CTC / MTC 222

Strength of Materials

Chapter 1
Basic Concepts
Strength of Materials
• A natural follow-up to the study of statics
• Statics – the study of forces acting on
rigid bodies at rest
• Strength of materials – the study of the
relationships between external forces
acting on elastic bodies and the internal
stresses and strains caused by these
forces
Strength of Materials
• In statics, the bodies analyzed are
assumed to be rigid
• Deformations or deflections of the bodies
are neglected
• In strength of materials, the bodies
analyzed are considered deformable
• Deformations and deflections of the bodies
are important considerations
Course Objectives
• To provide students with the necessary
tools and knowledge to analyze forces,
stresses, strains, and deformations in
mechanical and structural components.
• To help students understand how the
properties of materials relate the
applied loads to the corresponding
strains and deformations.
Course Objectives
• To provide students with a portion of the
knowledge necessary to design (or analyze) a
product, machine or structure that is safe and
stable under the loads exerted on it.
• Three “modes of failure” must be considered
• Failure by fracture
• Excessive deflection or deformation
• Instability or buckling
• Principles of strength of materials are
required to ensure the component is safe
with regard to strength, rigidity and stability.
Chapter Objectives
• Use units from the SI metric unit system and
the U.S. Customary unit system correctly
• Define mass and weight and use these terms
correctly
• Define stress, direct normal stress, direct shear
stress and bearing stress
• Define single shear and double shear
• Define strain, normal strain and shearing strain
• Define Poisson’s ratio, modulus of elasticity in
tension and modulus of elasticity in shear
Basic Unit Systems
• U.S. Customary Units
• Length – foot (ft) or inch (in)
• Mass – slug (lb-s2 / ft)
• Force – pound (lb), or kip
• Time - seconds (s)
• SI Metric Units
• Length – meter (m) or millimeter (mm)
• Mass – kilogram (kg)
• Force – newton (N) (kg–m / s2 )
• Time - seconds (s)
Unit Conversions
• Convert all lengths in an equation to the same unit, all
masses to the same unit, all forces to the same unit,
all measures of time to the same unit, etc.
• Avoid “mixed units”
• To convert from one unit to another, multiply by a
factor whose denominator in the first unit is equal to
the numerator in the second unit.
• To convert 10 meters to feet, multiply by 3.281 feet/1 meter
• 10 m x (3.281 ft / 1 m) = 32.81 ft
• To convert 10 feet to meters, multiply by 1 meter/3.281 feet
• 10 ft x (1 m / 3.281 ft) = 3.048 m
• Conversion factors listed in Appendix A-26
Mass, Force and Weight
• Mass – the amount of substance in a body
• Absolute, not dependent on location
• A scalar quantity; has magnitude only
• Force – a push or pull exerted on a body by
an external source
• A vector quantity; has magnitude and direction
• Weight – the force exerted on a body by
gravity
• Relative, dependent on location
Mass, Force and Weight
• Mass, force, and weight are related by Newton’s 2nd Law
• Force = mass x acceleration
• F = ma, or m = F / a
• When the force is the force of gravity, this can be
expressed as:
• W = mg, or m = W / g
• g is the acceleration due to gravity
• g = 9.81 m / s2 in SI units
• g = 32.2 ft / s2 in US units
• Units of mass – kg in SI Units, slugs (#- s2/ft)in US units
• Units of weight – N (kg-m/s2) in SI Units, lbs in US units
Density and Specific Weight
• Density – the amount of mass per unit
volume
• Units – slugs / ft3, kg / m3
• Specific Weight – the amount of weight
per unit volume
• Units – lbs / ft3, N / m3
Stress
• Stress – the internal resistance to an external force
offered by a unit area of the material from which a
member is made, or, more simply, force per unit area
• Stress = force / area = F / A
• Units in US Customary system
• Pounds / in2 (psi), kips / in2 (ksi)
• Units in SI system
• Newtons / m2 , Newtons / mm2 , Kilonewtons / m2
• Also expressed in pascals (Pa), or more commonly,
megapascals (MPa)
• 1 Pa = 1 N / m2
• 1MPa = 1x 106 N / m2 = 1x 103 KN / m2 = 1 N / mm2
Direct Normal Stress
• Normal Stress – a stress which acts perpendicular (or
normal) to the cross section of the member
• Direct Normal Stress – a normal stress which is also
uniform across the resisting area
• Units in US Customary system
• Pounds / in2 (psi), kips / in2 (ksi)
• Units in SI system
• Newtons / m2 , Newtons / mm2 , Kilonewtons / m2
• Also expressed in pascals (Pa), or more commonly, mega
pascals (MPa)
• 1 Pa = 1 N / m2
• 1 MPa = 1x 106 N / m2 = 1x 103 KN / m2 = 1 N / mm2
Direct Normal Stress
• Compressive Stress
• Tends to crush the material
• Shortens the member
• Tensile Stress
• Tends to pull the material apart
• Elongates the member

• σ = Applied Force/Cross-sectional Area = F/A

• Area A is perpendicular to the line of action of the force
Direct Shear Stress, 
• Shear – a cutting action
• Direct Shear Stress
• Shear force is resisted uniformly by the area of the
part in shear
• Shear stress is uniform across the area

  = Applied Force/Shear Area = F/As

• Single shear – applied shear force is resisted by a
single cross-section of the member
• Double shear – applied shear force is resisted by two
cross-sections of the member
Bearing Stress, σb
• Bearing Stress - developed when one body
rests on another and transfers a load normal to
it, tending to crush the supporting material
• σb = Applied Load/Bearing Area = F/Ab
• Area Ab is the area over which the load is
transferred
• For flat surfaces in contact, Ab is the area of the
smaller of the two surfaces
• For a pin in a close fitting hole, Ab is the projected
area, Ab = Diameter of pin x material thickness
Contact Stress, σc
• A type of bearing stress developed when a load is
transmitted between two surfaces over a very small
area. Examples:
• A cylindrical roller on a flat plate
• A sphere on a flat plate
• Area of bearing is theoretically zero.
• Due to elasticity of materials actual bearing area is
very small
• Detailed analysis of these stresses, sometimes called
Hertz stresses is beyond the scope of this course.
Stress Elements
• Stress element – a free body diagram of an
infinitesimal portion of a member
• 3D element is a cube
• 2D element is a rectangle
• If faces are unit areas, forces represent stresses (force
per unit area)
• Overall body is in equilibrium, therefore stress element
is in equilibrium
• Tensile and compressive stresses are perpendicular to
face
• Shear stresses are parallel to face
Strainε
• An applied load causes a load-carrying member to
deform
• This deformation can be measured. It can also be
calculated.
• Strain – unit deformation, calculated by dividing the
total deformation by the original length
• Strain = ε = total deformation / original length
• Units
• Could be considered dimensionless
• Preferably reported as in/in, or mm/mm
Shearing Strain
• Shearing action on parallel faces of stress element
tend to deform it angularly
• The angle  measured in radians is the shearing
strain