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Archaeology

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Le om6 'to on}leio So O'tpelpoU}le 'tnv npoooxn

1. H <<yVwcrmm eTIlOlI1J.ID Olnv ayyAu.<rtyAwooa oVO]lol;'ral K6YKvrn~ odlev~ (cognitive science), el; ou Kat 0 ouV'to]loypaql1K6~ 6po~ K6YKt~ (coggies). (L:r.M.)

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(L:r.M.) 3. LlIIlAmO CITaKpaone&a TOUfalllKOU Opone&iou. (L.T.M.)

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, AEnAooioe; OUTll<;elvm n omilH onpOV'tlKOTEpn OUVElIE10Tne; , pa'To OlIoouvotoV't01 OlIO \_ P wv OTOV'to eupn .~ , AE10TWVlIJUlPOCPO1 <ill (} V't1KEipevo }lnopei vo cpotvOTO OpX1KOTOU<;lIep\.~ ,OV. e;a 1I0pOUOOVvo poe; OWOOUV , we; n yvwon 1I0U 90 P , V't0l. opopcpo, O}l , E' oov vo ~Atm:1 Koveic; OlIAEC; CPUltXE\. OVUIIoAOytOTn0~1.09 1;01 TOUlIponyOU}levou mwVO XUlToypocpiee; oyv(,)OTWVov P(')lI~:on pe EKeivec; 1I0U ouvooEUOpiC; Kopio elIe~Iiynon, o~ oV'~n 'T1KO pE tnv npEpollnvio, J: POTIKOKE1.pEVO axe ~ , .' V'tm ana Ene.,nyn , \. E ' 01 lIpWTEe; pnopl va n0.' 0 }leAeTne; K J\n. vw , TOVTono, 'to UE~, E EV01.ocpepouoe<;, noipve1 KOVE1<; VOl.eV'tUlIUlOlOKec;,opopcp e;, , I:: cU'tEper. AUTO iVOI , 0 OTO\.XE1.0 ono ne; u.... .., 0te onelpWe; neplo0 p , 6VWVOEVnTIOpOUv VO KO'\ \ ' opxo1(')v OV't1KEl'Ik r , TIOU01 OUJ\J\eKTee; , ,AWV't(,)VeupnpOT(,)V, allo KOTOVOnOOUVfv(,)pii;ouv . 'tnv T~pn ~ VEVOC; OlIO OUTOTnV aAn9tvn 0~1.0.

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EjljlivOVTO<; OTI<;jloKponpoBEO E I3Ai ylO ElVQlTOjlOVocSlKO jlion nou i~o <; E ,1J1El<; Tn<;, n ~PXOIOAO'" cSOUjlEKoBopo OAo" l_pn T ~ WOTEva jlnopEOOUJlE va .lVUl nv EIKOVOAv BiA ~' jlE npo<; TO nou OcSEUOUJlE, npinEI va E~1XVI' OUJlEVO,.,EPOU~ IOTOp(o ' ., OOOUJlEnpWTO Tnv , jlO<;,WOTEva cSOUjlEono nou nponABo r) , Aoyo n OpXOIOAoylOElVQITOOOonjlOVTIKll. jlE. I aUTO TO

Av EmBUjlElTE va cSlpEuvrioETE nEplOOOTEpO TO Boup.omo KOoJIo Tne; 0pXOlOAoY(Oe;,TO nopoKchw ~l~Aio Bo IKovonolnoouy TIe;ovoyxee; ooe; KOIBo ooe; npooovoToAioOUY oe JIio eKTeVn ~I~AIOypocpio VIOneponepw JIeAeTn [elcSlKOTepo n ~l~AIOYpOCP(O nounopoTiBeTOl ono TOUe;PevcpplOu KOI Mnov (Renfrew and Bahn),2000].

M. J. (1990), Science-based Dating in Archaeology (ApxatoAoytKti XpovoMynan Bamapivn amy Errumi}Jn). Longman: London and New York. BAHN, P. C. (emp..) (1995), The Story of Archaeology: 100 Great Discoveries (I(}Topia rn~ApxatOAoyia~: 100 MEyaAE( AvaKaAvf/JEt~). Barnes & Noble: New York! Weidenfeld & Nicolson: London (ITAOUOlOelKovoypocpnjlevOe; Top.Oe; nou IIOpOUOld~el TO jlEya1lITEpO EIIlTUyjlOTO Tne; opXQloAoyioe; KQl SiVEl p.io EIKOVOTne; IIolKlAop.Opcpioe; KQl Tne; p.ELO~Am:OTnTOe;Tne;). - (emp..) (1996), The Cambridge Illustrated History of Archaeology (H EtKOvoypaqm}Jivn Iaropia rn~ApxawAoyia( TaV Kai}JrrprdJ. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge (H lOTOpio KQl n E~eAl~n Tne; opxQloAoyioe; ovo TOVKOOjlO). - (1999), The Bluffer's Guide to Archaeology (ApxatoAOytKO( OonYO( TOVx(J)paTaT~ti) (ovoBewpnjlevn eKcSoon). Oval Books: London (Mia XloUjloplmlKll ElOOyWyllmnv apXQlOAoyia).
AITKEN,

(II1}.l.)(2000), The Penguin Guide to Archaeology (Apxato-;Aoyt1(O~ Oony6~ TUJV EKeS. nvyKOVtV). Penguin: London. - (II1}.l.)(2000), Atlas of World Archaeology (l1da~ Tn~IIayKoapta~ ApxalOAoyiad. Cassell: London (3n tKSoon). BARKER, P. (1993), Techniques of Archaeological Excavation (TEXVtK~ApxatoAoytKn( AvaoKa<pnd (3n KSoon) Batsford: London/ Humanities Press: New York. (H Ka)uJrEpn loaYUlyncrn~ BpeTaV1K<;}.le86Sou~ avaoKa<pn<;). COLES, J. M. (1979), Experimental Archaeology (IIetpa1JanKn ApxmoAoyia). Academic Press: London and New York. COURBIN, P. (1988), What is Archaeology? An essay on the nature -

Press of Florida: Gainsville. (Mia al1epIKaVIKI1 npootyyton OT1<; avaoKa<pt<;.) P G RENFREW, C. KOl BAHN, .., (2000) Archaeology: Theories, ' , 'e 6 Methods and Practice (ApxalOAoyia: eEwptE(, ~t: ~ 01 n aKTt1cn)(3n tKSoon). Thames and Hudson:, on ~n a Pew York (OYKwStOTaTo eYXlpiSl0 nou KaAUnTl OA~'Ia N , ptAal1~avol1evwv n olKa etl1a'Ia 'IOU aVTIKll1VOU,olJ1.lTI t" , ' pa t" 'pov n1nAlO, euavaKOl OAWV0001 unapxouv l1oa ~TO TIa p p , o YVWOTO napa 'Ill; TIollt<; Am l1ple<;).

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of archaeological research (Tt :ivatApxazoAoyia; t1oKi1Jto yta Tn <ptJon Tn( apxazoAoytKn( pEvva~). University of Chicago Press.
Chicago. (Mia AeTITO}.lepn<; KptTlKri Tn<; NEal; ApxOloAoyial; ). DARK, K. T. (1995), Theoretical Archaeology (eeUJpnnKn ApxatoAoyia). Duckworth: London ('Eva xpnOl}.lOPtPAio 8ewpial; yta <pOlTnTE<;). FAGAN, B. (1995), Time Detectives: How Archaeologists use

technology to recapture the past ( Ot A vtxvewt( TOVXpovov: IIcJ~OtApxatoMyot xpnot1JorrOtoVv TnVTExvoAoyiayta va avaKTnoovv TOrrapd(Jov). Simon and Schuster: New York. (MeAtTe~ -TIptrrrcJlOel~- TIOUSe(xvouv Tnv TIOlKtAO}.lop<pia KOl
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'Ina

[Incas] II [Julius

IOUAIO\Kaioapa\ Ceasar] 12 IPOKEl;ol 11 AUyou~o\,aUToKpo.opa\ [Augustus] 12

K
Kopvtev rOUtAlQP [Camden William] 3 Kapu AAprrEp [Camus Albert) 109 Ko~ep Tl;op.l; 1\PP~POVYK [Custer George Armstrong) Kivtep [Kidder] 16 KAapK rpaxap [Clarke Grahame] 18,86 K6Avtyoueu [Koldewey] 14 Kupo\ (~ao. I1epoia\) 12

B
BaA.ooap [Belshazzar] 12 BEvtpl\ Mou{A [Ventris Michael] 61

r
rKOvtpU, AAprrEp [Gaudry Albert] 115 rKOuAvt :Eui~ev nEI [Gould Stephen, Jay] 7,89 rKpiq1l9\ N . r. [Griffiths D. W.] 12 rOUEA\ PdKd [Welsh Raquel] 2 rouliAep M6p'lpep [Wheeler Mortimer] 16, 99 rouivtap Tl;ov [Wyndham John] 1

A
AepOUO-rKOUpOV[LeroiGourhan] 16

M
Moyta24 MaKMrrEpVl ToapA\ [McBurney Charles] 121, 122 Map~ KapA [Marx Karl] 86, 116 MopoaK AAe~ovtep [Marshack Alexander] 56 M6pyx:av AIOUt\ [Morgan Lewis] 85 MopnytE rKaprrplEA vte [Mortillet Gabriel de] 112, 113,115 MrrEIKov <DpOVOl\[Bacon Francis] 13 Mrropvt [Bordes] 16

Ii.
~ap~ivo\ KOpOAO\ [Darwin Charles] 85

E
'EvyKeA\ <DpIivtplx [Engels Friedrich] 86, 116 EppiKo <DpavtOEOKo vte [d' Errico Francesco] 34

z
ZOUvt (cpuAIi) [Zuni] 97

MUOUAMopoeyiv [Boule Marcellin] 115 Mupelvtyouvr P6}luepT [Braidwood Robert] 107

N
Ni}luoup Kapcrrev [Niebuhr Carsten] 1 No~oy(Sn~ (~oo. TD~Bo~uAooVO~) [Nabonidus] 12 NraVleA fKAUV[Daniel Glyn] vi, 18 NTpOun T~. n. [Droop J. P.] 104

I:e}levo<p I:ePYKtl [Semenov Sergei] 32 ~apvr ~vvo [Shepard Anna ] 105 Dui}lov EppiKo~ [Schliemann H.] 14 LOUDTOOVlO~ [Suetonius]12 I:uov ZOK [Spon Jacques] 12 LTlOUOPvr T<;OUAIOV [Steward Julian] 86

T
TaUAOp 'Evrouopvr [Tylor Edward] 85 TetAop A. T~. [Taylor A. J.] 7 TO}l AAe~ovrep [Tom Alexander] 65 TOUTOyxO}lOOV [Tutankhamun] 66,82, 101, 124 TotAvr Bepe fK6pvrov [Childe Vere Gordon] vi, 86 TOOOpTOtA Ouivcrrov [Churchill Winston] 30

n
ITeTpl [Petrie] 14 ITIT-P{~ep~ [Pitt-Rivers] 14 nAOVKMo~ [Planck Max] 8

p
POIO}lep [Reismer]16 Povr A. A. [Rhode A. A.] 33

r
:EO}lo:EOl}lOV [Schama Simon] 123 I:O}lUOA16v Zov <t>povoouo [Champollion Jean Fran~is] 61 lliv~ NTe lliOUTou6AO [Sanz de Sautuola] 114

<I>
<t>illiVl <t>evrep{Ko[Fellini Federico] 84 <t>AOvr Zose<p{v [Flood Josephine] 123

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