Pragmatik Anlush (201011) Suneqec sunartseic Askseic Omda A' 1.

. 'Estw f, g : (X, ) (Y, ) do suneqec sunartseic kai D pukn uposnolo tou (X, ).
Dexte ti: (a) To snolo E = {x X : f (x) = g (x)} enai kleist. (b) An f (x) = g (x) gia kje x D, tte f g .

2. 'Estw f : (X, ) (Y, ) kai x0 X . Dexte ti h f enai suneqc sto x0 an kai mno an gia
kje > 0 uprqei > 0 ste an x, y X kai (x, x0 ) < , (y, x0 ) < tte (f (x), f (y )) < . suneqc sunrthsh f : (X, ) R kai V R anoikt, ste G = f 1 (V ).

3. 'Estw (X, ) metrikc qroc kai G X . Dexte ti to G enai anoikt an kai mno an uprqoun 4. (a) 'Estw f : (X, d) R sunrthsh kai Z (f ) to snolo mhdenismo thc f , dhlad
Z (f ) = {x X : f (x) = 0}.
Dexte ti: an h f enai suneqc tte to Z (f ) enai kleist ston X . (b) 'Estw F X . Dexte ti to F enai kleist an kai mno an uprqei suneqc sunrthsh f : (X, ) R ste Z (f ) = F .

5. 'Estw (X, ) metrikc qroc kai A X . Sumbolzoume me A thn qarakthristik sunrthsh

tou A, pou A : X R orzetai wc

A (t) =

1, 0,

tA . t /A

Apodexte ti to snolo twn shmewn sunqeiac thc A einai to A (X \ A) , to snolo twn shmewn asunqeic thc enai to bd(A) kai ti h A enai suneqc an kai mno an to A enai anoikt kai kleist (clopen).

6. 'Estw f : (X, ) (Y, ). To grfhma thc f enai to snolo

Gr(f ) = (x, f (x)) : x X X Y.
Dexte ti, an h f enai suneqc sunrthsh, tte to grfhma Gr(f ) thc f enai kleist ston X Y wc proc kje metrik ginmeno. Dste pardeigma to opoo na deqnei ti to antstrofo den isqei.

7. 'Estw f : (X, ) (Y, ) suneqc sunrthsh kai stw A diaqwrsimo uposnolo tou X
(dhlad, o (A, A ) enai diaqwrsimoc). Dexte ti to f (A) enai diaqwrsimo uposnolo tou Y . suneqc. Mpore mia mh fragmnh sunrthsh na enai omoimorfa suneqc? all de diaqwrzontai plrwc. an o (Y, ) enai diaqwrsimoc.

8. Dste pardeigma fragmnhc, suneqoc sunrthshc f : R R h opoa den enai omoimorfa 9. Dste na pardeigma do xnwn uposunlwn enc metriko qrou ta opoa diaqwrzontai, 10. 'Estw f : (X, ) (Y, ) omoiomorfismc. Dexte ti o (X, ) enai diaqwrsimoc an kai mno

Omda B' 11. 'Estw f : (X, ) (Y, ). Dexte ti, an gia kje A X isqei f (A ) (f (A)) , tte h f
enai suneqc. Isqei to antstrofo?

12. Dnetai mia sunrthsh f : R (Y, ), pou h diakrit metrik ston Y . Dexte ti h f enai
suneqc an kai mno an enai stajer.

topik fragmnh (locally bounded) an gia kje x X uprqei perioq Ux tou x ste h f |Ux na enai fragmnh. (a) 'Estw f : (X, ) (Y, ) suneqc sunrthsh. Tte h f enai topik fragmnh. Isqei to antstrofo? (b) 'Estw f : R R. Dexte ti ta aklouja enai isodnama: (i) H f enai suneqc. (ii) H f enai topik fragmnh kai qei kleist grfhma.
13. Mia sunrthsh f : (X, ) (Y, ) lgetai 14. 'Estw f : (X, ) (Y, ) suneqc sunrthsh kai D pukn uposnolo tou X . Exetste an
oi paraktw isqurismo enai alhjec. (a) An h f |D enai fragmnh, tte h f enai fragmnh. (b) An h f |D enai omoimorfa suneqc, tte h f enai omoimorfa suneqc. (g) An h f |D enai 1-1, tte h f enai 1-1.

15. 'Estw (X, ), (Y, ) metriko qroi kai f : X Y . Dexte ti ta aklouja enai isodnama:
(a) H f enai omoimorfa suneqc. (b) Gia kje > 0 uprqei = () > 0 ste: an A, B X me dist(A, B ) < , tte dist(f (A), f (B )) < .

16. 'Estw (X, ) metrikc qroc kai A, B X kleist kai xna. An f : X [0, 1] enai h dist(x,A) sunrthsh tou Urysohn, dhlad f (x) = dist(x,A )+dist(x,B ) , apodexte ti:
(a) An dist(A, B ) = 0, tte h f den enai omoimorfa suneqc. (b) An dist(A, B ) = > 0, tte h f enai 1 Lipschitz.

17. 'Estw (X, ) metrikc qroc kai A, B X me dist(A, B ) > 0 kai f1 : A R, f2 : B R

(omoimorfa) suneqec sunartseic. Apodexte ti h sunrthsh f : A B R me

f (x) =
enai (omoimorfa) suneqc.

f1 (x), x A f2 (x), x B

18. 'Estw (X, ) metrikc qroc kai A X . An f : A R enai omoimorfa suneqc sunrthsh, apodexte ti h f epektenetai se mia omoimorfa suneq sunrthsh F : A R. 19. Exetste an isqoun ta paraktw.
(a) To R enai omoiomorfik me to Z. (b) To R enai omoiomorfik me to Q. (g) To Q enai omoiomorfik me to Z. (d) To Z enai omoiomorfik me to N.

20. Dnontai oi metriko qroi (X1 , d1 ), . . . , (Xk , dk ) kai o qroc ginmeno

Xi me metrik k ginmeno thn d = max{di : 1 i k }. 'Estw (X, d) nac metrikc qroc kai f : X i=1 Xi me f = (f1 , . . . , fk ), pou fi : X Xi gia i = 1, . . . , k . Dexte ta exc: (a) H f enai suneqc an kai mno an oi fi , i = 1, . . . , k enai suneqec. (b) H f enai Lipschitz an kai mno an kje fi enai Lipschitz.

k i=1

(g) H f enai omoiomrfa suneqc an kai mno an oi fi , i = 1, . . . , k enai omoimorfa suneqec. (d) Enai swst ti h f enai isometra an kai mno an oi fi enai isometrec? (e) Enai swst ti h f enai omoiomorfismc an kai mno an oi fi enai omoiomorfismo?

Omda G' 21. 'Estw F mh ken kleist uposnolo tou R kai f : F R suneqc sunrthsh. Dexte ti
uprqei suneqc sunrthsh g : R R me thn idithta g (x) = f (x) gia kje x F .

sunqeiac (modulus of continuity) thc f wc exc:

22. 'Estw (X, ), (Y, ) metriko qroi kai f : X Y . Gia kje 0 orzoume to
f ( ) = sup{ (f (x), f (y )) : d(x, y ) , x, y X }.

mtro

(a) Dexte ti h sunrthsh f : [0, ) [0, ] enai axousa, dhlad an 0 1 < 2 tte f (1 ) f (2 ). (b) Dexte ti h sunrthsh f : X Y enai omoimorfa suneqc an kai mno an isqei f ( ) 0 kajc 0+ . [Updeixh. Dexte ti (f (x), f (y )) f (d(x, y )) gia kje x, y X ].

anoikt an gia kje anoikt G X to f (G) enai anoikt uposnolo tou Y . Anloga, h f lgetai kleist an gia kje kleist F X to f (F ) enai kleist uposnolo tou Y . (a) Dste pardeigma: suneqoc sunrthshc h opoa den enai anoikt, anoiktc sunrthshc h opoa den enai suneqc, suneqoc sunrthshc h opoa den enai kleist, kleistc sunrthshc h opoa den enai suneqc. (b) An h f : (X, ) (Y, ) enai 1-1 kai ep, dexte ti ta exc enai isodnama: (i) h f enai anoikt, (ii) h f enai kleist, (iii) h f 1 enai suneqc. Sunepc, an h f enai suneqc kai anoikt ( kleist) tte enai omoiomorfismc.
23. 'Estw f : (X, ) (Y, ). H f lgetai 24. 'Estw (Xi , di ) , i = 1, . . . , m metriko qroi kai X =
d=
m i=1

Xi o qroc ginmeno me th metrik di . H sunrthsh iprobol enai h i : X Xi pou orzetai wc exc: i (x1 , . . . , xi , . . . , xm ) = xi .

m i=1

Apodexte ti h i enai suneqc, ep kai anoikt.

25. 'Estw f : (X, ) (Y, ). Dexte ti h f enai anoikt an kai mno an f (A ) (f (A)) gia

kje A X . Dste pardeigma miac suneqoc, anoiktc sunrthshc f : X Y kai kpoiou A X ste to f (A ) na periqetai gnsia sto (f (A)) .

26. 'Estw (X, ) metrikc qroc. Apodexte ti ta aklouja enai isodnama:

(a) H enai isodnamh me th diakrit metrik ston X . (b) Kje sugklnousa akolouja ston X enai telik stajer. (g) O X den qei shmea sussreushc. (d) Gia kje metrik qro Y , kje f : X Y enai suneqc. (e) H kleist jkh kje anoikto sunlou G X enai anoikt snolo.

ktw hmisuneqc an gia kje t R to snolo {x X : f (x) t} enai kleist uposnolo tou X . Dexte ti h f enai ktw hmisuneqc an kai mno an, gia kje akolouja (xn ) ston X me xn x X , isqei
27. (a) Mia sunrthsh f : (X, ) R lgetai
f (x) lim inf f (xn ).
n

Dste pardeigma ktw hmisuneqoc sunrthshc h opoa den enai suneqc. (b) Mia sunrthsh f : (X, ) R lgetai nw hmisuneqc an h f enai ktw hmisuneqc. Diatupste kai apodexte qarakthrismoc thc nw hmisuneqoc sunrthshc, antstoiqouc me touc qarakthrismoc thc ktw hmisuneqoc sunrthshc pou perigrfthkan sto (a).

28. Apodexte ti uprqoun do metriko qroi (X, ), (Y, ) oi opooi den enai omoiomorfiko
all ikanopoion to exc: uprqoun sunartseic f : X Y, g : Y X oi opoec enai suneqec, 1-1 kai ep.