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Αρχαιολογία, όλα όσα πρέπει να γνωρίζετε
Αρχαιολογία, όλα όσα πρέπει να γνωρίζετε
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was originally published in English in 1996. is published by arrangement with Oxford University
Press. Press.
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An6 m:p1006TepO npOOWII1KIl onoqm, e1VOltva aVT1Ke1}levomo onoio }lnopei Kon01o<; va anoAauoe1 OAOKAnpWTIKO TO tpyo TOU Ka1va yvwpioe1 n va ~pegei oe mevI1 enaqn} }le tva owp6 q>1AlKOU<; KOl KaAonpoaipeTou<; av9pwnou<; an6 6AO TOVK60}l0, 1B1ahepa ma OUVtBP10. Avnmp6<pw<;, 0 ~a9}l6<; Tn<;nep1XopOKwon<;, Tn<; KOKeVTpexe1a<;,TOUmowmoTou }lOXOlpw}laTo<;KOl m<; <pauAn<; eowTepuai<; B1a}lOxn<;,yta Konmo A6yo npoxwpei nOAu nep1006Tepo an6 aUT6nou <pU010AOytKO ouvaVToTOl oe aAAou<; emam}l0V1KOU<; KAoBou<;.Av oxdho~eTe va elOtA9eTe oe aUT6 TOVemam}l0V1K6 xwpo, xpe1o~eOTe TOBtp}la TOUp1v6Kepou. Ynopxouv avon6q>emcraAiy01 apxOloA6y01, 01 onoim e1vOlno}lnwBe1<;, UlIOKpnt<;, ave1A1Kp1vei<;,e~e~Tn}ltv01, KeV6Bo~01 KOl xwpi<; apxt<;, alio aUT6 Bev TOU<;OTa}laTO an6 TO va Ta nnyaivouv KaAO OTO enoyycl}lo TOU<;. AKp1~W<; TOovti9eTO, }laA1OTa.(AAi}lovo, Bev ei}la1 oe 9ton va KOTovo}ldow Konma napoBeiYllaTa eBw, 600 KOl av 9a TOn9clG, alio 01 iB101yvwpi~ouv n0101 e1VOl.)
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f1a va ouv01pioou}le Aom6v, n OpxOloAoyia e1VOl n mo <p1Ae-' Aeugepn eKKAnoia, nou npoo<ptpe1 oe 6AOU<;KOT1KOl TOU<;KaAwoopi~e1 6AOU<;- aK6}ln KOl, n l~haiTepa, TOU<;anpooop}lOmou<;, Ta <pULOKOl TOU<;K01vWVlKdnep1SWp10nOln}ltvou<;, 01 onoim ~piOKOUV6n TOU<; ye}li~e1nep1006Tepo an6 600, yta napOBe1YJla, TO oep<Pop10}la mo ~laBiKroo. E<p600v Kavei<; Bev yVfJ)pii;et n ouvt~n OTOnapcl96v (OUJlnep1Aa}l~aVo}ltvou Ka1LOUnp60<paTou 1mop1Kou napeAS6VTo<;), Bev Sa UlIop~e1 nOTt tvo TeAO<;amv apxOloAOytKIl tpeuva. eewpie<; 9a tpXOVTOl K0l9a naptpxoVTOl KOl vte<; }lapmpie<; n aVaKaAUlpe1<;Sa }leTa~aAAOUV Tnv anoBeKTn }lU91OTOpia, n onoia onoTclei Tnv op96Bo~ dnolpn TOUnapeAS6VTo<; KOl Ka91epwveTOl }lEOWTn<;yeVlKU<;enavaAnlpn<; KOl Tn<; B1aBeBo}lEvn<; anoBoxIi<;. 'Onw<; EypOlpe 0 Ma~ TIAaVK [Max Plank], Mia emOTn}lOVlKUaAIige1a Bev 9p1a}l~eue1neiSoVTa<; TOU<; avnn6Aou<; Tn<; Ka1 KOVOVTO<; TOU<; va Bouv TO <pW<;, alio KUpiw<; ene1Bn 01 aTIinaAoi Tn<; ne9aivouv KOl }lia vEa yeVl<l avalITUooeTOl n onoia e~01Ke1WVeTOl}le aUTnv.
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EKLO<; ono oULt<;"t1<; lOLOP1Kt<; Kal nlIepoAoytoKe<; noxe<;, n opXalOAOyiO O"tOV0~oo8n"tn, wonou n TIlOLolIn nopouoiao lIio oAoKAfipn oElpa "tponwv YlQ "tnv EniLEu~n onoAULwv XPOVoAOy1WVono 810<popE"t1Ka uA1Ka. H (opKE"ta) OKP1~O<;XPOVoAOynon UTIOP~ELOonOU8alO"tEPO 8wpo "tn<;ETIlOLolIn<;OLnv opXalOAOyiO. . IlplV "tov IloAElIo, 1I0vo8uo "tOTIlKt<; "tExv1Ke<; O"tOV8lQeeOllIE<; - "ta varves "tn<;LKov81VO~io<; Kal 01 80KWA101 "tWV8eVLpw~ "tn<;NO"tl0-L\UL1KI1<; AlIEp1KI1<;. To varves eiVal tvo<; Loun81Ko<; opo<; yto "to 1~1I0"t0 opyiAou nou Evono"tl8EVLOl KaeE xpovo ono "to eK"tE"t0lIevo OLpwlI0"to nayou nou A1WVOUV. Il01KlAAOUVOE naxo<; ono xpovo OE xpovo, }lE lIio 8EPlIO xpoVla vo npOKaAEl ou~nlIevn "tn~n Kal, yt' OULOV"to AOYO,noxmEpo OLpwlIo. M"tpWVLO<; "tn 81080X1KI1TIUKVo"tn"to lIio<; oE1pa<;KOlOUVKPlvoVLa<; "tn lIE "tn 1I0P<ponou EixE OE illE<; nEplOxt<;, lInopo61Je vo ouv8tooulle 1I0Kpt<; 8lQ80xe<; nou EK"tEivOVLal niow OE x1Ala8E<; xpOVlO. AKp1~W<;"to i810 lOXUE11I~ "tnv E"tOOlOou~non "twv 80KWAlWVOLO8tVLpO - lIlO 81080xn naxULEpwv KOlAEmo"tEpwv 80KWAlWV, nou npOKaAEhol ono 'rl<;"tOTIlKt<;KA11I0"tOAOY1Kt<; 810KUllavOE1<;,lInopEl vo 8nlIl0Upyn8Ei ono 8EiYll0"t0 8tVLpWV 810<pOPeL1KWV Enoxwv nou OUllnimouv EVlItPE1. L\lQee"tOUlIE "twpo 081aonoOLE<; 81080XE<;nou EKLEivOVLOl XPOV1KO W<; "to 8000 n.X. OLn fEPlIovio, yto nopa8E1YllO, lIE "t1<; onoiE<; n opxoio ~uAElOlInopei vo OUVKP18eiKal vo ETIlonlIov8Ei n nA1Kio 'In<;. <I>uOlKa,oULn n 'IEXVlKI1 E<p0PlIo~E'rOl Kupiw<; OEnplOxe<; onw<; n Non08UL1KI1 AlIEP1KI1, onou n ovu8pio eXE181OLnpooE11IE~aAe<; nooo'rn're<; opxoiou ~UAOU,0 OLn BOpE108ULtKIl Eupwnn, onou n 810no"t10lIevn ono 'IO VEpO ~UAEio 0<p80vei OE eAW8E1<; nEplOxe<;. Ano'IeAeOlIO'ro EKnAnKnKI1<; OKpi~E10<;npoKUmouv lIe OULO'Inv 'IeXV1KI1- OLn BpE'IOvio, YlQ nopa8e1YlIo, n ovaAuon ~uAeiO<; un08E1KvUEl O'Il EVOOLpwlIevo lIE 80Kap10 1I0vo~an, YVWOLOW<; 'IO EuxaplOLO IltpoOlIO OLOLOlIEPOE'I, ono 'In lIio W<; 'InVaAAn UAEUpOEVO<; ~aA'rOU, KOLooKWOOLnK KO'Ia'In 81apKE10 'IOU XE11IwVO LOU 3807/3806 n'x.
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UOO SUOKOAOKQl OV eiVQl vo Ko'tovoIlooU}le 'to nPOK'tlKa Si}lo'to 'tne; ~wIle; ('texvoAoyio, t;n'tIl}lo'to eTll~iwone; K.An.), eiVQl oneipwe; SUoKoA6'tepo vo ElOXWpnOe1Koveie; 0't0 }luaA6 'twv ovSpwnwv wO'te vo onoK'tIloe1 }lio lSeo 'tou 't1 niO'tEuov KQl nwe; OKE<p'tOV'tOV KanO'te. Av Sev }lnopou}le KOVvo SlO~aOOU}le 'tle; OKtWE1<; 'tou OUV'tp6<pou }loe; }lE'ta on6 noMa xp6V10 eyyo}lou ~(OU, <pOV'tOO'tEi'tEn600 }lEyciA.nnp6K1non E(VQlvo OVOKO'tOOKEUaOE1KOVei<;out6 nou oVEnion}lo OVO}lat;OU}lenpolO'top1KEe;OV'ttAnwE1e;. }loe; oe eKeivee; 't1e;SOppaAEee; qruxee; nou eTllS1WKOUV vo }leAe'tnoouv 'tnv opXQloAoyio 'tou nveu}lo'toe;. Autoi, 01 AEy6}leVOl yvWO't1KOiopXQloA6yOl (yvwO'toi KQl we; K6YK1e;1), OpVOUVLQl vo SexSoUv 6't1 01 opxoiee; OKElpE1e;,OV'ttAnlpE1e;KQl KOlVWV1Kie; oxioe1e; ixouv e~aAE1<pSEf.AV'tiSE'tO TIlO'tEUOUV nwe; }lnopoUv vo 't1e;enovo<pepouv }leow 'tne; AOY1KIle; nou e<pop}l6t;E'tQl O'tnv 'texvn K01 O'tO UA1KO KO'tOAomo, 'to onoio SewpoUv nwe; ouvSioV'tQl }lE'tn SpnOKeiO, 't1e;SpnOKeut1Kee; 'teAe'tEe; Il KO'tl ilio nope}l<pepie;.
1. H <<yVwcrmm eTIlOlI1J.ID Olnv ayyAu.<rtyAwooa oVO]lol;'ral K6YKvrn~ odlev~ (cognitive science), el; ou Kat 0 ouV'to]loypaql1K6~ 6po~ K6YKt~ (coggies). (L:r.M.)
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vOAoynon pe AMS eivOl OWOTn). AKopn rIlO OnpOVl1KO eiVOl yeyovoe; nWe; n Texvn UlInpXe nOAU np1V "[Que;oUyxpOVOUe; 9pwnoue;. AUTO eivOl YVWOTO e8w KOl 8eKoniee;, ono TOTe nou ppe9nKe 0 TOcpOe; evoe; NeOVlepTaA ono Tn N01"108UTlKll folliQ KaAUJlpevOe; pe pia Ai91vn nAoKo, nou eixe novw npOOeK1"1KO Op0810opevee; oe1pee; ono' p1Kpee; KUKA1Kee;Ko1AoTnTee;. 'OpUl<; OUTOe;0 TOcpOe;nTov noVlo nOpoYKwvlOpevOe; ono Tnv OpXOloAoy1Kn OVoyvwp10n, we; evo eKTpwpo nou nOTe 8ev 90 pnopouoe vo OT0gei nAo1 oe 6110 90UpQ1"0 me; Ttxvne;, onwe; 01 T01xoypocpiee; OTOOlInAOlO Tne; AATOpip02 n TOUAOOKW3. l:npepo opwe;, OX1povo exoUJle evov ou~ovopevo op19po 8e1YpOTWVTne; Texvne; TWVNeOVlepTaA oe 81ocpopee; popcpee;, aAAO exoUJle KOl eupnpoTo Texvne; oKopn naAOl6Tepo. To 1110 evwnW010KO ono OUTO eivOl pio p1Kpn qmcpi80 ncpOlOTelOyevoue; neTpwpOTOe;, nou ppe9nKe OTnv MnepeKoT Pop (Berekhat Ram), evov UlIoi9p10 xwpo OTOUlpine80 TOU fKoAov, Tn 8eKonio TOU '80. H cpU01Kll TOU popcpn p01o~e1 pe yuvOiKO, alio. urropxouv OUAoKwoe1e; OTOAOlPO KOl KOTOpnKOe; TWVxep1wv, nou yevvoUv TO epWTnpo ov eivOl KOl OUTee; cpU01Kee;n KOTOOKeuoopevee; ono ov9pwno. M1KpOOK01l1Kll oVaAuon ono TOV ApeplKovo epeuvmn AAe~oVlep MOPOOK [Alexander Marshack), one8e1~e nepo ono Koge OPcp1POAiOnwe; eivOl TxvnTee;, onoTe n qmcpi80 OUTn eivOl 0810pCP1opnTnTo EVOoyaApoTi81O, EVO oVl1Keipevo TExvne; TO onoio gewpe(TOl nWe;eivOl OVW TWV 230.000 xpovwv KOl 1I190VOTOTO nOAu noponovw. fto oKopn pio cpopo, exOUJlE ~eKo90pee; on08ei~e1e; YVWOTtKlle; 8pOOTnptOTnTOe;:n popcpn Tne; qmcpi80e; OVoyvwpiOTnKe OpXtKO we; yuvOiKO KOl pETO OKOlI1pO EpnAOUTiOTnKe. AKo,m KOl OVKoveie; E1I1peVel OTOnop080010KO 80YJlO nwe; n Texvn ~EKivnoe ono TOUe;otiyxpOVOue; ov9pwnoue; Tne; TEAEU2. LlIIlAalO J.le npo'ioTOp1Ke~ anelKOvioet~, CITDV lonavnrn enapxia Lananep.
(L:r.M.) 3. LlIIlAmO CITaKpaone&a TOUfalllKOU Opone&iou. (L.T.M.)
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OpoSee; (bands), 01 <I>uAee;(Segmentary societies /tribes) 'TO xnye(o (Chiefdoms) KOl 'TOKpo'Tn (States). 'Onwe; OUJlpdivel Ka1 pe n~ XPOVOAoy1Kee;unoS101peoe1e;, OU'Tee;01 KO'Tnyop(ee; e(va1 ou8OlPe:ee; KOl ~o elVOl nOAu SUOKOAOvo pnopeooupe va 'Ton08e'Tnoo~e P1~ K01vwvio oe p(o ono oU'Tee;ne; KO'Tnyop(ec; K~l OX1oe Kon010 dAAn, K080n Kon01o XOpOK'Tnp1m1Ko epepoV1SOV'T01nOAU vwp('Tepo ono KOnOlQ dAAo. flO nopo'S: o ' ue1ypo, n~e;, Kove1e; mnv enoxn 'TWVIloyenlvwv Sev elne popE8DKO 'Tn,Meon,IlaAOlOA181101 enoxn, oe; nape mn Neo'Tepn!, 80 Ihov e~lOou SU<JKOAO vo <poV'TomoUpe EVOVono 'TOUe; npethoue; oypo'Tee;~o OVOKo~vwvel moue; ye('Tovee; 'TOULoe; npoelSon01wnwC; oe A1YOK01pO OKoneuw vo OVaAOPW nyenKo POAO K01 vo pe'TOPOP~wow 'T~ p1KpIi K01 ovepeAn epuAIi poe; oe p(o 1I1emlKIi opxnyeto yto xopn 'Tne; e~eA1~ne;)). ~.,01 OpoSe~ e1VOlp1KpIiC;KA(pOKOe;K01vwv(ee; Kuvnywv, oypoWV K01 1p0?08wv, nou ouvIi8we; Sev urreppo(vouv 'TO 100 pEAn. Me'TOK1VO~Ol, cruxvo OVMOyO pe 'Tnv enoxIi, eKpe'TOAAeuopev01 ,KUp1We;(n OnOKAe1m1Ko) epU01KOUe;nopoue;, ono'Te KO'T01KOUV oe 'Ton08eo(ee; enoxlOKO K08we; K01 oe P1KpO'Tepee;, 1110 e~e1S1KeUJ1evee; nep10xte;, onwe; 'TonOUe; 8npopo'TWV n 'Ton08e<Jlee; epyo?(oe;, nP?K~lpeVou vo KO'TOOKeuooouv 'TO epYaAe(o 'TOUe;, own8we; ono ne'Tpo. AVMOyo pe 'TOpEpOe; mo ono(o Pp(_ OKO~Ol, KO'T01K?Uv ehe oe onnA1Ee; elU oe mhplVO KO'TOepUyto n. ~O'TOOK~UOSOUVnpooWplVO oe KO'TOepUy10ono epU01KO UA1~0 ?nWe; ~~AO, OO'TOIi 8eppo'T0. 01 PO<JlKO('TOUe;KO'TOUA1Op01 e1V~1own,8we; 1110yepo( ono 0,'T101nep10xee; onou 810PEvouv e~npepo n yto cruyKeKplpevOUe; oKonoUe;. AU'Toe;0 'Tponoe; eYKo'To(~'ra~ne; crxe'T(se'TOl pe 'Tnv IlOAOlOA181Kll Ilep(oSo 'TOU IlaAOlo~ Koopou, K01 pe 'Tnv IlaAOlO-IvS10VlKD Ilep(oSo 'TOU Neou Koopou.
2. 01 ep~Ate; e(vOl peyaAU'Tepee; ono ne; opoSee;, pe nAn8uopo nou ~'TOVel m~e; peplKEe; xtA1,o8ee; ov8pwnwv, KOl ouvIi8we; ono'TeAO~o~ ono eYKo'Temnpevoue; oypo'Tee;, ov KOl Kon0101 ono OU'TOue;elVOl K'TnVO'Tpo<pOlp(oe; K1Vn'TIie;OlKOVOp(oe;. Le Ko8e
m:pimwon n swn 'TOU<; elVOl PO<JlcrpEvn Kupiwe; oe O1KOOl'TOUe; nopoue;, yewpy1Koue; KOlin K'TnVO'TpoeplKOUe;. KQ'T01KOUv oe aypO'T1KEe;epop]1ee; Ii oe XWp10, 'TOono(o ]10s( 810]10pepwvouv EVO eiSoue; eYKo'Tomoone; nou ono'TeAehOl ono 0]101ee; onomoOle; K01 0]1010 ]1tye80e; ]1e'To~u UrlV SlOepOpWV01K1crpWVn KO'TOlK1WV. Me ilio AOy10 Sev epoive'TOl vo unepn:pei Kovtvoe; O1KWpOe; novw ono 'TOUe;oUoue;. AU'TOU'TOUeiSom; 'TOoumn]1o crxe'TiSe'TOl ]1e 'TOUe; npw'TOUe; oypo'Tee; 'Tne;Eupwnne; KOl'Tne; A]1Epllo1e;.. 3. H KO'Tnyop(o mnv onoio SloepoivOV'TOl 'TOnpw'To On]10810 Sloepoponoinone; KOlVWV1KWV 'To~ewv, eivOl 'TO Apxnyelo, 'TO onoio ono'TeAoUV'TOl ono 5.000 EWe;20.000 nep(nou ov8pwnoue; - ov KOl txouv OvoKaAuep8ei 'TOepOlnAouoiwv nSn ono 'Tnv 'TEAEU'Toio Enoxn 'TWVTIoye'Twvwv. To Apxnyeio ~ooiSoV'TOl OE EVO ouo'Tn]1o K01VWV1Klle; KO'TO'TO~ne;,onou'To KUpOe; K080piSE'TOl ono 'TO nooo mevIi oXEon tXE1 Koveie; ]1e 'TOVApxnyo, OnO'TE Sev urrOpXE1 QKo]1n KonOlo npoYl1onKJi 'TO~lKJiSO]1n. 0 opxnyoe; EivOl 0 OUVSE'T1KOe; KpiKOe; OAOKAnPOU'TOUoumn]1o'TOe;,eiVat OU'TOe; nou SiVEl epyoo(o OE E]1nElpOUe; SE~lO'TeXVEe;, OU'TOe; nou OVOKO'TOVE]1E1 'TOUe;OKOAOu80ue; 'TOU,Kat 0U'T0e;nou EmpdllEl 'Tnv npooepopo epyaAe(wv KOl 'Tpoep(]1WVnou nep10SlKO nmpWVOV'TOl oe OU'TOv.KOVOVlKO,Ol opxnyoi Kat Ol ouyyeveie; n mevoi'Toue; eplAOl8o~0V'Tat ]1e ~n ouvoSeio nOAu nAou<JlWV 'TOep1KWV oy08wv. To Apxnyelo txouv ouvJi8we; tvo KtV'TPO e~ouoioC; ]1e vooue;, opxnYlKEe; KO'TOlKiee;KOl 'Texvi'Tee;. AU'TO'TO ]10V1]10 enion]1o KtV'TpO, crxe810o]1EVO Y10 n:Ae'TOupy1Koue; oKonoUe;, Eivat ]1ev 'TOKEV'TPO'TOUevSlQeptpOV'TOe; Y10 'TOVnm8uo]10 'TOU,alio Sev OV'TOVOKAO ]1(0 ypoepeloKponKJi K01VWV(0. AU'TO eiVat tvo XOpOK'TnplmlKo 'Tne; 'Tt'Top'Tne; KOl 'TeAEU'ToioC; KO'Tnyopioe;. 4. Eivat SUOKOAOvo 810epoponOlnOOU]1e 'TOnpw'To KpO'Tn ono 'TOApxnyelo. H ~O<JlKJiSlOepOPO e1Vat nwe; 0 nye]1ovoe; (0 ~ootAtoe; n n POOlAWOO, KonOlee; epopte; 8eonOlD]1EvOl) txe1 'TO81KO(W]10VO 810]10pepWVl V0]10ue; Kat VO 'TOUe;Em~dAAl. H KOlvwv(o eiVOl XWp1o]1evn oe 810epopenKO KOlVWV1KO mpw]10'T0 ]1E
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Av Kat n apxatoAoyia avnKet <Tr0 rrapcl90v, eiVat Jlia axenKd Katvoupyta emOTllpn, Tnc; orroioc; rroMic; ~aatKec; TEXVtKtC; Kat 9EWpiEC; EXOUVavamux9Ei rrpoocpaTa' Ko9wC; E~eAiOOETat Kat WptpdsEt 9a ouvexioel va EUOOKlpei Kat va alldsEt. AUTO 9a OUJ.l~ei EVJlEpet AOyw vtwv Kat pEyaAWV aVOKaAU1pewv: OXt POvo aUTWv rrou avaypdcpOVTat <TrtC;EcpnJlepiOEe;, alld Kat mo TorreIVWV OUVEIOCPOpWV <TrOVTporro pE TOVorroio ~AirrOUJlE TO rrapEA90v, orrwc; Jlia rrpoyEVE<TrEpn nJlEpoJlnvia yta tva yeyovoe; n rrOAtnOJltKO cpatvopevo. H xopd Tne; OpxatoAoyio<; KOt n auyKivnon rrou rrpoKaAei rrpoepxoVTat OTIOaUTte; ne; TIPOoooue;, alld Kat arro TOUe; 9nooupoue; Kat Ta OEOOJlevO TIOU exouv non ouoowpEugei, Jlasi Jle Tn yvwon rrwe; n EtKOVOTIOU exOUJ.lEyto TO rrapEA90v JlETa~dAAETat OtopKWe; Kat OEV90 OAOKAnpw9ei rrOTe. flO TIOpdOEIYJla, TO KaAUTEpO ~t~AlO a6vgeone; TIAnpocpoptwv vUpw OTIOTnv rrpol<Tropia Tnc; AUOTpOAlOC;,TO ApxawAoyia Tn( OvelplKn( ErrOxrl( (Archaeology of the Dreamtime) Tne; ZOsEcpiv <l>AoVT (Josephine Flood), exEt EKo09ei TpEte; cpopte; Jleoa oe 12 Xp0V10, Kat TO TclEUToio eXEt clOxt<Trn JlOVOOJl010TnTO JlE TO TIpWLO- TOOOonJlaVTIKec; Kat ypnyopec; eiVat 01 aAAoyee; am yvwon TIOUexoUJ.le ytO Tnv TIpOl<Tropio OUTne;Tn<; XW-
nOp' OAOoma, Ot Kup1ec; onelAtc; yla 'tOUc;opx01oAoy1KOUC;xwpOUC;K01 'to UA1Kaoev npoipxoV't01 't000 ana 'tn cpUOU<I1 cp90pa Ii 'tnv nopopiAnon, 000 ana 'tlC; i;np1i<; nou txouv npodngei ono'tou<; i010U<;'tOU<;ov9pwnou<; }le nOlKlAou<; 'tponou<;. 'Omo<; eioo}le, n auvexIi<; K01 ou~ovo}levn onoooxIi 'tn<; opxmoAoyioc; txe1 K01 Opvn'tlKt<; emmwoE1<;, K01 0 }lO~lKO<; 'tOUP10}l0<;eviXE1 'to piOKO vo oyonn9ei n opx01oAoyio }liXP1 90va'tou, K09wC; OAOK01}leYaA6'tepn Ko'toO'tpocpIi npOKaAei'tm O'tOU<; opx01oAoYlKou<;xwpoue; ana 'to eKa'toppup10 'twv emOKemwv nou 'toue; no'tOUv, Ii ana eOKeppivou<; ~OVOaAlOPOU<;,Ii tppeoo O'tnv nepin'twon Ex9ponpo~uhv Km noAt}lWv. flO nopaoe1ypo, O'tpo'tlUl'tlKt<; 00KIiOE1<; o'tnv nEolaoo 'tou I:oAopnEpu (Salisbury Plain) KOl O'tn No'tlo foUio txouv npOKaAtoel cpo~ept<; KO'tOO'tpocpt<;. K09w<; n onEWl EVO<; Wuxpou ITOAt}lOUplKpoivEl, ou'toi e~onoAuouv 'tOVKe;K01 ~OAt<; nupo~oA1KOU navw oe npol0't0P1KOU<;'tacpou<;. Ynapxe1 o}lw<; Km tvo<; aAAo<;, oKopn mo KO'tOO'tPOCPlKO<; nopayoV'toc;, nou nopopovEue1 eow Km x1A1e'tiec; ilia txe1 ~Eanooe1npoocpo'to: n AenAooio opxmoAoytKwV xwpwv ono eKeiVOUc; nou ovo~'toUv xpnp0'tlKi<; onoAoBt<; Km, lpQxvoV'to<; }l0vo yto npaypo'to nou }lnopoUv vo nouAn90Uv, auvIi9w<; KO'tOO'tptcpouv 0't10Iino'te aAAo. 01 i010t wcpclom01 1010in:po ono 't1C; nOAEp1Kt<; auyKpouoe1C;, onw<; yto nopaoE1Wo O'tov Ai~ovo, onou Ot Ex9ponpo~ie<; ooIiynoov oe }lO~lKri.OKUAeuon 'tn<; opxoio<; dnpovop10<; 'tnc; xwpo<; Km xlA1ooe<; 'tovOt 'texvoupyn}la'twv }lE'tocptp9nKov }luO't1Ka ono nOAl'tocpuAOKE<; K01 ooiO'tOK'tOU<;E}lnOpou<;. 01 nepicpnpEC; KO'tOOKEut<; 0't0 AvyKOp Bo't (Angkor Wat) Tn<; KO}lno'tt;nc; Ecp9apnoOV}lE TOX6'tOTOU<; pu9}louC; KO'ta 'tn OlapKelO 'twv OuyKpOUOEWV OTnv nEplOxIi E~OlTioC;'tOU on OlOKOnnKe n OUV'tnpnan aAAa K01AOyWm<; POi;1KIi<;AEnAOoio<; KO'tO Tn 01opKe10 TOU 01ecp90pptvou K0geO'tw'tO<; TOU noA nOT. To E9v1KO Apx01oAoy1KO Mouoeio TOU AcpyOV1O'tOVi~w ono 'tnv KO}lnOUA, tXl AenAo'tn9ei EnOVlAn}lptvwc;, Ko9w<; cpp0'tpie<; }l<1XoV't01piXp1 'tEAIKri.C; nTwoeWe; O'tn xwpo omIi.
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EjljlivOVTO<; OTI<;jloKponpoBEO E I3Ai ylO ElVQlTOjlOVocSlKO jlion nou i~o <; E ,1J1El<; Tn<;, n ~PXOIOAO'" cSOUjlEKoBopo OAo" l_pn T ~ WOTEva jlnopEOOUJlE va .lVUl nv EIKOVOAv BiA ~' jlE npo<; TO nou OcSEUOUJlE, npinEI va E~1XVI' OUJlEVO,.,EPOU~ IOTOp(o ' ., OOOUJlEnpWTO Tnv , jlO<;,WOTEva cSOUjlEono nou nponABo r) , Aoyo n OpXOIOAoylOElVQITOOOonjlOVTIKll. jlE. I aUTO TO
Av EmBUjlElTE va cSlpEuvrioETE nEplOOOTEpO TO Boup.omo KOoJIo Tne; 0pXOlOAoY(Oe;,TO nopoKchw ~l~Aio Bo IKovonolnoouy TIe;ovoyxee; ooe; KOIBo ooe; npooovoToAioOUY oe JIio eKTeVn ~I~AIOypocpio VIOneponepw JIeAeTn [elcSlKOTepo n ~l~AIOYpOCP(O nounopoTiBeTOl ono TOUe;PevcpplOu KOI Mnov (Renfrew and Bahn),2000].
M. J. (1990), Science-based Dating in Archaeology (ApxatoAoytKti XpovoMynan Bamapivn amy Errumi}Jn). Longman: London and New York. BAHN, P. C. (emp..) (1995), The Story of Archaeology: 100 Great Discoveries (I(}Topia rn~ApxatOAoyia~: 100 MEyaAE( AvaKaAvf/JEt~). Barnes & Noble: New York! Weidenfeld & Nicolson: London (ITAOUOlOelKovoypocpnjlevOe; Top.Oe; nou IIOpOUOld~el TO jlEya1lITEpO EIIlTUyjlOTO Tne; opXQloAoyioe; KQl SiVEl p.io EIKOVOTne; IIolKlAop.Opcpioe; KQl Tne; p.ELO~Am:OTnTOe;Tne;). - (emp..) (1996), The Cambridge Illustrated History of Archaeology (H EtKOvoypaqm}Jivn Iaropia rn~ApxawAoyia( TaV Kai}JrrprdJ. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge (H lOTOpio KQl n E~eAl~n Tne; opxQloAoyioe; ovo TOVKOOjlO). - (1999), The Bluffer's Guide to Archaeology (ApxatoAOytKO( OonYO( TOVx(J)paTaT~ti) (ovoBewpnjlevn eKcSoon). Oval Books: London (Mia XloUjloplmlKll ElOOyWyllmnv apXQlOAoyia).
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(II1}.l.)(2000), The Penguin Guide to Archaeology (Apxato-;Aoyt1(O~ Oony6~ TUJV EKeS. nvyKOVtV). Penguin: London. - (II1}.l.)(2000), Atlas of World Archaeology (l1da~ Tn~IIayKoapta~ ApxalOAoyiad. Cassell: London (3n tKSoon). BARKER, P. (1993), Techniques of Archaeological Excavation (TEXVtK~ApxatoAoytKn( AvaoKa<pnd (3n KSoon) Batsford: London/ Humanities Press: New York. (H Ka)uJrEpn loaYUlyncrn~ BpeTaV1K<;}.le86Sou~ avaoKa<pn<;). COLES, J. M. (1979), Experimental Archaeology (IIetpa1JanKn ApxmoAoyia). Academic Press: London and New York. COURBIN, P. (1988), What is Archaeology? An essay on the nature -
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:a~
of archaeological research (Tt :ivatApxazoAoyia; t1oKi1Jto yta Tn <ptJon Tn( apxazoAoytKn( pEvva~). University of Chicago Press.
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technology to recapture the past ( Ot A vtxvewt( TOVXpovov: IIcJ~OtApxatoMyot xpnot1JorrOtoVv TnVTExvoAoyiayta va avaKTnoovv TOrrapd(Jov). Simon and Schuster: New York. (MeAtTe~ -TIptrrrcJlOel~- TIOUSe(xvouv Tnv TIOlKtAO}.lop<pia KOl
Tnv omtKri Tnl; }.loVTtpva<;apxOloAoyia<;). - (II1}.l.) (1996), The Oxford Companion to Archaeology (EyxetpiOto ApxatoAoyia( Tn( O{<popon(). Oxford University Press: New York. GREEN,E. 1. (1984), Ethics and Values in Archaeology (HOtKn Kat A{iE( OTnVApxatotloyia). Free Press: New York. McINTOSH, J. (1999), The Archaeologist's Handbook ( 0 Oonyo( TOV ApxatoMyov) (2n EKSoon), Thames and Hudson: London. PARKES,P. A. (1986), Current Scientific Techniques in Archaeology
'Ina
[Incas] II [Julius
K
Kopvtev rOUtAlQP [Camden William] 3 Kapu AAprrEp [Camus Albert) 109 Ko~ep Tl;op.l; 1\PP~POVYK [Custer George Armstrong) Kivtep [Kidder] 16 KAapK rpaxap [Clarke Grahame] 18,86 K6Avtyoueu [Koldewey] 14 Kupo\ (~ao. I1epoia\) 12
B
BaA.ooap [Belshazzar] 12 BEvtpl\ Mou{A [Ventris Michael] 61
r
rKOvtpU, AAprrEp [Gaudry Albert] 115 rKOuAvt :Eui~ev nEI [Gould Stephen, Jay] 7,89 rKpiq1l9\ N . r. [Griffiths D. W.] 12 rOUEA\ PdKd [Welsh Raquel] 2 rouliAep M6p'lpep [Wheeler Mortimer] 16, 99 rouivtap Tl;ov [Wyndham John] 1
A
AepOUO-rKOUpOV[LeroiGourhan] 16
M
Moyta24 MaKMrrEpVl ToapA\ [McBurney Charles] 121, 122 Map~ KapA [Marx Karl] 86, 116 MopoaK AAe~ovtep [Marshack Alexander] 56 M6pyx:av AIOUt\ [Morgan Lewis] 85 MopnytE rKaprrplEA vte [Mortillet Gabriel de] 112, 113,115 MrrEIKov <DpOVOl\[Bacon Francis] 13 Mrropvt [Bordes] 16
Ii.
~ap~ivo\ KOpOAO\ [Darwin Charles] 85
E
'EvyKeA\ <DpIivtplx [Engels Friedrich] 86, 116 EppiKo <DpavtOEOKo vte [d' Errico Francesco] 34
z
ZOUvt (cpuAIi) [Zuni] 97
N
Ni}luoup Kapcrrev [Niebuhr Carsten] 1 No~oy(Sn~ (~oo. TD~Bo~uAooVO~) [Nabonidus] 12 NraVleA fKAUV[Daniel Glyn] vi, 18 NTpOun T~. n. [Droop J. P.] 104
I:e}levo<p I:ePYKtl [Semenov Sergei] 32 ~apvr ~vvo [Shepard Anna ] 105 Dui}lov EppiKo~ [Schliemann H.] 14 LOUDTOOVlO~ [Suetonius]12 I:uov ZOK [Spon Jacques] 12 LTlOUOPvr T<;OUAIOV [Steward Julian] 86
T
TaUAOp 'Evrouopvr [Tylor Edward] 85 TetAop A. T~. [Taylor A. J.] 7 TO}l AAe~ovrep [Tom Alexander] 65 TOUTOyxO}lOOV [Tutankhamun] 66,82, 101, 124 TotAvr Bepe fK6pvrov [Childe Vere Gordon] vi, 86 TOOOpTOtA Ouivcrrov [Churchill Winston] 30
n
ITeTpl [Petrie] 14 ITIT-P{~ep~ [Pitt-Rivers] 14 nAOVKMo~ [Planck Max] 8
p
POIO}lep [Reismer]16 Povr A. A. [Rhode A. A.] 33
r
:EO}lo:EOl}lOV [Schama Simon] 123 I:O}lUOA16v Zov <t>povoouo [Champollion Jean Fran~is] 61 lliv~ NTe lliOUTou6AO [Sanz de Sautuola] 114
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<t>illiVl <t>evrep{Ko[Fellini Federico] 84 <t>AOvr Zose<p{v [Flood Josephine] 123