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F =F =IEX M @A =@E ? =HE ? =E = =F @A NM JE J= =NE =J= J K I =J ? J= =NE =J= JD? @EXJ=ND? =E J =N M = JD? F DH JDJ=? E = F E J=E = 6 FH J AH JD = EF A =E F ? FH I J K A @ @A =@E X = =FJ C =J= 0 =FX JDID A =E =F CE= = JD ANDC IM M? FH FAE = AEIXCM XF E IK > EI ) K @ I K = @A =@E =HE x = CHXBM x(n) CE= J FAFAH=I @A =@E =HE F K FH FJAE = FAHE OM J x IJD n IJ ID AJX JD KF @E=IJ /E= F=HX@AEC = = x A =E D JAJH=CM E H = J K @ J JA x(1) = 1.4 x(2) = 1.41 =E x(3) = 1.414 ) =E @A GAE E@E= JAHD ID =I = =? IK BM I K A JE = x CHXBAJ=E A @ JH F K? A JA I= @A =@E ? F K =J= CAE IA E= XFAEHD = KI @= =F A EXHE= I= @A =@E ? F K =J= CAE IA E= XFAEHD = KI @= =F D@A E X J JA FH JE A J= A EXHE= =E CE= = D KFXHGAE = BE> = CE= J JH F HEI J K x(n) /E= = FH I I K A J K? x =E y J FH J =? > = A =E = AMH I K A JD = K = JM FAFAH=I M @A =@E = =FJKC XJM x(1) + y (1) x(2) + y (2) x(3) + y (3) =E J= EFX )? @ A JE IK >= AE = AFE N K A x = y = = 3.141592653589793 . . . 6 JA E FH J E H E JD? = K =? A =E E 6.2 6.28 6.282 6.2830 6.28318 6.283184 6.2831852 6.28318530 6.283185306 6.2831853070 6.28318530716 6.283185307178 6.2831853071794 6.28318530717958 6.283185307179586 . . . 6 H= = =? @ I K = H =KJ ? JD? = K =? @A F H A FX J= = FH GMH I K A IJ AF A A =F FH I D A ? ODB K IJ J ? CE=J AHE ? B H ? FH FAE = JH F F E I K A = FAHEII JAH= =F J= FH DC A = ODB = /E= F=HX@AEC = AJX =F J 6.282 @A H A 6.282t CE= XF E ODB t = X 6.2830 - =E M? E= =F XI DID = @A NAJA JE IJD @EXH AE= JD? @E=@E =I =? = = ODB @A JH F F EA J=E FAHEII JAHA? =F = B H ? = =? EF CE= = FH I@E H I K A J @A =@E =HE x + y A =E AN ? 6 n IJ ODB J K x + y A =E J n IJ ODB J K x(n) + y (n) A J ? = JH F F ED A XF E= IJEC =HC JAH= F JA A =E J n IJ ODB J K x(m) + y (m) F K m > n A =E D FH JD  =E =@E  IJEC =JX JD F = J n IJ ODB AJ=>X AJ=E F H A = =F KIJA I K A =KJ JD FAHECH=B = H I K A E= E= H K =JX D D CE= J F = IE IJ F @ K A K A )? F=H=JDH I K A FH J= JE A =E A = H I K A @EXJ=ND CE= J K? @A =@E ? =HE ? x A =E E H JAH ? =F J y= x(n) A =E E H JAH ? =F J y (n) CE= XF E n -@ GAE ID =I = J JE G K A H IAE = X J x(n) )? KF I K A J H= JE G K A E= D B KI= = K = (x1 , x2 , x3 , . . .) =F @A =@E ? =HE ? = J= = =FJ C =J= J K? A =E FAFAH=I = F H A = J= X K A XFAEH= FH I J J=? D@A E X IJ J ? 6 JA CE= X A n D = K = (x1 (n), x2 (n), x3 (n), . . .) A =E E =KJ D B KI= - =E D @E= = K = A JD FH DC A D G K A M? FAHE OAE J= FX J= IJ n IJ @A =@E ODB  )KJ D = K = A JA = AJ=>X AJ=E XFAEHA? B H ? F JA A =E B= AH JE D = K = (x1 (n), x2 (n), x3 (n), . . .) @A A =E BH=C D XH= =E D (x1 , x2 , x3 , . . .) = AJ=>X AJ=E FAFAH=I A? J F ? B H ? F JA JA E X IJ= =JXAE = AJ=>X AJ=E =E C AJ=E = IJ= AH FAFAH=I @A =@E = XFJKC = F K JAH =J AJ=E IJD n IJ ID )H= CE= X A BH=C D D B KI= = K = (x1 , x2 , x3 , . . .) A? E = K A? (x1 (n), x2 (n), x3 (n), . . .) A =E JA E X IJ= AH ? ) H I K A I= y (n) A A J FAFAH=I @A =@E = XFJKC = IJ F JA E X IJ= AH F EA J=E D (x1 (n), x2 (n), x3 (n), . . .) J JA CE= X A m > n D = K = y (m) NA E XAE A JD = K = y (n) -F M? J= FAFAH=I = @A =@E X = =FJ C =J= y (1), y (2), . . . A =E J= =HGE X XJE= XF E K @A =@E =HE y )KJ ? y A JE A =E J HE JD? (x1 , x2 , x3 , . . .)

F=H=FX M HEI ? KIE=IJE X FAHE GAE E= =F @AEND J K EIGKHEI JE J =N M = JD? F DH JDJ=? EIG AE CE= J K? @A =@E ? =HE ? IJD HB J K JE J A? =E BH=C A? = K A? IKC K )KJ F K @A GM X AE A =E = @A NM JE D F=H=FX M E= H K IK BM A A JD IK D EI D )KJ M? @A A =E F @ I  6 H= F H F =F X = H IM J X H EI = x + y I= J HE JD? BH=C D? D B KI=? = K =? x(1) + y (1) x(2) + y (2) x(3) + y (3) . . . /E= JD = H >AE= F HA AHE ? B H ? = B AE = XF E ? =F J K? x =E y A =E =H DJE ? /E= @ I K? =H DJE ? =HE ? = F H I= A = FH I I K A @ = AH= K? IJA = J K? X K A AJE ? = FH I I K A A A K? J K? K? =HE ? =E AJX = =B=EH I K A N= X J K? @ = AH= K? ,A JA FE XJM CE= E= @E=B HAJE I >=ID  2 ? = F H I= A J H= = @A N K A JE D FH I AID A =E FH IAJ=EHEIJE =E AJ= AJE - =E F A CE= F=HX@AEC = E = K A? (x(1) + y (1), x(2) + y (2), x(3)+ y (3), . . .) =E (y (1)+ x(1), y (2)+ x(2), y (3)+ x(3), . . .) A =E IA? AF M? G K J @E HE 2=H E= F=H=J HDID @E =E CA JD FH IAJ=EHEIJE JDJ= - =E B= AH JE 0 A =E K@ JAH IJ EGA 0 F=HND = JE JM A =E C FE F F D CM JM FH > D XJM F K FH FJ K J= GAEHE =IJA =H DJE ? =HE ? = F H I= A = H I K A HE= CE= FE CA E ? = K A? =F JE? = N KIA? 2H JE = H M J= XFAEH= @A =@E X = =FJ C =J= M? AN ? NA E X A A = = H=E k  AJE =H DJE  =E FH I J K A E= KF @E=IJ =E AJX E= XFAEHD = KI @= s F K =F JA A J=E =F =HE ? =F J 0 M? J 9 )KJ = =F=HEIJX J =HE k + 0.s /E= F=HX@AEC = A (2).386 . . . = =F=HEIJ J =HE F K X ? = CH=BA IJD HB 1.613 . . . 6 JA = J IJH B ? J K n.s1 s2 s3 . . . A =E ((n + 1)).t1 t2 t3 . . . F K X A ti EI J=E A 9 si ,A A =E @ I = A CNAJA JE J X H EI = =KJ JM @ =HE A =E (1).9999999 . . . F K EI J=E A D@ F =F =IE=I ? H AJ=E A J @E JH F /E= AJE ? x =E y H K A I= xy J HE JD? BH=C D? D B KI=? = K =? x(n)y (n) =E =J FE H K A J (x)y = EI J=E A (xy ) =E J= EFX /E= = M J= O K A C J HEI =? FH IF= I K A = KO I K A IJ JAJHXCM J HEI ? =? AE JE FH FAE = KO I K A IJ JAJHXCM J (n) CE= = AC= JAH= n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n) E F E = J= XFAEH= @A =@E X = =FJ C =J= =E = J K? @ A = IKC K IJ=@E= X = F= H = A E= B KI= = J CE= = N KI= = K = = J= M? A = AFA JA K A J HEI J K H K IJA = = JE AJMF I K A =KJ JD @E=B HX - = = JE X = F H I= A = H I K A I= [n] J E H JAH @A =@E = XFJKC = F K A =E AC= JAH =F =E JA AE AE IJ n IJ ODB F JA D = K = 1/ [n] = J= J H= = N KI= E= X D @K =J JDJ= = J= = H I K A I= r(n) J AC= JAH @A =@E = XFJKC = F K JA AE AE IJ n IJ ODB =E E = F EA JD = EI JDJ= r(n) < 1  E =K

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A HD = A @EX AID? JE

3HDIE F E J=? =KJ J HEI =? FH IF= I K A = =F @A N K A J A HD = A @EX AID? JE ? K J=? J= G HE= /E= J I F =KJ =? KF I K A JE f A =E E= IK AG ? IK XHJDID =F J @EXIJD = [a, b] IJ R A f (a) < c =E f (b) > c 2 ? = F H I= A = FH IF= I K A = >H A x CE= J F f (x) = c /E=J = D FH IF= I K A = J X K A = HE> ? FM? J X = A J= f (x) J= D x2 =E c J= 2 = NA E I= A EF >H I J=? J AC= JAH @K =J x(1) CE= J F f (x(1)) < c =E AJX J AC= JAH @K =J x(2) F K =HG AE FM? x(1) =E E = F EA JD f (x(2)) < c =E JM = AN ? ) IK AG I K A =KJ JD @E= @E =I = =J= C K A = =J=I AKXI K A J AC= JAH @K =J @A =@E =HE x

F K E = F EA JD f (x(n)) < c CE= X A n 5D AE IJA JE =KJ F HA = D A =E J supremum J K IK K M JM y CE= J K? F K? f (y ) < c A = A =BH ? @E=B HAJE M? AFEGA HD = F H A = BJXI K A IA =KJ J x  - = =F AF= CMCE AFEGA HD = @A G AE JE CE= X A n G K A f (x(n)) < c =E f (x(n)+10n ) c )B D f A =E IK AG ? CE= X A m F H A = AFE N K A n IJA E f (x(n)) =E f (x(n) + 10n ) = =F G K EC JAH =F 10m =F J f (x) =F F K FAJ=E JE f (x) =F GAE J F 10m =F J c )B =KJ F H A = J X K A CE= X A m f (x) FH FAE = A =E I ? A c 6 AFEGA HD = F K FAHECHXO= A A =E E= A =BH ? AJ= BEAI D @ ID E=? X D? IK D EI D? =F @AEND? J K AMH =J ? A @EX AID? JE ? D F = GHDIE F EA @E=@ GE ? @EG J IAE?  F H A BKIE X = GMH K A J= @E=IJ =J= =? IA @ = = J CE= @ I= XJE=  6 CAC ? JE EX AE AF ID? F A JD =F @AEND F K C AJ=E IM J K supremum J K {x : f (x) < c} A =E E= @AEND CE= J JE A? E C MIJ ? =F @A NAE? J K AMH =J ? A =E JA E X >=IEI A? IJD @E= =F =E @E=EI DJE E@ =