www.mohandesyar.

com

:

.
.

)( :
),......) = 0 :(

:

) (i + j

, uxy

)( m

, u y , u yy ,......,u y

2u
xy

xy

)( n

G(u, ux , uxx ,.......,ux

u
= u
y

y
x

u xxx ( x, y ) + u yyy ( x, y ) = 0

3u 3u

+
=0

x 3 y 3

PDE .
.
PDE ) )((

www.mohandesyar.com

. A , B , .., G PDE.
)Au xx ( x, y ) + Bu xy + Cu yy ( x, y ) + Du x ( x, y ) + Eu y ( x, y ) + Fu ( x, y ) + G = 0:(
.
A , B , .., G x , y
A , B , .., G U .
:
u xx + (sin u ) uy = 0
zu xx ( x, y ) + xy 2 u yy ( x, y ) + e x u ( x, y ) = 10

:
) u ( x, y, z
.
U .
U . Boundary value
) Problems ( Initional Value Problems.
.
.
PDE Homogenus
,
.
. PDE
.
.
:
L Fix .
.
) (
y v x+x.t .
x :
0< x<l

H (v, t ) = H ( x + x, t ) H ( x, t ) = cte

) v ( x, t
H

= tan

) v ( x + x , t
H

= tan

www.mohandesyar.com

) tan = y x ( x + x, t

) tan = y x ( x,t

F = ma y

) v( x + x, t ) v( x, t ) = .s. ytt ( x, t

) v( x + x, t ) v( x, t
) = ytt ( x, t
x

x = s

) y ( x + x, t ) y x ( x, t
H x
) = y tt ( x, t
x

):(
,H

) y xx ( x, t ) = y tt (x, t

Hy XX ( x, t ) = y tt (x, t ) H

: H .

ytt ( x, t ) = H

) y xx ( x, t
) y(x,t y x t

) ( :
):(
xy tt ( x, t ) = H ( y x ( x + x ), t ) y x ( x, t ) + Fx
)( .
:

y ( x + x, t ) y x ( x, t ) f
ytt ( x, t ) = H x
+

y XX ( x, t ) + f

y tt (x, y ) = H

xy tt ( x, t ) = H ( y x ( x + x, t ) y x ( x, t )) g x
y xx ( x, t ) g

y tt ( x, y ) = H

;
.)(

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: b

) f == by t ( x, t

):(
:
) y tt ( x, t ) = H y xx ( x, t ) by t ( x, t

.
:
.
y (0, t ) = 0
y (l , t ) = 0

:
) f(x .

y ( x ,0 ) = f ( x ) 0 < x < l

:
:

y (0, t ) = 0
y (l , t ) = 0
y ( x,0 ) = 0

) y t ( x,0 ) = g ( x

) g(x x .
.

y(x,t).
X t .
X + X .

X + X
) F(X,t .

www.mohandesyar.com

)(v
) F = y ( x + x ) y ( x, t
:
: A
:B )( )(v

E
)) ( y(x + x, t ) y(x, t
x

= ) F ( x, t

) F ( x, t ) = AEy x ( x, t
.

:
x

) F ( x, t ) = Ey x ( x, t
) F ( x + x, t ) = AEy x ( x + x.t

) (:
) F ( x + x, t ) F ( x, t ) = Axy tt ( x, t
:A )(

:

):(

) AE y ( x + x, t ) y ( x, t

x
A

) y xx ( x, t

(
)
) Z xx ( x, y, t ) + Z yy ( x, y, t

= ) y tt ( x, t
= ) y tt ( x, t

Z tt ( x, y , t ) = H

:
Ztt xy t.
:
u(x,y,z,t) R x,y t .

.

du
. n
= K
dn
:
:n
:k
xyz ) ( :

du
dx

1 = K

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:y )(

y .

du
dy

2 = K

du
dt

3 = K

J = 1 I + 2 J + 3 K
u u u
J = k I +
J+
K
x
y
z

) J = k (u

= J.n
.
: : yz

du
dx

j=k

=j

I 1 I 1 :
I 1 = R udv
) (
.
:
I1 = R J .dA
0

( J ) dV

): (:

= I 2 = R (divj )dv

I 2 = R k.Jdv = k 2 udV

) ( :

I1 = I 2

I 1 I 2 = 0 R ( (u t ) ku (vu ))dv = 0

R U .
= k 2u

u t = ku (v u ) = 0 U

u u u
i +
j +
k
z
x
y

= u ( x , y , t , z ) u

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u1 = M 1 i + M 2 j + M 3 k

M 1 M 2 M 3

+
=
+
j + k . M 1 i + M 2 j + M 3 k
= i +
x

y
z

x y

UM

= Uu:

) = u t ( x , y , z , t

2u 2u 2u
K 2 +
+
2
x
y

z 2

2 u (x, y , z , t ) 2 (x, y , z , t ) 2 u (x, t , z , t ) u

) (x , y , z , t
=
+
+
k t
x 2
y 2
z 2

ut

= u xx + u yy + u zz

PDE PDE
E

2
x 2

y 2

x 2

:
:

ut

P D E

= ? 2u

du
= 0
dn

du
= 0
dx

:

:

du
) = h (T 0 u
dn

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. :
2u
2 u u
+
=
k t
x 2
y 2

u
k t

= u
2

. ). (
du
=o
u x (x , o , t ) = 0
0 < x <l
k)
dx

y=0

y>0

Ku x (o , y , t ) = 0

du
= 0
dx

o< x<l,

y>0

)y > o

) KUx (0, y , t ) = h (u

du
) = h (o, u
dx

x = 0,

y>0

)
x = e,

) u(x,y,0)=f(x
2 u = 2 u t 2
) 2 u = (u, x, y, z, t u

.
..
u 2 , u1 c 2 , c1 R c1u1 c 2 u 2
u1 u2 .
e :

} e{c1u1 + c2 u 2 } = c1e{u1 } + c2 e{u 2

= e{u} = udt e{c1u1 + c 2 u 2 } = (c1u1 + c 2 u 2 )du

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c1u1 du + c 2 u 2 du = c1 u1 du + c 2 u 2 du
e{0} = 0

c k e {u

k =1

M :

n
e cku
k =1

}e{M {u}} = M {e{u}} = eM {u

}(e + M ){u} = e{u}+ M {u

2u
2u
2u
u
u
A 2 +B
+c 2 +D +E
) + Fu ( x, y ) = G ( x, y
xy
x
y
x
y

.

:

G=0 .

2
2
2u

+C 2 + D + E + F
e= A 2 +B
xy
x
y
x
y

e
u). (

e{u} = 0

e{u} = G
u1 , u 2 :
e{u1 } = 0
e{u 2 } = 0
c1e{u1} + c2 e{u2 } = e{c1u1 + c2u2 } = 0
: u1 , u 2 .
. . u1 u 2 .
e{u 2 } = G

e{u1 } = 0

u u = cu1 + u 2 .
e{cu1 + u 2 } = ce{u1 } + e{u 2 } = G
) u t ( x , t ) = Ku xx ( x , t
:

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u x (o, t ) = 0
u x (c, t ) = 0

n 2 2 k
nx

U n ( x, t ) = exp
t
cos

c
c2

n = 1,2,......

k
) ku xx = u ( x, t

u 0 ( x, t ) = 1

n 2 2 k
n 2 2 k
nx

= ) u t (x, t
t
exp
cos
2

c2

c
c

n 2 2

nx
exp
kt cos
2
c

n 2 2
=
2
c

u xx

u = c o u o + c1u1 + ..... + c n u n

.
Au xx + Bu xy + Cu yy + Du x + Eu y + Fu = G

A F x , y , t
F-A .
B 2 4 Ac > 0 H yperbolic B 2 4 Ac = 0
Ecllipite B 2 4 Ac > 0 .(Parabolic).

u
.
.
u
Ku + du .
dn
)( u tt , u t
u u t .

p = x2 + y2

y
= Arc tan x

=
z
z

x = p cos

y = p sin
z=z

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r=

p2 + z

= Arc tan p z

=
x = rSin Cos

y = rSin Sin
z = rCos

p = rSin

=
z = rCos

r = x2 + y2 + z2

= ArcTan y x

x2 + y2

z = ArcTan

2u 2u 2u
=0
+
+
x 2 y 2 z 2

u=0
2

. u ( p, , z ) u
:

u z
u
u u p
+
+
=
.
.
.
z x
x p x x
=

u
p

x
x2 + y2

u y u x Sin u
u Sin u
= .
= Cos

. 2
2
x + y p p
p
p
p

: * u
2 u u
=
x 2 x x

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u Sin u
2u

= Cos

x
p x
p x

2 `u
u Sin u Sin
u Sin u

Cos

= Cos Coc

p
p
p
p
p
x

2u
2 u Sin u Sin 2 u

2 = Cos Cos
+

2
2

p
p
x

p
p

Sin
p

u
2 u Cos u Sin 2 u

Sin
+ Cos

p
p

u
p

2 u CosSin u CosSin u u Sin 2 u

+

= Cos

p
p
p p
p
p2
2

Sin Cos 2 u
Sin Cos u Sin 2 2 u
+
+

p
p 2
p

p2
2 p 2SinCos u 2CosSin 2u Sin2 u Sin2 2 u

+
+ 2
Cos 2 +

p
p
p p
p
p2
p 2
2

2u
y 2

u Cos u
2u
u
u Cos u

= Sin
+
2 = Sin +
p y
y
p
p y
p
y
2
2u
2 SinCos 2 u Cos 2 2 u Cos 2 u
2 u
:
= Sin 2 +
+
+
p
p
p p
y 2
p
p 2 2

2 u 2 ( x, y , z )
=
z 2
z 2

2u = 0

2 sin Cos u

p2
2u = 0

2u 2u 2u
+
+
=0
x 2 y 2 z 2

2 u 1 u
2u 2u
1
+
+
+
=0
p p
p 2 2 z 2
p 2

www.mohandesyar.com

:
2u
u 2 p 2 2 u
+
=0
+p
p
P
p 2
z 2
p 2
2

Z :

u
u p 2 u
P
+p
p
+
=0
2
p 2
p
z 2

2u
p
=0
z 2

:
<o<x

0 < y < 2

u
u u
+x
+
=0
2+
x y 2
x
2

x2

: ). (
:

2 u 2 u
2u
1
1 2 u Cos u
+
+
+
+ 2
=0

r 2 r r r 2 Sin 2 2 r 2 2
r

1
1
(uSin )
u + 2
+ 2
2
r Sin
r Sin

) + u r + ru rr

2u = 0

(ru )rr

u=1
2

(u + ru r ) (u r

:
:

1
1
(u Sin )
u + 2
2
r Sin
r Sin
2

1
(u Sin ) = 2 u
2
r Sin

1 2
r ur
r2

= 2u

1 2
r ur
r2

: 2 u = G

. (Sepration .
)of Vauiable

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) Ku xx ( x, t ) = u t ( x, t

0< x<c t >0

) Ku xx ( x, t ) = u t ( x, t

u x (0, t ) = 0

u x ( c, t ) = 0

) u ( x,0) = f ( x

)u ( x,0) = f ( x

) f(x .
:(
.

u n ......... u 1

u = c k u k

:( u = n .
:( .
) u ( x, t .

) u ( x, t ) = X ( x )T (t

) KX ( x ) T (t
=
) X (x
) T (t

) KX ( x )T (t ) = X ( x )T (t

) X ( x ) 1 T (t
=
=
) X ( x ) K T (t
) T (t
=
) KT (t

) X ( x
=
) X (x

X ( x ) X ( x ) = 0
T (t ) KT (t ) = 0

. .
:

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X (o )T (t ) = X (c )T (t ) = 0

T (t ) 0, X (o ) = o1 X (c ) = 0

X ( x ) x( x ) = 0

X (o ) = 0

X (c ) = 0

T (t ) kt (t ) = 0
Cos

T (t )
= k CosT (t ) = kt + CosA
T (t )

T (t )
T (t )
= kt
= e kt T (t ) = Ae kt
A
A

: :
X ( x ) X ( x) = 0 X ( x ) = a1e

1) > 0

+ a2 e

>0

= a 2 X ( x ) = a 2 ( x ) X ( x ) = Ae ax + Be ax

X ( x ) = Aae ax Bae ax
X (o ) = 0 A B = 0

ac
ac
X (c ) = 0 Ae Be = 0

A = 0, B = 0

. > 0 u (x,t) X(x)

2) = 0

X ( x ) = 0 X ( x ) = Ax + B
X (o ) = 0 A = 0
X (c ) = 0 A = 0

X (x ) = B

T (t ) = A

u ( x, t ) = X ( x )T (t ) A.B

u ( x, o ) = f ( x ) AB = f ( x )

3) < 0
= a 2

. u (x, t ) = f f
X ( x ) = a 2 X ( x ) X ( x ) = ACosax + BSinax
X (o ) = 0 AaSinac + aBCosax = 0

x=0

B=0

(x )

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X (o ) = 0 AaSinac = 0 Sinac = 0 ac = n a =
n
X (x ) = Cos
x
c

n
c

n = 0,1,......

2
n 2 2
T (t ) = e kt = e ka t = e k 2
c

n = 0,1,...

. ku xx = u t u n
:

u = a n u n ( x, t )
n =1

u ( x, t ) = X ( x )T (t ) = e k

n 2 2
nx
+ Cos
2
c
c

kn 2 2
nx
u n ( x, t ) = e
Cos

2
c
c

u ( x, t ) = a n e

n 2 2
c2

n =1

u ( x,0 ) = a n Cos
n =1

kt

Cos

n = 0,1,.....

n x
c

nx
= f (x )
c

: a n
u ( x,0 ) = f ( x )
nx

. f (x) a n Cos c
: a n
c

Cos
0
c

Cos
0

n x
nx
c
dx =
Sin
=0
c
n
c

n = 1.2,........
o

n=0
c

x
nx
mx
n

Cos
dx = 1 Cos (n + m ) + Cos (n m )
2
c
c
c
c
0
c

n,mn,m n = 1,2,......

m = 1,2,.....

a Cos
n =0

0
c

dx

m, n m n
n=0

2x
nx
nx
nx
= f ( x ) = a 0 + a1Cos
+ a 2 Cos
+ ......... + a n Cos
= f (x )
c
c
c
c

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:. c 0
c

nx
dx + ....... + ....... = f ( x )dx
c
0

a 0 dx + a1 Cos
c

a0 c =

f ( x )dx a 0 = 1

f ( x )dx

.) (
c

Cos

nx
a1
c

nx
nx
nx
a 0 Cos dx + a1 Cos Cos dx + ...........
c
c
c
0
0

= Cos

a1 = 2

x
nx
f ( x )dx = ai c = f ( x )cCos dx
2
c
c
2x
dx
c

f ( x )Cos
c

n x
dx
c

c
0

an = 2

f ( x )Cos

n = 1,2,........

u x (0, t ) = 0

Ku xx = u t

u x (c, t ) = 0

:
. f ( x ) :
.
u ( x ,0 ) = ?

f ( x ) = 10 x

c = 10 x

u ( x, t ) = a n e

n 2 2
c2

kt

Cos

n =0

k=

nx
c

a 0 = 1 10 x dx
10

an = 2

a 0 = 50

an = 2

10

f ( x )Cos

10

10 xCos
10
0

an = 2

10

xCos
0

nx
dx
c

nx
dx
c

u10
nx
n
Sin
x dx = 2
10

10
c
n

an = 0

400

a
n

n 2 2

an =

10
0

10
n

200
( 1)n 1
2 2
n

10

Sin
0

nx
dx

www.mohandesyar.com

) a n = 200 (Cosn 1

n 2 2

10
0

10 2
nx

Cos
10 n
10

an = 2

200
n 2 2 k
n x
n
u ( x, t ) = 50 + 2 2 ( 1) 1 e
t Cos
10
10
n =1 n

)f (x

Sepration od Voualley .
.

.
:P D E

PDE .
.
u xx ( x, y ) = 0
u (0, y ) = y 2
u (1, y ) = 1
:
< 0 < x <1 < y
) u xx ( x, y ) = 0 u x ( x, y ) = ( y

u( x, y ) = ( y )x + h y

)( ( y ) 0

u (0, y ) = y 2 h( y ) = y 2

u (1, y ) = ( y ) + h( y ) = 1 ( y ) = 1 y 2
u ( x, y ) = (1 y 2 )x + y 2

: :

) a 2 y xx ( x, t ) = y tt ( x, t

<<x

) y ( x ,0 ) = h ( x

t >0

y t ( x, o ) = 0
u = x + at

v = x at

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(
y y u y u
=
.
+ .
t u t v t

x,t)

(v,u)

y ( x, t ) y (u , v )

y
y
y
u
.a +
.( a ) = a
a
u
v
u
v
y
y
2 y
y
y 2 y
y
. = 2 = a a
a
a a a
2
v
v
v u
t t
u u
t
t

2
2
2
2
2 y
2 y
2 y
2 y
2 y
=

+
a
a
a
a
uv
uv
t 2
u 2
u 2

a2

2
2
2 y
2
2 y
+

a
a
2
uv
u 2
v 2

2 y y
=
x 2 x x

y y u y v y y
= .
+ . =
+
x u x v x u v
2 y 2 y
2 y y y y y 2 y
+
+
=
+
2
+
+
=

uv u 2
x 2 x x v u u v u 2

PDE

2
2 y 2 y 2 y
2 y 2 y
2 y
= a 2 2

+
+
a 2 +
uv u 2
uv u 2
u
u
2

y (u , v ) = h(u )
2 y
2 y
=0 n
=0
uv
uv
y v (u , v ) = q (v )

:
g (u , v ) = f (u ) + g (v )

y (u , v ) = f (u ) + g (v )

f (u ) 0

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x + at = u
x at = v

) y ( x, t ) = f ( x, at ) + g ( x at
) af ( x ) ag ( x ) = 0 f ( x ) = g ( x
c

f ( x ) = g ( x ) + k

) (h( x ) + c

) (h(x ) c

2 f ( x ) = h( x ) + c f ( x ) = 1

2 g ( x ) = h( x ) c g ( x ) = 1

:
(
(
)) y ( x, t ) = f ( x, at ) + g ( x at ) = 1 (h(a + at ) + h( x at
2
(
(
:
2
) y tt ( x, t ) = a y xx ( x, t
y (o, t ) = y (c, t ) = 0

y t ( x,0) = 0

.
.
:

, c

) y ( x,0) = f ( x

) y ( x, t ) = X ( x )T (t

2
) X ( x ) 1 T (t
=
= 0
) X ( x )T (t ) = a 2 X ( x )T (t
X ( x ) a 2 T (t ) 2

) X ( x
) = 2 x ( X ) = 2 X ( X
)X (x
) T (t
) = 2 T (t ) = a 2 2 T (t
) T (t

www.mohandesyar.com

X (t ) = Ae x + Be x

at
at
T (t ) = Ce + De
A = 0, B = 0

1 X (0 ) = 0 A + B = 0

X (c ) = 0 Ae c + Be t = 0

. .

X ( x ) = 0 X ( x ) = Ax + B
) = 0

T (t ) = 0 T (t ) = Ct + D

X (0) = 0 B = 0

X (c ) = 0 A = 0

X ( x ) = 2 X ( x ) X ( x ) = B Sinx + A Cosx

2 2
T (t ) = a T (t ) T (t ) = C Sina + + D Cost
n
1 X (0 ) = 0 A = 0

) < 0

X n ( x ) = Sin

X (c ) = 0 BSinc = 0 c = n =

n
c

n = 0,1,.....

an
an
Tn (t ) = CSin
+ + DCos
+
c
c
X ( x )T (0 ) = 0
3:
= 0 Tn (0) = 0 C

anC
Tn(t ) = Cos
T
nx
c
nx
ax
Yn ( x, t ) = Sin
Cos
t
c
c

: X n ( x ) = Sin

, Tn (t ) = Cos

ax
t
c

n =1
nx
bn
b n Cos

c
n =1
. y(x,t)
( t ) . f(x) . g(x,0)=f(x)

y ( x,0) = bn Sin
n =1

nx
ax
Cos
t
c
c

nx
= f (x )
c

c
c
nx
c
c
nx
n+1
n
0 Sin c dx = n Cos c 0 = n (Cosn 1) = n (1) + 1 = n 1 (1)
c

y ( x, t ) = bn Sin

www.mohandesyar.com

nm
0
nx
mx
Sin
dx = c
c
c
2 n = m

Sin
0

Sin

nx
c

nx
m x
b n Sin
Sin
dx =
c
c

n =1 o

bn Sin nx = f (x )
c

f ( x )Sin

mx
dx
c

mx
c b = f ( x )Sin mx b = 2
f (x )Sin
dx
m

2 m
c
c
c
c

f ( x ) = 0.2 x

f ( x ) = 0.2 x + 4
=2

2 x 20 Cos nx
20 10
n
20

bn = 2

10
0

10
20
nx
Cos
dx
+

n 0
20

20
0

20
20 2
nx
+
Cos
dx

n 10 10
c

n x
nx
2
10 20 xSin 20 dx + 10 4Sin 20 dx
20

=2

20
10
n x
nx
nx
2
2
f ( x )Sin
dx =
dx + 2 + 4 Sin
dx
10 x Sin
20
20
20
20
20
20
0
10
o
20

20
cx
+ 2 x + 4
Cos
20

20
n

........ +

: f(x)

0 < x < 10
10 < x < 20

20

20

20

10

xSin

4 20
nx
nx 20
dx +
Cos
10 = .........
20
20
n

:
[a,b]

f(x)

www.mohandesyar.com

.
x1 , x 2 ,.........x n

a < x1 < x 2 ................... < x n < b

) ( ) ( ) () (

) ( ) (

f x1 f x1+ , f x 2 , f x 2+ ,........, f x n , f x n+

1 1Mx < 0.5

f ( x ) = a 0 .5 < x < 0 .5
1 0 .5 x < 1

) (c,d
:

) ( c, d ) ( a , b

x M +1

xM

x r 1

xM

f (x )dx = f (x )dx + f (x )dx + ......... + f (x )dx

.

) f (x
) ] [a,b
.
:
nx
c

: ) f(x

0 < x <

)f(x

a n

n =1

dx + a n Cos nx dx = f (x )dx
0

n =1

0 C .
nx

+ a n Cos

ao

= )f ( x

ao

+ a n Cos
n =1

ao

) f (x

) + a n Cosnx = f ( x
n =1

ao

www.mohandesyar.com

ao

=
ao

+ o = f ( x )dx ao = 2
o

f ( x )dx
o

f (x )Cos mx dx

Cos mx dx + a Cos nx Cos mx dx =

n

n =1

1
(Cos(n m )x Cos(nn + m )x )dx = f ( x )Cos mx dx
an

2
n =1
o
o

1
(Cos(n m )x Cos(nn + m )x )dx = f ( x )Cos mx dx
an

2
n =1
o
o

an = 2

f ( x )Cos nx dx
o

f(x) . [ 0,c] f(x)

nx
.
f (x ) bn Sin
c

n =1

f (x ) bn Sin
n =1

Sin
o

nx
c

. n

mx
mx
nx
Sin
dx = f (x )Sin
dx
c
c
c
o
c

mx
c
c
c
mx
mx
c
c
c
2
bm
= f (nx)xSin bxdx bm =
dx
mf(x )Sin
c
b2n Sin
Sin c dx = f ( x )Sin
dx c

o
o
c
c
c
n =1
o
o

: bn
: f(x)

:( o, ) f(x)=x :

nx
f ( x ) bn Sin
f ( x ) = bn Sin x
c
n =1
n =1

bn = 2

xSin nx dx =
o

n +1
= 2 ( 1) o + 1 2 Sinx
n
n
o

f (x) =
n =1

x
Cos nx + 1 Cos nx dx
n
n
o
o

( 1)n +1
=

n

( 1)n +1 2 Sin nx = 2SinX Sin2 x + 2

n

n +1

2( 1)
2 =

n

Sin3x............

www.mohandesyar.com

n
.
Sin nx
n =1
) f ( x .

b Sin nx

b Sin nx

[0,]2

f (x) = x

-:

+ an Cosnx

)(

ao

= ) f (x

- .

: .
) f ( x )(-cc
.
g ( x ) = g ( x ) ,

) h( x ) = h( x

) h( x

nx
dx
c

) f ( x ) f ( x
) h( x 2 )(c

= )g (x

) h( x ) (-cc
c

h( x )Cos
c

an = 2

nx
a
h( x ) = o + a n Cos
2 n =1
c

) ( c, c
) x ( c, c

) f ( x ) + f ( x

2

= ) h( x

) f ( x ) = h( x ) + g ( x

nx
nx
+ bn Sin
c
c
n =1

) f ( x ) = h( x ) + g ( x

+ a n Cos
n =1

ao

= ) f (x

) f ( x ) (-cc . .
c
c
c
) f ( x ) + f ( x
nx
nx
nx
Cos
dx = 1
f (x )Cos
dxt f ( x )Cos
dx
=2

c
o

an

o
c
c
nx
nx 1
nx
1
=
f (x )Cos
dx + f ( x )Cos
= dx
f ( x )Cos
dx

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
o

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.( c, c ) f (x)
f

(x ) =

an = 1

a
c

n =1

an = 1

(a
n =1

x <

<

bn = 1

x <

<

x <

<

f (x )Cos nx dx

bn = 1

1 Cos nx dx = 1

bn : 1

Sin

f ( x )Sin

nx
dx
c

2
2

Cos nx + b n Sin nx

nx

x (,) : :

a0

nx
+ b n Sin
c

Cos

nx
f ( x )Cos
dx
c

f ( x ) 1

f (x ) =

Sin nx

f (x )Sin

nx

dx

1
n
n
+ Sin = 1 2Sin n
Sin
2
n
2
2
n

nx dx = 0

f ( x ) = 1 + 2 Sin n Cos nx
2
n
n =1

1dx = 1

a o
=

f (x) ( , ) f (x) :
. f (x)
f (x) =
an =

a0
+ (a n Cos nx dx + bn Sin nx )
2 n =1

f ( x )Cosnx dx

, bn =

f (x )Sin nx dx

www.mohandesyar.com

) f (x ) f (x .
n +1

) f (x :
)2( 1
= )f (x
Sin nx
n
n =1
.
.
o

= ) f (x

) ,

bn Sinnx

nx dx

f (x )Cos

) f (x :

( .
1+

an Cosnx+

= )f ( x

f ( x ) Cos nx dx

bn = 1

an = 1

an = 0

Cosx

Sin nx dx = 2

2 ( 1 )n +1
= Sin nx
n2
n
o

+o+ 1

x Sin x dx = 2

Sin nx

bn = 1

Cos nx dx = 2

) 2 ( 1
n

n +1

Sin nx

) ( 1

n +1

ao

f ( x) = x

) 2 ( 1
n

) f (x

+ 1

n =1

= ) f (x

n =1

= 2 Sinx 1 Sin 2 x + 1 Sin 3 x 1 Sin 4 x + .........

2
3
4

) f (x) = f (x x f
f .
F ( ) = 0
F ( ) = 0
, : f

.

www.mohandesyar.com

:

N

S N (x) = o 2 + an Cosnx :
n=1
a

+ a n Cosnx
n =1

a0

nx = a n

= ) S N (x

S (x )Cos

)) (S ( x

dx

an S N (x)Cosnx dx
o

a n2

S N (x)dx + 2

n =1

a0

+ an Codnx)S N (x)dx = 2

a2
= o +
2
2

a n2

dx + 2

n =1

nx

= bm

b n Sin

n =1

( X ) Sinmxdx

( X ) b n Sinnxdx

)2

(b
n =1

n =1

bn 2

( X )) 2 dx 0

f (x) S

(x )dx

2
= [ S N ( X )] dx

= S N ( X ) Sinnxdx

= 2

= ) (x

f ( x )S N ( x ) + 2

a o2
4

a
( o

(S N (x ))2 dx

n =1

E = 2

f
) f (x ) (0,
0 :
f (x )dx
:

) (

f ( x )S N (x )dx

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f (x)Cosnxd

anCosnxdx= 2 0
2

f (x)dx+

1 n=1

:
2

=f (x)Sinnxdx

n=1

bn 2
n=1

+ bn2

2
n

a n2

n =1

ao2
+
2

(a
n=1

n =1

)f (x

= f 2 (x)dx

( x ) dx

a
f 2 ( x )dx o +
2

a 02
=
+
2

= bn Sinnxdx

a
f (x) o +
2

a n2

b n2 2

n =1

N ) N (
:

f 2 ( x ) dx

2
n

n =1

a0

a o2
2 + ao2
n =1

:
a n2 ) 0

n =1

Lim a n = 0
n

f ( x ) 2 ( b n2 +
n =1

f 2 ( x ) dx

Lim b n = 0

b 2
2
n

n =1

an , bn .

) f (x ) ( n, n :
)

Cosx + b n Sinn

(a
n =1

a0

= )f (x

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( x )Sinnxdx

n
n

1
n

( x )Cosdx

1
n

) f (x )f (x
) f (x ) f (x ) f (x
. .
lim ax = 0
, lim bx = 0
:
R

dx

f ( x ) Cos

an

( x ) dx
2

+ bx

Cos

ax

n =1

2
n

a0 2

n =1

:
:
: b , a ) f (x :
n =1

nxdx

(x ) sin

f (x )Sinnxdx
:

.

2
n

n =1

N
N
< 1 2 (
n =1 n n =1

.
N
2
2
1 2
(

n n
n
n =1

n =1

2
n
2

2
n
2

nxdx

n = nb n

2
n

a m 2 + bn 2

n = 1

SN

1
2

bn

N:

(x )Cosnx

= 1

1
2

= an n

an

n = 1

2 + b

f (x )cos

= 1

1
2

2
n

+ b

n =1

2
n

(a
N

n =1

N
= ( 1 2 (a n2 + b n2
n
n =1

n =1

www.mohandesyar.com

. . )
2

2
n

(.
N

2
n

n =1

: ) f (x ) ( ,
.

sin nx dx

Cosbx + bn

am

n =1

a
f ( x ) o +
2

(
)
f (x )Cos nx dx) + bn
f
x
Sin
cx
dx

n =1

f (x)Sinnxdx

bn 1

f ( x )dx + an( 1

(x )dx

= 1

f (x)Cosnxdxt+ n=1

f (x)dx +

an 1
n =1

a0

a0

= 1

ao
+ an 2 + bn 2
2
n =1
n =1

) (

ao
(
)
) (an 2 + bn 2
f
x
dx
=
+

2
n =1

) f(x ) ( , :

n =1

n =1

+ a n Cos nx + bn Sin nx

f (x )Sin nx dx

f (x )Cos nx dx

, bn = 1

a0

an = 1

) f (x :
n +1
a
)) ) f (x )du = 0 2 (x + ) + 1 (a n Sin nx bn (Cos nxt ( 1

n =1

.
) f (x ] [ , :
) f ( x ) = f ( x
) f ( x ) f ( x :
) f ( x ) = ( n a n Sin nx + nbn Cos nx

www.mohandesyar.com

) y t = a 2 y xx ( x, t

y (a, t ) = 0 y (c, t ) = 0
) y ( x, o ) = f ( x
:

)f (x

) yt ( x, t ) = a 2uxx ( x, t

) u t ( x, t ) = a 2 u xx ( x, t
) U ( x, t ) = u ( z , t ) + ( x

) U t ( x, t ) = a 2 u xx ( x, t ) + h( x
) u t ( x, t )a 2 (u xx ( x, t ) + ( x )) + h( x
) h( x

a2

a 2 ( x ) + h( x ) = 0 = 1
1
h(t )dtdv
a 2

) u t ( x, t ) = a 2 u xx ( x, t

= ) (x

) (
]) U tt (xyt) = a 2 [(Z xx )(xy +) + Z yy (xy+

+ >0

:
Z ( x,0, t ) = 0

: :

0, < y <b

Z (a, y, t ) = 0

0< x < a

Z (0, y, t ) = 0
Z ( x, b, t ) = 0

) Z ( x, y,0) = f ( x, y

) Z ( x , y , t ) = X ( x ).Y ( y ).T ( t
y
T
x
=
+
2
x
y
a T

+ X Y T

:
< 0 :

( x yt

XY T = a
T
= 2
a 2T

T = a22T
2

+
y
X

=
2 = 0
X
y

) X ( x
y
+
= 2
) x (x
y

www.mohandesyar.com

x (0 ) = 0

y (0 ) = 0

x (a ) = 0
y (b ) = 0

X
= 2 X ( x ) = 2 X X = BSinx + ACosx
X
X (a ) = 0 A = 0

X (a ) = 0 o = BSin a a = x =

(x )

Sin

n
a

n
) x
a

y
y
2 = 2
= 2 2 y = 2 2 y
y
y

. 2 2
y(0) = 0
y(b) = 0

y = n 2 2 y

y = c n 2 2 y + DSin 2 2 y
2

m
n
m
2
2 2 = m b 2 2 =
=

b
a
b

n2
m2

a2
b2

m
= Sin
y
b

Z2 = 1
z1 = 2 -
: Z3 = 3 2
1 + 3i (
(
1 + i (
3i
: -

www.mohandesyar.com

1+ i

, Z1 = 2ei

1 + 3i

, Z 2 = 2e 3

(
i
u

3i

Z 3 = se

-
( Z1
(
( Z 4 2 z 2 + 4 = 0
Z1 Z 2
Z3
- Cos3 , Sin3
- :
(
Im(iz ) = Re z
( Re(iz ) = Im z
(
Z + 3i = z 3i
( iz = i z
- :
) Re(z i ) = z
) z i = z + i
- Z 1 Z 2 = 0 .
- :
2
( Z 3 + 3i = 0(
( Z 2 + 4 = 0
- x 2 y 2 = 1 z 2 + z 2 = 2.
-

(1+ z)n =1+ n z + n(n 1) z2 + .....n(n 1)(n 2) + .....(n k +1) zx + .....+ zn

2i

ki

n .
z1 z 2 , z 1 + z 2

.

) ) z 1 = = ( 3 ,1 ) z 2 = (1, 4
) z1 = x1 + iy1 z2 = = x1iy1

- :

2 i = 3 2z + 5

- :
- argz :

()(2 z + 5

Re z + Im z < 2 z

i
2 2i

=Z

2
1 + 3i

=Z

www.mohandesyar.com

g , f :

) g : (b1 , b2 , b3

= f . f = a12 + a 22 + a 32
2

f . g = a1b1 + a 2 b2 + a 3 b3

) f g = (a1 b1 ) + (a 2 b2 ) + (a 3 b3
2

) f = (a1 , a 2 , a 3

= f = 1 f

f . g = f . g .Cos

f + g f .g = 0

n ,........, 2 , 1 :
2

n

,.........., 2 , 1
n
2 1

, < i i >= i

< i , J >= 0

n ,........,1 .
.

.
f = c11 + c 2 2 ,........., c n n
:
> < f ,k

= C K < k k >=< f . k > C k

:
f , g ) (a,b ) (pwc x
:
) f = ( f 1 , f 2 ,........, f n
) g = ( g 1 , g 2 ,........, g n

www.mohandesyar.com

:f , g
( f , g ) = f K g K x K
b

Lim( f , g ) = f ( x )g ( x )dx

.
a ,b Fundamental interval
.
:
) ( f , g ) = (g , f
x 0

) ( f , g + h) = ( f , g ) + ( f , g
) (cf , g ) = c( f , g

( x )dx

b
( f , f ) = f 0 f = f
a
( f , g) = 0 f + g
2

f g = ( f g ) dx
2

( f , g) =1

:
nx
c

n ( x ) = Sin

2
nx
Sin
c
c

0< x<c

= i

2
nx
Cos
c
c

) < i (x, j ( x )) >= 2 < i j >= (i, j

c

:
= ) , n (x

:
0 < x < c .
nx
:
Cos
, 0 = 1
c
2c
c
) (-C,C.

0 (x ) = 1

, 2n 1 = 1

nx
c

Sin

0 (x ) = 1

:
f = c 0 0 + c11 + ........ + c k k + ........ + c n n
b

C k = f ( x ) k ( x )dx

k = 0,1,.....,

> C k =< f . k

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nx
nx
1
Sin
+ C2
+ ..........
c
c
2
nx
dx
c
nx
dx
c

f (x )Cos

2c

1
n x
=>
C k =< f ( x ).
Cos
c
c
c
1

f (x )Cos

Cos

+ C1

f (x ) = C0

=1

ck
c

= ak

) n ( x ),....., 2 ( x ), 1 ( x :
km
k =m

k , m = 1,2,.....

) (x

0
< m ( x ). k ( x ) >= 2
c k = 1

) n ( x ),.......1 ( x
) ( x ) = 11 ( x ) + ....... + n n ( x

) f (x
) f (x k k=1,2,..n ) ( x
.
: n ,....... 2 , 1 ) (x ) f f (x

) f (x ) (x
) f ( x ) ( x 1 .
b

2
2

E = f ( x ) ( x ) = f ( x ) ( x ) dx

2
= ( f ( x )) ( x ) dx

) E 2 = f (x ) (x

( x )dx 2 f ( x )dx + 2 ( x )dx

2

2 f ( x ) k k ( x )dx + k k ( x ) dx
k =1

a k =1
a
b

a k =1 k =1

k =1

) = f (x

= f ( x ) 2 k f ( x ) k ( x )dx + k k ( x ) l l ( x )dx
2

Min E 2 Min. k .
) (x x k

nn

f E+2
= f k2 +2
k (ck k= cf k ) +
Ck2k2 2ck k + ck ck2
k =1

k =k1=1

22

k =1

www.mohandesyar.com

.
k = ck
n

k =1

k =1

)= f (x ) 2 K ck + k2 (1
2

> ) ck =< f ( x )k ( x
n

Ck2

k =1

E2 > 0

k = ck E 2 = f

) (:
) =(n

n N

.
n lim Cn=0
2
) f ( x .:

f ( x ) Ck2
2

k =1

ck 2 n
k =1

2
k

f (x ) = C
2

k =1

}) { k ( x ) (a,b f ) (a,b :
2

= f

2
k

.
: :
=0

Sin nx

) ( , .
C : bn
C : a n

= ) Cos nx , 2 n ( x

= ) , 2 n 1 ( x

1
2

C
k =1

= 0

) k ( x ) (a , b ) p(x
mk
m=k

0
(
)
(
)
(
)
P
x
x
x
dx
=

k
m
a
cte
b

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) p( x ) k ( x.

) mn ( x, y .
m e, n k
m = e, n = k

0
2
c mn

) mn ( x, y

= ek ( x, y )dxdy

) mn ( x, y .
.
.

= u + iv
b

(t )dt = u(t )dt + i v(t )dx

) (t ) = u (t ) iv(t

mk
0

dt = 2
u (t ) + v m2 (t ) dt
m

) < m (t )., k (t ) >= m (t ) k (t

a

: )(-2,2

. .
nx
nx
+ bn Sin
c
c
nx
dx
c

f ( x )Cos
c

an = 1

+ a n Cos
n =1

a0
c

f ( x )dx
c

= )f (x
a0 = 1

n x
dx
c

f (x )Sin

bn = 1

:
c
c
c

1
1
ns
nx
ns
nx
+
+
(
)
(
)
cos
cos
(
)
sin
sin
ds
ds
f
s
f
s
ds
f
s

c
2c c
c
c
c
c
n =1 c c

www.mohandesyar.com

n
(s x )dx
c

f (s )Cos

c
n =1

f (s )ds + 1

2c

=1

.
) f(x ) ( , :
:

f (s ) ds

.
:
:
+

f (s )Cos(n ( x s ))ds = 1

f (s )Cos(n (x s ))ds

n =1

n +

c
n =1

f (n )x

n =1

f (s )Cos( (x s ))dsd

F ( , x )d = 1

= 1

) f (n )x = f ( x )dx = f ( x ) = ( A( )Cos x + B( )Sin x

n =1

<< x

f (s )Cos (s x )dsdx

f (x) = 1

sin udu

= ) B (

f ( x ) = e 2 x

f (s )Sin sds

B( ) = 1

f (u ) cosudu
) B ( ), A(

f (s )Cos sds

nx
nx
bn Sin
bn
c
c

= ) A(

A( ) = 1

bn n 4 < M 4bn Sin

1
M
M
=

4
4
n
n =1 n

bn

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: e x

:f ( x ) = ( A( )Cosx + B( )Sin x )dx

A( ) = 1

f (x) = e

f (x )Cos x dx

f (x )Sin xdx

, B( ) = 1

B( ) = 1

x
e Sin x dx

<x<

B ( ) = 0, A( ) = 2

f ( x ) = ( A( )Cos x + B( )Sin x )dx Re e x e ix

A( ) = 1

A( ) = 2
A( ) =

Cos5

1+

2 ( A( ))
(
(
)
)
1

= 1 A( )

2
2
2

( 2 + 1)

( 2 + 1)

1
(

x
e Cos xdx

Cos x dx

1
1
A( ) 2

= 2 1

5 x
dx
x 2

Cos
1 +

d =

Cosx dx

R
2

e5 = x

. Sin 2 x dx :
1+ x
:
2

e x
f (x ) =
x
e
2

x>0
x<0

e 2

Cos 5 x
R 5
dx =
e = x
2
1+ x
2

f ( x0 ) = A( )Cosx0 + B( )Sinx0 d
0

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) u t ( x, t ) = ku xx ( x, t
t >0

)u(x, o) = F (x

x>0

u(0, t ) = 0

x .
.
x2

. . = 0
2

) X ( x
) X (x

= ) ) T (t
) kt (t

u ( x , t )X ( x )T (t

U ( x1 ) = 0 X (0 ) = 0
)x

( x ) + B sin

(A cos

= ) (x

X ( x ) = sin x
T (t ) = e zkt

) xd = f ( x

B ( )sin

Sin x ) dx

k ,
+

(Be

= ) (x , t

xdx

( x ) sin

B ( ) = 2

:
du 2
du
u= p
+p
+ (p 2 v 2 )y = 0
2
dp
dp
2

= x :

2
2
x u . x
p 2 p 2

2 u u u x ex
=
. .
= 2
p p p x p ep
p

:

u
2u

= 2
x
x
x

d2y x
dy
+ .
+ (x 2 v 2 )y = 0
2

dx
dx

x2

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.
:

y2 ( x ) = xdyr a k x k
2 d y
2
2
=0 x v
x
+ x k+
y=0
2
dx
dx

x = 0
:
x2 v2
2
2
2
1
y=0

y +

x2

y +

x y + xy + x v y 0

x=0 .

)+ x (r + k )a k x (r + k 1

r +k 2

k =0

x r +k = 0

v=n

(r + k )(r + k 1)a

k =0

) (r + k )(r + k 1)a

t x2 + v2

k =0

n = 1,2,.......,

+ (r + k )akx r + k n 2 akx r + k + akx r + k + 2 = 0

r +k

((r + k )(r + k 1)av x

x ((r + k )(r + k 1) + (r + k ) n ak + akx ) = 0

2

r +k

k =0

: (r n)(r + n)a0 + (r n +1)(r + n +1)a1x + ((r n + k )(r + n + k )ak + ak 2)xk = 0

(r + n)(r + n) = 0
a1 = 0
2

(r n + 1)(r n + 1) = 0

1
(r n + k )(r + n + k

1
a 2
(r n + k )(r + n + k ) k

.:

a0

1
a 2
(r n + k )(r + n + k ) k

= r = n ak

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k .
a 0 0
:

a1 , a3, a2m + 1 = 0

1
1
= a0 , a4
) 2 (2 n + 2
) 4 (2 n + 2 )(2 )(2 n + 2
k
(
) 1
=
ki (n + 1 )(n + 2 )(n + k )2 2 k

= a2
a 2k

a0
:
1
) ( 1
a
=
=
k

n + 2 k

k ! (n + k )! 2

n!2n

( 1 )k

!) k = 0 k ! (n + k

) (x 2

2 k

a0

n + 2 k

) yn (x.

)
2

n + 2 k

( 1 )k
(x

(
)
!
!
+
k
n
k
k = 0

) yn (x n .
n .

= ) (x

) x 2 y + x y + x 2 n 2 y = 0 y = y n ( x

: :

) (x 2

2k

) y (x :
y0.

( 1)k

2
)! k = 0 (k

= ) x 2 y + x y + x 2 y = 0 y = y 0 ( x

..........

) ( 1 3 ! ) (x 2

) (x 2

) ! (2

) (x 2

= ) (x

www.mohandesyar.com

( xSin

1 ) Cos

( xSin

2 ) Sin

)=

y2

n (x ) =

)
y n (x ) =

4) d

k=0

)y

)n

)n

Sin

( xSin )Sin (2 x

(x ) =

)y

( x )Cos

( x )Sin
1 ) d

(n

Cos

xSin

)d

( )

1k
x
2
K ! ( x + k )!

(x ) =

k = 0

x yn ( x) = nx

x n yn+1 ( x )

( )

n 1

n+2k

1k
x
2
k ! (n + k )!

dx

n =1

(1

n =1

(x ) +

)=

(1

yn ( x) + x

2 k

( 1)k (n + 2x) .(x )n2k 1

2
2
k =0 k!(n + k )!

y(0) = y1 ( x )

. y0(x)
Y0 ( x) =

x
x4
x4
1
x6
1 1
[(log ) J 0 ( x)] + 2 2 2 (1 + ) + 2 2 2 (1 + + ) + ....

3
x
x 4
2
x 46
2 3
2

R (V

)=

V 1t

( 2 )=

V 3

1 ) Cos
2 ) Sin

R (v + 1 )
v
V 1t
2

( xSin
( xSin

= min

)=

)=

n =1

(x ) +

(1

n =1

)n

(1
)y

)n

( x )Sin

)y

( x )Cos

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y2

n (x ) =

)
y n (x ) =

4) d

k=0

Sin

( xSin )Sin (2 x

1 ) d

(n

Cos

xSin

)d

( )

1k
x
2
K ! ( x + k )!

(x ) = 1

k = 0

x yn ( x) = nx

x n yn+1 ( x )

(x ) =

dx

n 1

n+2k

( )

1k
x
2
k ! (n + k )!

yn ( x) + x

2 k

( 1)k (n + 2x) .(x )n2k 1

2
2
k =0 k!(n + k )!

y(0) = y1 ( x )

:
1 ) xy n ( x ) = ny

( x ) xy n + 1 ( x )
2 ) xy n ( x ) = ny n ( x ) + xy n 1 ( x )
xy n + 1 ( x ) = 2 ny n ( x ) xy n + 1
n

:
. ) ( yn(x)
y n ( x ) = 0 { = n 0 , n1 ,...., A}}
a y n ( ni ) = 0

bn = 2

yo

c
c
f ( x) f ( x)
Nx
Nx
Nx
1
(
)
(
)
Sin
dx
f
x
Sin
=

dx
f
x
Sin
dx

o
c
c
c
c
2
c
o
o

x = x
c

( x )Sin

dx = dx
N x
c

dx

www.mohandesyar.com

bn Sin nx 2.
) f ( x )(-
.
g ( x ) = g ( x ) ,

) h( x ) = h( x

) f ( x ) f ( x
2

) f ( x ) = h( x ) + g ( x
) f ( x ) + f ( x
2

= )g (x

= ) h( x

) h( x ) h( x ) (
) h( x ) (- h(x ) ). (.
n x
dx
c

h( x )Cos
c

) x ( c, c

an = 2

nx
c

) ( c, c

+ a n Cos
n =1

ao

= ) h( x

) f ( x ) = h( x ) + g ( x

nx
nx
a
f ( x ) = o + anCos
+ bn Sin
2 n =1
c
c
n =1

) f ( x ) (- .
.

2
c
c
c
f ( x )(+x f)(Sinmxdx
nx = bm
nx
nx
) x
2 `SN
1
Cos
= dx
f ( x )Cos
dx + f ( x )Cos
dx
an = 0
c
c

C ) (Z
) (Z
(Z )dZ = 0

dZ
=
Z Z2 +q

D .

(Z )dZ
b

)) (Z )dZ = (Z )dZ = F (Z (b )) F (Z (a
C

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) (Z
.:
3
Z
(Z )cZ 2 F (Z )c
3

1
(1 + i )3 +
3

1+ i

2
= Z Z
0

2i

2i

dZ
2i Z = log z 2i= log 2i log( 2i ) = tui

) (Z C C
(Z )dz = 2i
) (Z 0
c Z Z 0
:
) (Z 0

= 2i

(Z )dz
0

2
10

Z Z
c

Z dz

= (q Z )(Z i ) = 2i q + 1
c

z (Z )dZ = Z (Z )dZ
0

( (Z + g t ))dZ = (Z )aZ + g (Z )dZ

c

(Z (t )Z ) dt

(Z )dx
a

Ic Z 2 dZ
C1

2 11
+ i
3 3

= I1

2 11
+ i
3 3

= I2

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Ic Z 2 dZ

Pdx + Qdy = X

R
dxdy
y

(Z )d = Ndx Vdy + i Xdx + udy

u n
u x
=
dxdy + i
dxdy
y
x
y

R
R

(Z ) C

ux = vy
Xy = V X

(Z ) C (Z )
C

:

(t ) = X (t ) + iy (t )
b

(t )d + X (t )dt + o y(t )dt

i 2t

dt = 3

+ i

:
4

:
b

Re (t )dt = Re Z (t ) dt
b

Z (t )dt = Z (t )
a

r0 e 0 = (t )dt e u 0 (t ) dt
b

X (t )dt
a

(t ) dt
a

ro c Re e 1 0 (t ) dt !

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Line Integral
z2

(t )dt

(t )dt

Z1

Z .
) Z = Z (t
Z1

Z1

(Z )dt = (u / x(t ) + iv(x(t ), y(t )))(dX + 1dy )dt

Z / t1

(Ux Vy ) + i(uy + Vx )dt

Z / t0

t1

t1

t0

t0

= (Ux + Vy )dt + (Uy + Vx )dt

(Z )dZ (Z )dZ

2
(1 x )y 2 x y + y = 0 .
.

a +
a h 2h

2h + 1

n ) ( x
n = 0 ,1,....

n2h

Pn

h 1

2 h +1

= y1

= a1x +

h 1

) = n(n + 1

( 1 )x (2 n 2 h )! X
) h! (n 2 h )h (n + x

1
Pn ( x ) n
2

P0 ( x) = 1

P1 ( x) = X

1
3x
2

= ) P 2 (x

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1
(3 S 3 )
2

P3 ( x ) =

P4

(3 s

1
2

(x ) =

4 30 x

+ 3

)
Pn ( x ) = ( 1)Pn ( x )

(i x g )y n 3 y + n (n = 1 ) y = 0 !
.
1

P m ( x ) + P n ( x )d =

P n (x )

P n ( x )1

1 1
d n
2n n1 d n

(x

(x ) =

P n (x ) =

P n + 1 ( x ) xp

n
2 n!
n

m n

mn

( x )}
1
n 1

u = x

P n+ 1 ( x ) P n 1( x ) = (2 n + 1 )Pn ( x )
2
n (x ) =
2n + 1

1 Pn ( x )1 =

(x ) =

A n Pn ( x ) A n =

n=0

2n + 1
Pn ( x )
2
1

2n + 1
( x )Pn ( x )dx
2 1

.
r

2
(ru) + 1 Sin v = 0
2

Sin
r

V (c , ) = F (

0 < r < c , 0 < <

(r , ) =

n = 0

Pn

(Cos )

o
c
nx
nx 1 c
nx
1
dx + f ( x )Cos
dx =
f ( x )Cos
dx
=
= f ( x )Cos

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
o