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'Estw
(X, )
F, G
uposnola tou
X.
An to
enai
anoikt, dexte ti to
F \G
G\F
enai anoikt.
'Estw
uposunlwn tou
A tou X
'Estw
uposnolo tou
f : R R suneqc sunrthsh. Dexte ti to G = {x R : f (x) > 0} R kai to F = {x R : f (x) = 0} enai kleist uposnolo tou R. R
enai anoikt
Apodexte ti kje sfara enc metriko qrou enai kleist snolo. Mpore se nan metrik
'Estw
(X, d)
metrikc qroc,
xX
kai
> 0.
B (x, ) = {y X : d(x, y ) }.
[Upenjmish: Gia kje
AX
sumbolzoume me
A.] = {(x, x) : x X }.
8.
'Estw
(X, d)
X X
enai to snolo
Apodexte ti to
X X
wc proc th metrik
d2 ,
pou
d2 ((x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 )) =
Geniktera, apodexte ti to
d2 (x1 , y1 ) + d2 (x2 , y2 ). X X.
Uprqei
9. 10.
'Estw
(a) An (b) An
qrou
(X, d).
Apodexte ti:
11.
(a) (b)
ti:
12. 13.
'Estw
(X, )
= A X.
Dexte ti
diam(A) = diam(A).
Isqei to dio
A?
sto
(X, ) kai G A. Dexte ti to G enai anoikt X. (b) 'Estw A kleist uposnolo tou (X, ) kai G A. Enai swst ti to G enai kleist an kai mno an enai kleist ston X ?
(a) 'Estw
A A
sto
14.
R\Q
Dexte ti
kai kje
r > 0.
Enai
Dexte ti o
c00 ?
'Estw
(X, )
(a) To
enai anoikt.
Apodexte ti sto
kai to
R)
(n, n + 1). Jtoume F = nZ Fn . R. Updeixh: Dexte prta ti gia kje n uprqei n > 0 tsi ste |x y | n opotedpote x Fn kai y Fm , n = m. (b) Brete mia akolouja xnwn an duo kleistn sunlwn sto R twn opown h nwsh den enai
(a) Gia kje stw kleist uposnolo tou Apodexte ti to
n Z,
Fn
kleist snolo.
21.
'Estw
(a) An to
G X, G
ste
G=
kai
X \ G = . (b) An to X
peira.
GX
ste to
kai to
X \G
na enai
22.
U, V
Estw ste
me
x = y.
23.
Estw
x X kai F kleist uposnolo tou X me x / F . Dexte ti U, V ste x U , F V kai U V = . Mporome na petqoume na U V = ? A X . Jtoume A to pargwgo A. Apodexte ta aklouja:
snolo tou
24.
(a)
'Estw
(X, )
A,
dhlad to
A = AA .
Sumpernate ti to
tou.
A enai kleist snolo. A B X tte A B . (d) A = (A) . Dhlad, ta A kai A qoun ta dia shmea sussreushc. (e) (A ) A . Brete uposnolo A tou R ste o egkleismc na enai gnsioc.
(b) To (g) An
25.
(g)
26.
(X, )
metrikc qroc. An
A, B X ,
h apstash tou
ap to
orzetai wc exc:
A, B
(X, ) ta opoa
27.
'Estw
(X, )
A X. {x}, A:
An
xX
ap to
dist(x, A) = 0 an kai mno an x A. |dist(x, A) dist(y, A)| (x, y ) gia kje x, y X . (g) To snolo {x X : dist(x, A) < } enai anoikt, en
(a) (b) enai kleist. (d) An
to snolo
{x X : dist(x, A) }
A B A, (X, )
tte
dist(x, A) = dist(x, B ) A X.
gia kje
x X.
28.
'Estw
Apodexte ti
A = {x X : dist(x, A \ {x}) = 0} .
29.
'Estw
(X, )
metrikc qroc.
grfetai wc
arijmsimh tom anoiktn sunlwn kai kje anoikt uposnolo tou nwsh kleistn sunlwn.
grfetai wc arijmsimh
'Estw (X, ) metrikc qroc kai A X . Apodexte tic exc idithtec tou sunrou tou A: bd(A) = bd(Ac ). (b) cl(A) = bd(A) A . (g) X = A bd(A) (X \ A) . (d) bd(A) = A \ A isodnama bd(A) = A X \ A. Epomnwc, to snoro enai kleist snolo. (e) To A enai kleist an kai mno an bd(A) A. (a)
30.
31.
'Estw
(a) An to (b) An
(X, ) metrikc qroc kai A, B X . Apodexte ta aklouja: A enai anoikt kleist uposnolo tou X tte to bd(A) qei A B = tte bd(A B ) = bd(A) bd(B ). A
tou
ken eswterik.
Brete uposnolo
ste
(bd(A)) = R.
dexte ti
'Estw
uposnolo tou
(X, ). An G kai H enai xna anoikt snola sto A, U kai V sto X ste G = A U kai H = A V .
'Estw
uposunlwn tou
(X, ) X
'Estw
(X, )
(a) An
X,
tte
DG=G X
tou
(b) An to tte to
kai to
X,
X.
Isqei to dio an to
(g) Enai swst ti h tom miac akoloujac anoiktn kai puknn uposunlwn tou uposnolo tou
enai pukn
36.
'Estw
n i=1
Xi
kai
qroi.
(X, d)
me
X =
(a) An kje
Gi enai di -anoikt ston Xi , i = 1, . . . , n, tte to i=1 Gi enai d-anoikt ston X . n (b) An kje Fi enai di -kleist ston Xi , i = 1, . . . , n, tte to i=1 Fi enai d-kleist ston X . n (g) An kje Di enai pukn ston Xi , i = 1, . . . , n, tte to D = i=1 Di enai pukn ston X . Eidiktera, an kje (Xi , di ), i = 1, ..., n enai diaqwrsimoc tte o (X, d) enai diaqwrsimoc.
(X, )
P X.
To
kai kje shmeo tou enai shmeo sussreushc gi aut. Apodexte ta aklouja: (a) 'Ena sunlo
P (X, )
P =P R2 .
tou
[an , bn ]
ste,
R enai uperarijmsimo. [Updeixh. To P enai peiro. P = {xn : n N}. Orste katllhlh akolouja gia kje n N, [an , bn ] P = all xn / [an , bn ].]
A R kai x R. To x lgetai shmeo sumpknwshc tou A an gia kje > 0 to A (x , x + ) enai uperarijmsimo. Apodexte ta aklouja: (a) An to A enai arijmsimo tte den qei shmea sumpknwshc. (b) An to A enai uperarijmsimo kai P enai to snolo twn shmewn sumpknwshc tou A tte P = P kai to A \ P enai arijmsimo. (g) An to A enai kleist uposnolo tou R tte uprqoun tleio snolo P kai arijmsimo snolo Z ste A = P Z kai P Z = .
'Estw snolo
38.
39.
thc
'Estw
(X, )
(xn )
an uprqei upakolouja
(xn ) akolouja sto X . To x X lgetai oriak shmeo (xkn ) thc (xn ) ste xkn x. Jtoume L(xn ) to snolo twn (xn ). Apodexte ti
me na pardeigma ti oi egkleismo
L(xn ) enai kleist uposnolo tou X . A den enai kleist, dexte ti L(xn ) = . An epiplon, h (xn ) enai -Cauchy, tte enai
thc
(xn )
>0
nN
uprqei
40. 41.
Swst ljoc?
(X, d)
tou
ste kje
GA (X, )
A.
'Estw
S,
S.
42.
'Estw
R \ Q.
Dexte ti to snolo
S 1 = {(x, y ) R2 : x2 + y 2 = 1}.
To
43.
ti:
'Estw
(X, )
metrikc qroc.
AX
int(A) = .
Apodexte
(a) To (b) To
AX AX
A (X \ A). X \A
enai pukn kai anoikt.
(g) An to
A enai kleist uposnolo tou X , tte to A enai poujen pukn an kai mnon an A = bd(A). (d) An to A enai poujen pukn uposnolo tou X kai to X \ B enai pukn tte to X \ (A B ) enai pukn ston X . (e) H nwsh peperasmnou pljouc poujen puknn uposunlwn tou X enai poujen pukn uposnolo tou X .
44.
'Estw
(qn )
Q.
Orzoume
In =
Dexte ti to pukn.
qn
1 1 , qn + n n 2 2
n N. R
kai ti to
U=
n=1 In
Uc
enai poujen
45.
'Estw
(X, )
A X.
(a) To (b) To
A A
(g) Kje mh ken anoikt uposnolo tou (d) Kje mh ken anoikt uposnolo
X periqei na mh ken anoikt snolo xno proc to A. tou X periqei mia anoikt mpla xnh proc to A.
46.
'Estw (Xn , n ), n = 1, 2, . . . akolouja metrikn qrwn me n (x, y ) 1 gia kje x, y Xn , n = 1, 2, . . .. Jewrome to qro ginmeno (X, ), pou X = n=1 Xn kai (x, y ) = n 2 ( x ( n ) , y ( n )) . Stajeropoiome = ((n)) ston X . Jewrome ta snola n n=1
D :=
m=1
Apodexte ti to
Dm .
X. R.
Dexte ti uprqei sunrthsh
47.
'Estw
A, B
f :AB