adv. ddrtill,

thereto [cl^.'r^i'Z],

domkyrka, 1. -n-or[c?om*pGer'A:a], ddruppe, adv.[cZ".Vwjp'a], up there minster cathedral, to die cZo,IV. [(?0.^, domstol, 2. -en, -ar ["Z6;*ws^6;'Z], dead ^ocZ,adj.[cZ0.'cZ], court tribunal, death 2 . cZocZ, -en, -ar [cZe.'cZ], dap, 5. -e^, baptism, cZocZa, [c?";/^], to kill I. r^0*cZa'], christening mortal dodlig, adj. [do'dlig'], drahant, 3. -en, -er [dfra6an/^], 3. -en, -er dodsstund, [docZ'.ssatellite hour of death s^wn'cZ], 5. -et, "^ra/7, \dratg\ feature to conceal dolja,II. 0 [d?aZ'./a'], to draw draga, IV. \dra'ga^\ II. to doma, [(iom'a'], judge, to dragare, 5. -n, [dra'gard% condemn, to sentence
"
" "

draught animal, beast

3. -en,
-n,
-er

of burden

dragon, dragoon
drake,

dopa, [dragojin],

II. christen

[dopa^

to

to baptize,

door dorr, 2. -en, -ar [dfajr.'], [c^ra'/ca'], deaf dragon,(paper-)kite adj.[dotv], "ic"^;, 2.
-ar

Swedish-English.

167

adv. [ef'tdr^after efter, to leave efterldmna[ef'tdrUm'na], behind 5. -n, eftertrddare,

"

fahrik,

3.

-en,

-er

[/a"nVfc],

manufacture,works

fa(de)r, 3. -n, fader [/acZar'], [Ef.tdv- father factor successor faktor, 3. -ti,-er [/afc.'for], ^r^'cZara], IV. fall to -|-[^/*^9^''v"^*^, folia, 2.-672, [/aZ'a'], "/]fermWcZ, false future falsk, adj. [/aZ.'sA:], posterity, fa3. own -er familj, [/amiZ/;], adj. [e'^an'], -eTi, e^en, mily adj. \e'gdndojmHig], egendomlig, fana, 1. -w, -or [/a'Tia'], flag, peculiar egenskap, 3. -e/i, -er [e'^snsAra'p], colours /a?'^,1- -n, -or [fa'ra% danger property, quality to to ekipage,5. -t, far a, IV. [fa'ra'], (r) [ek'ipaJf], go,
"

equipage

drive
-n,
-er
,

farhro(de)r 3. -n, "broder [ekva'tor'], uncle [faribrojr], equator farfa(de)r,3. -n, "fader [far!eldgnista,1. -n, -or [eZ'cZ^nw'^a], /a^],grandfather spark ardent farfordldrar [far.fcerel'drar], adj. [el'dig^fiery, eZcZ2^, stdder grandparents eldstad, 3. -ew, {^eVdfire place sta'd], farlig,adj. [/(^'rZz^'], dangerous 2. -n, "modrar farrao(de)r 3. leUk'tor^X eZeA;^or, -n, -er ekvator,
3.
"

elector

yjartma)r\ grandmother
"

vessel ifa-rty'g\ or eller, conj.lEV.9r\ [fairy fartyg,p.-et, good [/a'ryfZ], mterj. 1. -n, -or faZmj ["Zi;a], cZi;a, elf, "y" between ewieZZan, prep. [em^Z'an'], solid adj. [/a^.Z], firm, /*^"^" adv. hoemellertid, [smtZV^zV^Z],

/^J-^'^^Z
"

j.

r/*

^t

tj

vever

/asZer,2.
,

-n

(fastrar)[fasttdr\
, ,

^V?* enda, adj.[en'cZa'], alone,one ^ 5. -et, ("lander),r^ [fas tadv. e7i(Z".9Z, only, fastland, [e/i'cZas'Z] continent land], simply although fastdn, adj.[enfal'dig], conj.[/as'Zm^], enfaldig, simple to comto I. enhet, 3. -e72, -er [en.'^eZ], unity fatta, [/aZ'a'j, seize, mkel, adj.[e?;/A:aZ], prehend simple,single fattig, enligt, adj. [/aZ'i^'], according [e'wZi^r'Z], poor prep. to fattigdom,'i.-en, [fal'igdcom% -\adj.[e'nsam'], sole,alone poverty ensam, mistake, enskild,adj. [e'ri/zZ'cZ], fel, 5. -eZ, [/e/Z], private fault alone cnsZz^, adj. J,lonely, [e'wsZ/^' enstaka, adj.[e'nsta'ka], isolated,fiende,3. -n, -r [fl'dndd^ enemy hostile, solitary fientlig, adj. [Jien'tlig],
. ,.. ,

./

"

inimical to offer erbjuda, IV. [e'rZym'da], fine IV. to erfara, [e*r/aVa], learn, ^n, adj. [fi'n'}, 2. to hear finger, ("gret, "grar) -n, IV. [e*rA""Z'a], to receive e"^hdlla, [A'^^J? finger erA:a7iwawcZe,4:.-Z,-7i[e-r^m'ancZa], to find ^/iwa, IV. [Jin-a'], acknowledgment ^nnas, IV. [fn-as'lto be (found) to I. [T^'^a'], I. to to celebrate, fira, [e'ro'vra], erovra, conquer, solemnize eternal fsk, 2. -en, evig,adj. [e'vig^], exempel, 5. -eZ, fiskare, 5. [ffcs^m.'paZ], fisher example
to

overpower

-ar

"

-w,

[fs!k],fish [^s'fcara'J,
"

168

Vocabulary.

fiske,5. -t, -n

[jis'kd], fishing, fot, 3.

-en,

foot (fotter) [fojtt],

\_fojttMkl infantry [Jis'kh'gd'], frambringa,ll. 0[fram'briy'a], 5. -et, mountain to bring forth, fjdll, to produce [/jsl'], yjdUmark,d.-en,-er[fJ"l'mar'k], framgd, III. " [fram'go% to
-et,
-

^fishery

fotfolk,

5.

jiskldge,4.

-t, -n fisher village

"

mountainous soil 2. fjdrdedel, -en, -ar fourth c?e'Z],

to step along advance,

[fjce'rddframgdng,
goy%

2.

-en,

-ar

[fram--

success

several flera [fle'ra'], framkalla, I. [fram'kal^a\to 5. -et, call forth, flertal, to cause, to occasion ma[fle'rta^T] 5. jority framsteg, -et, [fram'ste'g], 1. -n, -or [Jiik'a^], flicka, girl progress flit, [3.] [fli't], diligence, framstd, III. O [fram'sto'\to -en, +
" "

application adj. [fli'tig'], flitig, diligent

appear

framstdende,Sidj.[fram-sto^dndr

river flod, 3. -e?i, -er [.)?"y.'6?], eminent,leading 1. -n, -or fleet flotta, to [flot-a'], framstdllU, II. [/ram's^^/'a], to flottig, adj. {^flot'ig'X fatty, represent expose, greasy III. [.^2/-'Jj to flee j^2/j framtid, 3. -en, -er [fram'ti^d], future fiyga,IV. [flyga'l to fly ^2/^eZ,2. -71 (flyglar) to framtrdda, II. [fram'tre'da], iflg'gdl'],
" "

wing, aisle
IV. [^i/-^a'], to flow ^2/^(2, 1. to remove, flytta, [j?2/^*a'], wander 2. -n flyttfdgel, bird fo^gdl], 2. flyttning, -en, of passage
-ar

appear

framvisa,
to

I. [/r"am"^;^'sa j, to forth to show evince, 1. -n,

-er

Frankrike

("glar) [flyt- franska,

France [fraykri''kd], + [fran-ska'],

lfre.'d], peace wandering fredlig,adj. [fre'dlig'], peaceful to blot, to fredshrott,5. fldcka,I. Ifls'ka'], [/rec^'sftrof],
"

French fred. 3. -en, [flyt'niy^],

to spot stain,
to fidkta, I. \^flek'ta% to

blow

(gently)
"

of the peace breathe,fri, adj.[/nV],free frid, 3. -n, {friid'\, peace,

"

breach

^*rrf, 3. -en, + [flseUd], [calm] vanity 5. -eZ, 3. -en, -er [/nV^e^], /oZA:, frihet, [foUk],people liberty liberal folkmdngd, 3. -en, -er [/bZ'A:/WA:os%, adj. [/rrA:os'%j, population m"2?*^], frisk,adj.[/nVA:],fresh, healthy adv. [/rzY.^], folkslag,5. -e^, [fol'ksWg],fritt, freely nation thrive frodas, 1. [/rc""'c?a5'], I. to demand, frodig, adj. [/rfo^'tZz^J, fordra, [/oj'rcZra'], prolific,
"

to

claim

luxuriant

wife fomtid, 3. -en, -er [/"wrnZrc?], /rw, 2. -n, -ar [friat'], fruit antiquity, frukt, 3. -en, -er [/rwA:/Z], past fruitto fortfara, IV. [/(W'^^/a'ra], frukthar, adj. [/rwA:"^6a'r], continue fertile ful, fortfarande, adv. {fco'jitfaWanfrukttrdd,5. -e^, [/rw^"^^r"'], fruit-tree dd\,continually, continuedly II. O to fortsdtta, frukttrddgdrd,2.-en,-ar[fruk't[foj'jitsefa], orchard to pursue continue, tre'^goM], to freeze fortsdttande[foj'd,ts"t^andd],confrysa, IV. [frt/'sa*], tinuation IV. [frysa'' frysa bort, bod't], 2. -en, -ar [fcj'jut- to freeze away fortsdttning, continuation sef'ni'ij], frdga, 1 -n, -or [fro'ga''], question
"

Swedish-English.

169

frdga,

I.

[/ro'^aj,to

ask,

to

fdltrop,
parole

5. 5.

-et, -e^,

"

[fEl'trcxj'-p],
"

question from frdn, prep, [froin],

fdlttdg

[/f^'^^o'^],

frdnvaro, 1. -n, + [/ro'7ii;a'rwJ, campaign absence /arc^, 3. -en, -er [fasUd], journey, frdmling, 2. -en, -ar [frem'tiy^], ride,drive 4. -t, firmament fdste, (foreigner) stranger -n, [fes'td], food 1. adj. [frem'andd],foda, frammande, -n, -\-[fo'da^], II. to foda, [/0*c?a'], give birth strange,foreign to be born refrdnde, 3. -ew, -er [fren'd9^'\, to,
^ n ^ r^ / seed 4. -(e)t, -n /ro, [froil damp, moist /wA:^, adj.[/?/A:.'^], to I. fulda, [/i^A:-^a'], wet,
..

"^^''^

to

3. -tz,+ [/^-f^aZsa'], birth /o^eZse, y^^^ ifo'Q^'llittle to follow foija^n, [/oZ'/a'], foliofoljande,adj. [fol'jandd'l

moisten

wing
I. result foijd, 3. -en, -er, [fdmi to [/wZ-6co"-^c?a], n. [/ce-ra'], to conduct,to y^v^^
accom-

/wZZ, adj. [fuHlMl

fullborda,

to to achieve, terminate,

lead

fullgora,

^?5''^
7-

TT II. O
^

r^

to [/wZ'jo'ra],
.

-c

-,

/^'^^ bort[fce'ra' boMt],lo

away
1

lead

/oV"wi^i"[/os-ra'w2)/], toleadup r^7 ^fullkomlig, adj. [ful-Jcom'hgl fdra over [fce-ra' to lead o.'vdr],
7 "7-

^m^^

complete

over

fullkomna,

I.

[fuVkom'na],

to

5. -ej^, con/6Vafcj5, + Ifmrakit],

to accomplish perfect, tempt to despise forakta, I. [/cera/c/fa]., fullstdndig,adj. [ful'sten'dig], disperfect, foraktlig,adj. [fcerakUlig], complete dainful furste,2. -n, -ar [/w.i*sf9'], prince

to anger forarga, I. [foerar^ja], [/w.x*s^ato forbereda, II. [/cer6are.''c?a], furstinna,1. -n, -or [fuj^stina'l ^..P^^.P^f. forbindhg, adj. r^ [fcerbin^dhg], princess obliging furstUg,3idi.[fud'sUig% princely to II. [/|//-a'], to fill /2/ZZa, forbise. III. O [f(B'rbise'l four to omit overlook, /^ra [/^/'ra'J, to fgsisk,adj. [fy!sisk], forblinda, I. [fcerblin!da], physical dazzle few /a [/o/], to get, may fd. III. O [/o/], fordjupning, 2. -eri, -ar [foerholbird fdgel, 2. -tz, -ar [fo!gdl], jmipniy],deepning,cavity, low to catch fdnga, I. [/b??'a*], to fdnge, 2. -n, -ar \_foj)'d^'\, prisoner foredraga, IV. [/ce'rad^ra'^a], 3. fdngenskap, [/oT^'an- prefer -eri, + s^a'p], foregdende, adj. [/ce'rajgo'anc^^], captivity 5. /"r, [fotrl sheep -et, ...P^f^dent /aZaZz^, adj. [fo'ta'liglunim- forekomst, 3. -en, + [/os'raoccurence /r^m'sZ], portant fddernesjord, 2. -en, -ar [/f*- foreldsning,3. -en, -ar [/ce'ralecture native soil Us^nir)], ddrndsjco'jLd], 5. 5. fddernesland, -eZ,+ [/f*^9^- foremdl, -ei^, [fce'rdmo'l], native land (country) subject object, ndslan^d], to unite field /aZ^,5. -e^, forena, I. [/cere/na], [/H'Z], 2. -n, -ar ifel'thxr'd], fdltherre, forening, 2. -en, -ar [/cere.':

furstekrona, 1.

-n,

-or

/([:rcc"'wa], princelycrown

,.

i.-

^^7-

"

"

general

union

170

Vocabulary.
0

to fornya, I. [fcemy.'a], to renew [fce'rdsto^], forndm, adj.[foeme'Tn], distinggovern, manage to uished forestdlla,II. [jce'rdstel^a], most place before, to represent, to forndm st,adj.[fcerne.'mst], introduce distinguished 2. -en, -ar [foR'r9to satisfy forestdllning, forndja, II. [foerndj.'a], 4. i mage, sterniy'], performance, forordande, 4, -f [/cer^j'^notion recommendation representation dan'd9], to unforetaga, II. [/ce'rafa'^a], forordnande, 4. +, -|[fcero'ddto

forestd, III.

dertake
to forfatta,I. [fcerfaHa],
com-

nan^dd], order
former forra [fceva^], fonner forre [/osr'a'], 3. -e^, -er [/cer/a^/ara], forraderi, [/cert'^eW.^,
treason

pose 5. -n, forfattare, author

"

IV. [foerflytta], to flow forjiyta, away

traiforrddisk,adj.[/ce?'f/dzsA:],
torous

before forrdn, conj.[/osr^/n], 3 . -r quire forsakelse, -ti, \f(Brsa.^kdlsd], forfrdgan, 1. + [foerfro'- self denial inquiry, question forsamling, 2. -e?i, -ar [/osr^aTi], to pass, forgd^ III. 0 [/cer^o.'], samUiy], meeting [cure to slipaway, to to to proI. [/cersAra/'a], /orsA;a^"2, disappear, elapse forskansning, 2. -en, -ar [fcerin vain intrenchment forgdves [fcergs.^vds], skanisniy], be2. forhand, (pd) [foerhantd], forskoning, -en, -f-[foersko'forehand exemption,forbearance m'l;], to -n [foerhDl'anforhdllande,4. -^, forskriva, IV. [/o2rsA:riVt;a], dd],circumstance prescribe III. 0 [/cersZo.'], to suffice to boast,forsld, forhdva, II. [foRrhefva], to to brag,to be proud of II. forstrdcka, \^f(Brstrikta\ deto forhdrja, I. [fcerhe.'rja'], advance, to stretch to unforstd,III" 0 [/cersto.*], vastate,to ravage derstand to exforklara, I. [/cer/i:Za.'ra], plain; ndgon for (helig) fdrsvaga,l.[f(Brsva!ga],tOYfeai to caforsvar, 5. -et, -\- [/cersva.V], helgon [no'gon' he'lig^], nonize [guise defense forkldda, II. IfoRrkUidaX to dis- forsvarare, 5. -n, [fcersdefender to imforkovra, I. [/cerA:o/i;raj, va^rard], to forsvinna, IV. [foersvin'a], prove, to perfect 1. -|- [fcerdisappear forkovran, ko^vrari], improvement forsdkring, 2. -en, -ar [fcerto charr assurance forkola,I. [foerko.'la^, seikriy], insurance, to deserve I. [/cer^f.'na], to /orfj^'na, forkvdva, il. [foerkv".^va\, deserved stifle fortjdnt, adj. [fcergen't], 1. to lose forlora, I. [fcerlco'ra'j, [foertvitvfortvivlan, + Za7i], despair forlust,3. -en, -er [/asrZi/s/^], loss to confortdra, II. [/cer^".'ra], 1. -if, sume -n forlustelsestdlle, [/certo oflusitdlsd], pleasureground fortoma, I. [/cer^ce.Vna], I. in"

forfrdga,

to [f(Krfra!ga],

"

"

"

"

"

formiddag,
fbrmd,
III.

2.

-en,

-ar

[foer-

fend

mid'da'g], morning, forenoon

to be able F/cerma.'],

forundra
to wonder

sig, 1.
"

I.

[/cBrw7i/c?ra],

fdrnitftig,"ai.[foemuf.'tig},Te"forundran,
sonable

+ [foenin'dran],wonder,astonishment
,

Swedish-English. forvdna(s),
astonish I.
to [fcervo.'na],

171

adj. {jif'tig^\ giftig, poisonous

IV. [^ji'va^\ to give giva, 2. [fcervo'-givande, adj. [jrvan'dd], forvaningj -en, -ar fertile, productive niy],astonishment to to pour (forth) ^;w^a, IV. \^jui'ta% forvdxla, I. {^fc"rvEkisW] , mistake glans, 2. -en, -j-[^Zan.^s], splendour to ennoble foradla,1. [foRre'd'la],

glas, 5. -e^, foranderlig,adj.[fcereniddrlig], [^^a-'s], glass thin gles,adj. [gle!s~\, unsettled, changeable IV. [^Zi'^a'], to glide, to ^ZicZa, fordldrar, pi. [/cereZ/^rar],
"

parents

slide

fordndra,

I. [foeren^dra],to change, to alter

^ZtWa /ram glide

framf], [gli'da'

to

to rejoice, [/cer- glddja,II. O [^ZfcZ'ja'j, fordndring, 1. -en, -ar reform be to change, glad enidrirj], forodmjuka, I. [fce'rodmjm'ka], glddje, 3. -n, + [gUd'jd^], joy
to

humble

gloda,

II.

to make [^Z0'cZa'i,

red

forodmjukelse, 3. -w, -r [/ce'r- hot, to glow glodande, adj. \^gl0-dan^dd\, ddmjmtkdlsd\ humiliation gloto increase, foroka, I. [/(}sr'0.'A:a], wing to augment to forget glomma, II. [^Zom'a'], good, kind forokning, 2. -en, -ar [fcere'k- god, adj. [^to".*cZ], godhet, 3. -en, + niy],increase, augmentation [^6;/(Z^ef],
ri

goodness,kindness godhjdrtad, adj. [^(y*"Zj^./-'^acZ goodhearted in favour gaffel,2. -w, (gafjiar) [gaf'dl], godo (till) [gco'doj^], fork goods ^ods, 5. -et, [gojt!s], 5. 2. -\-ar profit -et, boy [gay.^n], [^os"a'], -n, ^a^n, gosse, old 3. gammal, adj. [^am'aZ'], grad, -en, -er [^ra/d], grade 5. -me^, ganska, adv. [^an*sA:a'], quite, gram, [^raw/], entirely gramme gardesregemente, 4. -^,-n \^ga'ji2.-n, -ar[gran'd% neighgranne, of lifehour regiment ddsre^jdinenHd], 5. -et, ("Idnder) guards grannland, 1. street counneighbouring [^a'^a'], [^ran'/an'tZ], gata, -n, -or
"

"

gemensam, mutual

adj. [jame/nsam],

try
grav,

2. -en,

-ar

[^graiv], grave

general, 3. -en, -er [je'ndrail], greek grekisk,adj. [^re.'A:isA;], 2. branch -ar general [gre!n], ^ren, -en, to -ier IV. seize genius, -ien, [jeinius], [grrpa^], genius gripa, III. \_gra)t'], to shoot forth genljud, 5. -et, [je-nljm^d], gro. echo ground grund, 5. -eZ, [^rwn.'cZ], 3. mo-er grund, [je/nD/n], [^ri^n/cZ], through prep. -en, genom, II. reason [je'nomtrey^a], tive, genomtrdnga,
"
"

to

penetrate
I.

grundldgga, II. O [^rwn'cZZf^'a],

genomtdga,

to found to [j'e'nom^o'^a], 1. -n, -or [^rm'va'], mine to go through, to cross traverse, gruva, to wet genomvdt, adj.[,;e"n3mz;o.'^], grata, IV. [^ro'^a'], cry, to

through
gentemot
in front of

weep

[je'ntemco^t], opposite, grdns, 3.

"

-en,

-er

[^r^s],

fron-

tier,boundary, limit

gevdr, 5. -et,
rifle

{^jdv"tr\ gun,

grdnsa,

to border I. [^r"^n"sa'], (on) to be bounded by

172

Vocabulary. [gro'nman^tlad],harm,
a

grdnmqiitlad
covered with
green

2. -en,

pleasure dis[^ar.'w],

green

mantle 3. -ctz, -er

harmoni, gronskande, adj.\^grdn'skan^dd],

\har'mojni:\

harmony old hast hast, 2. -en, -\-\hastt\ gubbe, 2, -n, -ar [gub'9^], to hasten man hasta, I. [^asta'], sudden gud, 2. -en, -ar [gm!d], God hastig,adj. [/^as'^i^'j, 5. sea gudfruktig, adj.Igm'dfruk'tig],^ay, -et, [ha'v], havsvind, 2. -en, -ctr [Aa"?;si-z/i' pious
"

gudsfruktan, 1. fruk'tan],fear
Lord)

"

-|~ [gut's(of the

sea-breeze

of God

yellow gul, adj. [gm.'l], heathen guld, 5. -et,+ [gul-d], gold guldvingade, adj. [gul'dviy^ad], hejda, I. [hej'da^ to hold back with golden wings whole hel, adj. [^e.'Z], 2. -en, -ar[hel'gddcom% gullstdnkt adj. [^wZ*s^f?y'A:^], helgedom.,
,

3. -n, -r [^ehedersbetygelse, marks of honour ddrsbdty'gdlsd], 2. hedning, [he'dniy'], -en, -ar

yellow stained
I. gunga, I. gynna, gynnsam,
to swing [^W7?*a'],

sanctuary

helgeflundra,1. -n, -or [hel'gdfavour to halibut [j'^/wa'], flun'dra], vourable faadj. [ji'^/n'saTw'], helgon,5. -et, \hd'gon% saint adj. [^e'%'J, helig, saint, holy III. to home 0 5. hem, [gof], -we^, [hemf], go; ^", upp to bring ut [mtt], till, up to ; [upi] hemfbra, II.[^ew/ce'ra],
" " " "

"

"

out

home
-ar

gang, way gang,

2. -en,

[goy^], passage,

time 3. -en, -er [ffoy!], 1 [goy-], 2. secret -ar gdrd, he't], [goUd], farm -en, riddle 1. home gdta, [go'ta^], hemma, adv. [Aem'a'], -w, -or 1. [go'va^], gift,hemvist, 5. -e^, [Aem'i'z.s-'^], ^az;a, -ri, -or donation domicile [tobe worth dwelling,
"

hemkomst, 3. -e)i, + [^e^'" return (home) Ar^wsif], hemlighet,3. -en, -er [hem'lig-

to be in force, gdlla,II. [jfZ'a'], herre, 2. -n, -ar [A^r'a'], man gentleusual adj. YJeysd''], gdngse, willingly hei'regdrd,2. -en, -ar [hssr'dgdrna, adv. [j^'^na'l. cuckoo ^oA:,2. -en, -ar [^joiTc], go\id\ manor, mansion II. [jom'a'], to hide gomma, 2. -en, -ar [^^r'fz^'], duke hertig, II. 0 to do to [jce'ra'], ^ora, 1.-n, -or [hser'tigin'a'], hertiginna, make

duchess

hak, 5. -e^,

{^haik\notch chin ^aA:a,1. [Aa*A:a'], to haul ^aZa, I. [Aa'Za'], half halv, adj. [AaZ.'v], himmel, 2. (himmeln or himm2. halvo, -71, -ar* [hal'vo^], sula peninlen,himlar) \him'dl^\heaven
"

hoarse hes, adv. [^e/s], hot het, adj. [Ae/^], be called to /ie^a,II. [Ae'^a'], (named) heat 1. -n, -|-[Ae^'a'], heita,

hals, 2.
hamn,

-en, -ar

2. -en, harbour 3. -ew,

hand,
hand

to prevent, hindra, I. [^m'(?ra'], neck [haHs], to impede to hinder, -ar [Aam//i], port, hinna, IV. [^m'a'l,to get to, to tain (hdnder) [han'd], reach; fram {^framt\to at"

handling, 2.

-ew, -ar action, deed, act

hiss, 2. -en, -ar [7"V],lift [han'dliy^], to lift hissa, 1. [/its"a'],

174

Vocabulary.
break

to inhryta^IV. [in'hryHa],

in

inbyggare^5.

-n,

"

jordmeridian, 3. -en, -er [jV^"'.i"Zmeridian meridicu'n], [in'hyg^ard], jordmdn, 3. -en, -er [jco'jidmo^n],
ground just, adv. [^its/Z], just
"

dweller inhabitant,
to indela, I, [mtZe'Za],

IV. infalla, hunter, jdgare, 5. -n, [jtgard'], IV. [m'Jfn'na], to appear infinna, sportsman 4. -^, 3. -n, -r[J"m'fd'ralsd], infiytande, -j[in'fly^tandd], jdmforelse, influence 3. infiytelse, influence -r^, -r

divide invade to [m'^aZ'a],

comparison

[in'fly^tdlsd], jdmn, adj. [jtm/n],even

with jdmte, prep, [i^m-ifa'],

ingen, adj. [iy'dn^], nobody jdrnvdg, 2. -en, -ar [y^'u-nt'c'^], ingenting^ nothing pTon.liy'dntiy^ (railroad) railway to bring jo/iceZ, 2. -n, (joklar) [jo'kdr], irihdmta, I. [in'hem'ta], in glacier
innehava
to possess [in'dha^va],

lo conIV. [m'^T^oZ^a], tain innehdlla,

1. -n, -or cake innesluta, IV. [m'asZm'Za],to /caA:a, [ka'ka^], include 2. -en, + [kal'k], comprise,to /caZ/c, quick-lime inom, prep, [m'om'],within kalk, 2. -en, -ar [^'aZ/A:], cup, interior chalice inre, adv. [m*ra'], inrista,I. [mrzs'^a],to engrave kalkgrund, 5. -et, \kaVk[iw^o'San], inrddan, 1. -f" grun'd], calcareous soil
" "

advice

kalksten,3.
lime-stone

-en,

-ar

[kal'kste^n^^

3. -ew, -er [in'sikH'], insikt, notion,

idea
to creep insmyga, IV. [in'smy'ga],

cold kail,adj.{kalf],
to call ; 1. \kaVa'\, /caZZa, to [upf],
"

upp

in

call up

to lock 3. -n, -r [/caZ'aZsa'j, instdnga, II. [m'sZ^^^'a], cation, vokallelse, in (up), calling, appeal pression im5. -e^, canintryck, + [in'tryk'], kanon, 3. -en, -er [A:anco"/n],
.

non,

gun

to come intrdda, II. [tw^rf'^Za],

in

I. [m'Zr^/'^a], to meet intrdffa, I. in to march intdga, [m'Zo'^a], ice is, 2. -en, -ar [iVs], to throw ismassa, 1. -72, -or [i'smas'a], kasta, I. [kas'ta^], of ice mass 3. -er kastanj, [Ara^Zan.ji'], -en, chestnut islanding, 2. -en, -ar [rsZe/i'cZzT/], Icelander kavaljer, 3. -en, -er [A:ai;'a^e.V], zeal cavalier iver,3. -n, + [^Vi'^?'], chain 1. -n, -or A:ecZja, [ge'dja'], perial imadj. [^fi's^rZigr'], kejserlig, cheek 3. -en, -er [fiTj/dT], A:m(Z, to complain I. [kla'ga'], A:Za"7a,

kanske, adv. [kan'fd%perhaps mantle kappa, 1. -n, -or [kap'a^], kapten, 3. -en, -er [A:a_pZe.^n], tain cap-

sound 2. -en, -j-[ArZa^//], to hunt jaga, I. [./a'^a'], A:Zan^, clear jcuct,3. -en, -er [jakif], hunt, klar, adj.[A:Za.V], cliff, hunting klippa. 1. -n, -or [^"Z^p"a'], 2. earth -ar jorcZ, -en, [jcoUd], crag jordisk, adj.[jw.'^disA:], clock,bell earthy klocka,1 .-n,-or[A:ZQA:'a'], 5. -eZ, jordklot, 6. -e^, [ja"*^dA:Za"'f], [A:Zo/c'sZa'^J, klockslag,
" "

globe

stroke

of the clock

Swedish-English.

175

klocklik, adj. [klok'lik% bell- kortsynthet,3. -en, -j- [ko'dtshaped synHJiet], shortsightedness 5. (klostret), [klos.^kloster, kraft, 2. -en, -er [kraf!t], power, tdr],monastery strength to blow forth kldcka,II. [klsk-a'], kraftfull, adj. [kraf'tful% powerto dress ful kldda, II. [ZcZf'cZa'i, clothes [A:Zf/c?ar], kldder, 3. (pi.) krans, 2. -en, -ar [A:ra7z.'s], crown, II. mwreath to kldmma, [A:Zfm'a'], circle krets, 2. -en, -ar [kret's], in, to hem in squeeze climb I. to war kldttra, [fcZf^'ra'], krig, 5. -e^, [kri.'g], 2. -en, -ar A:Zoi7, [klo'v],hoof krigare, 5. -n, [kri'gard^], warrior (claw)
"
" "

knapp,
ton

2, -ew,

-ar

but[knap.^],

krigsfdnge, 2.

-en,

-ar war

[krig's-

J^2?'9], prisonerof
"

scarce knapp, adj.[A:nap/], krigshdr,2. -en, -ar[krig'shw'r], knappast \knap'asH\ scarcely, army barely krigstdg, 5. -e^, [krik'sto^g], soldier knekt,2. -e^i,-ar \knekit], military expedition knife ackniv, 2. -en, -ar \knitv\, krigsvan, adj. [Zcn^'.sfa'rz],

to lie, to knot knyta, IV. [/^n^/'^a'], 4. knee knd, -t,-n \knst\ hut koja, 1. -n, -or [ZcaJ'a'],

customed

to

war

around kring, prep. [jfcnV], christian adj.[A^Ws'^an'], kristen, to button kndppa, II. [/cn^p'a'], kristendom, 2. -en, + [A;ns'farikoldragare, 5. -n, [ko'ldra^- dcom^],Christianity collier Christ Kristus \kristus''\, ^araj, (coalheaver) 5. 1. crown kolforrdd, -et, \ko'lfcero''d\ krona, -n, -or [A:rr^na'], stock of coal body kropp, 2. -en, -ar [krop'], to creep kolmbrk, adj.\ko'lm(e,Uk'\, pitch krypa, IV. [A^r^-pa*], dark creekrypande, adj. [kry'pan^de], 2. -en, -ar frock fco?^, [fc^Z.'^], ping,reptile to come; to crown komma, IV. [A:am'a'], krona, II. [/t'r0'na'], to to cube [up.'], come kubera, I. [kmbe'ra], upp up cuckoo Z^i/A:w(interj.) komminister, 2. -en, -ar [A:3m'2[A:w/cw'], curate nisitdr'], /mZa, 1. -n, -or \km'la'\ball 4. -^, -n 2. -n, -ar komministerhostdlle, {kuVd^],hill A:w/Ze, 5. {kom'inis'tdrhaj'sUld], [A;wZ*rf?;'n], -ef, + kulregn, rectory of balls art shower konst, 3. -en, -er [A;on.'s^], 3. -en, -er[kon'stn%'r], konstndr, king kung, 2. -en, -ar [A:w?;.'], artist royal kunglig,adj. [A:w7;*Zta'], 2. -en, -ar [A:on*s^kunna, I. O [A;wn'a'J, to be able konstsamling, c ollection of of works 3. -er sam'tiy], [kun'ska^p], kunskap, -en,
" " "

art

knowledge
2.
-en,
-ar

konung,

[A:o'nw2;'], kusin, 3.
sin

-en,

-er

king con[A:msiVn],

konung slig, adj. [ko'nuy^sUg],kust, 3.

royal

-en, -er kvadrera, I.

square

coast [A^z^s/^],

], [A:z;acZre.Va

to

korg,
kom,
corn

2. -en,

-ar
"

basket [Aror.^],

5. -e^,

[kcoirn], barley kvarldmna,

leave
"

I.

[kva'rUm^na], to

over

wife korsfarare, 5. -n, kvinna, 1. -n, -or [)fct;m'a'], [A:3r',scrusader kvitto, 4. -^,-n [A:v2^*^'], receipt /a'rara], 3. -en, -er [A:";t6".^^], adj. [koUt],short quotient Acor^, A:?;o^, 3. 2. -en, -ar [A:?;fZ.'], evening korthet, ArvaZZ, -|- [Acau^^e'^J, -en, shortness cool kylig,adj. [gylig],

176

Vocabulary.

church kyrka, 1. -n, -or [goeska']^ adj. [Ze'dfi^'], ledig, vacant, open 2. -ar smile kyrkoherde, leende, 4. -^,-n [le'dn'dd], [gcBji'kco-n, vicar he'jidd], ZeA:, 2, -en, -ar [le'k], play-game I. [Ze"A:a'], to play ZeA;a, kyrko socken, 2. -knen,-ar [goeu,-to live kojsok^dn], parish leva,II. [Ze'va'], 2. -n, -ar liver kdta, 1. -n, -or [ko'ta'], Lappo- lever, [lek'dr], nian tent 3. life -^ levnad, [Ze'rnacZ'], -en, 5. kdlla, 1. -n -or [gd'a*"}, source levnadslopp, -e^, [le'vnadsto struggle, lop^], of life (career) course kdmpa, I. [gem'pa^], to fight 5. levnadssdtt, [Ze*?;na6Zss"Z'], known kdnd, adj. [gsn^d], customs, ways and customs to know, to feel to suffer kdnna, II. [^^wa'], lida,IV. \lida'''\, sensible 4. adj. kdnnbar, lidande, [gen-ba^r], -^, -?z [ZrcZan'^Za], suffrance kdnnedom, 2. -en, -\[gen'ddojm'], suffering, to lie knowledge ligga,IV. [Z2^*a'], dead kdnsel,3. -?z,-1feeling Ilk, 5. -eZ, \_Q"nis9l\^ [ZiVA:], body, 5. -et, {(gon'sdlkdnselverktyg, corpse of (feeling)Zi/c, like vse'rktyg], adj.\liik'\, organ touch I. to resemble likna, [Zi'A:na'], 1. kdnsla, -n, -or [gen'sla'], sembling refeeling liknande, adj. [ZrA:nan'(Za], dear kdr, adj.[geir], love kdrlek,3. -e/i, -f-[grrle^k], liksom, conj.[Z^"^"s^?n'], as, as if 2. -en, -ar [co^l], keel however ^'d7, likvdl,adv. [ZrA^vf'Z], 3. -en, + [gol'd], cold A:o76Z, ZmtZ,1. -en, -ar [Zm'cZa'], lime-tree, II. drive linden-tree to A'ora, [fo'ra'], 3. -n, -r [Zm.^'9], line korsbdr, 5. -e^, linje, [pcer's"^V], small little cherry liten, adj. [ZrZan'], gerous danlivsfarlig, adj. [Zrtvs/a'rZz^],
"
"

"

"

"

to get ready, to laga, I. [Za'^a'],

alive adj. [ZrvZi^'], livlig, lively, to feed, livndra, II. [Zrt-n^^'ra],

to

prepare

nourish
"

it o'jid- Ijud,5. -eZ, sound laga i ordning \la.ga'' [jm.'d], to put in order ^/ws,5. -eZ, nir)^\ light [,/m/s], lampa, 1. -n, -or \lam"pa^\lamp Ijusrod, adj. [jm*sr0'"Z], light land,5. -et {lander)\lanict\, land, rosy Ijuv,adj. charming, sweet country [jn^'v], to entice (away), landskap, 5. -e^ \lan'dska^p], locka,I. [Z^^"a'J, to seduce landscape fate IV. t o landstiga, lot, [lan'dsW'ga^, lott,3. -en, -er [ZoZ.'], land I. to promise lova, [Zo'ra], 2. -en, -ar landstigning, lovande, adj.[Zovan'cZa], sing promi[Za^i'cZsW-gniij], landing air 4. -^,-ti [Za/i'cZs^fZ'a], landstdlle, luft,3. -en, + [Zw/'Z], 5. -eZ, country-house luftstreck, [luft'strek''] lapp, 2, -en, -ar [lapf], Lapp 'mar' A;], lufttom, vacuumadj. lappuiark,3. -en, -er [Zap [Zi^jf^ZZwrn'],
" "

"

Lapland
I. [Zas'^a'], to load; in Za.s^a, in [ in], adj.[laWnsk], latin latinsk, 5 . limb ZecZ, -et, [le!d], II. to conduct, to leda, [Ze'cZa'],
" "

void

lufttdt, adj. [Zw/'ZZf'Z], air-tight,

hermetical

"

"

lead

rest, quietness lugn, adj.[Zw^^-^n], smell lukt, 3. -en, -er \luktt], 5. luktorgan, -eZ, f-erj[ZwA:Zsmelling (?r^a'n],
"

Swedish-English.

177

I. [Ist-a'], to facilitate thick, Idtta, lummig, adj. [lum'ig'], adv. [Ut'dUgdn], tufted, bushy,thick-spreading latteligen, easily easilund, 2. -en, -ar [lun^d\, Idtffattlig, grove adj.[Utfaflig], lunga, 1. -w, or [Zt^?/a'], lung ly understood, easily comprehenmind sible Zws^,3. -en, + [Zi^s.'^], 5. -e^, onion lustslott, lok, 2. -e?z, -ar [/0.'A:], [Zws'^sZo^'], castle loseii. watch-word pleasure + [lo'san], luck leaf Igcka,1. -n, + [^^^'^'l? Zoy, 5. -e^, [Z0.'?;], I. to cover to leaf, adj.[lyklig'], lucky Zoi;as, [Z0-vas'], lycklig, to II. with leaves [Z2/'"^3'], lyda, obey
" "

"

te raise II. [lyf'ta% lyfta^ lovskog,2. -eri, -ar [Zo-vsfc"w'^], I I. to light; Zi/sa, [Z2/*6'a'], leafywood upp to light [wp.*], up lysande,adj.[Zt/'san'cZa], bright low Z"^, adj.[loig\ wife maka, I. -n, -or [ma'ita'], Idgland,5. -e^, ("dnder) [lo'glowland Zan'cZ], makt, 3. -e?i, -er [ma,k!t], power Zaw^, adj.[Zo2?.'j, long malm., 3. -e/i, -er [mal'm],ore cod-fish malm, 2. -ew, ar [maZ.'m], suburb Idnga, 1. -ti, -or [Zqt^'s'], 3. Za?2^s[loy's'], along (mannen, man) [man^], wan, slow man Idngsam, adj.[Z""7;'saw'], Idngvarig,adj. long- mark, 3. -ew, -er \marik\ soil, [ZoT^'va'ri^],
"

"

lasting ground to let (to have Za^a, IV. [lo'ta'], marmorhild, 3. -en. -er [mavwith an infinitive) marble statue morhiVd'], to lay Idgga, II. 0 [Ug'a'], marskalk, 2. -en, -ar [marfaUk], marshal phyIdkare,5. -n, [Zf/car^'], sician worm mask, 2. -en, -ar [mas.^k], 3. -en, -er [Zf'-mask, 3. -e72. -er [was.'^A:], mask Idkarevetenskap, medicine 3. kardve'tdnska^p], -er maskineri, -e^, [ma/'manV], Idkemedel,5. -e^, [Z^'Arame'cZaZ], machinery 3. -en, -er [maf'inis.^t], medicament,remedy maskinist, I. to machinist Idmna, [lemna^ leave; kvar [kva'r], to leave behind 1. -n, -or [mas'a'], heaj), massa, block Idmplig,adj.[Um'plig'], man, proper,
"
"

"

convenient

mat, 3.
"

-en,

Idngdmdtt,5. -e^,

me"^, [ZfT^'^^mo^'],

2. -en,

food -1-[ma't], runner -ar [we/cZ],

long measure (of a sledge) to inform, Idnge, adv. [Z"?/'a'], long meddela, I. [me'cZcZe'Za], undervisto communicate; Idngs, see: Zan^s [^^??'^J? along to teach Idngtan, 1. + [leytan^ long, ning [un'ddrvi'sniy'], Medelhavet the longing [me'ddlha'-vdt], 2. Mediterranean Sea Zopp, -en, -ar [Zrp.'], lip to bring Idra, 1. -n, -or [Ix'ra], medfora, 11. [me'cZ/o'ra], doctrine, apprenticeship (take)with teacher to agree, Idrare,5. -n, [Ise'rard^ medgiva, IV. [me'cZji't*^], learned to admit,to acknowledge lard, adj.[Z^u^/(i], Idrjunge,2. -n, -ar [Z""rjw7;'a], medicin, 3. -en, + [me'cZzst/n], medicine pupil,scholar lark Idrka,1. -n, -or [Ise'rka'], medlem, 2. -men, -7nar ["me'cZZem^], member to read (of a society) Zasa,II. [Zrsa'J, 4. reaIdsande, -^,-J[Zf'san'da], medlidsam, adj. [me'cZZzcZ'sam], ding compassionate middle ZaZf, mellerst, adj.[m^'Z/arsZ], adj.[Uti], easy
"
"

"

Elementary Swedish

Grammar.

12

178

Vocabulary.

multipUcera, I. [rtiuVtipliseira\ conj.\metn\, but false to multiply 3. -er [me'ne^d], mened, -en, muUipUkand, 3. -en, -er [muVoath,perjury metal '6. multiplicand tiplikantd], metall, -en, -er \metali\, metre multiplikation,3. -en, -er [muV[me''4dr], meter, -n, tiplikafoj!n], smidnatt, 3. -en, -\- [mi'dnaf], multiplicsition; 3. -en, -er [ta'hel% multahell, midnight table midnattssol, 2. -en [-ar][mi'dtiplication 3. -n, -er [mid'midnightsun natsco^l], multiplikator, mild tiplika'tDr% mild, adj. \miV.d\ multiplier [mU'joj'n], munter, adj. [munitdr], miljon, 3. -en, -er gay
men,
"

"

million

minnas,
to

II.

music musik, 3. -en, -j[muisi'k], mu[wnVas'],to recall,myteri, 3. -ef,-er [m^'^arz.'],

remem\min'd'-'\,

remember 4.

minne,
brance

-^,-n

(the)least minst, adj. [mm.^s^], 3. minst, adv. [mm/s^], at least man, 3. minuend, 3. -e^i, -er [mi'nmenid], mdnad,
"

tiny mdhdnda, adv. [mo'Jien''da\, perhaps maZ, 5. -ef, aim, goal [wo.^Z],
"

-er

measure [mo.'/i], -er [mo'/iacZ'j, -e/i,

missnojd,
satisfied

disadj. [mzs'Tzoj'cZ],

misstag,
mistake

5.

-e^,

"

month 5. -et, measure tw^z^^, \mott], to be mdtta, 1. -n, -f- [mo^'a'j, \mis'ta''g], able (may) be able to mdkta, I. [??2eZc*fa'J,
"

mitt, 3.
centre

-en,

middle, -j- \mitr\,

"

(can) powerful mdktig, adj.[mek'tig'"'], 3. -en, -er [mey'd], quan-

[mco.'d], mdngd, mod, 5. -et, courage moder, 2. -?2 (modrar) [mco'ddr^], tity

mother mdnniska, 1. -?2, -or [mHi'i/a'], disman modfdlld, adj. [m("j*4/""Z'"^], heartened,discouraged mdnsklig, adj.[m"n'sklig% human modig, adj.[mccCcZi^'], courageous dish earmdrkvdrdig, 3id]. [mssrkvser^dig], modlos, adj.[mw"'s]. tened I. [m"z"-^na'], to ripen mogna, cloud moln,5. -e^, [mo/.^7i], moral moralisk,adj.[m"z"r"2.7isA:], 2. grand morfader, [w(wr'/a'c?ar],
"

remarkable trouble moda, 1. -7^, -or [wioc^a'], to murder morda, I. [mceu^a'], dark mor/c, adj. [mcer/A:],

marker, 5. -e^, -f-[mcer.'^-arj, darkness father^ obscurity, dark morkbld, adj. [7wcer"^'6/o'], moster,2.-n,-ar\mojsttdr\2i\mi^ blue motgdng, 2. -en, + \m(x)'tgo7)''\ to meet mbta(s), II. [w0*^a'(s')], adversity motsvarande, adj. [mw^sv"'corresponding ra?i6Z9], jr 3. -n, -r [mw tsf '^aZse], motsdgelse, nail contradiction nagel, 2. -n, -ar [7ia.'^9r|, naked IV. to renaken, adj. [mwf^a'^a], [n"2*/:b"n'], mottaga,
ceive

mulen, adj.[mm'ldn% gloomy mullhdrstrdd, 5. -e^,

5. -ef, overcast, namngiva, IV. namn,

"

name [namJn^,

to [nawryi'i^a],

name
"

[nam'wArwn'i^], [mwZ*- namnkunnig, adj. famous 6"rs^r"*], mulberry-tree

^

by

the mother's

side.

Swedish-English.

179

namnkunskap, kun^skap],
nation, 3.
-en,

3. -en,
-er

-er

[nam'n-

norra, nos, nu,

nunna.

adj.[nor'a%north
-ar

tion na[natf(o!n],

2. -en, adv. i

e^^

snout [nco.'s], nose, nw [nmf\,in a

nun [ni^n'a], -e^ [nwn'a"

twinkling nationalmuseum,
national
museum

8.

("museet),

1. -n,

-or

nunnekloster, 5. i-museer)[natfcona'lmmse^um],

khs''tdr\ nunnery new 1. -or [nat're^sa], nattresa, ny, adj.[n^/.'], -n, 3. -er news nyhet, [nyihef], -en, nightjourney adv. 3. n ature [n?/s/j, recently natur, ?i2/ss, -en, -er [natm'r], use utility, [natui'r-nytta, 1. -n, -4{nyt'a''], naturalster,5. -et, useful natural product nyttig,adj. [nyt'ig''], als'tdr], well! [no.'], naturforemdl,5. -et, [natm'r- na, interj. to reach, to attain nd. III. [no/], being,body fo'rdmol], 4. -t,-n [na- ndd, 3. -en, ^ [^o/c?], naturforhdllande, grace, mercy natural condition merciful, nddig, adj. [no'cZi^'J, tui'rfcerhorande],
"
"

clement natural adj.[natuc'rlig], ndgorlunda, adv. [no'^orZwn'tZa], naturlig, somewhat 5. -et, -\-[natwi'rli''v\, naturliv, natural life mely ndmligen, adv. [n"m'%an'J,na3. -er naturskonhet, -en, [natm'rnatural beauty to name ndmna, II. [n^m'na'], fo'-nhet], 3. II. to to nourish feed, [nse'ra''], naturvetenskap, -en, -er[na- nar", natural science tWj'rveHdnskap, low, ndrheldgen, adj.[n"r6aZ^^an'], benedanfor, prep, [ne'dan^for], neighbouring beyond nedgdng, 2. -en, -ar [ne'dgoy^ ndrvaro, 3. -n, + [nas'rva^rcj], descent

[down

presence

IV. [ne'dhug^a], to fell ndsa, 1. -n, -or nose [ni'sa^], to adv. II. O [ne'dleg''a], nearly [n^stan'J, ndstan, net na^, 5. -e^, \nEtt], put down under nice na^i^, adj.[nit^, nedre, adj.[netdrd],

nedhugga, nedlagga,

"

nedsjunka,

to IV. [ne'dfuy^ka], down sink to cast down nedsld,iV. [we*c?sZo'], cend to desnedstiga,IV. [ne'dsti'ga],

[notd], need, want nocZ,3. -en, -\to compel, nodsaka, 1. [no'cZsa'A^a],

to necessitate

nodvdndig,
necessary

adj. [no'cZvfn'cZi^].

satisfied 3. -en, -er [nej.'d], pleased, [nojVd], nejc?, country nojd,adj. noje, 4. -^,-n {noj'd''], pleasure njugg, adj. [njug!],avaricious, nut not, 3. -en (nbtter)[noit], eager, niggardly IV. t o enjoy [njui'ta% njuta,
.

accurate [ti W^raTi'], noggrann,2idj 0 3. noggrannhet, -en, -j[nco'gran'important unoansenlig,adj.[wansen'Zz^], het], accuracy nomad, 3. -eri, -er [ncoma'd], nomad oanvdndhar, adj. [6(;*an?;"n'c?5ar]. north inapplicable 7iord,2. -en, + [nojUd], oavbruten, adj. [(Wai?6rm'^9n], nordbo, 2.- fejn, -(a)r[noj-j.dbco%

northerner unintermitting unknown 7iorcZisA:,adj .[n"z".Uc?zsA:], north[erly] o6eA;an^,adj. [(^"6aA;an'^], the North [na)'d,df0^n], obesvdrad, adj. [fccSast'^'racZ], ]S/ordsjdn unconstrained free, important unadj.[co'bdtyd^lig], Nordstjdrneorden [noj'xdfmrndobetydlig, of star o rden the D^rddn], polar Sea 12^

180

Vocabulary.
3. -en,
-er

ocean,

ocean [co'sda'n],

operahus, 5. -e^,
"

[oj'pdrahco^s],

ock, opera word likewise [^^/^tZ], also, ore?,5. -e^, [ok'so], oeksd, conj. vate cultito to till, derly orordentlig, adj. [oxdrn'tlig], odla, I. [w"^/3'], (properly) to set in order ordna, I. [oVKi/ia'], odlingshar, adj. [M'dliifshar],
"

also conj.[okfj,

house

arable

-^,-tz [o"u,cZnan'cZ9], arrangement, organisation [o'rdniy^ oemotstdndlig adj. [o^'emoj"^ ordning, 2. -e?i, -ar irresistible order,arrangement ston^dlig], parable, irreadj.[w^rs^-^'/t^], ordsprdk, 5. -ef, ["i"V(Zspro'A:], oersdttlig, not to be replaced proverb,saying 5. -e^ [orga.'n], mous, enorofantlig,adj. [oj'fan'tlig], organ organ, adj.[wriZc'^],incorrect oriktig, huge
4.

unfit,ordnande, oduglig, adj.[oj'dmg^lig],

unsuitable useless,
,

"

3. -e?z, -er [oj'rik^tigsacrifice oriktighet, 5. -ef, [5"/'ar], offer, officer [ofisetrard], het],incorrectness officerare to sacrifice I. [of'ra^], agitation [oj'roj'], Oj^?^a, oro, 3. -91, + often adv. agitated, orolig, adj.[6;-r6;'Zi^], [of'ta'''], o/i(a, perishable imunsettled [cj'fcerjey'lig], oforgdnglig, cause orsak, 3. -en, -er [6;*rsa'A:], to smell favourable unosa, I. [co'sa'], ogunstig, adj. [orgun^stig], innumerable adj. otalig, ["w'?^a7z^], 3 . -f[ "^*to7f^i^e^], adj. [wiwsA:r"??7t'^], oinskrdnkt, otdlighet, -e?i,
"

unlimited

impatience

not tight 3. -e?i, + [co'kunHg- oM^, adj. \o)'t"''t\, okunnigliet, oupphorlig, adj. [":j*Mj)Ace'r%], het], ignorance continual unknown okdnd, adj.[^^'f^n'cZ], defatigabl in[co'iatrofUg'], outtrottlig,Si,d]. unlike adj. ["z"'/z'/[;a], olik(a), olikhet,3. -ew, -er [tocZfMe^], above adv. prep. [6f;*ra'w], ovan, difi'erence above fortuneovanfor,prep, [coi.yan'/cer], misolycka,1. -w, -or ["^"-Z2/A:'a], oval oval, adj.[(i;?;a/Z], ordinary extra[66"'i;"'nZz^], adj. ovanlig, deputy, ombud, 0. -et, [om'6m'c?], storm [der messenger thun5. evader, -eZ, \(xJ'vi-''ddr'\, to prehend, comomfatta, I. [am'/a^'a], infinite odndlig,adj. [wfn'dZi^], to comprise
" "

to remove I. [om'flyt^a], omflytta, omgivning, 2. -en, -ar [om'ji'v-

environs nij)}, to omgiva, IV. [om*ji't*a],

to encircle

round, sur-

tinsel 3. -ew, -er [paZJeZ/], paljett, paljetterad,adj. [paljete'rad^], tinselled

omkring, adv.

paZm, 3. -en, -er [paZ/m], palm forehead omrdde, 4. -^, -ti [om'ro'da],panna, 1. -n, -or [pa'na*], domain district, [per 5. I. to [pa'par'], pa -e^, omtala, [om'te'Za], report papper, 3. -en, -er [pax'Ac], park sible _parA:, imposomojlig, adj. [ct"'7no[/Zz^], to suit; I. [pas'a'], pd passa, uncle [po], to pay attention onkel, 2. -n, -ar [oyikdl], 6. -n, [^Jas'aonodigtvis, adv. [toi'Tie'di^^m], passagerare, fe'rard], unnecessarily passenger [patroj'npatronkok, 5. -eZ, [oj-oj.dni'o^], oordning, 2. -e?i, -fcartridge-box disorder ge^k],
"

around [om'Arn'T;'],

"

"

"

182

Vocabulary.
en

rot, 3.

root (rotter)[rojtt],
to roll lrul-a^\ [rwm/], room, -met,
"

S 1. -n,

rulla, I. rtira, 5.
space

saga,

-or

[sa'ga^], legend,

rycka,
rygg,
renown

II.

2. -en,

to \ryk'a% to pull, back -ar [ryg!],

tear

tale,fable

sak, 3. -en,

-er

cause \sa!k], thing,

4. -^, -n rykte,

to sakna, I. [sa'kna^], \ryk'td''\ reputation, be in need of

"

miss, to

rymdmdtt,
cubic
rymma,

5. -e^,

slow soft, sakta, adj. [sak'ta^], [r^m'd^wo^'], -ar hall, saZ, 2. [.9a.7],
-en,

room,

measure

saloon

[ryma'], to fly saltsea saltsjo [sal'tfo^^, Russia Eyssland [rys'lan^d], samhdlle, 4. -t, -n [sam'hel^d], 3. -ef, -er [ryt'drit], cavalry society rytteri, vice counsel adrdd, 5. -e^, \rotd\, samhdllsordning, 2. -en,-{-[sam'"

II.

rddsherre,2. -n, -ar [rod'shse'rd], samhdllsskick,5. -et, -\-[sam'councillor + [ro.^.^], rye to get, to rdka, I. [ro'A^a'],
rag, 2. -en,
to turn
out

hdso'rdniy], social

order

h"lsfik%social
I. assemble

condition

samla,
prove,
to

to [sawZa'],to collect,

rdcka,

II.

pass, to rddda, I.

\r"k'a^\ to reach, give

samling,

2. -e/i,

-ar

[samdiij^,

collection

\r"d'a% to

liver save, to de-

sammanhdngande, adj.[sam'anconnected, continuous, her)''aiidd\,

coherent

rdddning, 2. -en, -ar \rEd'ni7)^\ II. O [sam'ansammanldgga, deliverance salvation, to together Ug'a], place(toput), rdkneord, 5. -et, {rek'ndOjUd], II. O [samansammansdtta, numeral (adjective) to combine, to sefa], compose, rdknesdtt, 5. -et, [rsk'ndsd'],
"

"

rule

to
-en

construct

rdtt, 3.
law

[+],

-er

right, samsprdk, [r^:^/],

5.

-et,
"

spo^k], [sam'

conversation
verse con-

(with) and right(righteous) samt, conj.[sam.'^], rdtt, adj.[r^if'],

to be rdtta, std tillrdtta [r^^'a'],
to samtala, I. [sam'^a'Za],

sued

at law

rdtt far dig,

samtid, adj. \ret'fse^rdig\

age
we

righteous, just rdttrddig, adj. {rEt'ro^dig}, right, uphonest

3. -en, live

-er

the [sam'ti^d],

in

(our

poraries) contem-

poraneous contem[sam'ti'da], samtida, adj.

-ar

1. -?2 + [vet'vi'sa], justice rdttvisa, sandhed, 2. -en, red rod, adj. [roid], sandy heath to to disclose, rdja, II. [roiy'a'], sandsten, 2. -en, reveal sand stone smoke rok, 2. -en, -ar [re^k], sandds, 2. -en, II. [reiia.'], to experience rona,

[san'dhe'd], [san'dste'n],
[san'd'o's],

-ar

-ar

2. -en, -ar [ron!], roan-tree to II. to concern [rcB'ra'], T07^a, move,

row?!,

sand

sann,

ridge true adj. [san'],

-n,
"

schweizare,5.
rorande

[fv"J'sa'rd%

Swiss [rceran^dd], concerning to see O vement, se. III mo[.se.^], rorelse,3. -n, -r [?'oe'raZ.99'], look to motion se ut [se.'\, sedan, adv. [se'dan% since

sedermera,

adv. since, afterwards

[se'^armeVa],

Swedish-English.
seger,

183

2.

-n,

-ar

tory [setgdr\ vicsail

juta,
"

IV. [/^a"^a'], to shoot; hort [holW], to shoot away

"

segla, I. \se'gla%to late sen, adj.\^sein\

off;
shoot

sonder
to

[sdntd9r\ to
"

pieces

to serve skjutvapen, 5. -et, [fm'tva^serrera, 1. [sasrveira], 1. -71, -or sic?a, [srdd% side pdn], fire arm 2. -en, -ar shoes skodon, pi. [sA:6;"d^Qn'], herring: si7Z, [silf], 4. -t, -n 2. sA;o^, -ar sillfiske, wood, [sil'Jis^k9], [skco.'g], -e?!, forest herring-fishery

5. -et,-|silver silver, skogsmark, 3. -eri, -er [skorgs[siltvdr], 2. -ew, -ar silvervinge, [s^7'v^r- mar^k],woodland silverschool skola, 1. -n, -or [skoj'la'"'], ?;%'a]. wing 2. -??., to swim -ar skolgosse, simma, I. [sm"a'], [sA^f^'Z^Qs'a], sense pupil,scholar .9m?ze, 4. -^,-7z [sm'9'], 5. -ef, shoot to sit sitta,IV. [sz^'a'], sA:o^^, [sA:""^/], to scrape skrapa, I. (avj [s/cra'pa'], sjukdom, 2. -en, -ar [/m*A:6?";m'],
"

disease

3. skrift, IV.
to [/w?;*A:a'], sink;

-en,

-er

handwriting [skrifH],
"

sjunka,
"

ned [neid\, to sink down skrdddare, 5. -n, [sA^r^c^'ara'], 2, tailor soul sjdl, -672, -ar \fetT\, II. [sA^'/'^m'a'] to skrdmma, sea [fhf]. s?o, 2. -n, -ar , mage, dato startle skada, 1. -w, -or [.9A;a*6?a'], frighten,

injury skada,
I.
to damage [sZ^a'c?a'],

skrdmsel, 3.
fright

-n,

-}-[skremtsdl],

shade [.sA:a-^%'], skadlig, adj. skugga, 1. -n, -or [sA:w^'a'], injurious, shady prejudicial, skuggig, adj. [sZcw^'i^^'], pernicious to procure skaffa,I. [skaf'a!''], skiddra, 1. -n, -or [sA:itZ't?ra'], shoulder to shake skaka, I. [sA:a'A:a'], for skull [skult], to create skapa, I. [sZca'^a'], sA:wZZ, /or sake skapare, 5. -?i, [s^'a"par^'], creator shelter, [/^/c?'], skydd, 5. -et, 3. -en, -er [skat!], .9A:a^f, refuge tax,duty, guilty, skyldig, adj. [fyl'dig'l rate,impost skat' 81% to tax bound skatta, I. ]^ obliged, shimmer III.[j'ef\, .9A^e, 2. -en, -ar [y^m."^^], to happen,to occur, sky7nt, to take place hasten to I. [/2/^*c?a'] skynda, to look at skepp, 5. -et, [fepi], skada, I. [sA:o'cZa'], ship 5. -ef, skeppare, 5. -ti, [s/tJo*c?aspa'Z] skddespel, [fep'ard^],
.

"

"

"

"

"

sight, spectacle Scania Skdne skeppsbord [fep-sb(o-j,d\, [sA^o'na'], shipboard beard 5. [A^-'], skdgg, -ef, 5, 2. condition skdrgdrd, -en, -ar [fx'rgo''rd\ skick, -ef, [/lA:.'], skicka, I. [/zVt^'a'], to send archipelago (near the sea side) skicklig,adj. [fik'lig'-], clever, skon, adj. [fo'n], pretty suitable skonhet, 3. -en, -er [/o'n^e'f], convenient, adv. [/^/'"^^,9v^'s], nately, alterskiftesvis, beauty bosom skote,4. -f,-n [fo'td''], reciprocally II. to separate skilja, [/z7:;a'], slag, 5. -et, [sla'g], battle, species
"

shipper

"

"

skillnad,3.
difference

-en,

-er

[/z7??ac?'],

very slaslaveri,3. -et,-\-[sla^vdri!], to twinkle skimra, I. [/?m"ra'], to escape, to to disperse, slippa, IV. [sZzp'a'], skingra, I. [y^2?"ra'],
to

scatter
"

get away
hide [/m.'J, 5. -et, slott,
"

skinn, 5. -e^,

castle [slotr\,

184

Vocabulary.
somliga,
some

sluice sluss, 2. -en, -ar [slus^], end slut,5. -et, [slm!t], to finish, to end sluta,I. [slm'ta^, IV. lock to sluta, [slm'ta^], final adj. [s/m'fZ(^'], slutlig,
"

pron.

a few, [si?7n'Zz^a'],

souimar,2.-en(somrar) [som:ar%
summer

sommarhostad,

2.

-e??.

(bostdder)

house summer 3idY.[sluL'tkgdn% slufligen, finally [som'arbco'stad], 3. to slope -en slutta,I. \^sluta'\ soner) (. [so^nsonson, 2. -e?^, -ar grandson sluttning, [sZw^'ni?;],so'nj, slope sorrow sorg, 3. -eri, -er [sar.^*], III. to beat, sorrowful to throw; sorglig,adj. [sor*J%'], O [slo!], sZa, to strike out,to beat ut [udt], so^i^, adj. [stoi'^i^'], sooty to sleep -ar. sldde, 2.-71, sledge, sova, IV. [so'z;a'], [sh'dd^], sleigh sovande, adj.[so*7;a7i'cZa], sleeping 3. mily fato reflect sldkt, -en, -er [sUJdt], spegla, I. [spe'^Za'], race, to play spela, I. [spe'Za^], sldkte,4. -t, -n Yslek'td^l, point, spets, 2. -n, -ar [spe/^s], race,
. .
"

generation
2. -en, sldkting,
-ar

top, head
lative spira, 1. -n, re[^sUk'tiif)'''],

-or

[spi'ra^], sceptre

sZaY^,3.

plain -en, -er [sUtt], lander) springhrunn, 2. -e?!, -ar [s^jW?;"sldttland,5. -e^ f \sl"t'la!'nd], plain 6rwn'],fountain taste smak, 2. -e?i, -f-[sma/A;J, sprdk, 5. -e^, [spro'k], I. taste to language,tongue smaka, [sma'fca'], to blow narrow .9ma?,adj.[s77ia.'Z], sprdnga, II. [sprey'a'], to smuggle, smygain, IV. [sm^/'^a'], up to slink 5. -e^, [s^o.V], trace, s^ar, smd, adj.[smof\, track,way-road small,little to smile smale. III, O [swo'Ze'], spdrvagn, 2. -en, -ar [spo'rvay^n], sized undertramcar smdvdxt, adj. [smo'vfA^'s^], tender,gentle spdd, adj. [spe'd], to bend to smdlta, II. [smf/'^a'J, melt; spdnna, II. [spen'a\ buckle hort [hortt], to melt away spdnne, IV. [sp"?i*9'], spdnning, 2. -en, -ar [spr?i'%], snickare, 5. -w, [sm/c*a?"a'],
.

to spread sprida, IV. [^spri'da'''], IV. to run springa, [spr^'a'],

"

"

"

"

joiner 4. -^,-n snille, ingenuity

2. -n,

tension O
to [s^^cer'ja']
,

{snil'9''], genius sporja, II. 3. -e?i -\-[snil'rik''het], question snillrikhet,

s^ac?, 3. -en (stdder) [sta:d], town s now -\-[snof], sno, stadsldkare, 5. -n, snoglopp, 5. -e^ -f [s^0'^Zoi3'], [stad'sUsnowdrift town kard'], physician -war [.9fam/], s^am, 2. -men, snogrdns, 2. -en, -er [sno'^ren's],
"

limit of
snomassa,
mass

snow

stem,

race

1. -n, -or

standar, [sno'mas'a],
standard

5. I.
;
"

-e^,

"

[s^ancZa.V],

of of

snow

snomoln,
cloud
snoyra,

5.

-e^,

"

[sn0moZ'n], stanna,
remain

snow storm snow-f-[s7i0*2/'ra],

to stay, to [s^an'a'], kvar \kva^r\ to remain

1. -n,

socken, 2. -en,
district

-ar

stark,adj. [^starik], strong 3. state er [s^a/^], stat, parish, [soAr/an], -en, 3. -nen (-mdn) [sta'tsstatsmann,
statesman Tnan'], 5. shine sun{steig^\ steg [sco'lfe^n[, steg, -e^, ladder s^e^e,2. -n, -ar [s^e'^a'],
"

sol, 2.

-e?i,

-ar
"

sun [sojU],

5. -et, solsken,

Swedish

-English.

185

to fall stupa, I. [sZm'pa'], 3. stone ad-r [ste-^n], styrelse, -n, [s^^/'^^Zsa'j, -er [ste'naUt], ministration, government stiff adj. [s^2/'^]) species(kind)of stone sZ^/v, stand ; to stand ut stenkol,5. -et, [stenko^T], coal, std, III. O jtof], [.9Zo.'], ; to stand (out) pit-coal [iM-t], stdt,2. -en, -f-\^stoit\ stenrike,4. -t, -n [ste'nri^kd], pomp mineral kingdom stdtlig, adj. [sZoZ'Zigf'], pompous to stick, adv. [sZf to sticka, IV. [^stik'af], constddse, "cZsa'], steadily, to ifantly sting, prick II. [sZfZ'a'], to place; ftdlla, stig,2. -en, -ar [stiig'], path to mounj^o to set up, to erect stiga, IV. \^sti'g^a\, ?/pp [wp^J, 4. -t, ascend,to put up (athotrfsetc.)stdlle, -n [stel a'], place, spot 2. stilla, adj.[sfrZa'J, peaceful stdllning, quiet, [s^fZ*?z%*], -en, -ar stalk 2. -e/i, -ar stjalk, position ifeltlc], tail voice stjdrt,2. -ew, -ar [/^x^^], stdmma, 1. -n, -or [sZfm'a'], to stamp [s^r^Zc"stockholmare, 5. -??, stdmpla, I. [sZfm'pZa*], Stockholmer states gehol'mard], stdnder, pi. [sZ"n.'Sar], neral 5. -e^,+ d ust stoft, [stofH], chair constant s^oZ,2. -en, -ar [stojU], stdndig, adj.[s^an'cZz^^], .9^0 to trouble Z^,adj.[stol't], proud stora, II. [sZo'ra'], to prop .92^or, adj. [sZoj.V], stora, I. [sZo'ra'], great to push, to storartad, adj. [sZtocra'^tZacZJ, stdta, II. [sZ0*^3'], grand,magnificent hurt,to thrust storhet, 3. -e/i, -er [stco'rhe't], subtrahend, 3. -en, -er [sub'tragrandeur,greatness hen.'d],

to roast steka,II. [ste'ka^'],

steUf 2. -eiif -ar stenart, 3. -en,

"

"

"

"

storlek,2.
size

-en,

-ar

to [stco'rle*k], subtrahera, I. [sub'trahe!ra],

subtract

storm storm, 2. -e?z, -ar [sfor.'m], subtraktion, 3. -en, -er subtraction stormakt, 3. -e?2, -er [sZ^'rmaA:^], trakfco.'n^,

[si"Z"'-

great

power

suck, 2.

-en,

-ar

sigh [sukf],

to punish straff a, I. [sZra/'a'], sw^a, IV. [sm'ga% to suck 1. -n, -or strand,3. -en, strdnder [strantd], sum [si/m'a^], summa, shore,strand swn"i,adj.[sun^d], healthy

strax, adv. [s^ra/t'.'s], presently

sZrzcZ,2.
-en,
-er

5. -et, [stri'd], strife, suverdn, 3. -en,

sund,

"

strait [sun.'d], -er [sm?;ar"/n], weak

dispute
to fight, to strida,II. [sZrrcZa'], to dispute quarrel, stripig,adj. [strfpig'], shaggy to beam strdla,I. [stro'la^],

svag,
svan,

sovereign feeble adj. [sva.^^],

2. -en,
-ar

swan [sva/n],

black svart, adj. [sva.^.'^^], svartaktig, adj. [s?;au-'ZaA:'Zz^]

blackish to stretch ; strdcka,II. [sZrfZ:a'], to stretch out ut [mtf], deceit 5. -ef,-|-[s?;e/A:], st-eA^, to string strdnga, I. [sZr":7;'a*], svenska, 1. -n, -or [si'fn'sA:^*], student, 3. -en, -er [sZmcZfn/Z], Swedish lady student Sweden Sverige {sv$Rrt{i)jd\, I. IV. to to studera, [sZmcZe.Va], study svika, [svi'ka'], deceive 3. studie, study svdr, adj.[svo.V], difficult, heavy -n, -r [stmtdid], studier [stm^- svdrighet, 3. -en, -er [sz;o*W^^e'Z], studium, 3. studiet, dium], study difficulty sword ment mostund, 3. -en, -er [sZwn/cZ], svdrd, 5. -eZ, [svse^id'], I. hover to [st'f.-ya'J, svdva, southern times somestundom, adv. [j^^wn'cZo^n'j, sydlig,adj.[s^'":Z%'],
"

"

S2/n, 3. -en,

-er

view, sight \^sytn\

186

Vocabulary.

\hodit\ fatt away ; adv. [synbarligdn^], \_fati\ catch, to seize; synharligen, in \ini], to take in visibly tak, 5. -et, synnerhet, i synnerhet \_syn'9r\taik\roof especially, principally tal,5. -et, speech he't], \tatT\, I. to tala, \ta'la'\ adj. [^syn'drlig*\ speak, to talk synnerlig, cial espetalande,adj. [ta'lan^dd], sive expresbrothers syskon, pi. \^sys'kon^'\, and sisters taZriA:, adj. \talri^k\ numerous II. O \^sys'dls"t'a], to tooth tand, 3. -en, tdnder [tantd], sysselsdtta, be occupied tanke, 2. -en, -ar [tay'kd*], thought 2. -n, -ar [sys'liif], son adj [taykful^ thoughttankfull, ful syssling,
"

II. synas, appear

{sy'nas%

to seem,

to

taga,
hort

IV.

\ta'ga%
"

to

take;
"

"

"

"

"

brave tapper, adj.[tapidr], 3. -en, -\-[tap'drhe't], so Yso'lunda^], tapperhet, sdngldrare, 5. -n, [soy'Wrard], bravery master tecken,5. -eZ, singing [fe/u^n], sign wound I. to to sign teckna, I. [ZeA^'na'], sdra, [so'ra^], seed tile 5. -e^, ^e^eZ, sdde, 4. -^,-n Ise'dd'], [te.'g9l], term sure certain, sdker,adj.[s"~/A:ar], Zerm, 3. -en, -er [txrtm], to say II. [sE'ga,% time Zid,3. -en, -er [ZzVcZ], 5a^a, adv. [sfZ'ari'], seldom sdllan, adj. \ti'dig^, ZzcZz^, early 5. 2. sdllskap, [sfZ'sfca'p], tidrdkning, [Zi'cZr^'A;-ef, -en, ar era nf?;], company till och med okt me'd], even sdndebud, 5. -e^, [sf?2*(^a"m'6?], \tili tillhaka, adv. [ZzZ"6a^A:a], back, messenger to send sdnda, II. [s^n'^a*], ago bed to II. O {tiVhriifa'], tillhringa, [se??.'], smi^, 2. -671, -ar II. sink to to to sdnka, (of [s"?;"A;a*], bring; spend, pass adj.[,9^'r/VZ'cZ], various, time) sdrskild, different 4. -t, -n [til'fsVd], octillfdlle, rently diffecassion, opportunity sdrskilt,adv. [5"'r/VZ'^], 3. -en, -er [tiVfeVigtiUfdllighet, 5. casuality sdtt, -eif, [s"-f.'], het], way ut to set; sdtta, II. [sf:^"3'], hdlla med ndgot tilltillgodo, to set out, to expose [m!t], be content to godo [til'goj'doj], south soder, 3. -n, -\- [so.'ddr], with, to be put up with soder ut, adv. [soiddr ui't], cessible, acadj.[til'j"y'lig'\, tillgdnglig, southward

cousin-german sister syster,2. -n, -ar [^sya'tdr^],

"

of

sdlunda

"

"

"

"

"

"

southern sodra, adj. [so'cZra'],

to seek soka, II. [s0A:a'], [up;]f out [soH],sweet sot, adj.
"

susceptible
-en,

2. tillhjdlp,

[tiVjeVp'],

"

u upp

help,cooperation II. [til'ho'ra'], to belong tillhora,

tillika
at once, \til'li*ka'\,
jointly con-

II. [Zi7'ro*(Za], to advise, tillrdda,

to counsel thank(s) tack,2. -en, + [tak^], I. [Zz'Zy^n'cZa] to tillskynda, to thank tacka, I. [ZaA:'3*], occasion to cause, thankful [^aAr'sam'], tacksam, adj. tillstyrkan,1. + [til'styu*tacksamhet, 3. -en, -|-[tak'saTnadvice kan], thankfulness h"t], tillstddes [til'ste'dds] tacksdgeUe,3. -n, -r [tak'se^gdlpresent be) inj [(to Sd],thank(s)
,
"

Swedish-English. tillvaro,3.
presence

187

-n,

tillvdga, adv. (tobring) 5. -et, tillagg, II. 0 tillagga,

"

narrow trdng, adj. [troT)!:], -f- {til'va^rcJ], tree trdd, 5. -et, [tr"!:\ 2. about -ar trddgdrd, [^r^'^o'u-c?], \til'VE^gd\, -eri, garden trddskola, 1. -?2, -or [^r^-'s/cct^'Za {tiVUg^ addition
"

to add [tiVleg^a],

tree-nursery
I. [^r"/*a*], to meet trdffa, to press, trdng a, II. [Zr"7;'a'],
to

hour timma, 2. -n, -ar [tim'a,^ title 2. -ar titel, -en, [tit!dl], thick tjock, adj. [gok!], to charm I. [fitfsa'], ;^y?/sa,
to serve I. [^^'na'], ijdna, 5. -n, vant serijdnare, IgCnard*],
--

throng
trdng set, 3.
crowd
to tire, to trotta, I. [ZroZ"a'],
haust ex-

-n,

-\- [treyisdl],

two service tu [tia!], tjdnst,3. -e?2, -er [c"n.''s^], 1. gue ton2. -ar -?i^ [ifw?;'a*], tunga, [gen'std-ti, -or tjdnste ande, ministering spirit an'dd], tun to explain, to a'], tunna, 1. -ri, -or [tun' tolka,1. [tol'ka'], tunnel, 2. -n, tunnlar [tundli], interpret tunnel to sound,to tone tona, I. [^Co""7i3'], Turkiet 2. [tur'ki'df], Turkey [topi], topp, top -en, -ar to compel IV. 1. [^t;z?;"a*], tvinga, toppmossa, -n, -or [fj)p"m0s'a], doubt 5. [tvitvaT], tvivel, -ef, pecked (night)-cap to dry tvdng, -et,-f-[^vo??.'], constraint, torka, I. [^D.fyfca'], cod compulsion torsk, 2. -en, -ar [tojJsk], 3. -e?i, -er [fraL'^], blunt,hasty ^raA^f, country ^-yar,adj. [tvseir],
"

trapp, 2.

-ew,

-ar -or

trappa,

1. -n,

[^rap.'^J, trap case stair[^rap'a'],

"

tvdrtom.

adv.

on [^v^^TZom*],

the

contrary
"

for,as ty, conj.[Z2//], [trap'ste'g], to like ; tycka,II. [%A:'a'], sig stair to om [omi], think; [si'g], shabby trasig,adj. [^ra'si^'j, to be fond of to like, trevnad, 3. -en, + \tre'vnad% tyda, II. [ty'da']. to point, to trappsteg, 5. -e^,
"

comfort,wellbeing trevdningshus, 5. -et,

house i:oni7)shm's],

"

\tre'-

three stories
trot

high to trip, to trippa, I. [trip'a*],

faith tro, 3. -n, -|-[^rw;], to believe tro, III. [frw.^],

signify German tysk, adj. [Z^/s.Vt:], Trjskland [tys'klan^d], Germany still tyst, adj. [tys.'t], turn taciadj. [tys'tlo^tdn], tystldten,
"

train [Zo.^^], ^%, 5. -eZ, faithful trogen, adj. [^roj'^9?i'], I. to [to'ga^], Z%a, march, to go adj. [^r";*Z{^'], trolig, probable fibre 1. tdga, [to'ga'], -71, -or faithless trolos,adj. [^rc^^'Zo's], to stand,to bear, II. [ZoZa'], ifaZa, throne 3. -en, -er \trojin\, ifroTi, to support trossvagn,2. -en, -ar [tros'vay'n], adv. [to'lig% patient tdlig, luggage-waggon,convay 2. 3. tear -ar -er tar, -en, t roop \trupt]. [to.'r], trupp, -en, II. to 5. cover tdcka, [ffA;"a'j, tryck, \tryki], sion impres-e^,
"

trycka, II. [iryka%

press

to

punt,
secure

to

tdcke,4. -^,-?2 [t"k'd%cover tent ^aZZ,5. -eZ, [tsUt],

"

tdnka, II.

[Zf??"^^*]; to think
ness close[ZfZ/ie^Z],

trygg, adj. [tryg!], sure,

ZaZ, .adj. [teU], close, herme-

3. -eri, -f- [tryg'he't], tic(al) tryggJiet, tdthet,3. -e"i, + surety,security thread 2. ^r"|d^, -en, -ar [tro'd],

188

Vocabulary.
to

to emulate, tdvla, I. \t"v'ln*\

contend

3. -eri, -er [rn'mvaeruniversitet, sit9't], university

"

2. -men, universitetsldrare rein 5. -??, -mar \tdint], torriy , sity univerII. O [m'niv8ersitd'tsWrard\ [^ce'ra'J, tora, may, (shall)

professor teacher,
2. -n, -ar och ned upp and down
unge,

[uy'd^l, young one [up! ot ne:d\, up

"

umgds,

to III, O [um'go^s], to have intercourse with

uppdrag, 5. -et, mission,task quent, fre-

[up'dia^g],

velihood, liuppehdlle,4.-t,-\-]up9-h"rc)],

living
to uppenbara, I. [up'dnba^ra], reveal t o manifest, uppfart, 3. -en, -er [up'fa\(f], ascent ascension,

midangomma,
to hide

II. [un'danjom'a],
"

under,
under

5. -et, wonder

vel, mar[un'ddr],

avdelning, 2.

-en,

-ar

[un'- uppfostra, I. \up'fms^trH\, to

bring np,
to

subdivision ddra'vdelnii)], derful won[unddrba^i^], underbar, adj.

to educate

to refresh, uppfriska, I. [up'fris^ka],

revive II. to lill [up'fgl'a], undergivenhet, 3. -en, -\- [un'up to erect, uppfora, II. [w^'/ora], resignation ddrji'vdnhet], underhandla, I. \un'd9rhan'dla]. to establish 3. -en, -er [up'jif't], task to negotiate uppfftfi^ II. 2. to range O [up'jce'ra],arunderhandling, [wrz'-uppgora, -e?2, -ar

uppfylla,

negociation ddrhan^dliij], to cease jordisk, adj.[?/?i'c?arjf6;'u-upphora, II. [Kip*^03Va[, subterranean to light disic], upplysa, II. [wp*Z?/"sa'J, drous, wonunderlig, adj.[^f7^"c?9rZ^^'], upplysning, 2. -en, -ar [up'lys'under

strange

information, niij], explanation

-

underordna,

I. [wp'ma'na], to exhort [un'ddro^rdna], uppmana, to subordinate uppmdrksamhet, 2. -en, + [wp attenunderrdttelse,3. -n, -r [t^n*c?9r- mag'rksamhet], attention, tiveness news rfif'aZsa], I. [upre^pa], to repeat under stud, 5. -e^, [i^n'cZarupprepa, II. to erect [ttjp're'saj, sto^d], support uppvesa, 4. [itp'^e'^Jicfe] -^,-junderstodja, II. [unddrsto^dja],uppseende,

I.

"

te

support
II. I.
to [un'ddrso^ka],

supervision stir; sensation;

to value, uppskatta,I. [w^*sA:a^'a], to

undersoka,
examine

appreciate
IV.
to [wp*/m'^aj,

undervisa,
teach

[wwcZarvz'sa]to
,

uppskjuta,
postpone

to stand uppstd, III. O [lip-s^o'j, undervisning,2. -ew, + [w7i'c?artuition vis'nii)], up, to arise to to uppstdlla, II. O [up'stel'a], undkomma, IV. [wn'cZArom'a],

escape I.
to [wwdfra'],

draw

up,

to range

look, + [up'sy^n], undra, uppsgn, mien to undsdtta, II. O [wn*^.9"^'a], to take relieve (a garrison) upptaga, IV. [wp'^a'^a], undsdttning, 2. -en, -ar [wwcZsfi'- up to write upvteckna, I. [wp'^eA^'na], 712*2;], relieving record to down, ?/n^, adj. [uv'l young ungdom, 2. -ew, + [w2;*t?"^m'], upptrddande, 4. -t, -f-[w^j'frf^dandd],appearance youth
wonder 3. -en,

190

Vocabulary.

week I. [z;ir'r/a*], to whirl (h^)virvla, vecka, 1. -n, -or [vek'a^], to show; vederldggning,2. -en, -ar {ve- t'lsa, I. [visa''], /ra?n refutation Yframf\,show, to exhibit ddvUg^nirj], work dom wisverk, 5. -et, [vsertk], vishet,3. -en, -|-[vrs^e'if], work to verka, I. \vserka^]y tual viss,adj. [vzs.^], vircertain,sure adj.\vserklig^\ real, verklig, visserligen,adv. [i?zs*9rZi'^an], verksamhet, 3. -en, -|- [vser'k- surely to sojourn activity samhe't], vistas,I. [-yzs'^as*], 3. verkstdllighet, -en, -j-[^?cer"A:vitsord, 5. -ef, [viY'sC'""W], effect steVighet], testimony to know 5. -e^, ve^a, I. 0 [?;eta'], vittnesbord, [vit'nds3. -ew, -er [ve'tdnska'p], bce'rd], witness vetenskap, science to twist,to vrida, IV. [vri'da'], 3. wrest vetenskapsman -nen, -man of science, vrd, 2. -n, -r [uro/], corner man [ve'tdnskapsman*], scholar adj.[t*itZj'sa?i'], vuxen, grown (up) desirous to dare adj.[ve'tji'rig], vetgirig, vdga, I. [vo'^a'J, of learning vdr, 2. -en, -ar [vo.VJ, spring wide adv. to nurse, to vida, vdrda, I. [uo'^c^a'], [vida'], to extend take care of vidga, I. [i;rc?^a*], sive exten[z;r^/?;/'%], nal vervidiyftig, adj. vdris, 2. -en, -ar [vo'ris],
" " "
"

ice
perstitious suvdrvisa, adj.[vrdjep'lig], vidskeplig,

1.

-n,

-or

[yo'rvisa],

-ar [c"tg\way to weigh [r"^"^a'], 2. wall -ar weight measure \veg:], vdgg, -en, refuse I. to viktig,adj. [vik'tig^'], weigthy, vdgra, [t;r^ra'], important vdlgorande, adj. [r^Z'^ceVancZa], I. \vi'la^\ beneficial to rest (h^)vila, vdlgorare, 5. -n, vildhet, 3. -en, -f- [vil'dheH], [ffZ'Jce'rara],

[i^zVA:], bay -en, -ar 3. -en, -er lvik.'t], z;zA;f, weight viktmdtt,5. -et, \viktmot%
"

2. fi^,

legend of Spring vdcka, II. {vek'a% to awake

vdg,
2. -en,

va^a;

II.

"

wildness

benefactor
-e?'

vildmark,3. -en,
wild

[z;27'c:?war'A:], vdlkommen,
welcome

adj. [y"Z'A;o?"?/c"nJ

country

1. -n, or \vil'a% viYZa, cottage vdllukt, 3. -en, -er [^;^/"/M^"*^], adj. \vil'ig^\ willing villig, pleasingodour IV. [vi'na'\ 3. -n, -r [vfZsiV^/sa], to whistle (h^)vina, vdlsignelse, wind 2. -en, -ar t'lnd', blessing [i;m/dl], 2. -en, -ar to roll (out) iringe, vdltra, I. [-ufZ'^ra^], [z/Zj?'^'], wing IV. friend 3. win vinna, [vm'a^]. [vent], vdn, -nen, -ner to turn, to vinnande, 4. -^, -f- [?;m'an'^9], vdnda, II. [vrn't^a*],

winning
vinst, 3.
-er

apply

[vinist], profit vdndpunkt, 3. -en, -er [vm'c^-en, 3. -en, -stdder \vin'vinterbostad, punk^t],turningpoint
winter-house tdrbco'stad],
3. vinterkold, -en,

Vdnern

the Vaner [ve'ndd'n],

+
-er

coVd], wintercold
vintermdnad,
3. -en,

friendly [tm'^ar- vdnlig,adj. [i;"n"%'], vdnskap, 2. -en, -|-[ven's/ta'p], [vin'tdrfriendship

to await, vdnta, J. [v"?i"^a'J, wait for to expect, to

mo'nad], winter-month to wag vippa, J. [vip'a'],

old

orthography

Swedish-English.
vapna,

191

I.

to arm [v"]p'na'']y

dngpanna,

1. -n,

-or

[oypan^ajf

worth steam-boiler vdrd, adj. [vas'dd], v alue 4, -n {^cse'ddd^ dngskorsten,2. -en, -ar [oyskor'-t, vdrde, flue worthy sten], adj. [vx'j^dig'], vcirdig, mission, dngslup, 2. -en, -ar [oy'slm^p], [v%r'v], i;arr, 5. -et, task steam-sloop world vdrld, 2. -eTz, -ar [vw!rd], [o.'r], ar, 5. -et, year drhundrade '6.-ien,-ier\vse\idscenvdrldshistoria, [o'rhun^dradd], of world the histcoWia], history tury terndrligen,adv. [otZi^^ti'], vdrldslig,adj. [vce'j.dslig'], yearly drsdag, 2. -e?z, -ar poral [o'rsda'^], vdrldsliv,5. -ef,+ ["y^'-t^sZz'y], anniversary dsikt, 3. -e?2, -er [o'sikH'\, temporal life opinion
" "

IV. [o*^9r/i7i'a], west to find dterfinna, -|-[v"s/^ar], the Vatter [vsHdrn], again to recall dterkalla,I. [otarZcaZ'aJ, \,to grow -yacca, II. [vek'sa 3. -en, -er [vektst], to dterkomma, IV. fo'^arX'^^m'a], plant t/aaj^, back vdxtlighet,3. -e?i, -|-[vek'stlig^- return, to come to see dterse, 111. O [o'tdrse'], het], vegetation -ar vdxtvdrld,2.-en, [vsk'stvae'^td], again world of plants dterstod,3. -en, -er [o'tdrstco^d], to venerate remaining,rest vorda, I. [vce'd,da], III. O to revordnad, 3. -ew -j-[voe'j.dnad%dterstd, [o"i(ars^o'],

vdster, 3.
Vdttern

-n,

veneration

main,
Y

to

be left

to redtertaga, IV. [o'tdTta''ga\

take

dtertvdnda, yngling, 2. -ew, -ar [^/wZi?;*], youth excellent ?/pper%, adj. [2/p'ar%'], extreme ypperst, adj. [^p/^rs^J, luxuriant yppig, adj. [2/i""^^'], wild adj. [g/s.'^ar], fierce, 2/s^er, surface yta, 1. -n, -or [y'ta'"'], ytmdtt,5. -e^, [y'tmof], square
"

II.
come

to [o'tdTven''da'\,

return,to

back
-er

dtgdrd,
measure,
at

3.

-e?i,

[o'tj%'jid\y

step
adv.

dtminstone,
least

[o'ifmm'sfowa],

to enjoy dtnjuta, IV. [o'tnjm'ta],

measure

utmost adj. [^/if.'ars^], ytterst, I. utter to [2/^*ra'], yttra, exterior yttre,adj. [^/^.'ra],

A noble ddel, adj. [^/dJaZJ,

a^a,

II. ["'ga%to possess, to

"

own

[eg^], egg to devote I. 2 [syna'], o^Tia, adj. [ek'ta], genuine aA;te, small river to love d, 2. -71, -ar [of], dlska, I. ["^Z'5A;a'], lover dhorare, 5. -?2, [fZ's/cara'], dlskare,5. -rz, [o'^o'rara], listener lovely auditor, dlksvdrd, adj.[fZ'sArv^'rcZ], to intend I. [fw'na'J, to drive dka, II. [o'A:a'], dmna, dkerbruk, 5. -ef, + [o'kdrbrm'k],dmne, 4. -^, -?i [em'nd'] stuif, material husbandry end dlderdom, 2. -e/i,-[dnda, 2. -w, -ar [m'c?a'], [oZcZ'ard^wm'], dnda, adv. [fri'cZa*], to, up to, till age steam["7^'cZamo'Z], dndamdl, 5. -ef, dnghdt,2. -n, -ar [o?;*6o'^],
dgg, 5. -ei^,
" "

"

boat

dngbdtstur, 3. -eri, short voyage stm^r],

boat

-er on

object at last [oy'bot-dndligen,adv. ["?^"(ZZ^^'9?^],

a

steam

ari^, 2. -en, dngel,2. -n,

-ar
-ar

meadow [eij'], angel [ey'dl],

192

Vocabulary.
"

dppeltrdd, 5. -et,
apple-tree
ara,

["p'9ltre% omsom,

adv.

nately [om'som'], alter-

honour 1. -n, -t [^'ra'], adj. [op'an'], open oppen, to open 2. I. [op'Tza'], dretitel, [^'rdtit'dl], -n, -ar oppna, title of honour [op'wi?;'], oppning, 2. -en, -ar aria, 1. -n, -or [%rla% wagtail opening 5. -e^, orlogsfartyg, [ce'rZo^sdrva, II. [^r'va% to inherit man-of-war to eat IV. dta, [s'W], fa^rtyg],
"

dtt, 3.

-en,

-er

[et!], race, family or^, 3.

0

-en,

-er

os^er, 3.
o, 2. -92, -ar

-n,

herb,plant [oRjitt], eastern [os-'^^rj,

Osifersjon[o6'tar/0'n],theBalti
ova,

exercised destiny ovad, adj.[0''yac?'], lot, ode, 4. -t,-n [0'dd^], 2. overavdelning, -en, -ar [o'vdrsolate desert, ode, adj.[e'c^^'j, waste, desubdivision over a'vdehiiy], adv. [o'vdrart], overallt, where every"

island [0.'], isle,

I.

to exercise [0''ya'],

humble [o'dmjm'k], odmjuk, adj. 3. odm-jukhet, [o'dmjm'-eri, + 5. -e^, [o'vdrbdfe^T], overbefdl, het],humbleness command supreme eye oga, 4. -t (ogon) \o'ga'], overenskommelse, 3. -?i,-r [0'verogonsten, 2. -en, -ar [0*^D7is^e'?i], accord dnskom''9ls9], apple of the eye eye-ball, 3. -en, -er [o'grup''], overgdng, 2. -en, -ar [0*'y9r^o?;'], ogrupp,

archipelage

transition
overmanna,
overcome

oka,
om,

to increase I. [o'ka^],

I.

to [o'Vdrman^a],

tender adj.[o7?2/],

tual, muomsesidig, adj.[omsdsi^dig], reciprocal

to overtake, overtaga,IV. [0*var^a'^a], to take possession.

English-Swedish.
apple-tree, dppeltrdd, 5. -et,
"

[ep'eltrs*] to apply, uioralands [m'tomlan^ds], anvdnda, II. {an'vimida] abroad, April,april [aprilt] action, handling, 2. -en, -ar 2. -en, -ar [ar/m] [han'dliy*] arm, arm, to admire, beundra, I. [ftawn/cZra] arm-chair, Idnstol,2. -en, -ar afternoon,eftermiddag, 2. -en, to arm, vdpna, I. [vfpna*] -ar Uftdrmida'g] [va^^pdn] (dldrar) {oV.-arm, vapen, 5. -e^, age, alder, 2. -n [has^r] ddr] army, Aar, 2. -en, -ar 3. 5. -er [ar'artilleri, artillery, -et, [om*agent, omhud, -e^, tildrH] to 3. -en, + sd, likasd [so/] [Zw/'Y]; air, Zw/i(, as, conj., to hdmta take frisk luft utrona, taga reda ascertain, air, [hxmta* frisikIv/f.'t] pa [ui'tro'na] dd\ asparagus, sparris, 2. -en, -ar levande, vid liv [le'van' alive, 5P' [spar'is^] Alp, alp, 3. -en, -er [aZ/p] stddse [al'ti^d] alltid, assets,aktiva [aktiiva] always,adv., ibland [iblan!d] ass, dsna, 1. -n, -or [^'sna'j: among, prep., dsninna, 1. -n, -or [osshe-ass, [JKi^ir] animal,djur, 5. -et, apartment, rum, 5. -met, [rum.'] nm'a']
^
"

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English-Swedish.
3. -en, attachment, tillgivenhet,

193

blast-furnace, masugn,

2. -en,

-ar

blind, adj.blind [bUn.^d] bloom, hlomma, 1. -n, -or {hlojm'a'] [vin'dskam'ard] or blossom, hlomma, 1. -n, -or [hlco[acogustti\ August, augusti (hlomster b.) m"a*] [ogusiti\ body, kropp, 2. -en, -ar [krop!] 3. -en, booker book, SoA:, [boj.'k] U 2. -n, -ar boot,stovel, [ste/u^Z] bound, adj. fbrpliktad [fcerback, rvgg, 2. -e?i, -ar [r:?/^.'] plikttad] [fles'k] bacon,Jtdsk,5. -et, to bake, baka, I. [ba'ka"] braces, hdngslen, pi.[^"7;/sZ97i[ 5. -e^, brandy, konjak, brdnnvin, -et, kula, 1. -ti, -or, klot, ball, vindskammare, attic,
2. -n,
-rar
" "

-\-[tiljiv9nhe't\ to attend, folja,II. [fol'ja^]

[ma-sup'n]

[kon'jak, brm'vi'n] the Baltic Sea Ostersjon massing, 2. -en, -fbrass, [mf.9*z??'] [os'tdrfrukost, 2. -en, -ar breakfast, /0'n] basing skdl, 2. -en, -ar [sko'l], [frukos*t] breast, "rosZ,5. -et, [hrosit] bassdng, 3. -en, -er [5as"2/.'J to I. 4. -n breathe, andas, [an'cZas'J bathing-place, badstdlle, -t, adj.britisk [britHsk] [fta'Ss^f^'d] British, to brush,borsta, I. [6or*s^a'] bay, havsvik,2. -en, -ar [Tia'vsto build,bygga, II. ["2/^'a'] ^J^'^'] byggnad, 3. -en, -er building, bean, bona, 1. -n, -or [JonaH to bear, fordraga, IV. [/cer- [62/^nacZ'J bull, ^jwr,2. -en, -ar [^m.V] draiga] {menf\ [/^^-'J but,conj.men beard,skdgg, 5. -eZ, 5. -et, butter, [smotr'] beautiful, skon, fager [fetn] smor, bed, sang, 2. -en, -ar [sf?;.'] to button, kndppa, II. [fcn^p'a'J to buy, kopa, 11. [go'pa'] 5. -Tne^, bed-room,sovrum, [so'vrum'] oxkott, 5. -e^, [oA:'fdY'] beef, C to begin,borja, I. [6cer'ja*j behind, prep., bakom, bakpd [bakomt] cabbage, kdl,2, -en, -}"[^o/Z] 3. -n, -r [va'ralsd*] 1. -?z, -or [ka'ka^] cake,A:aA;a, being, varelse, to belong, 2. -en, -ar II. [^I'Z'Ao'raJ calf, A:aZi;, [kaHv] tillhora, for to call, beloved,dlskad, omtyckt [el'skalla,I. \kal'a% komma kad^,om'tyk't] besoka, 11., [bdseika], bast [bss.'t] for att trdffa[tref'a*] best, adv., emellan between,prep., [omd'an^] cape, udde, 2. -en, -ar, kap, 5. utover beyond, prep, -et, ka.'p] [ud'd', [mte'vdr] bill (ofexchange), captain, kapten,3. -en, -er [kapvdxel,2. -n -ar [veJdsdl] Ze/n] 3. -en, er [om'sar^j] bird, fdgel, 2. -n, -ar [/o/^aZ] ; care, omsorg, of passage, jiy 2. careless, adj., sorglbs [sor'^lo's] \ttfdgel, carpet,matta, 1. -n, -or [mat'a*'\ \jlytfo'gdl\ [flyt'fo^gdl] "n, n, -ar bit,bit,2. -en, -ar [biW] carriage, [varjt ] vagn, 2. -en, -ar [t;a?;/nj carrot morot, 3. -n, -rotter [mo)'bitch, hynda, 1. -n -or {Jiyn'da^^ svart rw'Z] tavla, 1. -n, black-board, to -or [srar/Z Za't^Za] carry, genomfora, II. [je'nomblamable,adj.tadelvdrd [ta'ddl- fb'ra] cartridge-box, patronkok, 5. -eZ, vee'rd] to blame, tadla, I. [ta'dla'] [patrco'ng0*k]
"

[km'la']

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"

Elementary Swedish

Grammar.

I3

194

Vocabulary.
"

3. -en, coal,kol, 5. -e^, [koil\ 2. -ar [kas'abco'k] cock, ^wp^, \tupi] -en, cashier,kassor, 3. -en, -er [ka- code, lagbok, 3. -en, -booker sd!r] [la'gbo/k] 5. -f, coffee, gjutjdrn, 5. -et, + cast-iron, A^a^e, [A:a/-a'] collar, [jm'tjas^rn] krage, 2. -n, -ar [A;ra"^9'J colonel, cat, katt,3. -en, -er [kat] overste,2. -n, -ar [o'vdrI. to csitch, cold, a'] fatta, [fat ; std'] forkyla, IL, sig [fcergyUa] colony, koloni, 3. -en, -er \kdV'Dnit'\ cauliflower, blomkdl, 2. -en, -|fhl, 5. -e^, colt, \bla)m'ko^l] [/0.'q 3. -et, -er II. [fta/a/'a] [ry- to command, befalla, cavalry,rrjtteri, to commence, I. tdrif\ borja, [6cer*Ja*J House of Commons, Underhus(et) ceiling, tak, 5. -et, (i ett rum) [tatk] [un'ddrhia's(dt)] kedja, 1. -n, -or [ge'dja'], competitor, chain, medtdvlare,5. -n, of mountains, bdrgskedja, [me'dtevla'rd] 1. -n, -or [bserjsge'dja] compliance, samtycke, 5. -^, 2. -ar chair, stol, [stco.'l], [sam'tyk'd] -en, ; in compliancewith, 2. i Idrostol, -en, -ar[l3R'rcostoyi\ enlighetmed [i' e'nlighe't chamber, kammare, 2. -en, -mrar we.'d] ftyk'a] to comply, samtycka, II. [sam'[kam'ard'] to comprise, innefatta,I. [machamber-maid, kammarjungfru, 2. -n, -r [kam'arjuy'frm\ /a^'a] 1. -or compulsory, tvingande, tvdngschandelier, Ijuskrona, -n, ande' tvoys-^ [tviij' [jm'skroj'na] to to chatter, conduct, forvalta, I. [/cerprata, I. [pra'ta*] cheap, adj.adv., [biVikH] -yaZ/^aj billig(t) cheek, kind, 3. -en, -er [gintd] to consist, bestd.III. O [bdsto:] 2. 2. -ar statsforfattning, cheese, [(x)stt\ constitution, ost, -en, 5. [statsfoRrfat'niij] cherry-tree, korsbdrstrdd, -et, -en, -ar -lander [gcerbertrs'] fastland,5. -et, continent, [fas'tlan'd], kontinent, 3. -en, hovding, 2. -en, -ar chieftain, -er [ho'odiy'] [A:on'^m"n.'q 1. -or chin, [ha'ka*] continually, oupphorligt [oj'uphaka, -ri, to chirp,kvittra,I. ["i;iY'ra'] hoe'rlig] chocolate,choklad, 3. -en, -|- to contribute, bidraga, IV. [6rdra'ga\ fp'ar^] to choose, va(/a, II. O [vd'ja^] copper, koppar, 2. -en, -f-[^"3[^Qr*copy-book, skrivbok, 2. -e?i, citizen, borgare, 5. -n, -booker [skri'vboj'k'] jara'] 5. class-room, klassrum, [hoRUn] -me^, corner, horn, 5. -e^, [klasrum'] cornet, kornett, 3. -en, -er [/corto clear, klarna, I. [A:?a'rna'] nf^.'] 3. -en, -e"" [A:an'clerk, corporal, korpral, 3. -en, -er kontorist, [A:.^rpra.7] 5. climate,klimat, brevvdxling, 2. correspondence, [A:Zz-e^, -en, -j"[bre'v-vek'sliy] to cloth, councillor, rddsherre, 2. -?i, -ar [ty^g] lay tyg, 5. -et' ; the bordet [dm'duka, I., [rod'sha2r'd] to count, rdkna, II. [rf'A-na^ ka', b(oUd9t] kldder,pi. [kUfddr] clothes, country, /an^i, 5. -et, lander 3. lankldder, pi.klddsel, [lanJdl clothing, ; in the country,pa det [poi laniddt] \kUdtsdT\ -n, +

cash-book, kassabok,
-backer

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English-Swedish.

195

mat sal, 2. -en, -ar cousin,kusin, 3. -en, -er \kui- dining-room, [?na'fsa7] sitn] dinner,middag, 2. -en, -ar [wzcow, ko, 3. -n, -r [kco!] 1. or[gul'd.^a^] gullviva, -n, cow-slip, to dip,doppa, I. [dfap'a'J vi'va] director, direktor, 3. -e7i, -er borgendr, 3. -en, -er creditor,

[bovjdnas^r]
crop,

[dirsktce^r]

skord, 2. -en, -ar [fodtdd] to disarm, avvdpna, I. [a'v-vfp'na] to cross, korsa, I., discipline, disciplin,3. -e?z, -er -dver\kor'Sct'] [cZzs'zpZzVn] cuckoo,gok, 2. -en, -ar [je'k] modloshet, 3. -en, manschett, 3. -en, -er [man- discouragement, cuff, -f[mofdlosheH] fetf] /a^, 5. -eif, [/"-'^] cuirass,kyrass, 3. -en, -er \ky- dish, to divide, dela, I. [d^e'Za*] rasi] 2. to do, gora, II. O [ia?-ra*] [kopf] -en, -ar cup, kopjp, 3. [hun!d] -en, -er [kunid] dog, hund, 2. -en, -ar customer,kund, mal, adj.^ws[hm's]; anidomestic, husdjur, 5. -et, [hm's"
"

"

jm'r] damage,skada, 1. -n, -or [ska'da^ damp, adj.fuktig [fuk'tig*] dark, adj. mork [mcej.'k'] danger, fara, 1. -n, -or [fa'ra'] day, dag, 2. -en, -ar [da.^g] deaf,adj.cZov ["^0/v] dyrdear, adj., dyr, dyrhar [dy.'r, ha^r]
debitor, gdldendr, 3.
-en,
-er

door,dorr,
to

2. -en, -ar [(^cer.^ ; at the door, knacka knock poi do"rtdn] pa dorren [knak'a' 5. -met dormitory, sovrum,
"

"

[so'vrum*^^
dubbel [dub.'dl] double,adj., dragoon,dragon, 3. -en, -er [dra-

gojin]
ritldrare,5. drawing-master,
"

-n,

[jel'ddnseW] formak, 5. -et, karaffin, 3. -en, -er drawing-room, decanter, salong, 3. -en, -er [fo'rma^k]] [kar'afitn] december [sahyf] [ddsem'bdr] December, to dress, 2. -en, -ar kldda, II. sig [kle'da'] declaration, forklaring, drift, driva, 1. -n, -or [dri'va^] [fcerkla.'riy] to drink,dricka, IV. [c?r/A:'a'] deep, adj.djup [jui'p] to defend,forsvara, I. [foers- drinkable, adj.,drickbar [drik'ba'r] va!ra] I. overldmna, I. ductile, adv. [uttdnjelig, to deliver, tdnjbar befria, ten'jba'r] ["a/nVa] [mt-teij'jdlig\ adj.dammig [dam'ig'] desk,pulpet, 3. -en, -er [pulpe't] dusty, 8. -en, -er [pZiA;.'^] 1. -ti,-ffortvivla, duty,plikt, [/cerifdespair, to dwell,vistas,I. "o, III. [vis'to despatch, avsdnda, 11. [a'l;- tas']
"

[ri'tU^rard]

hemvist, 5. -et, dwelling-place,

"

to

[he'mvis't] [/ce.xsfce'ra] gora, E 3. -e?i, + devotion, hdngivenhet, each,varje [var'jd'] [AfTi'iz-yariAe'^] [o'ra^] dewdrop,daggdroppe, 2. -w, -"2r ear, ora, 4. -t oron [ti'dig^t] adj.adv.,tidig(t) early, [c^a^'tZr^p'a] to die,do, III. [^Ze.'J earth, jor^, 2. -en, -ar [jojUd] diet, pdsk, 2. -en, -ar [pos.7":] riksdag, 2. -en, -"r [rik's-Easter, to eat, dta, IV. [6*^a'] da'g] dtbar to dig, eatable, adj., [e'tba'r] grdva, II. [^r^'ua*]
II. O 13*

destroy, forstora,II. tillintet-

196

Vocabulary.
2. -en,

-\-[fruk'-\-[un'ddrvis^niij] tan^] [egt] feather,fjdder, 2. -7i, -drar egg, cigg, 5. -et, elektrisk [elEkHrisk] [fje'ddr] adj., electric, empire, rike,4. -t,-n [rrkd^] februari [fe'bruia^ri] February, 3bruary, to employ, sysselsdtta; II. O feeling, kdnsel,3. -n, -t [genisdl]: [sys'dlsefa] kdnsla, 1. -n, -or [gen'sla*] to encourage, uppmuntra, I. [up'- felthat, 2. -en, -ar filthatt, [fiVmun'tra] that'] 1. female, encouragement, uppmuntran, hona, 1. -n, -or [hco'na*] mun^ trail] h or dig [fruk'f~\~[up' fertile, frukthar, I English, adj.,engelsk [e7)tdlsk'\\ ba^r] the ad (language), engelska fictitious, adj., [fi'yjetfinger (sprdket)[eyidlska] rad] to enjoy, fidelity, trohet, 3. -en, -\-[trcoinjuta, IV. [njm-ta*] to enter, intrdda, II. [in'tre'da\ het] envelope,omslag, 5. -et, fdltmarskalk 2. [om'- field-marshal (kuvert -ar sla'g] b.) [fel'tmarfaVk] -en, equator, ekvator, 3. -n, + [ekva'- field-mouse, dkerrdtta,1. -n -or tor'] [o'kdrrofa] to equip, utrusta, I. [t^^trws'^a] to fight, kdmpa, I. [gem'pa^] bild,3. -en, -er \hil.d] European, adj., europeisk [mt'- figure, 2. -n, -grar [fiy'dr] rojpeHsk] finger, finger, a lltid : grbnskande fire-side, hard, 2. -en, -ar [ha3!d,d] evergreen, adj., the vid brasan, [gron'skan'dd] by fire-side, allt [al'tiy', vid den everything, allting, [vi!d husliga harden al't] brasan*] 1. -n -or execution,utforande [la'tfo'ran[flot'a*] fleet, flotta, 2. dd], lagligtutfdrdande [lu't-flock, hjord, [juUd^ -en, -ar 3. -en, -er [flcoid] fiod, fse'rdandd] flood, to exercise, floor, golv, 5. -et, [gol^v] utova, I. [e'va', ova, I., blomstertradgdrd, vi'to'va] flower-garden, to export, utfora, II., [blcom'stertregoUd] exporter a, "en, -ar I. [lutfo'ra, IV. to [fllyga^] ifilyga'] ek'sporteira\ fly, fiyga, ga, 4. to fold,Idgga tillhopa[leg' egon'] illhopa\l a*] 4, ogon [o'ga', eye, oga, food,foda, 1. -n, -\-[fo'da^ eye-ball, ogonsten, 2. -en, -ar [0gonste'n\ footsoldier, fotsoldat,3. -en, -er eye-tooth, ogontand, 3. -en, -tdn[foj'tsolda't] der [o'gontan'd] footstool, pall, 2. -en, -ar [pal'] 1. -n, -or [paforehead, panna, n'a'] form, skolbdnk, 2. -en, -ar face,anlete,4. -t,-n [an'le'td] [skoj Iberfk] formdga, 1. -n, -{^fcer- to freeze, faculty, frysa, IV. [fry'sa^ (pi. fransk [fran,'sk] formogenheter) French, adj., mo!ga] IV. [fala'] to fall, falla, j frisk [frisisk] fresh,adj., a superfar,by far,aZZra (before fredag, 2. -en, -ar [frelative) Friday, [al'ra'] da'g] 3. -en, -ner [vehi] adj.,nymodig \ny'- friend, fashionable, van, in modern f ram for [fram'front, moj'dig], of, fddemesland, 5. -et, fo'r] fatherland, frukt, 3. -en, -er [frukit] fruit, -\-[fE'denidslan^d] favourable, adj., frukttrdd, 5. -et, [jyn'- fruit-tree, gynnsam sam'] [fimk-ttre*]
,

education,underinsning
"

fear,fruktan,

1.

"

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--

"

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198

Vocabulary.

Idrd [IseUd] improve, fovhdttraj I. [/osr- learned, to leave,Idmna, I. [lem'na*] indigested, adj.osmdlt [M'smeVt] ledger, huvudhok, 3. -en, -backer adj.,skonsam indulgent, [skco'n- [jiufviadbolc] leg,ben, 5. -et, sam'] \bein^ industrious, adj., adj. lagstiftande flitig [Jii'tig*]legislative, [la'ginfantry, infanteri, fotfolk \in'- stiftandd] foj'tfol'k] legislativepower fantdri.', lagstiftande makt [" maktt^ infinite, odndlig [M'en^dlig'] lenght,Idngd, 3. -en, -er [liif.d] infirmary, sjukhus, 5. -et, letter, brev, 5. -et, \bretv] {fwi'khia^s] inkstand, bldckhom, 5. -et, liability, skulder,pi. [skul.'ddr] lojtnant [Idj'tnan't] lieutenant, [bhk hoj'jin] to 2. blixtra,1. [blik'stra'] lighten, invention, upp finning, -en, -ar Iattar e to lighten, Idtta,1,, [upfiniy'] gora let'ara''] [ht'a', jo'ra* iron, jdrn, 5. -et, [jseUn] like,adj., lik,lika [li.% li'ka'] iron-plate, jdrnpldt, 2. -en, -ar limb, lem, 2. -men, -mar [lem'] Ijxdjiplo't]
to
"

"

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"

"

island, o, 2.
isle, 0,

-n, -ar
-ar

[0.']
lever,2. -??, levrar [le'var] liver, [lov-] long,adj., "^ 2. herre, [^^r-'a*] lord, -n, -ar 3. -er forlust, [/cerloss, -ew,
loud, adj., Ijudlig[jm'dlig]
to

2. -n,

[gt]

January,januari [jan'uiatri\ joy, glddje,3. -n, -{"[gUdjd'] July,juli [jmili] June, juni [juiini]
K
to

keep, holla, IV. \hol'a% underhdlla,IV. [un'ddrhol'a]

"

love,dlska,1. ["Z"5A:a*] kdrlek, 2. -e?2, -|"[^^'^'^e'^*] 4. -^, -ti love-apple, kdrleksdpple, (tomat, 2".) {cdB'rleksep^ld] lowland, Idgland,3. -et,-lander
love

kind, slag, 5. -et,

-er

sort, 3. -en,

\lo'glan*cl]
luncheon,andra
-ar

[sla!g] kingdom, kungarike, 4. -t, -n [kuy'ari'kd] kitchen-garden, kokstrddgdrd, 2.

-en,
-ar

frukost, 2. f ruk'osH'] [an'dra'

M

-en,

[gok'stregoUd]
main

kniv, 2. -en, -ar [kni'v] knife, to knock, knacka [knak'a*]

der land,fastland, 3. -et,-lan-

man,

[fastlan^d] mdnniska, 1.

-n, -or

[me-

n'ifa']
5. -et, man-of-war, orlogsfartyg,

lake,sjd,2. -w, -ar 2. -en, lance,Za?is,

[/of]
-ar

"

[oi-rlogsfa'rtgg]
disponent, 3.
-er?, -er

[lan!s]
5. -et,
"

manager, map,

landscape, landskap, \lan'dska^p'\ language, sprdk, 5. -et,

"

[fcavfa'] -n, -or [spro^k] March, mars, [mar's] 4. -e^,-ti [sff("/] lark,Idrka, 1. -n, -or [Iser'ka']mare, sifo, senast [se'nas't] [?7?fS'latest, adj., master, mdstare, 5. -w, 5. tard*] + lead, ftZy, -ef, [W-] leaf, Zov, 5. -e^, May, ma; [wi^y-l [lo^v] 5. -et, [skot'-meadow, dng, 2. -en, -ar [ey.'] leap-year, skottdr, meal, mdltid, 3. -en, -er [mo'lti'd] o'r] karta, 1.
" " "

English-Swedish. [Qoti] meat, Wtt, 5. -et, 2. -mar member, medlem, -men,

"

199

napkin,servett, 3.
vett]

-en,

-er

[sser-

-\-[fcos'tdrlan'd] [natmtr] -en, -\3. -en, -\pi. navigation, [fo'sjofart, merchandise, handelsvaror faUt] [han'ddlsva'rojr] navy, fiotta,1. -an, -or Yflot'a^'\ merchant, Tcdpman,^d. -nen, -man necktie, slips,3. -en, -er [sliyts] [gop'man*] 5. nest, ndste, 4. -t, -n {n"S'td*'\ Tcvicksilver, -et, + mercury, [neif] net, ndt, 5. -et, [kviTc'sU'vdr]
-n,
-or

[me'dhm^] 1. mercantile fleet, handelsfiotta,

native country,fosterland, 5. -et,

[han'ddlsflot'a]
,

nature, natur, 3.

"

metal, metall, 3. -en, -er [me [taV of, middle, mitt [miti] ; in the mitt i [miti it] mild mild, adj., [milid] [mifimilitdr-,Tcrigsmilitary, Tcrik's-] t"'r-f milk, mjolk, 2. -en, -\-[mjoltk] mind, tanke, 2. -n, -ar, lust,3. -en, -j- [tayW]
"

night, natt, 3. -en, natter \natt^ 2. -en, -ar nightingale, ndktergal,

[nek'tdrga^l] no, nej (icke) \nejt^

noise, Ijud, 5. -et, , larm, 5. Ijmtd, lartm] -et,-fnorthern,adj., nordlig [noj'rdlig^^ 1. [ns'sa^] ndsa, -n, -or nose,
"

to

have

mind

to, hava
3. -en,

lus.'t att] [ha'va^

minute, minute, nowadays, nu for nmtt] miss to foetrtitddn] Icomma, IV., (thretrain), senit for sent till [kom'a'foe.'r

\nBe'nourishing, adj. ndrande randd'] lust att November, november [ncovsmtbdr] and then, [nmt] ; now, adv. nu da och da [dotokt dot] er [mi"

tiden

[nmt

tilf]
mixture, hlandning, 2.
-en,
-ar

[blan'dnip']
modern, adj., nymodig

[nymo/-en,
-ar

obligatorisk, tvoys-] tvdngs-[ob'ligatcjtrisk\ 5. ocean, vdrldshav, -et, [vse'jidsobligatory, adj.

"

dig]
Monday, mdndag,
1. -n, 2.
-or

ha^v], ocean, 3. -en, -er [oj'sdatn] October,oktober [oktojtbdr]

[montdag]
monkey, apa, month, mdnad,
3. -en,

oil, olja, 1. -n, -or [ol'ja^] old,adj. gammal [gam'aV^ [a'pa'] adj.gammalmodig -er [mo'- oldfashioned,

nad^]
morning,7norgon, 2. -en, morgnar [mor'on] ; this morning,i morse [moMSd'] 2. morning-gown, morgonrock, [mor'onrok'] -en, -ar mother, moder, 2. -n, -modrar

[gam'almco'digl
onion,lok, 2. -en, -ar [lotk] opening, oppning, 2. -en, -ar [dp niy^] orchard,frukttrddgdrd, 2. -en,
-ar

[fruk'tregoUd]
"

[moj'ddr']
mountain, berg, 5. -et, 2. -nen, mouth, mun,
"

to

[munt] -boker [o'rddrbco^k'] I. [flyt'a'] move, flytta, muddy, adj.,smutsig [smut'sig'] ore, malm, 3. -en, -er [mdtalt] 5. -et, [orgatn], organ, organ, [v^rkty'g] verktyg, 5. -et, overcast, adj. betdckt [bdtektt] -lar [natgdl] overcoat, overrock, 2. -en, -ar nail, nagel, 2. -n, 5. -et, [0V9rro"] [namtn] namii, name,
" " "

order, ordning, 2. -en, + [o'judniy^], uppdrag, 5. -et, [up'2. -en, -ar [basdtj] dra^g], bestdllning, [bdstsl'niT)'] -nar orderbook, orderbok, 3. -en,

200

Vocabulary.
-n,
-ar -or

owl,uggla, 1.
ox, oxe, 2. -n,

\ug-U^] [cotsd^]

p P. M.

plough,ploja, II. [pZo/'s'] plumage, fjddrar, pi. [fj"-drar^ to pl)^, 1. [krys'a'] Tcryssa, polite, adj.hovlig [he'vlig-] poor, adj.fattig[fat'ig']
to

(latin:post meridiem), ef- port, /lamn, 2. -ew, -ar [7ia??L-n] termiddag [eftd^wiida'g'] post, posf, 3. -e??, -er [pos.'t] 1. pain, smdrta, hrevkort, 5. -ef r6re*v-w, -or [sm^.f- post-card,

Tco/jit] [mo'- postman, brevbdrare, 5. -n, lard'] [bre'vb^^rard] 5. [_29apar'] -ef, paper, papper, post-office, postkontor,5. -ef, parents, fordldrar, pi. [fcerel^- [pos'tkontco'r] drar] post-paid, frankerad [frayke^rad] park, park, 3. -e/i, -er [_par/fc] post-paper,postpapper, 5. -ef, -j1. -w, + [p^^parsley, persilja, [po5"fj3ap'ar] sif.^'a] -ti [por'fw*] postage, porto, 4. -f, partridge,rapphona, 1. -?2, -or postage-stamp, frimdrke, 4. -f, -ti [rap'/iO^Tia] [fri'mseju^kd] patriotism, fosterlandskdrlek,3. postal, post- [postt] to pour, osa -en, -\-[fces'tdrlandsgse'rlek] (ned) {osa' ne.'d] to pay, betala, I. [bdta'la'] 3. -e?i, -er [wafc.4]; makt, power, 3. the great Powers,stormakterpeace-establishment, fredsfot, na \stoj-rma"t\ -en, -f- [fre'dsfco't]
painter,mdlare,
^

fa^]

5. -w,
"

"

"

"

pear, ydron,

5. -ef, [p^Tori']powerful,adj.mdktig \m"ktig^ adj.dyrbar [dy'rba'r] peasant, bonde, 3. -w, bonder precious, II. [Z"9?'e.'(^a] to prepare, bereda [bco'ndd'] to prevail, pen-knife, pennkniv, 2. -ew, -ar rdda. III. [ro'cZa']
"

[projfes'or^] and loss, vinst och forlust [haV- profit oki fcerlusU] ro'J [vintst 5. -et, -man people,folk, \foltk'\ prominent, adj. framstdende 2. [fram'sto'dndd] [peen, -\~ pepper, peppar, adv. vederborligen par'] properly, {ve'pheasant, ddrboe'rligdn] fasan, 3. -en, -er [faprosperity, sa!n] vdlgdng [ve'lgoy'] -n a'] piano-forte, piano, 4. -f, [_p^V- to protect,skydda, 1. [/yd stolt nco] proud,adj. [stol't] I. [straf'a:] to punish, straffa, picture, mdlning, 2. -en, -ar [mol'niy'] pupil, Idrjunge,2. -n, -ar [Ix'rpiece,styeke, 4. -f,-n [styk'9'] juy'e] pistol,3. -ew, -er [pistcoU] pistol, 2. -e?i, -ar [faZnfc'] plate, tallrik,
halvo, peninsula,
2. -n,
-ar

[pm'fcm'v] pencil, blyertspenna,1. [bly'dMspm'a]

w,

-or

trycka, II. [fr^fca'] print, professor, professor, 3. -/i, -er

to

platina, platinum, platina, I.

-n,

-|-[pla'tina'] to play,Zefca II., vaktel,2. -n, -ar [vafc'faf'] speZa I. [le'ka\quail, speZa^] quarter, fjdrdedel, 2. -e7z, -ar pleasant, adj.behaglig[hdhaiglig] [fjx'rddde'l] to please, behaga I. [fta/io-'^a]to quench,sldcka,II. [sZffc'a'J 5. -ef, pleased, adj.beldten,nojd \bd- quick-silver, kvicksilver, loitdn] [kvik'sil'vdr] pleasure, noje,4. -f,-w [noj'd'] quiet, adj.sfi7/a [sfi'/a^j
"

English-Swedish.
R

201

rosig,[rco'sig*] rosy, adj., rund round, adj., \re'di''[run'd] Russia,Ryssland [rys'lan^d] sa\ I. [ra'sa,^] to rage, rasa, [rostt'\ rust,rost, 3. -en, -Jros% [r"s*%'] jdrnvdg, 2. -en, -ar rail-way, rusty,adj., radish, rddisa, 1.
-n, -or

[j"e'j,nv"^g'\
rain-drop, regndroppe, 2. -n, -ar \reyndrop^d] uppoffring,2. -en, -ar rake,rdfsa, 1. -n, or [ref-sa^] sacrifice, hdrsken [up'ofriy'] rancid, \J^8eJ:sk^n'^'] adj. -bocker 3. -en [sor'jsadness, sorgsenhet, reading-book, ldseboTc,2.-n, Sdnhe^t] [Itsdho/lcl 4. -n, sailer, seglare, [se'^Zara'] reasonable, fornuftig [fcernuf.tig^ 4. -t,-n \hvit'a)^)^ sailor, sjoman, 3. -nen, -man Tcvitto, receipt, IV. [mco'tto receive,(ejmottaga, [/0"man'] salisk [sa:tlisk] adj., ffriskna'] salic, ta^ga] I. [til'to recover, tillfriskna, -er salt, saZ^,3. -et, [saltt] rekryt, 3. -en, -er [rd- sandwich, dubbdlsmorgds,2. -en, recruit,
"

[smor'go's] Saturday,lordag, 2. -en, -ar [lce.'rdag] [foerbd^riy] -n adv.,knappt [knap't] [re'-scarcely, regiment, regemente,4. -t, school, skola,1. -n, -or [skoj'la'] jdmenitd] 5. -n, I. schoolmaster, to rekommendera, skolmdstare, register, [skoj'lmes'tard] [re'komendeira'] to regret,beklaga, I. [bdklatga] school-room, skolrum, 5. -met, regular, adj.regelmdssig[re'gdl- [skoj'lrum^] to scold, grata, I. [^rrZa'] mssHg] to reign, r eg era, I., hdrska, I. to scrape, skrapa, I. [sA^ra'jpa'] [Ao/y] hse'dska^] [rdjetra, ; on the sea, Aav, 5. -e^, vid 2. havet -ar [vi'dha.'vdt] [rdje.'- sea, reign, regering, -en, 3. -en, -er [o^"s^^'c?] der riy]; under the reignof, unseason, drstid, to seat, sdtta, II. O ...s regering[un'ddr' "] s"^ [sf^'a']; krytt]
-ar

reform,forhdttring, 2. -en,

-ar

"

"

"

...

to

II. [fo'rdforestdlla, represent,

take

seat! sitt nedf

framstdlla,II. [fram'- second, sekund, stsVa],

to

3. -en,

netd] [sit! [se-er

A:wn.'c?] steVa] -n [/r0/] fordra, I. seed, fro, 4. -e^, begdra,II., require, II. to seem, II.,tyckas, [69J".V3, foj'rdra^] synas, to respect, hogakta, I. [hogak'ta] 5a^;a,II. [sel'ja'] adj., ansvarig [an's- to sell, responsible, to send,sdnda, II. [srn'cZa'] va^rig] ; I. to revive, kvickna, [A:!;{A:*wa'] out, ut sdnda, II. [m*^s"?i'"^a] rich adj., W/c [nVA;] sense, sinne, 4. -t,-n [sin'd'] sentiment, kdnsla, 1. -n, -or [morgdn^'] ripe, adj., mogen river, [^fn*s?a'] a, 2. -w, -ar, ^ocZ, 3. -en, September, September [septemi-er [jiojtd] bdr] roast-beef, oxstek, 2. -en, -ar sergeant, sergeant, 3. -en, -er [cok'ste^k] 2. -w, -^Zar[rot'gdr] [s^er/an.^^] robin, rotgel, 3. -en, -er [g"n.'st] tjdnst, rocky,adj., klippig[klip'ig^'] service, II. to 5. O [set'a'j set, [rumt] -we^, saY^a, room, rwm, 3. -rotter Jlere[fle'rd'] [rojtt] several, root,rof, -en, to root out, utrota, I. [la'trco^ta] strdng, hard [strey! severe, adj., 1. hoUd\ -en, -or [r(i"/s] rose, ros,
" "

13**

202

Vocabularj^
sovereign,suverdn,
3.
-en,
-er

shady, adj.skuggig \skug'ig^] [vast] sharp, adj. vass 5. sheep,far, -et, \foir\ to shine,skina, IV. [fi'na'^
"

[smv'drstn'] to sow, sd, III. [so.' J spacious,adj.rymlig [rym'lig^] 1. -n, -or [fco'dta^] spade, spader, 1. -n, skjorta, shirt, [spatddr] to speak, tala, I. [ta'la^] shoe, sko, 3. -n, -r [skojt] shoemaker, skomakare, 5. -n, speech,tal,5. -et, talformd1. -n, -\- [tail, [skoj'ma'kard] ta'lfczrmo^ga, to shoot, skjuta,IV. [fui'ta,^] ga]; speech from the throne, short,adj. kort [kD!d,tli trontal, 5. -et, [troj'nta^l];
" "

"

"

sick, adj. sjuk [fmfk]', the sick,de sjuka [det fm'ka']

" "

to

deliver

speech,hdlla

(ett)

tal

[hoVa^]

II. O to spend (time), sight, tillhringa, syn, 3. -en, -er [sy!n] 5. sign,tecken, -et, [tektdn] [tiVhrirj^a] 1. -f, -n [sil'kd^] silk, silke, spina ge, spenat, 3. -en, -\-[spd5. -et,-{-[sil'vdr] naii] silver, silver, adj. dylik [dylik'] similar, sked, 2. -en, -ar \fetd'\ spoon, since, conj. sedan [se'dan'] ever [fyr'kan^fyrkantig ; square, adj. allt sedan since, tig] [altt ] to sing,sjunga, IV. [fur)' a'] square measure, ytmdtt, 5. -eZ, 2. -en,-ar singing-bird, sdngfdget, [ytmot^'] [sov'fo'gdl] stamp, frimdrke, 4. -t,-n [fri'singing-master, sdngldrare,5. -n, to stand,std.III. [stot] [so'0'l9e''rard\ state,stat, 3. -en, -er [sZa/Z] siskin, gronsiska, 1. -n, -or station, hangdrd, 2. -en, -ar [gre'nsis'ka] sister, syster, 2, -n, -ar [sys'- ["a'n^o'.7.cZJ to stay, stanna, I. [sZan'a'J tdr'] IV. [sit'a^] to sit, stYifa, [^?;'asteamer, dngare, 1. -n, 1. -r skate,skridsko, -w, [skrid's5. -eZ,-jko/] .sZaZ, steel, [sZo/Z] adj. sZt'ZZa[sZz'Z'a'J skicklig, skilful, adj. [fik'lig'] still, sky, himmel, 2. -n, -ar [him'dV] stock, forrdd, 5. -eZ, [/cero.'cZ] ; to smell,lukta, I. [Z^6^'"^a*] to take stock, inventera, I. [m'3. -en, -fsmell,ZwA:^, i;fnZe.Va] [Zwfc/^] to smelt,smdlta, II. [sm^Z'^a'] stockbook, lagerbok, 3. -e?i, to smile,smdle, III. O [smo'Ze/] -hooker [la'gdrho/k^ snipe, beckasin, 3. -en, -er ["f- stocking, strumpa, 1. -n, -or pa^] [strum' 2. -n, ar [ma'g'd'snout, nos, 2. -en, -ar [nco"/s] stomach, mage, 2. 2. stork, stork, [sZox'/c^ + [sn0/] -en, -ar snow, sno, -n, 2. 1. [sZor.W -ar sock, halvstrumpa, storm, storm, -en, -n, -or [hal'vstru7n^pa] stormy, adj.stormig [sZor'Tnza'J 3. -n, -r [Z"9story, herdttelse, sofa,so#a, 1. -n, -or [sofa^] rettdlsd] adj.miw/c [mjiaik] soft, 5. -cZ, to solder, II. [lo'da'] [suntd] ZocZa, ,9wncZ, strait, 1. -n, -or sorrel, [syra'^ straw-hat,halmhatt, 2. -en, -ar syra, [sor\jsdn^]; [y^aZ'wAaZ'] sorry, adj. sorgsen I am tZeZ mig ant stream, ./ZocZ, sorry, 3. -en, -er [.^co".'cZ] gor joe!rmiig ojntt] [det: 1. [aa'Zri'j street, gata, -n, -or 2. -ar adj. strdng [strey.] strict, soul,sjdl, -en, [felt] 2. -n, sour, adj.sur [svitr] study, siuderkammare, -kamrar [stut'ddrkarn'ard] southern,adj. sydlig[sy'dlig^]
"

"

"

"

"

"

Swedish-English. subject, under sate, 2. adj. fran^ [^ro??'] tight, time,tidpunkt, 3. -e?i, -er

203

-n,

-ar

[ti'dsocker, 5. -et,-{-[sok!9r} puy^kt] to o. I., anstd, III. tin,fe?27i, -et,-|-[^en/] suit, passa, an'sto'] tin-plate, [pas'a,', jdrnbleck, 5. -ef, [j"*./-ri6Zeit'] adj. kvav [kva'v] sultry, 2. -en, -somrar 2. -en, -ar [we/s tit-mouse, ] summer, sommar, mes, I dag [som'rar^] to-day, [i!datg] summit, topp, 2. -en, -ar [top.^] tongue, tunga, 1. -n, -or [two'a^ sprdk, 5. -et, [sprotk] Sunday, sondag, 2. -en, -ar [son'5. -et, \l"s'tonnage, Idstetal, dag] tdta'l] sunrise, soluppgdng, 2. -en, -\tool,redskap, 5. -et, [red's[soj'lup^gorj] 3. -er ka^p] kvdllsvard, -e7i, supper, tooth, tand, 3. -en, -tdnder[tan!d] [kvEl'sva'dd] torpedo-boat, minbdt, 2. -en, -ar surface, yta, 1. -n, -or [y'ta'] IV. to surround,omgiva, [om'[mi'nbo^f] ji'va] tough, adj.,se^ [se.'^] 1. swallow,svala, -n, or [sva'la^] town, stad, 3. -en, -stdder [staid] 1. -n, -or [s!(reA:*a^] Swede, svensk,2. -en, -ar[sven.^sk] tract, strdckq, 5. -n, Swedish, adj. svensk [svm^sk] tradesman, liandlande, I. [sim'a,^] to swim, simma, [^an'6?/an'c?9] sword, svcird,5. -et, [svaUd] train, ^a^, 5. -e^ [^o/^] adj. transatlantisk transatlantic,
sugar,
"

\un'ddrsoHd\

"

"

"

"

"

[tran'satlanttisk] I. [/cerforflytta, transplant, ^2/^.^a] table,bord, 5. -et, travel, [re'sa'j [bojUd] resa, 1. -n, -or resande, 5. -n, table-cloth, bordduk, 2. -en, -ar traveller, [re'san^dd] [b(o\iddui'k] 5. -e^, [skre- tree, ^ra5, [tre!] tailor, skrdddare, 5. -n, adj. (river), tributary, d'avd^] biflod,3. to take,taga, IV. [fa'^a'] [bi'flco'd] -en, -er troop, trupp, 3. -en, -er [^rt/p.'j taste,sma^, 2. -en, + [s??^".^A:] 3. trouble, bekymmer, 5. -et, tea, te, -ef,-er [fe.']
to
"

"

"

"

"

to teach,Idra, II. [Z^'ra^] [bdgymidr] teacher, Idrare,b.-n, trunk, 6dZ, 2. -en, [Ise'rarQ^I
"

-ar

[6o.7]
-er

telegraph, telegraf, 2. [te'ldgraif]

to

-en, II.

-er

to

try,forsoka,

II.

[/cers6VZ:a]
[^wi'[^zV.s--

tulip,tulpan, ["9-

3. -e?i,

tell, berdtta, I.,saga,

_pa/n]
Tuesday, tisdag, 2. -en,
-ar

temperature, vdrmegrad,
-er

3. -e/i,

dag]

[v^-rmdgra^d]

I. [tak'a^] thank, tocA^a, to thaw, smdlta, II. [sm^Z'ifa'] U therefore, ddrfor [dmrfdir] thirst, ^ors^,2. -e?i, + [^cex^s^] ugly, adj.ful [fm'l] adj. torstig [toex'stig^'\uncle,onkel, 2. -n, -ar \pykdV], thirsty, to threaten, [far'bro/r] farbror, morbror hota, I. [^"y'^a'] to unite, thrush, trast, 2. -eTz, -ar [^i^as/^] forena, I. [fcere.'na] United Kingdom, Storbritannien to thunder,dska, I. [os"A:a'] och Irland 2. Thursday, torsdag, -ar -en, [toMi adj. allmdn [^al'ms^n] universal,
to

204

Vocabulary.
"

universe,vdrldsallt, 5. -et,

water, vatten, 5. -et,

"

[i-at:dn\
-or

[va^'ddsaVt]

ndckros, water-lily,

1. -en, 2. -en,

unsettled, adj.orolig [o)'roj''lig\[nek'rco^s] to use, bruka, I. [brui'ka^] watch-dog,gdrdvard, [go'rdva^xd]

to wear,

-ar

bdra, IV. ["""?'"']; m!t] out, slita, IV. w^ [sU'ta^ [vi'ddr] value,vdrde, 4. -t,-n [v^'ddd^] weather,vdder, 5. -et,-}Wednesday, onsdag, 2. -en, -ar vase, vas, 3. -en, -er [^vcu's] veal, kalvkott,5. -et, [kal'v-|-[^j'^rs's] weed, ogrds, 5. -e^, got'] gronsaker,pi.[gro'n- week, vecka, 1. -n, -or [vek'a'] vegetables, wet weather, vdtvdder, ruskvdsa'kdr] [?;o'^t'f^c:?arJ der, 5. -ef, "[fa'rty'g] vessel, fartyg,b.-et, vid 2. wide, adj. -ar [vi!d] victory, [setgdv] -n, seger, vineyard, vinberg,5. -et, [vi'n- window, fonster,5. -et, [fon:"

"

"

"

"

ba^rtj]

stdr]

1. -n, -\-[etika'^] wine, vin, 3. -e^,-er [vi!n] vinegar, dttika, 3. -en, -er wine-bottle, vinbutelj, violet, violblomma, 1. -n, -or [vi'nbm'telj] viol,3. -en, -er [vi'ojlblojm'a], 5. [^e'wire, telegram, 5. -me^, [bsso^kl visit, besok, -et, II. to visit, Z^^raw.'] ["as0.^A;a] besoka, volcano, vulkan, 3. -ew, -er [vwZ- wise,adj.vis [viis] to wish, onska, I. [on'sfca'] ka!n] volunteer, friviUig [fri'vilHg] wonder, under, 5. -ef, [w??.'c?9r] to wonder, undra, 1. [wn'c?ra'] wool, ull, 2. -671, + [uU] ull- [yl'd-, ul'-] woollen, ylle-, 5. ord. 2. -e^, [coUd] vast, [v"sH] word, waist-coat, -en, -ar 3. -en, skrivldrare,5.-n, -er writing-master, walk, promenad.
"

"

"

"

to [prco'mdnaJd];

take

taga sig

en

promenad

walk, [ta'ga'

"

[skri'vU^rard']

wall,vdgg, 2. -en, -ar [vegf] walnut, valnot, 3. -en, -notter

year,

dr,

5.

-et,
"

[va'lno't]

i gar yesterday,

[o!r] [tV gotr]

Printed

by J. HOrning,

Heidelberg.

Method
for the

Gaspey-Otto-Sauer
studyof modern languages.

played Our admiration for this rich collection of loorUs, for the method disand tlvefertile geniusof certain of the authors,is increased whe}i ive examine the other series, ivhich are intended for the use of foreigners. In these iwrJcs the chiefdifficulty under ivhich several of the authors have laboured, has been the necessity of teachinga language in a foreign mentio7i ivhich the German idiom offers the not to idiom; difficulties peculiar school-booJcsfor the study of that language. in ivriting We must confessthat for those persons who, from a prdctical point well to enable them to wish to learn a foreignlanguagesufficiently view, of ivrite and speak it with ease, the authors have set down the grammatical rules in such a way, that it is equally easy to understand and to leai'n them. and neatness of the type the elegance Moreover,we cannot but commend this account too that these and binding of the booJcs. It is doubtless on volumes have been received with so much favour and that several have reached such a largecirculation. We willingly that the whole collection givesproof of much care testify and industry, both unth regard to the aims it has in view and the way. i7i which these have bee^i carried out, and, moreover, reflects great credit on the this collection beingin reality editor, quitean exceptional thingof its Jcind."
. . .

t.

(Eoctract frotn the Literary

Meview.)

All books

bound.

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Grammar

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Key
to

Chrestomathy by Harder
Conversation -Grammar
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Key to the Dutch Dutch Reader

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2. Ed

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Conversation-Grammar
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by Otto-Onions.
by Otto-Onions.
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8. Ed

Elementary French Grammar French Reader by Onions

by Wright.

Materials for French Prose Composition by Otto-Onions. French Dialoguesby Otto-Corkran

5. Ed.

by Otto. 28. Ed by Otto. 20. Ed Elementary German Grammar by Otto. 9. Ed Book by Otto. 9. Ed First German I. 8. Ed.; II. 5. Ed.; III. 2. Ed. by Otto each German Reader. Materials for translating Englishinto German by Otto-Wright.7. Ed. Key to the Mater, f. tr. Engl, i. Geim. by Otto. 3. Ed German by Otto. 5. Ed Dialogues Accidence of the German language by Otto-Wright.2. Ed. Handbook of Englishand German Idioms by Lange German Verbs with their appropriate etc. by Tebbitt prepositions
Conversation-Grammar
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Oerman
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Hindustani Italian
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Conversation-Grammar

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8. Ed

9. Ed.

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the Italian Convers.-Grammar

by Sauer-de

ElementaryItalian Grammar Italian Reader by Cattaneo. Italian Dialogues by Motti Japaneste

Modern
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Conversation-Grammar by St. Clair-Tisdali by St. Clair-Tlsdall Conversation-Grammar by Kordgienand Kunow Portag^nese by Kordgien and Kunow Key to the Portuguese Convers.-Grammar Knissian Conversation-Grammar by Motti. 3. Ed Motti. 3. Ed by Key to the Russian Convers.-Grammar Motti. 2. Russian Grammar Ed by Elementary by Motti. 2, Ed Key to the Elementary Russian Grammar Russian Reader by Werkhaupt and Roller
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(Spanish Conversation-Grammar by Sauer-de Arteaga. 7. Ed. by Sauer-de Arteaga. 5. Ed. Key to the Spanish Convers.-Grammar 2. Ed by Pavia. Elementary Spanish Grammar SpanishReader by Arteaga SpanishDialoguesby Sauer-Corkran Elementary Swedish
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Conversation -Grammar
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ElementaryXSnglisll Grammar

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Gulian

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fur Bulgaren von Gawriysky. 2. Aufl. Sprachlehre englische Sprachlehrefiir Bulgaren von Gawriysky franzosische fiir Bulgaren von Sprachlehre Gawriysky
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Harder.

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Arabische
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Chrestomathie
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Harder
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Kleine

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Bey-Bolland

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Conversation-Books
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by Connor
Deutsch-Rumanisch Deutsch-Russisch Deutsch-Schwedisch Deutsch-Tiirkisch

languages:
.

English-German.
French. English-

2. Ed.

2. Ed. English-Italian. 2. Ed.

English-Russian English-Spanish English-Swedish

.

Deutsch-Spanisch
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Fran9ais-Italien
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Deutsch-Danisch Deutsch-Franzosisch. Deutsch-Italienisch

2. Ed.

Fran9ais-Espagnol Fran9ais-Portugais
Fran9ai8-Russe Italiano-Spagnuolo
.

Deutsch-Niederlandisch

Deutsch-Portugiesisch
.

in three

languages: languages:
2. Ed.
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English-German-French. 14.
German-French-Italian. English-

Ed

in four

Oerman

Language

by

Becker
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(^panisiiCommercial Correspondenceby Arteaga y Pereira Forchhammer Daiiisclier von Sprachfiihrer Musterdeutschen d. v. Dr. E.Dannheisser, br. Richtige Aussprache
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