A CMOS CHARGE PUMP for LOW VOLTAGE APPLICATION

Under the Guidance of Prof. R. K . SHARMA

By:- GAURAV

KUMAR 3136602

Objectives
Introduction Charge Pump Dickson Charge Pump NCP-2 Charge Pump Proposed Charge Pump Simulation Results Applications Conclusion References

INTRODUCTION
Power consumption is crucial consideration in design of VLSI Most common method to reduce the power consumption is to reduce the power supply voltage. Basic circuit used is charge pump.

CHARGE PUMP
Charge Pump circuits are switching mode power converters. Charge pumps are also called level shifter.

Basic Charge pump transfers charge packets from power supply to output, using only capacitor and switches.

Cont..
Basic circuit of charge pump

Most MOS charge pumps are based on Dickson charge pump.

Types of Charge Pump

Dickson Charge Pump
NCP-2 Charge Pump

DICKSON CHARGE PUMP

Dickson Charge pump is shown in figure below. Clk and clkbar are in anti-phase.

4-Stage Dickson charge Pump

Cont..
The Voltage fluctuation is given by V= Vclk.
o o o o o o Vclk is voltage amplitude of clock signal C is pumping capacitor Cs is parasitic capacitance Io is output current and f is frequency of clock
+

(+)

The Voltage Gain of Nth stage charge pump Gv=VN -VN-1

And Pumping Gain : Gv= V- Vth(N) Output Voltage is given by Vout =
+1 =1

()

Cont.
The difference between the source and the bulk terminals voltages increases in the later stages of the circuit. The threshold voltage Vth of the diode-connected NMOS becomes larger due to body effect. So the pumping efficiency reduced by the Body effect.

Modified Dickson charge pump is called NCP-2 charge pump.

NCP-2 Charge Pump

NCP-2 stands for New Charge Pump-2 It is Modified Dickson Charge Pump which control the increase in threshold voltage due to body effect. It uses pass transistor . it can be of two type A. Static charge pump B. Dynamic charge pump

Cont.
Static Charge Pump

A four stage charge pump using static CTSs.

Cont.
Dynamic charge pump.

Cont.
The output of the NCP-2 charge pump is diode connected NMOS transistor and this leads to reduction of output voltage. due to body effect.

Reverse charge flow problem.

Several technique such as four clocking , higher clock signal for output stage to increase output of charge pumps are proposed.

PROPOSED CHARGE PUMP

Circuit is based on cross connected NMOS Cell. Consist of two Nonoverlapping clock signals to provide the charge pumping action. The voltage signals at OUTA and OUTB are out of phase.

Cont..

The Proposed charge pump and associated waveforms at the pumping nodes

Cont..
Output of proposed charge pump is 5xVDD in ideal conditions. At any of the stage, the voltages Vgd, Vgs have a maximum of VDD, the supply voltage. As a result, the gate oxide reliability is increased and stressing of gate oxide due to high DC voltage is avoided.

SIMULATION RESULT
Simulated output voltages of Dickson, NCP-2 and Proposed charge pump for Different input voltages is shown in fig.6

Fig.6

Simulated output voltages for 4-stage Charge pump with VDD=1 V.

Simulated output voltages for Charge pump with VDD=2 V.

Future Applications
Charge Pump Regulator for Micro-colour TFT Panel. Phase Lock Loop. Memories such as EEPROM, Flash Memories. As LCD or white LED drivers

CONCLUSION
A charge pump in standard CMOS process suited for low voltage is presented. The influence of the threshold voltage of the switch transistor is almost eliminated and the pumping efficiency of the circuit is improved.

REFERENCES
[1] Chun Yu Cheng, Ka Nang Leung, Yi Ki Sun and Pui Ying Or Design of a LowVoltage CMOS Charge Pump,IEEE J.2008 (http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=4459568&tag=1) [2] Mohammad Mahdi Ahmadi and Graham Jullien A CMOS charge pump for low voltage operation, IEEE J. 2000 (ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=857500) [3] Shantanu A. Bhalerao, Abhishek V. Chaudhary, Rajendra M. Patrikar CMOS Low Voltage Charge Pump,IEEE J. 2007 [4] Y. Moisiadis, I. Bouras, A. Arapoyanni A CMOS charge pump for low voltage application.,IEEE J. ISCAS 2000 may 28-31 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_pump

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