ANALYSIS OF TRUSS

BY GP CAPT NC CHATTOPADHYAY

ANALYSIS OF FRAME
A FRAME IS A STRUCTURE MADE OF SEVERAL BARS/ RODS WELDED / RIVETTED TOGETHER THE BARS ARE ANGLE IRONS/ CHANNELS OF I OR T SECTIONS. THESE ARE CALLED MEMBERS ON APPLICATION OF LOAD ON TO THE STRUCTURE, THE MEMBERS REMAIN LOADED WITH TENSILE/ COMPRESSIVE LOAD MEMBERS UNDER TENSION ARE CALLED TIE MEMBERS UNDER COMPRESSION ARE CALLED STRUT THE STRUCTURE FORMED BY THE MEMBERS (TIE/ STRUT) IS CALLED TRUSS

EXTENSIVELY USED IN ROOF, BRIDGE, SHEDS ETC.

TYPES
PERFECT
STRUCTURE IS MADE OF MEMBERS JUST SUFFICIENT TO KEEP IT IN EQUILIBRIUM, WHEN LOADED WITHOUT ANY CHANGE OF SHAPE

IMPERFECT
STRUCTURE IS MADE OF MEMBERS MORE OR LESSER THAN THE MINIMUM NUMBERS NECESSARY TO KEEP IT IN EQUILIBRIUM, WHEN LOADED n 2j 3 n > 2j 3 REDUNDANT n < 2j 3 DEFICIENT INEFFICIENT STRUCTURE

n = 2j 3 where n is the number of members and J no of joints It is efficient and optimised structure

PERFECT VS IMPERFECT
B

A C

STRESSES IN A FRAME
UNDER APPLICATION OF LOAD THE STRUCTURE TENDS TO DEFORM. THE MATERIAL OF THE FRAME TENDS TO KEEP THE FRAME RIGID ( PREVENTS DEFORMATION) AN INTERNAL RESISTIVE FORCE IS SET IN IN THE MATERIAL . THIS INDUCES STRESS. = INTERNAL RESISTANCE / AREA LOAD CAN BE PULL / PUSH (TENSILE/ COMPRESSIVE) FOR JOINTS TO BE IN EQUILIBRIUM THE MEMBERS MAY CARRY ZERO LOAD/ TENSILE/ COMPRESSIVE LOAD.

CONVENTIONS
ANALIST HAS TO IDENTIFY THE SITUATION , MAKE A MENTAL PICTURE OF THE FORCES AND DECIDE THE ARROWS. A LOAD WITH ARROW AWAY FROM THE JOINT IS TENSILE A LOAD WITH ARROW TOWARDS THE JOINT IS COMPRESSIVE

ASSUMPTIONS
THE FRAME IS A PERFECT FRAME MEMBERS ARE PIN JOINTED (Every member of the truss is then in pure compression or pure tension shear, bending moment, and other more complex stresses are all practically zero. ) LOADS ACT ON THE JOINTS ONLY WEIGHT OF THE MEMBER AS COMPARED TO THE EXTERNAL LOADS IS NEGLIGIBLE AND NOT CONSIDERED FOR CALCULATIONS.

SOLUTIONS
ANALYTICAL USE OF TRIGONOMETRY/ GEOMETRY/ ALGEBRA TWO METHODS (JOINT & SECTION METHODS) THE METHODS CAN BE CUMBERSOME AND LENGTHY AND LEAD TO ERRORS A COMPARISON ON NEXT SLIDE GRAPHICAL
USE OF CONCEPT OF ENGG DRG USE OF SPACE, VECTOR DIAGRAM AND A LOAD TABLE VECTOR DIAGRAM OF EACH JOINT (MAXWELL DIAGRAM) AND COMPOSITE VECTOR DIAGRAM GIVES THE SOLUTION SELECT THE 1ST JOINT WITH 2 UNK FORCES AND THEN PROCEED TO THE NEXT JOINT IT IS SIMPLE , EASY AND FULL PROOF INITALLY ANALYTICAL METOD TOBE USED FOR CALCULATION OF REACTIONS

ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS
JOINT METHOD
FORCES OF EA JOINT IS ANALYSID ONE BY ONE SELECT A JOINT WITH 2 UNK FORCES ANALYSE THE FORCES AT THAT JOINT MATHEMATEICALLY AND THEN PROCEED TO THE NEXT FOR COMPLEX FRAME THIS METHOD IS VERY LONG AND CAN LEAD TO MATHEMATICAL ERRORS

SECTION METHOD
THE FRAME IS CUT INTO SECTIONS EA SECTION IS THEREAFTER ANALYSED USING FBD MOMENTS OF EACH MEMBER W.R.T. A REF POINT IS CALCULATED AND THE FORCES ARE BVDETERMINED SECTION LINE MUST NOT CUT MORE THAN 3 MEMBERS IT IS VERY TEDIOUS FOR COMPLEX STRUCTURES

LOAD TABLE
IT IS THE SUMMARY OF ALL LOADS ACTING ON ALL THE MEMBERS THAT IS DETERMINED GRAFHICALLY OR ANALYTICALLY SAMPLE TABLE
SLNO MEMBER LOAD TYPE

1 2
3 4

AB BC
CD DA

W X
Y Z

COMPRESSION COMPRESSION
TENSION COMPRESSION

LIFE IS COMFORTABLE . AS WE PRACTICE