LegendreP

Notations
Traditional name
Legendre polynomial

Traditional notation
Pn HzL

Mathematica StandardForm notation

LegendreP@n, zD

Primary definition
05.03.02.0001.01

Pn HzL

f v

H-1Lk
n

1
n

n
k

k=0

2 n - 2 k n-2 k
z
; n N
n

Pn HzL P-n-1 HzL ; n Z n < 0

05.03.02.0002.01

Specific values
Specialized values
For fixed n
Pn H0L

05.03.03.0001.01

GJ

1-n
n
N GI 2
2

+ 1M

Pn H1L 1

05.03.03.0002.01

Pn H-1L H-1Ln

05.03.03.0003.01

05.03.03.0017.01

PH0,rL
n H0L

sinJ Hn-rL N
1
2

r! H-1L

n-r
2

2-n

n+r
r

n
n+r
2

; n N r N

http://functions.wolfram.com

H-1Ln+r Hn + rL!

05.03.03.0018.01

PH0,rL
n H-1L

2r r! Hn - rL!

For fixed z
P0 HzL 1

05.03.03.0004.01

P1 HzL z

05.03.03.0005.01

05.03.03.0006.01

P2 HzL

P3 HzL

P4 HzL

P5 HzL

P6 HzL
P7 HzL
P8 HzL
P9 HzL
P10 HzL

I3 z2 - 1M

05.03.03.0007.01

I5 z3 - 3 zM

05.03.03.0008.01

I35 z4 - 30 z2 + 3M

05.03.03.0009.01

z I63 z4 - 70 z2 + 15M

05.03.03.0010.01

1
16

I231 z6 - 315 z4 + 105 z2 - 5M

05.03.03.0011.01

1
16

z I429 z6 - 693 z4 + 315 z2 - 35M

05.03.03.0012.01

1
128

I6435 z8 - 12 012 z6 + 6930 z4 - 1260 z2 + 35M

05.03.03.0013.01

1
128

z I12 155 z8 - 25 740 z6 + 18 018 z4 - 4620 z2 + 315M

05.03.03.0014.01

1
256

I46 189 z10 - 109 395 z8 + 90 090 z6 - 30 030 z4 + 3465 z2 - 63M

Values at infinities
Pn HL ; n > 0

05.03.03.0015.01

Pn H-L H-1Ln ; n > 0

05.03.03.0016.01

http://functions.wolfram.com

General characteristics
Domain and analyticity

The function Pn HzLis defined over N C. For fixed n, the function Pn HzL is a polynomial in z of degree n.
Hn * zLPn HzL HN CLC
05.03.04.0001.01

Symmetries and periodicities

Parity
Pn H-zL H-1Ln Pn HzL

05.03.04.0002.01

Mirror symmetry
Pn Hz L Pn HzL

05.03.04.0003.01

Periodicity
No periodicity

Poles and essential singularities

With respect to z

The function Pn HzL is polynomial and has pole of order n at z = .

, n<<
Singz HPn HzLL 88

05.03.04.0004.01

Branch points
With respect to z

The function Pn HzL does not have branch points.

BPz HPn HzLL 8<

05.03.04.0005.01

Branch cuts
With respect to z

The function Pn HzL does not have branch cuts.

BCz HPn HzLL 8<

05.03.04.0006.01

Series representations

http://functions.wolfram.com

Generalized power series

Expansions at generic point z z0
P1n Hz0 L

05.03.06.0023.01

Pn HzL Pn Hz0 L -

Hz - z0 L +

1 - z20
P1n Hz0 L

05.03.06.0024.01

Pn HzL Pn Hz0 L -

Hz - z0 L +

1 - z20
H-1Lk Pkn Hz0 L

05.03.06.0025.01

Pn HzL
n

k=0

k2
I1 - z20 M

k!

2k J 2 N

k+

P2n Hz0 L

2 I1 - z20 M
P2n Hz0 L

2 I1 - z20 M

Hz - z0 L2 + ; Hz z0 L

Hz - z0 L2 + OIHz - z0 L3 M

Hz - z0 Lk

05.03.06.0026.01

Pn HzL
n

k!

k=0

Cn-k2 Hz0 L Hz - z0 Lk
1

05.03.06.0027.01

Pn HzL
n

k=0

2-k GHn + k + 1L

Hk !L GHn - k + 1L
2

k - n, k + n + 1; k + 1;

2 F1

Hz - z0 Lk

1 - z0
2

05.03.06.0028.01

Pn HzL H2 k - 1L!! 2 k+1 i ,n-k Pi j HzL Hz - z0 Lk

n

n-k

n-k

2 k+1

k=0

i1 =0

i2 k+1 =0

j=1

j=1

Pn HzL Pn Hz0 L H1 + OHz - z0 LL

05.03.06.0029.01

Expansions at z 0
05.03.06.0030.01

Pn HzL

H-1L

f v
n
2

GJ

n+1
2

+f

n+1
n
v - 2N
2

e 2 u!
n

2 I2 n - 2 e 2 u + 1M e 2 u
n

1-

H2 zL

2f

v-n

z +
2

P2 m HzL

m!

05.03.06.0002.01

1 - m H2 m + 1L z2 +

P2 m+1 HzL H-1Lm 2-2 m-1 2 Hm + 1L

n
n
n
n
In - 2 e 2 u + 1M In - 2 e 2 u + 2M In - 2 e 2 u + 3M In - 2 e 2 u + 4M

05.03.06.0001.01

4 Ie 2 u - 1M e 2 u I2 n - 2 e 2 u + 1M I2 n - 2 e 2 u + 3M
n

n
n
In - 2 e 2 u + 1M In - 2 e 2 u + 2M

H-1Lm GJm + 2 N

n+1

Hm - 1L m H1 + 2 mL H3 + 2 mL
6

z4 + ; Hz 0L

z4 + ; Hz 0L

m H2 m + 3L
Hm - 1L m H3 + 2 mL H5 + 2 mL
2m+1
z 1z2 +
z4 + ; Hz 0L
m
3
30

http://functions.wolfram.com

H-nL j+k Hn + 1L j+k H-zL j

05.03.06.0003.01

Pn HzL

H j + kL! j ! k ! 2 j+k

j=0 k=0

05.03.06.0004.01

Pn HzL F12 00 00

z
-n, 1 + n;;; 1
,1;;;
2
2

05.03.06.0005.01

Pn HzL

Pn HzL

f v

H-1Lk
n

2n

k=0

05.03.06.0006.01

GJ

1-n
n
N GI 2
2

2 n - 2 k n-2 k
z
n

n
k

+ 1M

H1 + OHzLL ; Hz 0L

05.03.06.0007.01

Pn HzL

H-1L

f v
n

Hn + 1L

n-2 f v n-2 f v

n
e2u

2n

I1 + OIz2 MM ; Hz 0L

Expansions at z 1
-n H1 + nL

05.03.06.0008.01

Pn HzL 1 -

Hz - 1L +

H-nL H1 - nL H1 + nL H2 + nL
16

H-nLk Hn + 1Lk 1 - z

Hz - 1L2 - ; Hz 1L

05.03.06.0009.01

Pn HzL
n

k!

k=0

05.03.06.0010.01

Pn HzL 2 F1 -n, n + 1; 1;

1-z
2

Pn HzL 1 + OHz - 1L ; Hz 1L
05.03.06.0011.01

Expansions at z -1
n H1 + nL

05.03.06.0012.01

Pn HzL H-1Ln 1 -

Hz + 1L +

Hn - 1L n H1 + nL H2 + nL

H-nLk Hn + 1Lk z + 1

16

05.03.06.0013.01

Pn HzL H-1Ln
n

k=0

k!

05.03.06.0031.01

Pn HzL H-1Ln 2 F1 -n, n + 1; 1;

Pn HzL H-1Ln H1 + OHz + 1LL
05.03.06.0014.01

z+1
2

Hz + 1L2 - ; Hz -1L

http://functions.wolfram.com

Expansions at z

For the function itself

Expansions in 1 z
2n J 2 N

05.03.06.0015.02

Pn HzL

Hn - 1L n

zn 1 -

n!
2n J 2 N

2 H2 n - 1L z

05.03.06.0032.01

Pn HzL

zn 1 -

n!
2n J 2 N

2 H2 n - 1L z2

05.03.06.0033.01

Pn HzL

Hn - 1L n

f v

z
2

n!

k=0

2n J 2 N

1-n
N
2 k

Hn - 3L Hn - 2L Hn - 1L n
8 H2 n - 3L H2 n - 1L z4

Hn - 3L Hn - 2L Hn - 1L n
8 H2 n - 3L H2 n - 1L z4

+ ; Hz L

+O

1
z6

I- 2 M
n

k ! J 2 - nN z2 k
1

05.03.06.0034.01

Pn HzL

zn 2 F1

n!
2n J 2 N

1-n

n 1
1
, - ; - n;
2
2 2
z2

05.03.06.0035.01

Pn HzL

zn 1 + O

n!

Expansions in 1 H1 - zL
Pn HzL

1
z2

05.03.06.0036.01

2n

Hz - 1Ln 1 -

n! 2

2n J 2 N

05.03.06.0016.01

Pn HzL

n!

Hz - 1Ln

1-z

H-nLk 2

n H1 - nL2

H1 - 2 nL H1 - zL2

Hz - 1Ln 2 F1 -n, -n; -2 n;

k=0

2n J 2 N

k ! H-2 nLk 1 - z

05.03.06.0017.01

Pn HzL

n!
2n J 2 N

05.03.06.0018.01

Pn HzL

zn 1 + O

n!

Expansions at n

1
z

1-z

Hn - 2L2 Hn - 1L n

3 H2 n - 1L Hz - 1L3

+ ; Hz L

http://functions.wolfram.com

05.03.06.0037.01

Pn HzL

1
4

1 - z2
6

2
cos

1 - z2 cos n -

- n+

Pn HzL

Hn L

+ 9 cos

128 n2 I1 - z2 M
1
4

IH6 - 4 nL cos-1 HzL + M + Iz2 - 1M cos

1

j ! Hk - jL!

cosJ 4 - Jn + 2 N cos-1 HzLN

Pn HzL

1-z

2 j+1
4

cos n - j +

1
2

cos-1 HzL -

H2 j + 1L
4

Pn HzL
n

H-1Lk Hk + nL!

H1 + L ; Hn L

k=0

Pn HzL

IH1 - zLk + H-1Ln Hz + 1Lk M

Hn - kL! k ! 2k+1
2

05.03.06.0020.01

z-1
2

n n

k=0

n
k

z+1

z-1

05.03.06.0021.01

Pn HcosHLL H-1Ln
n

k=0

-2

-2

n-k

cosHHn - 2 kL L

05.03.06.0022.01

1 - y2 cosHL Pn HxL Pn HyL + 2

n

Pn x y -

1 - x2

k=1

Integral representations
On the real axis
Of the direct function
Pn HzL

05.03.07.0001.01

z-

z2 - 1 cosHtL t

H-1Lk cosHk L Hn - kL!

Hk + nL!

J - jN

Bk-2 j

Other series representations

05.03.06.0019.01

- n+

1
2

cos-1 HzL -

+ ; Hn L

05.03.06.0039.01

1 - z2

H-1L j+k 2- j I1 - z2 M

k=0 j=0

8n

cos-1 HzL -

1 - z2 cosJ 4 - Jn + 2 N cos-1 HzLN

05.03.06.0038.01

cos-1 HzL +

cosJJn - 2 N cos-1 HzL + 4 N +

1

Pkn HxL Pkn HyL

1
2

-j

1
2

n-k ;

1
j

http://functions.wolfram.com

Pn HzL
Pn HzL

05.03.07.0002.01

z+

1 - z2 cosHtL t

H t + zLn

05.03.07.0003.01

2n

It2 + 1M

n+1

Integral representations of negative integer order

Rodrigues-type formula.
Pn HzL

H-1Ln n I1 - z2 M
05.03.07.0004.01

zn

2n n!

Generating functions
05.03.11.0001.01

Pn HzL @tn D

; -1 < z < 1

1
t2 - 2 z t + 1

05.03.11.0002.01

Pn HzL @tn D

n!

HaLn H1 - aLn

2 F1

a, 1 - a; 1;

1
2

-t -

t2 - 2 z t + 1 + 1

2 F1

a, 1 - a; 1;

1
2

t-

t2 - 2 z t + 1 + 1

-1 < z < -1

Differential equations
Ordinary linear differential equations and wronskians
For the direct function itself
I1 - z M w HzL - 2 z w HzL + Hn + 1L n wHzL 0 ; wHzL c1 Pn HzL + c2 Qn HzL
05.03.13.0001.01

05.03.13.0002.02

Wz IPn HzL, Qn HzLM

I1 - z2 M

2 gHzL g HzL2

05.03.13.0003.01

g HzL w HzL -

1 - gHzL2

05.03.13.0004.01

Wz IPn HgHzLL, Qn HgHzLLM

+ g HzL w HzL +
g HzL

1 - gHzL2

n Hn + 1L g HzL3
1 - gHzL2

wHzL 0 ; wHzL c1 Pn HgHzLL + c2 Qn HgHzLL

http://functions.wolfram.com

2 gHzL g HzL2

05.03.13.0005.01

g HzL hHzL w HzL 2

1 - gHzL2

n Hn + 1L hHzL g HzL3
2

1 - gHzL2

+ g HzL hHzL + 2 g HzL h HzL hHzL w HzL +

2

+ 2 h HzL g HzL + hHzL h HzL

2

2 gHzL g HzL2
1 - gHzL2

0 ; wHzL c1 hHzL Pn HgHzLL + c2 hHzL Qn HgHzLL

05.03.13.0006.01

Wz IhHzL Pn HgHzLL, hHzL Qn HgHzLLM

r Ia2 z2 r + 1M

hHzL g HzL
2

1 - gHzL2

05.03.13.0007.01

z2 w HzL - z 2 s +

1 - a2 z2 r

+ g HzL - g HzL h HzL wHzL

- 1 w HzL + -

a2 n Hn + 1L r2 Ia2 z2 r - 1M z2 r
I1 - a2 z2 r M

wHzL c1 zs Pn Ha zr L + c2 zs Qn Ha zr L

+ s2 +

r s Ia2 z2 r + 1M
1 - a2 z2 r

wHzL 0 ;

05.03.13.0008.01

Wz Izs Pn Ha zr L, zs Qn Ha zr LM

w HzL

a r zr+2 s-1
1 - a2 z2 r

a2 HlogHrL - 2 logHsLL r2 z + logHrL + 2 logHsL

05.03.13.0009.01

1 - a2 r2 z

w HzL +

a2 n Hn + 1L log HrL r2 z

0 ; wHzL c1 sz Pn Ha rz L + c2 sz Qn Ha rz L

1 - a2 r2 z

+ log HsL +
2

Ia2 r2 z + 1M logHrL logHsL

1 - a2 r2 z

05.03.13.0010.01

Wz Isz Pn Ha rz L, sz Qn Ha rz LM

a rz s2 z logHrL
1 - a2 r2 z

Transformations
Transformations and argument simplifications
Argument involving basic arithmetic operations
Pn H-zL H-1Ln Pn HzL

05.03.16.0001.01

Products, sums, and powers of the direct function

Products of the direct function
05.03.16.0002.01

Pn HzL Pm HzL bHn, m, kL Pk HzL ;

m+n

k=m-n
0,J Hk+m+nLN mod 1

bHn, m, kL

H2 k + 1L Hk + m - n - 1L!! Hk - m + n - 1L!! Hm + n - k - 1L!! Hk + m + nL!!

HHk + m - nL!! Hk - m + nL!! Hm + n - kL!! Hk + m + n + 1L!!L

2

wHzL

http://functions.wolfram.com

10

Identities
Recurrence identities
Consecutive neighbors
Pn HzL
Pn HzL

H2 n + 3L z

05.03.17.0001.01

n+1
H2 n - 1L z

Pn+1 HzL -

n+2
n+1

05.03.17.0002.01

Pn-1 HzL -

n-1
n

Pn+2 HzL
Pn-2 HzL

Distant neighbors
05.03.17.0006.01

Pn HzL Cm Hn, zL Pm+n HzL -

Cm-1 Hn, zL Pm+n+1 HzL ;

m+n
H2 n + 3L z
z H2 m + 2 n + 1L
m+n
C0 Hn, zL 1 C1 Hn, zL
Cm Hn, zL
Cm-1 Hn, zL m N+
n+1
m+n
m+n-1

Pn HzL

m+n+1

05.03.17.0007.01

m-n

n-m+1

Cm-1 Hn, zL Pn-m-1 HzL + Cm Hn, zL Pn-m HzL ;

C0 Hn, zL 1 C1 Hn, zL

H2 n - 1L z
n

Cm Hn, zL

z H2 m - 2 n - 1L
m-n-1

Cm-1 Hn, zL -

Functional identities
Relations between contiguous functions

Recurrence relations
n Pn-1 HzL + Hn + 1L Pn+1 HzL H2 n + 1L z Pn HzL
05.03.17.0003.01

Pn HzL

05.03.17.0004.01

H2 n + 1L z

Hn Pn-1 HzL + Hn + 1L Pn+1 HzLL

Normalized recurrence relation

05.03.17.0005.01

z pHn, zL

n2
4 n2 - 1

pHn - 1, zL + pHn + 1, zL ; pHn, zL

Complex characteristics
Real part

2-n

n!

GJn + 2 N
1

Pn HzL

n-m+1
n-m+2

Cm-2 Hn, zL m N+

http://functions.wolfram.com

11

05.03.19.0001.01

H-1L j 22 j y2 j 1

f v

ReHPn Hx + yLL
n

H2 jL!

j=0

J2 j+ N

Cn-2 j2 HxL ; x R y R
1

2j

Imaginary part
05.03.19.0002.01
f

ImHPn Hx + yLL
n-1
2

H-1L j 22 j+1 y2 j+1 1

H2 j + 1L!

j=0

J2 j+ N

2
C-2 j+n-1
HxL ; x R y R
3

2 j+1

Argument
05.03.19.0003.01

f v

argHPn Hx + yLL tan-1

n
2

H-1L j 22 j J 2 N
1

H2 jL!

j=0

Cn-2 2j HxL y2 j ,

2j

2 j+

n-1
2

j=0

H-1L j 22 j+1 J 2 N
1

H2 j + 1L!

2 j+1

2
C-2 j+n-1
HxL y2 j+1 ; x R y R

2 j+

Conjugate value
H-1L j 22 j J 2 N

05.03.19.0004.01
f v

Pn Hx + yL
n
2

H2 jL!

j=0

2j

Cn-2 j HxL y
2 j+

1
2

2j

n-1

-
2

H-1L j 22 j+1 J 2 N

j=0

Differentiation
Low-order differentiation
With respect to z
Pn HzL
z

05.03.20.0001.01

2 Pn HzL
z

n
z2 - 1

Hz Pn HzL - Pn-1 HzLL

05.03.20.0002.01

Iz - 1M

I2 z Pn-1 HzL + IHn - 1L z2 - n - 1M Pn HzLM

Symbolic differentiation
With respect to z
m Pn HzL
z

Pn HzL

05.03.20.0008.01

H-1Lm I1 - z2 M

05.03.20.0003.02

zm

2m

Pm
n HzL ; m N

Cn-m2 HzL ; m N

1
2

m+

H2 j + 1L!

2 j+1

2
C-2 j+n-1
HxL y2 j+1 ; x R y R

2 j+

http://functions.wolfram.com

m Pn HzL

05.03.20.0004.02

1-z

Hz - 1L-m 2 F1 -n, n + 1; 1 - m;
; m N
2

zm
m Pn HzL

05.03.20.0005.02

Pn HzL

12

2-m GHm + n + 1L

m - n, m + n + 1; m + 1;

2 F1

m! GHn - m + 1L

1-z
2

05.03.20.0007.02

H2 m - 1L!! 2 m+1 i ,n-m Pi j HzL ; m N n N

zm

n-m

n-m

2 m+1

i1 =0

i2 m+1 =0

j=1

j=1

Fractional integro-differentiation
With respect to z
Pn HzL

; m N

05.03.20.0006.01

z- F12 00 11

z
-n, n + 1;; 1; 1
,1;; 1 - ; 2
2

Integration
Indefinite integration
Involving only one direct function
Pn+1 HzL - Pn-1 HzL

05.03.21.0001.01

Pn HzL z

2n+1

Involving one direct function and elementary functions

Involving power function

05.03.21.0002.01

-1
z Pn HzL z

F12 00 11

z
-n, 1 + n;; ; 1
,1;; + 1; 2
2

Involving algebraic functions

05.03.21.0003.01

I1 - z M 2
1

H-n-3L

Pn HzL z

05.03.21.0004.01

I1 - z M
2

n
2

-1

Pn HzL z -

Involving logarithm

I1 - z2 M 2
1

H-n-1L

n+1

I1 - z2 M

n2

Pn+1 HzL

Pn-1 HzL

http://functions.wolfram.com

log

13

05.03.21.0005.01

1+z
1-z

Pn HzL z

2 Pn HzL
n2 + n

1+z

1
2n+1

log

1-z

HPn+1 HzL - Pn-1 HzLL

Definite integration
Involving the direct function
Orthogonality:
05.03.21.0006.01

Pm HtL Pn HtL t

2 n,m

2n+1

-1

05.03.21.0007.01

Pm HcosHtLL Pn HcosHtLL Pk HcosHtLL sinHtL t 2

m n k
0 0 0

Integral transforms
Laplace transforms
05.03.22.0001.01

Lt @Pn HtLD HzL

f v

H-1Lk
n

1
2

k=0

2n-2k
GHn - 2 k + 1L z2 k-n-1
n

n
k

Summation
Finite summation
05.03.23.0001.01

cosIk cos-1 HzLM Pn-k HzL n Pn HzL

n

k=1

05.03.23.0010.01

H2 k + 1L Pk Hz1 L Pk Hz2 L
n

k=0

n+1
z1 - z2

05.03.23.0011.01

H2 k + 1L Pk Hz1 L Qk Hz2 L
n

k=0

1
z1 - z2

HPn+1 Hz1 L Pn Hz2 L - Pn Hz1 L Pn+1 Hz2 LL ; n N

IHn + 1L IPn+1 Hz1 L Qn Hz2 L - Pn Hz1 L Qn+1 Hz2 LM - 1M ; n N

Infinite summation
05.03.23.0002.01

Pn HzL wn

n=0

1
w -2zw+1
2

; -1 < z < 1 w < 1

http://functions.wolfram.com

05.03.23.0003.01

n=0

n!

n=0

Pn HzL wn 0 F1 ; 1;

n=0

k=0

1
2

Hz - 1L w 0 F1 ; 1;

05.03.23.0004.01

n!

Pn HzL wn w z 0 F1 ; 1;

HLn H1 - Ln

1
2

Hz + 1L w ; -1 < z < 1 w < 1

Iz2 - 1M w2 ; -1 < z < 1 w < 1

1
4

05.03.23.0005.01

Pn HzL wn 2 F1 , 1 - ; 1;

n!

n=0

14

HLn
n!

05.03.23.0006.01

Pn HzL wn H1 - w zL- 2 F1

HaLk H1 - aLk

1
2

1-

w2 - 2 z w + 1 - w

2 F1

, 1 - ; 1;

1-

w2 - 2 z w + 1 + w

Iz2 - 1M w2
+1
,
; 1;
; -1 < z < 1 w < 1
2
2
H1 - w zL2

05.03.23.0012.01

k! k!

H-1Lk

05.03.23.0007.01

1
-k

k=0

H-1Lk

Pk HzL tk 2 F1 a, 1 - a; 1;

1
k++1

05.03.23.0008.01

1
-k

1
k++1

Pk HxL

1
2

P HxL
sinH L

Pk HxL Pk HyL

-t -

t2 - 2 z t + 1 + 1

2 F1

a, 1 - a; 1;

1
2

t-

t2 - 2 z t + 1 + 1

; x R -1 < x 1 Z

sinH L

P HxL P HyL ;

x R -1 < x 1 y R -1 < y 1 x + y > 0 Z

k=0

05.03.23.0009.01

H2 n + 1L Pn HxL Pn HyL 2 Hx - yL ; -1 < x < 1 -1 < y < 1

n=0

k+

k=0

05.03.23.0013.01

1
2

Pk HxL Pk HyL Pk HzL

I-x2 + 2 y z x - y2 - z2 + 1M

-x2 + 2 y z x - y2 - z2 + 1

x R -1 < x < 1 y R -1 < y < 1 z R -1 < z < 1

Operations
Orthogonality, completeness, and Fourier expansions

The set of functions Pn HxL, n = 0, 1, , forms a complete, orthogonal (with weight

H-1, 1L.

05.03.25.0001.01

n=0

2n+1
2

Pn HxL

2n+1
2

Pn HyL Hx - yL ; -1 < x < 1 -1 < y < 1

2 n+1
)
2

system on the interval

http://functions.wolfram.com

15

05.03.25.0002.01

Pm HtL

2m+1

-1

2n+1
2

Pn HtL t m,n

Any sufficiently smooth function f HxL can be expanded in the system 8Pn HxL<n=0,1, as a generalized Fourier series, with its
sum converging to f HxL almost everywhere.
05.03.25.0003.01

f HxL cn n HxL ; cn n HtL f HtL t n HxL

-1

n=0

2n+1
2

Pn HxL -1 < x < 1

Representations through more general functions

Through hypergeometric functions

Involving 2 F1
05.03.26.0030.01

1-z

Pn HzL 2 F1 -n, n + 1; 1;
2
05.03.26.0031.01

z-1

Pn HzL 2-n Hz + 1Ln 2 F1 -n, -n; 1;

z+1
05.03.26.0032.01

Pn HzL

Pn HzL

1-n
n+2
GJ 2 N GJ 2 N

n+1

2 F1

n 1
z
1-n n+2 3 2
, - ; ; z2 ,
; ;z
2 F1
n
n+1
2
2 2
2
2
2
GI- 2 M GJ 2 N

2n H-1Ln

05.03.26.0033.01

zn 1 - n
n 1
1
, - ; - n;
2 F1
2
2 2
n!
z2

Involving 2 F1
05.03.26.0001.01

Pn HzL 2 F1 -n, n + 1; 1;
Pn HzL

Hz + 1Ln

1-z
2

05.03.26.0034.01

2 F1

-n, -n; 1;

2n GJn + 2 N

z-1
z+1

05.03.26.0002.01

Pn HzL

GHn + 1L

Hz - 1Ln 2 F1 -n, -n; -2 n;

2
1-z

05.03.26.0035.01

Pn HzL

n+1

GJ

1-n
n+2
N GJ 2 N
2

2 F1

n 1
2z
1-n n+2 3
, - ; ; z2 ,
; ; z2
2 F1
n
n+1
2
2 2
2
2
2
GI- 2 M GJ 2 N

http://functions.wolfram.com

2n zn GJn + 2 N

16

05.03.26.0036.01

Pn HzL

n!

1-n

n 1
1
, - ; - n;
2
2 2
z2

2 F1

Through hypergeometric functions of two variables

05.03.26.0003.01

Pn HzL F12 00 00

z
-n, 1 + n;;; 1
,1;;;
2
2

Through Meijer G
Classical cases for the direct function itself
05.03.26.0004.01

Pn HzL -

lim sin H L G2,2

z-1

1,2

+ 1, -
0, 0

Classical cases involving algebraic functions

05.03.26.0005.01

Hz + 1L-n-1 Pn

1-z
1+z

1
GHn + 1L

1,2

-n, -n
; z H-, -1L
0, 0

2,1

-n, -n
; z H-1, 0L
0, 0

G2,2 z

05.03.26.0006.01

Hz + 1L-n-1 Pn

Hz + 1L

z-1
z+1

1
GHn + 1L2

G2,2 z

05.03.26.0007.01

n+1
2

2n

Pn
z+1

-2,

1,2

GHn + 1L

G2,2 z

1-n
2

0, 0

05.03.26.0008.01

Hz + 1L

n+1

Hz + 1L

n+1

z
Pn

2n

z+1

GHn + 1L

2,1

G2,2 z

1-n 1-n
, 2
2
1
0, 2

; z H-1, 0L

05.03.26.0009.01
2

z+2
2

Pn
z+1

GHn + 1L

1
,
2

1,2

G2,2 z

-n

0, 0

05.03.26.0010.01

Hz + 1L

2z+1

n+1
2

Pn
2

z+1

1
GHn + 1L

2,1

G2,2 z

Classical cases involving unit step

05.03.26.0011.01

H1 - zL Pn H2 z - 1L G2,2 z
2,0

n + 1, -n
; z H-1, 0L
0, 0

05.03.26.0012.01

Hz - 1L Pn H2 z - 1L G2,2 z
0,2

n + 1, -n
0, 0

1-n 1-n
, 2
2
n n+1
-2, 2

; z H-1, 0L

http://functions.wolfram.com

17

05.03.26.0013.01

H1 - zL Pn

2
z

1, 1
n + 1, -n

2,0

- 1 G2,2 z

05.03.26.0014.01

Hz - 1L Pn

2
z

1, 1
; z H-, -1L
n + 1, -n

0,2

- 1 G2,2 z

05.03.26.0015.01

H1 - zL Pn

z+1
2

1-n n
, 2 +1
2
n+1
n
, -2
2

2,0

G2,2 z

; z H-1, 0L

05.03.26.0016.01

Hz - 1L Pn

z+1
2

0,2
G2,2

n
2

1-n
2
n+1
n
,
2
2

+ 1,

05.03.26.0017.01

Hz - 1L

Jn-2 f v-1N

z-1

Pn

H-1L

f v

z-1

e 2 u!

1, 1
n
1 0,2
G n-g w+
G2,2 z n
n
e 2 u + 1, -n + e 2 u +
2
2

Generalized cases involving algebraic functions

05.03.26.0018.01

Iz + 1M
2

n+1
2

2n

Pn

GHn + 1L

z2 + 1

2,1
G2,2

1
z,

1-n 1-n
, 2
2
1
0, 2

; Re HzL > 0

05.03.26.0019.01

Iz2 + 1M

2 z2 + 1

n+1
2

GHn + 1L

z +1
2

2z

Pn

2,1

Generalized cases involving unit step

05.03.26.0020.01

H1 - zL Pn HzL

2,0
G2,2

n
2

1
z,

1-n
2

+ 1,
0,

1
2

05.03.26.0021.01

Hz - 1L Pn HzL

0,2
G2,2

n
2

1
z,

1-n
2

+ 1,
0,

1
2

1,

-2,

1
2
n+1
2

05.03.26.0022.01

H1 - zL Pn

1
z

2,0

G2,2 z,

05.03.26.0023.01

Hz - 1L Pn

1
z

0,2
G2,2

1
z,

1
,1
2
n n+1
-2, 2

G2,2 z,

1
2

1-n 1-n
, 2
2
n n+1
-2, 2

; Re HzL > 0

1
2

; n N

http://functions.wolfram.com

18

05.03.26.0024.01

H1 - zL Pn

z2 + 1

2,0

G2,2 z,

2z

1-n n
, 2 +1
2
n+1
n
, -2
2

1
2

05.03.26.0025.01

z2 + 1

Hz - 1L Pn

2z

n
2

0,2
G2,2

z,

1-n
2
n+1
n
,
2
2

+ 1,

Through other functions

Involving some hypergeometric-type functions
Pn HzL P0n HzL

05.03.26.0026.01

Pn HzL Pn HzL

05.03.26.0027.01
0

Pn HzL PH0,0L
n HzL

05.03.26.0028.01

05.03.26.0029.01

Pn HzL Cn2 HzL

1

Involving spheroidal functions

Pn HzL PSn,0 H0, zL

05.03.26.0037.01

Representations through equivalent functions

With related functions
Q

n-

n-

1
2
1
2

HzL

HzL

HzL

05.03.27.0001.01

n+

n+

1
2
1

HzL

Jn +

1
N P 1 HzL P 1 HzL
2
nn+
2

Inequalities
05.03.29.0001.01

Pn HcosHLL <

; n N+

2
n sinHL

05.03.29.0002.01

Pn HcosHLL <

1
8

1+

2
16

Jn + 2 N sin HL
1 4

; 0 < < n > 0

http://functions.wolfram.com

19

Brychkov Yu.A. (2006)

Zeros
Pn HzL
z - z0

05.03.30.0001.01

I1 - z20 M J

Pn HxL
x

zz0 N

H2 k + 1L Pk HzL Pk Hz0 L ; Pn Hz0 L 0

n-1

k=0

Theorems
Expansions in generalized Fourier series
f HxL ck k HxL ; ck

-1

k=0

f HtL k HtL t, k HxL

2n+1
2

Pk HxL, k N.

Gauss' numerical integration methods

f HxL x
b

yk

b-a
2

b-a
2

xk +

wk f Hyk L +
n

k=1

b+a
2

22 n+1 n!4

H2 n + 1L H2 nL!

Pn Hxk L 0 wk

f H2 nL HL ;

2
1-

IPn Hxk LM

-2

x2k

History
D. Bernoulli (1748)
A. M. Legendre (1782, 1785)
E. Heine (1842)
P. L. Chebyshev (1855)
L. Schlfli (1881)
I. Todhunter (1875) introduced the notation Pn HzL

n Z+ , a, b R a < < b.

http://functions.wolfram.com

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20