1300 Math Formulas = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

= = = = = = = fp_k= =VVQVNMTTQN= = `ceoeaOUi==OMMQ=^KpiaeaaK=^aa=oaOUie=oEeEeiECK= i = qUae=e~OE=ae=aaiEaiaca~aao=aENi=Aa~aaK= ii Preface = = = = qUae= U~aCAcca= ae= ~= AcaeaEiE= CEeaice= eENEeEaAE= Nce= eiiCEaie= ~aC= EaOaaEEeeK= fi= U~e= EiEeoiUaaO= Neca= UaOU= eAUcca= a~iU=ic=a~iU=Nce=~Ci~aAEC=iaCEeOe~Ci~iEe=aa=EaOaaEEeaaOI= EAcacaaAeI=eUoeaA~a= eAaEaAEeI=~aC=a~iUEa~iaAeK=qUE=EAcca= Acai~aae= UiaCeECe= cN= Nceaia~eI= i~AaEeI= ~aC= NaOieEe= Neca= kiaAEe= pEieI= ^aOEAe~I= dEcaEieoI=qeaOcacaEieoI= j~ieaAEe=

~aC= aEiEeaaa~aieI= sEAiceeI= ^a~aoiaA= dEcaEieoI= `~aAiaieI= aaNNEeEaia~a=bei~iacaeI=pEeaEeI=~aC=mecA~Aaaaio=qUEceoK== qUE= eieiAiieEC= i~AaE= cN= AcaiEaieI= aaaaeI= ~aC= a~ocii= a~aE= NaaCaaO= iUE= eEaEi~ai= aaNcea~iaca= eiaAa= ~aC= e~aaaEeeI= ec= ai= A~a=AE=ieEC=~e=~a=EiEeoC~o=caaaaE=eENEeEaAE=OiaCEK=== = = iii Contents = = = = 1 krj_bo=pbqp= NKN= pEi=fCEaiaiaEe==1= NKO= pEie=cN=kiaAEee==5= NKP= _~eaA=fCEaiaiaEe==7= NKQ= `caeaEn=kiaAEee==8= = 2 ^idb_o^= OKN= c~AiceaaO=cceaia~e==12= OKO= mecCiAi=cceaia~e==13= OKP= mciEee==14= OKQ= occie==15= OKR= icO~eaiUae==16=

OKS= bei~iacae==18= OKT= faEei~aaiaEe==19= OKU= `caeciaC=faiEeEei=cceaia~e==22= = 3 dbljbqov= PKN= oaOUi=qea~aOaE==24= PKO= feceAEaEe=qea~aOaE==27= PKP= beiaa~iEe~a=qea~aOaE==28= PKQ= pA~aEaE=qea~aOaE==29= PKR= pei~eE==33= PKS= oEAi~aOaE==34= PKT= m~e~aaEacOe~a==35= PKU= oUcaAie==36= PKV= qe~eEocaC==37= PKNM= feceAEaEe=qe~eEocaC==38= PKNN= feceAEaEe=qe~eEocaC=iaiU=faeAeaAEC=`aeAaE==40= PKNO= qe~eEocaC=iaiU=faeAeaAEC=`aeAaE==41= iv PKNP= haiE==42= PKNQ= `oAaaA=ni~Ceaa~iEe~a==43= PKNR= q~aOEaia~a=ni~Ceaa~iEe~a==45= PKNS= dEaEe~a=ni~Ceaa~iEe~a==46= PKNT= oEOia~e=eEn~Oca==47= PKNU= oEOia~e=mcaoOca==48= PKNV= `aeAaE==50=

PKOM= pEAice=cN=~=`aeAaE==53= PKON= pEOaEai=cN=~=`aeAaE==54= PKOO= `iAE==55= PKOP= oEAi~aOia~e=m~e~aaEaEeaeEC==56= PKOQ= meaea==57= PKOR= oEOia~e=qEie~UECeca==58= PKOS= oEOia~e=moe~aaC==59= PKOT= ceieiia=cN=~=oEOia~e=moe~aaC==61= PKOU= oEAi~aOia~e=oaOUi=tECOE==62= PKOV= ma~icaaA=pcaaCe==63= PKPM= oaOUi=`aeAia~e=`oaaaCEe==66= PKPN= oaOUi=`aeAia~e=`oaaaCEe=iaiU=~a=lAaaeiE=ma~aE=c~AE==68= PKPO= oaOUi=`aeAia~e=`caE==69= PKPP= ceieiia=cN=~=oaOUi=`aeAia~e=`caE==70= PKPQ= peUEeE==72= PKPR= peUEeaA~a=`~e==72= PKPS= peUEeaA~a=pEAice==73= PKPT= peUEeaA~a=pEOaEai==74= PKPU= peUEeaA~a=tECOE==75= PKPV= baaaeecaC==76= PKQM= `aeAia~e=qceie==78= == 4 qofdlkljbqov= QKN= o~Ca~a=~aC=aEOeEE=jE~eieEe=cN=^aOaEe==80= QKO= aENaaaiacae=~aC=de~eUe=cN=qeaOcacaEieaA=ciaAiacae==81=

QKP= paOae=cN=qeaOcacaEieaA=ciaAiacae==86= QKQ= qeaOcacaEieaA=ciaAiacae=cN=`caaca=^aOaEe==87= QKR= jcei=faecei~ai=cceaia~e==88= v QKS= oECiAiaca=cceaia~e==89= QKT= mEeacCaAaio=cN=qeaOcacaEieaA=ciaAiacae==90= QKU= oEa~iacae=AEiiEEa=qeaOcacaEieaA=ciaAiacae==90= QKV= ^CCaiaca=~aC=piAie~Aiaca=cceaia~e==91= QKNM= aciAaE=^aOaE=cceaia~e==92= QKNN= jiaiaeaE=^aOaE=cceaia~e==93= QKNO= e~aN=^aOaE=cceaia~e==94= QKNP= e~aN=^aOaE=q~aOEai=fCEaiaiaEe==94= QKNQ= qe~aeNceaaaO=cN=qeaOcacaEieaA=bneeEeeacae=ic=mecCiAi==95= QKNR= qe~aeNceaaaO=cN=qeaOcacaEieaA=bneeEeeacae=ic=pia==97=== QKNS= mciEee=cN=qeaOcacaEieaA=ciaAiacae==98= QKNT= de~eUe=cN=faiEeeE=qeaOcacaEieaA=ciaAiacae==99= QKNU= meaaAae~a=s~aiEe=cN=faiEeeE=qeaOcacaEieaA=ciaAiacae==102= QKNV= oEa~iacae=AEiiEEa=faiEeeE=qeaOcacaEieaA=ciaAiacae==103= QKOM= qeaOcacaEieaA=bei~iacae==106= QKON= oEa~iacae=ic=eoeEeAcaaA=ciaAiacae==106= == 5 j^qof`bp=^ka=abqbojfk^kqp= RKN= aEiEeaaa~aie==107= RKO= meceEeiaEe=cN=aEiEeaaa~aie==109= RKP= j~ieaAEe==110=

RKQ= leEe~iacae=iaiU=j~ieaAEe==111= RKR= poeiEae=cN=iaaE~e=bei~iacae==114= == 6 sb`qlop= SKN= sEAice=`cceCaa~iEe==118= SKO= sEAice=^CCaiaca==120= SKP= sEAice=piAie~Aiaca==122= SKQ= pA~aaaO=sEAicee==122= SKR= pA~a~e=mecCiAi==123= SKS= sEAice=mecCiAi==125= SKT= qeaeaE=mecCiAi=127= == 7 ^k^ivqf`=dbljbqov= TKN= laE=-aaaEaeaca~a=`cceCaa~iE=poeiEa==130= vi TKO= qic=-aaaEaeaca~a=`cceCaa~iE=poeiEa==131= TKP= pie~aOUi=iaaE=aa=ma~aE==139= TKQ= `aeAaE==149= TKR= baaaeeE==152= TKS= eoeEeAca~==154= TKT= m~e~Aca~==158= TKU= qUeEE=-aaaEaeaca~a=`cceCaa~iE=poeiEa==161= TKV= ma~aE==165= TKNM= pie~aOUi=iaaE=aa=pe~AE==175= TKNN= ni~CeaA=pieN~AEe==180=

TKNO= peUEeE==189= == 8 afccbobkqf^i=`^i`rirp= UKN= ciaAiacae=~aC=qUEae=de~eUe==191= UKO= iaaaie=cN=ciaAiacae==208= UKP= aENaaaiaca=~aC=meceEeiaEe=cN=iUE=aEeai~iaiE==209= UKQ= q~AaE=cN=aEeai~iaiEe==211= UKR= eaOUEe=leCEe=aEeai~iaiEe==215= UKS= ^eeaaA~iacae=cN=aEeai~iaiE==217= UKT= aaNNEeEaia~a==221= UKU= jiaiai~ea~AaE=ciaAiacae==222= UKV= aaNNEeEaia~a=leEe~icee==225= == 9 fkqbdo^i=`^i`rirp= VKN= faCENaaaiE=faiEOe~a==227= VKO= faiEOe~ae=cN=o~iaca~a=ciaAiacae==228= VKP= faiEOe~ae=cN=fee~iaca~a=ciaAiacae==231= VKQ= faiEOe~ae=cN=qeaOcacaEieaA=ciaAiacae==237= VKR= faiEOe~ae=cN=eoeEeAcaaA=ciaAiacae==241= VKS= faiEOe~ae=cN=bnecaEaia~a=~aC=icO~eaiUaaA=ciaAiacae==242= VKT= oECiAiaca=cceaia~e==243= VKU= aENaaaiE=faiEOe~a==247= VKV= faeeceEe=faiEOe~a==253= VKNM= aciAaE=faiEOe~a==257= VKNN= qeaeaE=faiEOe~a==269=

vii VKNO= iaaE=faiEOe~a==275= VKNP= pieN~AE=faiEOe~a==285= == 10 afccbobkqf^i=bnr^qflkp= NMKN= caeei=leCEe=leCaa~eo=aaNNEeEaia~a=bei~iacae==295= NMKO= pEAcaC=leCEe=leCaa~eo=aaNNEeEaia~a=bei~iacae==298= NMKP= pcaE=m~eia~a=aaNNEeEaia~a=bei~iacae==302= == 11 pbofbp= NNKN= ^eaiUaEiaA=pEeaEe==304= NNKO= dEcaEieaA=pEeaEe==305= NNKP= pcaE=caaaiE=pEeaEe==305= NNKQ= faNaaaiE=pEeaEe==307= NNKR= meceEeiaEe=cN=`caiEeOEai=pEeaEe==307= NNKS= `caiEeOEaAE=qEeie==308= NNKT= ^aiEea~iaaO=pEeaEe==310= NNKU= mciEe=pEeaEe==311= NNKV= aaNNEeEaia~iaca=~aC=faiEOe~iaca=cN=mciEe=pEeaEe==312= NNKNM= q~oace=~aC=j~Aa~ieaa=pEeaEe==313= NNKNN= mciEe=pEeaEe=bne~aeacae=Nce=pcaE=ciaAiacae==314= NNKNO= _aacaa~a=pEeaEe==316= NNKNP= ccieaEe=pEeaEe==316= == 12 mol_^_fifqv=

NOKN= mEeaii~iacae=~aC=`caAaa~iacae==318= NOKO= mecA~Aaaaio=cceaia~e==319= == = = = viii = qUae=e~OE=ae=aaiEaiaca~aao=aENi=Aa~aaK= = 1 Chapter 1 Number Sets = = = = 1.1 Set Identities = pEieW=^I=_I=`= raaiEee~a=eEiW=f= `caeaEaEai=W= ^ = meceEe=eiAeEiW= ^ _== baeio=eEiW= . = raaca=cN=eEieW= ^_ =

faiEeeEAiaca=cN=eEieW= ^_ = aaNNEeEaAE=cN=eEieW= ^ y_ = = = 1. ^ f = = 2. ^ ^= = 3. ^ = _=aN=^ _=~aC=_ ^.= = 4. baeio=pEi= . ^ = = 5. raaca=cN=pEie== ` = ^_ = {n o n^ ce n_}= = CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS 2 ===== = = Figure 1. = 6. `caaii~iaiaio= ^_ = _^= =

7. ^eecAa~iaiaio= ^(_`)= (^_)`= = 8. faiEeeEAiaca=cN=pEie= ` = ^_ = {n o n^ ~aC n_}= = = ===== = = Figure 2. = 9. `caaii~iaiaio= ^_ = _^= = 10. ^eecAa~iaiaio= ^(_`)= (^_)`= = CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS 3 11. aaeieaAiiaiaio= ^(_`)= (^_)(^`)I= ^(_`)= (^_)(^`)K= = 12. fCEaeciEaAo= ^^ = ^I== ^^ = ^=

= 13. acaaa~iaca= ^. =.I= ^f = f = = 14. fCEaiaio= ^. = ^ I== ^f = ^ = 15. `caeaEaEai= ^ = ,nf o n.^} = 16. `caeaEaEai=cN=faiEeeEAiaca=~aC=raaca ^^ = f I== ^^ =. = = 17. aE=jceO~ae=i~ie (^_) = ^_ I== (^_) = ^_ = = 18. aaNNEeEaAE=cN=pEie ` = _ y ^ = {n o n_ ~aC n.^}= = CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS 4

===== = = Figure 3. = 19. _ y ^ = _ y (^_) = 20. _y ^ = _^ = 21. ^ y ^ =. = 22. ^ y _ = ^=aN= ^_ =.. = ===== = = Figure 4. = 23. (^ y_)` = (^`)y (_`) 24. ^ = f y ^ 25. `~eiEea~a=mecCiAi ` = ^~_ = {(nIo)o n^ ~aC o_} = = CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS 5 1.2 Sets of Numbers

= k~iie~a=aiaAEeeW=k= tUcaE=aiaAEeeW= M k = faiEOEeeW=w= mceaiaiE=aaiEOEeeW= + w = kEO~iaiE=aaiEOEeeW= . w = o~iaca~a=aiaAEeeW=n= oE~a=aiaAEeeW=o== `caeaEn=aiaAEeeW=`== = = 26. k~iie~a=kiaAEee `ciaiaaO=aiaAEeeWk= {NI OI PIK}K= 27. tUcaE=kiaAEee `ciaiaaO=aiaAEee=~aC=oEecW=k {MINI OI PIK} M = K= = 28. faiEOEee tUcaE=aiaAEee=~aC=iUEae=ceeceaiEe=~aC=oEecW= w+ = k = {NI OI PIK}I= w. = { I .PI . OI .N} K I= w = w. {M}w+ = {KI .PI . OI .NI MINI OI PIK}K= = 29. o~iaca~a=kiaAEee oEeE~iaaO=ce=iEeaaa~iaaO=CEAaa~aeW== ...

 = = ~aC ~w ~aC Aw ~aC A M A ~ n n o n K= = 30. fee~iaca~a=kiaAEee kcaeEeE~iaaO=~aC=acaiEeaaa~iaaO=CEAaa~aeK = CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS 6 31. oE~a=kiaAEee== raaca=cN=e~iaca~a=~aC=aee~iaca~a=aiaAEeeW=oK= = 32. `caeaEn=kiaAEee ` = {n + ao o no ~aC oo}I== iUEeE=a=ae=iUE=aa~Oaa~eo=iaaiK = 33. k wn o `= = === = = Figure 5. = =

= = = = CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS 7 1.3 Basic Identities = oE~a=aiaAEeeW=~I=AI=A= = = 34. ^CCaiaiE=fCEaiaio= ~+M=~= = 35. ^CCaiaiE=faiEeeE= ~ + (. ~)= M = = 36. `caaii~iaiE=cN=^CCaiaca= ~+A=A+~= = 37. ^eecAa~iaiE=cN=^CCaiaca= (~ + A)+ A = ~ + (A + A)= = 38. aENaaaiaca=cN=piAie~Aiaca= ~ . A = ~ + (. A) =

= 39. jiaiaeaaA~iaiE=fCEaiaio= ~ .N= ~ = = 40. jiaiaeaaA~iaiE=faiEeeE= N ~ N ~ . = I= ~ M = 41. jiaiaeaaA~iaca=qaaEe=M ~ .M = M = 42. `caaii~iaiE=cN=jiaiaeaaA~iaca= ~ .A = A.~ = = CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS 8 43. ^eecAa~iaiE=cN=jiaiaeaaA~iaca= (~ .A).A = ~ .(A.A) = 44. aaeieaAiiaiE=i~i= ~(A + A)= ~A + ~A = =

45. aENaaaiaca=cN=aaiaeaca= A N ~ A ~=.= = = = 1.4 Complex Numbers = k~iie~a=aiaAEeW=a= fa~Oaa~eo=iaaiW=a= `caeaEn=aiaAEeW=o= oE~a=e~eiW=~I=A= fa~Oaa~eo=e~eiW=AaI=Ca= jcCiaie=cN=~=AcaeaEn=aiaAEeW=eI= N e I= O e = ^eOiaEai=cN=~=AcaeaEn=aiaAEeW= . I= N . I= O . = = = a a N = = a a R = = a a Qa+N = = a N O = . = a N S = . = a N Qa+O = . = a a P = . = a a T = . = a a Qa+P = . = 46. a N Q = = a N U = = a N Qa = =

= 47. o = ~ + Aa = = 48. `caeaEn=ma~aE= = CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS 9 ===== = = Figure 6. = 49. (~ + Aa)+ (A + Ca)= (~ + A)+ (A + C)a = = 50. (~ + Aa). (A + Ca)= (~ . A)+ (A . C)a = = 51. (~ + Aa)(A + Ca)= (~A . AC)+ (~C + AA)a = = 52. a AC AA ~C AC ~A AC A Ca ~ Aa OOOO.

+ . + + + = + + = = 53. `caaiO~iE=`caeaEn=kiaAEee= ~ Aa ~ Aa ||||||| +=.= = 54. ~ = eAce.I= A = e eaa.== = CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS 10 = = Figure 7. = 55. mca~e=meEeEai~iaca=cN=`caeaEn=kiaAEee= ~ + Aa = e(Ace.+ a eaa.)=

= 56. jcCiaie=~aC=^eOiaEai=cN=~=`caeaEn=kiaAEe= fN= ~ + Aa =ae=~=AcaeaEn=aiaAEeI=iUEa= O O e = ~ + A =EacCiaieFI== ~ A . = ~eAi~a =E~eOiaEaiFK= = 57. mecCiAi=aa=mca~e=oEeeEeEai~iaca= ( ) ( ) N O N N N O O O o .o = e Ace. + a eaa. . e Ace. + a eaa. = [ ( ) ( )] N O N O N O = e e Ace . + . + a eaa . + . = = 58. `caaiO~iE=kiaAEee=aa=mca~e=oEeeEeEai~iaca= e(Ace.+ a eaa.) = e[Ace(. .)+ a eaa(. .)] ||||||||||||||||||||| = = 59. faiEeeE=cN=~=`caeaEn=kiaAEe=aa=mca~e=oEeeEeEai~iaca= ( ) = [ (..)+ (..)] .+ . Ace a eaa e N e Ace a eaa N

= CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS 11 60. niciaEai=aa=mca~e=oEeeEeEai~iaca= () ( ) [ ( ) ( )] N O N O O N OOO NNN O N Ace a eaa e e e Ace a eaa e Ace a eaa o o=...+... .+. .+. == = 61. mciEe=cN=~=`caeaEn=kiaAEe= o = [e(Ace.+ a eaa.)] = e [Ace(a.)+ a eaa(a.)] a a a = =

62. cceaia~=}aE=jcaieE.= (Ace.+ a eaa.) = Ace(a.)+ a eaa(a.) a = = 63. kiU=occi=cN=~=`caeaEn=kiaAEe= (). . . .. . .+ + .+ = .+ . = a Oa a eaa a Oa a o a e Ace a eaa a e Ace I== iUEeE== a = MINI OIKI a .NK== = 64. biaEee=cceaia~= E Ace n a eaan an = + = = =

12 Chapter 2 Algebra = = = = 2.1 Factoring Formulas = oE~a=aiaAEeeW=~I=AI=A== k~iie~a=aiaAEeW=a= = = 65. ~ A (~ A)(~ A) O . O = + . = = 66. P P ( )( O O ) ~ . A = ~ . A ~ + ~A + A = = 67. P P ( )( O O ) ~ + A = ~ + A ~ . ~A + A = = 68. Q Q ( O O )( O O ) ( )( )( O O ) ~ . A = ~ . A ~ + A = ~ . A ~ + A ~ + A = = 69. R R ( )( Q P O O P Q ) ~ . A = ~ . A ~ + ~ A + ~ A + ~A + A = = 70. R R ( )( Q P O O P Q ) ~ + A = ~ + A ~ . ~ A + ~ A . ~A + A = =

71. fN=a=ae=cCCI=iUEa= a a ( )( a N a O a P O a O a N ) ~ A ~ A ~ ~ A ~ A ~A A + = + . . . + . .K. . + . K== = 72. fN=a=ae=EiEaI=iUEa== a a ( )( a N a O a P O a O a N ) ~ A ~ A ~ ~ A ~ A ~A A . = . . + . + . +K+ . + . I== CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA 13 a a ( )( a N a O a P O a O a N ) ~ A ~ A ~ ~ A ~ A ~A A + = + . . . + . .K+ . . . K= = = = 2.2 Product Formulas oE~a=aiaAEeeW=~I=AI=A== tUcaE=aiaAEeeW=aI=a= = = 73. ( )O O O ~ . A = ~ . O~A + A = = 74. ( )O O O ~ + A = ~ + O~A + A = = 75. ( )P P O O P ~ . A = ~ .P~ A + P~A . A = = 76. ( )P P O O P ~ + A = ~ +P~ A +P~A + A = = 77. ( )Q Q P O O P Q ~ . A = ~ . Q~ A + S~ A . Q~A + A =

= 78. ( )Q Q P O O P Q ~ + A = ~ + Q~ A + S~ A + Q~A + A = = 79. _aacaa~a=cceaia~= (~ A) ` ~ ` ~ A ` ~ A ` ~A ` A I a a aNa aN aOOa O aNa N aa M +a=a++++.+ . ..K iUEeE= a>(a a)> a> `a a . = =~eE=iUE=Aaacaa~a=AcENNaAaEaieK= = 80. (~ A A) ~ A A O~A O~A OAA + + O = O + O + O + + + =

= 81. ( + + + + + )O = O + O + O + + O + O + ~ A A K i i ~ A A K i i = + O(~A + ~A +K+ ~i + ~i + AA +K+ Ai + Ai +K+ ii)= CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA 14 2.3 Powers = _~eEe=EeceaiaiE=eE~a=aiaAEeeFW=~I=A== mciEee=Ee~iaca~a=aiaAEeeFW=aI=a= = = 82. a a a a ~ ~ ~ = + = = 83. a a a a ~ ~ ~=.= = 84. ( )a a a ~A = ~ A = = 85. a aa A

~ A ~=. . . .. . = = 86. ( a )a aa ~ = ~ = = 87. ~ N M = I= ~ M = = 88. ~ N N = = = 89. a a ~ N ~. = = = 90. a a a a ~=~= =

= = = = CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA 15 2.4 Roots = _~eEeW=~I=A== mciEee=Ee~iaca~a=aiaAEeeFW=aI=a= ~IA . M =Nce=EiEa=eccie=Ea = Oa I= akF= = = 91. a ~A = a ~ a A = = 92. a ~ a A = aa ~aAa = = 93. a a a A ~ A ~ = I= M A = =

94. aa a a aa a aa a a a A ~ A ~ A ~ = = I= A M K= = 95. ( ) a ae e aa~=~= = 96. ( ~ ) ~ aa== = 97. a a ae ae ~ = ~ = = 98. a a

aa~=~= = 99. a a ~ = aa ~ = = 100. ( )a a a a~=~= = CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA 16 101. ~ ~ ~ NaaN a . = I= ~ MK= = 102. O ~~A O ~~A ~A O.O.

} +. } = = = 103. ~A ~A ~A N . = } m = = = = 2.5 Logarithms = mceaiaiE=eE~a=aiaAEeeW=nI=oI=~I=AI=a= k~iie~a=aiaAEeW=a== = = 104. aENaaaiaca=cN=icO~eaiUa= o acO n ~ = =aN=~aC=caao=aN= o n = ~ I= ~ > M I= ~ NK=

= 105. acO N M ~ = = = 106. acO ~ N ~ = = = 107. + < . > = aN ~ N aN ~ N acO M ~ = = 108. acO (no) acO n acO o ~ ~ ~ = + = = 109. acO n acO o o n acO ~ ~ ~ = . = CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA 17 110. acO (n ) aacO n ~ a ~==

= 111. acO n a N acO n ~ a ~== = 112. acO n acO A acO ~ acO n acO n A ~ A A ~ = = . I= A > M I= A NK= = 113. acO ~ N acO A A ~== = 114. n = ~acO~ n = =

115. icO~eaiUa=ic=_~eE=NM= acO n acO n NM = = = 116. k~iie~a=icO~eaiUa= acO n aa n E = I== iUEeE= OKTNUOUNUOUK a N E aaa N a a =. . . .. =.+ = = 117. aa n MKQPQOVQ aa n aaNM N acO n = = = = 118. acO n OKPMORUR acO n

acO E N aa n = = = = = = = = CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA 18 2.6 Equations = oE~a=aiaAEeeW=~I=AI=AI=eI=eI=iI=i= pcaiiacaeW= N n I= O n I= N o I= O o I= P o = = = 119. iaaE~e=bei~iaca=aa=laE=s~ea~AaE= ~n + A = M I= ~ A n = . K== = 120. ni~Ce~iaA=bei~iaca= ~n An A M O + + = I= O~

A A Q~A n O NI O . } . = K= = 121. aaeAeaaaa~ai= a A Q~A = O . = = 122. saEiEe=cceaia~e= fN= n en e M O + + = I=iUEa== = +=. nne nne NO N O K= = 123. ~n An M O + = I= n M N = I= ~ A nO = . K= =

124. ~n A M O + = I= ~ A n NI O = } . K= = 125. `iAaA=bei~iacaK=`~eC~ace=cceaia~K== o eo e M P + + = I== CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA 19 o i i N = + I= ( ) (i i)a O P ii O N o OI P = . + } + I== iUEeE== P OO P e O e O e

i. . . .. +.. . . .. = . + . I= P OO P e O e O e i. . . .. +.. . . .. = . . . K==

= = 2.7 Inequalities s~ea~AaEeW=nI=oI=o= oE~a=aiaAEeeW= NOPa~I~I~II~ ~I AI AI C K I=aI=a= aEiEeaaa~aieW=aI= n a I= o a I= o a == = = 126. faEei~aaiaEeI=faiEei~a=kci~iacae=~aC=de~eUe== = faEei~aaio= faiEei~a=kci~iaca= de~eU= ~ . n . A = [~I A]= = ~ < n . A = (~I A]= = ~ . n < A = [~I A)= = ~ < n < A = (~I A)= = . < n . A I=

n.A= (.I A+= = . < n < A I= n<A= (.I A)= = ~ . n < I= n.~= [~I) = = ~ < n < I= n>~= (~I)= = CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA 20 127. fN= ~ > A I=iUEa= A < ~ K= = 128. fN= ~ > A I=iUEa= ~ . A > M =ce= A . ~ < M K= = 129. fN= ~ > A I=iUEa= ~ + A > A + A K= = 130. fN= ~ > A I=iUEa= ~ . A > A . A K= =

131. fN= ~ > A =~aC= A > C I=iUEa= ~ + A > A + C K= = 132. fN= ~ > A =~aC= A > C I=iUEa= ~ . C > A . A K= = 133. fN= ~ > A =~aC=a > M I=iUEa=a~ >aAK= = 134. fN= ~ > A =~aC=a > M I=iUEa= a A a ~ > K= = 135. fN= ~ > A =~aC=a< M I=iUEa=a~ <aA K= = 136. fN= ~ > A =~aC=a< M I=iUEa= a A a ~ < K= = 137. fN= M < ~ < A=~aC=a > M I=iUEa= a a ~ < A K= = 138. fN= M < ~ < A=~aC=a < M I=iUEa= a a ~ > A K= = 139. fN= M < ~ < AI=iUEa= a ~ < a A K=

= 140. O ~A ~A + . I== iUEeE= ~ > M =I= A > M X=~a=Eei~aaio=ae=i~aaC=caao=aN= ~ = A K== = 141. O ~ N ~ + . I=iUEeE= ~ > M X=~a=Eei~aaio=i~aEe=ea~AE=caao=~i= ~ =NK= CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA 21 142. a ~~~ a~~~NOa NOa +++ .K K I=iUEeE= ~ I ~ I I ~ M N O a K > K= = 143. fN= ~n + A > M =~aC= ~ > M I=iUEa=

~ A n > . K= = 144. fN= ~n + A > M =~aC= ~ < M I=iUEa= ~ A n < . K== = 145. ~n An A M O + + > = = =~>M=~<M= = = = a> M = = = N n < n I= O n > n = = = = NOn<n<n= = =

= a= M = = n n N < I= N n > n = = = n.= = = = a< M = = = . < n < = = = = n.= = CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA 22 146. ~ + A . ~ + A = = 147. fN= n < ~ I=iUEa= . ~ < n < ~ I=iUEeE= ~ > M K= =

148. fN= n > ~ I=iUEa= n < .~ =~aC= n > ~ I=iUEeE= ~ > M K= = 149. fN= n ~ O < I=iUEa= n < ~ I=iUEeE= ~ > M K= = 150. fN= n ~ O > I=iUEa= n > ~ I=iUEeE= ~ > M K= = 151. fN= () ()M On N n > I=iUEa= ()() () .> OnM NnOnM K= = 152. () ()M On

N n < I=iUEa= ()() () .< OnM NnOnM K= = = = 2.8 Compound Interest Formulas = ciiieE=i~aiEW=^= faaia~a=CEeceaiW=`= ^aai~a=e~iE=cN=aaiEeEeiW=e= kiaAEe=cN=oE~ee=aaiEeiECW=i= kiaAEe=cN=iaaEe=AcaeciaCEC=eEe=oE~eW=a= = = 153. dEaEe~a=`caeciaC=faiEeEei=cceaia~= ai a

e N`^. . . .. =.+= = CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA 23 154. paaeaaNaEC=`caeciaC=faiEeEei=cceaia~= fN=aaiEeEei=ae=AcaeciaCEC=caAE=eEe=oE~eI=iUEa=iUE=eeEiacie= Nceaia~=eaaeaaNaEe=icW= ^ = `(N+ e)i K= = 155. `caiaaicie=`caeciaC=faiEeEei= fN=aaiEeEei=ae=AcaeciaCEC=Acaiaai~aao=Ea FI=iUEa== ei ^ = `E K= = = 24 Chapter 3 Geometry = = =

= 3.1 Right Triangle = iEOe=cN=~=eaOUi=iea~aOaEW=~I=A= eoeciEaieEW=A= ^aiaiiCEW=U= jECa~aeW= ~ a I= A a I= A a = ^aOaEeW= I = o~Caie=cN=AaeAiaeAeaAEC=AaeAaEW=o= o~Caie=cN=aaeAeaAEC=AaeAaEW=e= ^eE~W=p= = = = = Figure 8. = 156. + = VM = = CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 25 157. = = Ace A ~ eaa =

= 158. = = eaa A A Ace = = 159. = = Aci A ~ i~a = = 160. = = i~a ~ A Aci = = 161. = = AceEA A A eEA = = 162. = = eEA ~ A AceEA =

= 163. moiU~OceE~a=qUEceEa= OOO~+A=A= = 164. ~ NA O = I= A OA O = I== iUEeE= N= ~aC= A= ~eE= eecaEAiacae= cN= iUE= aEOe= ~= ~aC= AI= eEeeEAiaiEaoI= caic=iUE=UoeciEaieE=AK= = ===== = = Figure 9. = CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 26 165. U NO O = I=== iUEeE=U=ae=iUE=~aiaiiCE=Neca=iUE=eaOUi=~aOaEK== = 166. Q ~ aA O OO ~ = . I= Q

A a~ O OO A = . I=== iUEeE= ~ a =~aC= A a =~eE=iUE=aECa~ae=ic=iUE=aEOe=~=~aC=AK== = = = Figure 10. = 167. O A aA = I== iUEeE= A a =ae=iUE=aECa~a=ic=iUE=UoeciEaieE=AK= = 168. A a O A o=== = 169. ~AA ~A

O ~AA e ++ = +. == = 170. ~A = AU = = = CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 27 171. O AU O ~A p=== = = = 3.2 Isosceles Triangle = _~eEW=~=

iEOeW=A= _~eE=~aOaEW= = sEeiEn=~aOaEW= = ^aiaiiCE=ic=iUE=A~eEW=U= mEeaaEiEeW=i= ^eE~W=p= = = = = Figure 11. = 172. O VM = . = = 173. Q ~ UA O O=O.= CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

28 174. i = ~ + OA = = 175. = = eaa O A O ~U p O = = = = 3.3 Equilateral Triangle = paCE=cN=~=Eeiaa~iEe~a=iea~aOaEW=~= ^aiaiiCEW=U= o~Caie=cN=AaeAiaeAeaAEC=AaeAaEW=o= o~Caie=cN=aaeAeaAEC=AaeAaEW=e= mEeaaEiEeW=i= ^eE~W=p= = = =

= Figure 12. = 176. O ~P U== = CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 29 177. P ~P U P O o=== = 178. O o S ~P U P

N e==== = 179. i = P~ = = 180. Q ~P O ~U p O === = = = 3.4 Scalene Triangle E^=iea~aOaE=iaiU=ac=iic=eaCEe=Eei~aF= = = paCEe=cN=~=iea~aOaEW=~I=AI=A= pEaaeEeaaEiEeW= O ~AA e

++ = == ^aOaEe=cN=~=iea~aOaEW=II = ^aiaiiCEe=ic=iUE=eaCEe=~I=AI=AW= ~ A A U I U I U = jECa~ae=ic=iUE=eaCEe=~I=AI=AW= ~ A A a Ia Ia = _aeEAicee=cN=iUE=~aOaEe=II W= ~ A A i I i I i = o~Caie=cN=AaeAiaeAeaAEC=AaeAaEW=o= o~Caie=cN=aaeAeaAEC=AaeAaEW=e= ^eE~W=p= = = CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 30 ===== = = Figure 13. = 181. + + =NUM = = 182. ~ + A > A I== A + A > ~ I== ~ + A > A K= = 183. ~ . A < A I== A . A < ~ I==

~ . A < A K= = 184. jaCaaaE= O ~ e = I= e oo ~ K= = ===== = = Figure 14. = CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 31 185. i~i=cN=`ceaaEe= ~ = A + A . OAA Ace O O O I= A = ~ + A . O~A Ace O O O I= A = ~ + A . O~A Ace O O O K= = 186. i~i=cN=paaEe= Oo eaa A eaa A eaa

~= = = I== iUEeE=o=ae=iUE=e~Caie=cN=iUE=AaeAiaeAeaAEC=AaeAaEK== = 187. Qp ~AA OU ~A OU ~A OU AA Oeaa A Oeaa A Oeaa ~ o

~AA ==== = = == = 188. ( )( )( ) e e~eAeA eO . . . = I== ~AAU N U N U N e N = + + K= = 189.

( )( ) AA eAeA O eaa .. = I= () AA ee~ O Ace . = I= ( )( ) e(e ~) eAeA O i~a . ..

= K= = 190. e(e ~)(e A)(e A) ~ O U~ = . . . I= e(e ~)(e A)(e A) A O UA = . . . I= e(e ~)(e A)(e A) A O UA = . . . K= CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 32 191. U = Aeaa = Aeaa ~ I= U = ~eaa = Aeaa A I= U = ~ eaa = Aeaa A K= = 192. Q ~

O AA a OOO O ~. + = I== Q A O ~A a OOO O A. + = I== Q A O ~A a OOO O

A. + = K= = ===== = = Figure 15. = 193. ~ a P O ^j = I= A a P O _j = I= A a P O `j= =EcaOKNRFK= = 194. () ( )O O ~AA QAAe e ~

i + . = I== () ( )O O A~A Q~Ae e A i + . = I== () ( )O O A~A Q~Ae e A i + . = K= = CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 33

195. O AU O AU O ~U p = ~ = A = A I== O AA eaa O ~A eaa O ~A eaa p = = = I== p = e(e . ~)(e . A)(e . A) =EeEecae=cceaia~FI= p = ee I== Qo ~AA

p = I= p = Oo eaa eaa eaa O I= O i~a O i~a O p e i~a O = K= = = = 3.5 Square paCE=cN=~=eei~eEW=~= aa~Oca~aW=C= o~Caie=cN=AaeAiaeAeaAEC=AaeAaEW=o= o~Caie=cN=aaeAeaAEC=AaeAaEW=e= mEeaaEiEeW=i= ^eE~W=p= = = = Figure 16. CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 34

196. C = ~ O == = 197. O ~O O C o=== = 198. O ~ e== = 199. i = Q~ = = 200. O p = ~ = = = = 3.6 Rectangle = paCEe=cN=~=eEAi~aOaEW=~I=A= aa~Oca~aW=C= o~Caie=cN=AaeAiaeAeaAEC=AaeAaEW=o=

mEeaaEiEeW=i= ^eE~W=p= = = = = Figure 17. = 201. O O C = ~ + A == CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 35 202. O C o== = 203. i = O(~ + A)= = 204. p = ~A = = = = 3.7 Parallelogram = paCEe=cN=~=e~e~aaEacOe~aW=~I=A=

aa~Oca~aeW= N O C I C = `caeEAiiaiE=~aOaEeW=I= ^aOaE=AEiiEEa=iUE=Ca~Oca~aeW= . = ^aiaiiCEW=U== mEeaaEiEeW=i= ^eE~W=p= = = ===== = = Figure 18. = 205. + =NUM = = 206. O ( O O ) O O NC+C=O~+A= = CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 36 207. U = A eaa = A eaa = = 208. i = O(~ + A)= =

209. p = ~U = ~A eaa I== = C C eaa . O N p N O K= = = = 3.8 Rhombus = paCE=cN=~=eUcaAieW=~= aa~Oca~aeW= N O C I C = `caeEAiiaiE=~aOaEeW=I= ^aiaiiCEW=e= o~Caie=cN=aaeAeaAEC=AaeAaEW=e= mEeaaEiEeW=i= ^eE~W=p= = = ===== = = Figure 19. = CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 37

210. + =NUM = = 211. O O O O N C + C = Q~ = = 212. O~ CC U = ~ eaa = N O = = 213. O ~ eaa Q~ CC O U e N O ==== = 214. i = Q~ = = 215. p = ~U = ~ eaa O I==

NOCC O N p = K= = = = 3.9 Trapezoid = _~eEe=cN=~=ie~eEocaCW=~I=A= jaCaaaEW=e= ^aiaiiCEW=U= ^eE~W=p= = = CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 38 = = Figure 20. = 216. O ~A e

+ == = 217. U eU O ~A p.= + == = = = 3.10 Isosceles Trapezoid = _~eEe=cN=~=ie~eEocaCW=~I=A= iEOW=A= jaCaaaEW=e= ^aiaiiCEW=U= aa~Oca~aW=C= o~Caie=cN=AaeAiaeAeaAEC=AaeAaEW=o= ^eE~W=p= = = CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 39

= = Figure 21. = 218. O ~A e + == = 219. O C = ~A + A = = 220. O ( )O A ~ Q N U=A..= = 221. ( )( ) OA ~ A OA ~ A A ~A A o O .++. + ==

= 222. U eU O ~A p.= + == = = = = = = CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 40 3.11 Isosceles Trapezoid with Inscribed Circle = _~eEe=cN=~=ie~eEocaCW=~I=A= iEOW=A= jaCaaaEW=e= ^aiaiiCEW=U= aa~Oca~aW=C= o~Caie=cN=aaeAeaAEC=AaeAaEW=o= o~Caie=cN=AaeAiaeAeaAEC=AaeAaEW=e=

mEeaaEiEeW=i= ^eE~W=p= = = = = Figure 22. = 223. ~ + A = OA = = 224. A O ~A e= + == = 225. O O O C = U + A = = CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 41 226. O ~A O

U e=== = 227. ~ A S A ~ U ~A UA OU A ~A A N O A Qe AC OU AC oOO O

++ + ===+=+== = 228. i = O(~ + A)= QA = = 229. () O ie eU AU O ~ A ~A U O ~A p=== + .= + = == = = = 3.12 Trapezoid with Inscribed Circle

= _~eEe=cN=~=ie~eEocaCW=~I=A= i~iEe~a=eaCEeW=AI=C= jaCaaaEW=e= ^aiaiiCEW=U= aa~Oca~aeW= N O C I C = ^aOaE=AEiiEEa=iUE=Ca~Oca~aeW= . = o~Caie=cN=aaeAeaAEC=AaeAaEW=e= o~Caie=cN=AaeAiaeAeaAEC=AaeAaEW=o= mEeaaEiEeW=i= ^eE~W=p= = CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 42 = = Figure 23. = 230. ~ + A = A + C = = 231. O AC O ~A

e + = + == = 232. i = O(~ + A)= O(A + C)= = 233. U eU O AC U O ~A p.= + .= + = I== = C C eaa . O N p N O K= = =

= 3.13 Kite = paCEe=cN=~=aaiEW=~I=A= aa~Oca~aeW= N O C I C = ^aOaEeW=II = mEeaaEiEeW=i= ^eE~W=p= = = CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 43 = = Figure 24. = 234. + + O = PSM = = 235. i = O(~ + A)= = 236. O CC p=NO= =

= = 3.14 Cyclic Quadrilateral paCEe=cN=~=ei~Ceaa~iEe~aW=~I=AI=AI=C= aa~Oca~aeW= N O C I C = ^aOaE=AEiiEEa=iUE=Ca~Oca~aeW= . = faiEea~a=~aOaEeW=II I = o~Caie=cN=AaeAiaeAeaAEC=AaeAaEW=o= mEeaaEiEeW=i= pEaaeEeaaEiEeW=e== ^eE~W=p= CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 44 = = Figure 25. = 237. + = + =NUM = = 238. micaEaoe=qUEceEa= N O ~A + AC = C C = = 239. i = ~ + A + A + C = = 240.

( )( )( ) (e ~)(e A)(e A)(e C) ~A AC ~C AA ~A AC Q N o .... +++ = I== iUEeE= O i e = K= = 241. = C C eaa . O N p N O I== p = (e . ~)(e . A)(e . A)(e . C) I== iUEeE= O i e = K= = =

= CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 45 3.15 Tangential Quadrilateral = paCEe=cN=~=ei~Ceaa~iEe~aW=~I=AI=AI=C= aa~Oca~aeW= N O C I C = ^aOaE=AEiiEEa=iUE=Ca~Oca~aeW= . = o~Caie=cN=aaeAeaAEC=AaeAaEW=e= mEeaaEiEeW=i= pEaaeEeaaEiEeW=e== ^eE~W=p= = = = = Figure 26. = 242. ~ + A = A + C = = 243. i = ~ + A + A + C = O(~ + A)= O(A + C)= = 244. ()() Oe

CC~A~Ae e OOO O O N..+. = I== iUEeE= O i e = K== = CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 46 245. = = C C eaa . O N p ee N O = = = = 3.16 General Quadrilateral = paCEe=cN=~=ei~Ceaa~iEe~aW=~I=AI=AI=C= aa~Oca~aeW= N O C I C =

^aOaE=AEiiEEa=iUE=Ca~Oca~aeW= . = faiEea~a=~aOaEeW=II I = mEeaaEiEeW=i= ^eE~W=p= = = ======= = = Figure 27. = 246. + + + = PSM = = 247. i = ~ + A + A + C = = CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 47 248. = C C eaa . O N pNO= = = = 3.17 Regular Hexagon =

paCEW=~= faiEea~a=~aOaEW= = pa~ai=UEaOUiW=a= o~Caie=cN=aaeAeaAEC=AaeAaEW=e= o~Caie=cN=AaeAiaeAeaAEC=AaeAaEW=o= mEeaaEiEeW=i= pEaaeEeaaEiEeW=e== ^eE~W=p= = = = = Figure 28. = 249. =NOM = = 250. O ~P e =a = = CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 48 251. o = ~ = = 252. i = S~ =

= 253. O ~PP p ee O = = I== iUEeE= O i e = K= = = = 3.18 Regular Polygon = paCEW=~= kiaAEe=cN=eaCEeW=a= faiEea~a=~aOaEW= = pa~ai=UEaOUiW=a= o~Caie=cN=aaeAeaAEC=AaeAaEW=e= o~Caie=cN=AaeAiaeAeaAEC=AaeAaEW=o= mEeaaEiEeW=i= pEaaeEeaaEiEeW=e== ^eE~W=p=

= = CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 49 = = Figure 29. = 254. . . = NUM O aO = = 255. . . = NUM O aO = = 256. a Oeaa

~ o == = 257. Q ~ o a Oi~a ~ ea O =O. === = 258. i = a~ = = 259. a O eaa O ao

p O = I== Q ~ p ee e o O = = O . I== CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 50 iUEeE= O i e = K== = = = 3.19 Circle = o~CaieW=o= aa~aEiEeW=C= `UceCW=~= pEA~ai=eEOaEaieW=EI=N= q~aOEai=eEOaEaiW=O= `Eaie~a=~aOaEW= =

faeAeaAEC=~aOaEW= = mEeaaEiEeW=i= ^eE~W=p= = = 260. O ~ Ooeaa == = = = Figure 30. = CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 51 261. N O N O ~ ~ = A A = = = = Figure 31. = 262. N N EE = NN = =

===== = = Figure 32. = 263. N O O = NN = = CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 52 ===== = = Figure 33. = 264. O = = = = = Figure 34. = 265. i = Oo = C = = 266.

O io Q C po O O= = = == = CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 53 3.20 Sector of a Circle = o~Caie=cN=~=AaeAaEW=o= ^eA=aEaOiUW=e= `Eaie~a=~aOaE=Eaa=e~Ca~aeFW=n= `Eaie~a=~aOaE=Eaa=CEOeEEeFW= = mEeaaEiEeW=i= ^eE~W=p= = = = = Figure 35.

= 267. e = on = = 268. = NUM o e= = 269. i = e + Oo= = 270. === PSM o O on O oe p OO

== = = CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 54 3.21 Segment of a Circle = o~Caie=cN=~=AaeAaEW=o= ^eA=aEaOiUW=e= `UceCW=~= `Eaie~a=~aOaE=Eaa=e~Ca~aeFW=n= `Eaie~a=~aOaE=Eaa=CEOeEEeFW= = eEaOUi=cN=iUE=eEOaEaiW=U= mEeaaEiEeW=i= ^eE~W=p= = = = = Figure 36. = 271. ~ = O OUo . UO = = 272. O O Qo ~ O

N U = o . . I= U < o = = 273. i = e + ~ = = CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 55 274. [ ( )] (n eaan) O o eaa O NUM o eo ~ o U O N p OO .=. . . .. . .

= . . = I== U~ P O p . K= = = = 3.22 Cube = bCOEW=~== aa~Oca~aW=C= o~Caie=cN=aaeAeaAEC=eeUEeEW=e= o~Caie=cN=AaeAiaeAeaAEC=eeUEeEW=e= pieN~AE=~eE~W=p= scaiaEW=s= = = === = = Figure 37. = 275. C = ~ P = = 276.

O ~ e== = CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 56 277. O ~P o== = 278. O p = S~ = = 279. P s = ~ == = = = 3.23 Rectangular Parallelepiped = bCOEeW=~I=AI=A== aa~Oca~aW=C= pieN~AE=~eE~W=p= scaiaEW=s= = =

===== = = Figure 38. = 280. O O O C = ~ + A + A = = 281. p = O(~A + ~A + AA)= = 282. s = ~AA == CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 57 3.24 Prism = i~iEe~a=ECOEW=a= eEaOUiW=U= i~iEe~a=~eE~W= i p = ^eE~=cN=A~eEW= _ p = qci~a=eieN~AE=~eE~W=p= scaiaEW=s= = = ===== = = Figure 39. =

283. i _ p = p + Op K== = 284. i~iEe~a=^eE~=cN=~=oaOUi=meaea= p (~ ~ ~ ~ )a i N O P a = + + +K+ = = 285. i~iEe~a=^eE~=cN=~a=lAaaeiE=meaea= p ea i = I== iUEeE=e=ae=iUE=eEeaaEiEe=cN=iUE=Aecee=eEAiacaK= = CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 58 286. s p U _ = = = 287. `~i~aaEeaDe=meaaAaeaE== daiEa=iic=ecaaCe=aaAaiCEC=AEiiEEa=e~e~aaEa=ea~aEeK= fN=EiEeo= ea~aE=Aecee=eEAiaca=e~e~aaEa=ic=iUE=OaiEa=ea~aEe=U~e=iUE=e~aE= ~eE~=aa=AciU=ecaaCeI=iUEa=iUE=icaiaEe=cN=iUE=ecaaCe=~eE=Eei~aK= = = = 3.25 Regular Tetrahedron = qea~aOaE=eaCE=aEaOiUW=~= eEaOUiW=U= ^eE~=cN=A~eEW= _ p =

pieN~AE=~eE~W=p= scaiaEW=s= = = = = Figure 40. = 288. ~ P O U== = CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 59 289. Q P~ p O _== = 290. O p = P~ = = 291.

SO ~ pU P N s P _ = = K== = = = 3.26 Regular Pyramid = paCE=cN=A~eEW=~= i~iEe~a=ECOEW=A= eEaOUiW=U= pa~ai=UEaOUiW=a== kiaAEe=cN=eaCEeW=a== pEaaeEeaaEiEe=cN=A~eEW=e= o~Caie=cN=aaeAeaAEC=eeUEeE=cN=A~eEW=e= ^eE~=cN=A~eEW= _ p = i~iEe~a=eieN~AE=~eE~W= i p = qci~a=eieN~AE=~eE~W=p= scaiaEW=s= =

= CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 60 = = Figure 41. = 292. Q ~ aA O =O.= = 293. a Oeaa ~ a QA eaa U OOO .

== = 294. a~ QA ~ ea Q N a~a O N pOO i==.== = 295. p ee _ = = = 296. _ i p = p + p = = 297. eeU P N pU P N s _ = = == = = =

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 61 3.27 Frustum of a Regular Pyramid = _~eE=~aC=ice=eaCE=aEaOiUeW= NOPa NOPa AIAIAIIA ~I~I~II~ K K = eEaOUiW=U= pa~ai=UEaOUiW=a== ^eE~=cN=A~eEeW= N p I= O p = i~iEe~a=eieN~AE=~eE~W= i p = mEeaaEiEe=cN=A~eEeW= N m I= O m = pA~aE=N~AiceW=a= qci~a=eieN~AE=~eE~W=p= scaiaEW=s= = = = =

Figure 42. = 298. a ~ A ~ A ~ A ~ A ~ A a a P P O O N N = = =K= = = = = CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 62 299. O

N Oa p p== = 300. () O amm pNO i + == = 301. i N O p = p + p + p = = 302. ( ) N N O O p p p p P U s=++= = 303. N [ O ] O NNaa P

Up ~ A ~ A N P Up s=++ . .. . .. . .. . .. =++.= = = = 3.28 Rectangular Right Wedge = paCEe=cN=A~eEW=~I=A= qce=ECOEW=A= eEaOUiW=U=

i~iEe~a=eieN~AE=~eE~W= i p = ^eE~=cN=A~eEW= _ p = qci~a=eieN~AE=~eE~W=p= scaiaEW=s= = = CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 63 = = Figure 43. = 304. ( ) O O O ( )O i ~ A QU A A U ~ A O N p=++++.= = 305. p ~A _ = = = 306. _ i p = p + p = = 307. (O~ A) S AU

s=+= = = = 3.29 Platonic Solids = bCOEW=~= o~Caie=cN=aaeAeaAEC=AaeAaEW=e= o~Caie=cN=AaeAiaeAeaAEC=AaeAaEW=o= pieN~AE=~eE~W=p= scaiaEW=s= = = CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 64 308. caiE=ma~icaaA=pcaaCe= qUE= ea~icaaA= ecaaCe= ~eE= AcaiEn= ecaoUECe~= iaiU= Eeiai~aEai= N~AEe=AcaeceEC=cN=AcaOeiEai=AcaiEn=eEOia~e=ecaoOcaeK== = pcaaC= kiaAEe= cN=sEeiaAEe kiaAEe= cN=bCOEe= kiaAEe= cN=c~AEe=

pEAiaca= qEie~UECeca== Q= S= Q= PKOR= `iAE= U= NO= S= PKOO= lAi~UECeca= S= NO= U= PKOT= fAce~UECeca= NO= PM= OM= PKOT= acCEA~UECeca= OM= PM= NO= PKOT= = = Octahedron = = = Figure 44. = 309. S ~S e== = 310. O ~O o== = CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

65 311. p O~ P = O = = 312. P ~O s P == = = Icosahedron = = = Figure 45. = 313. ( ) NO ~PPR e + == = 314. O(R R)

Q ~ o=+= = 315. p R~ P = O = = 316. ( ) NO R~ P R s P+ == = = CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 66 Dodecahedron = = = Figure 46. = 317. ( ) O ~ NM OR NN R

e + == = 318. ( ) Q ~PNR o + == = 319. p P~ R(R O R) = O + = = 320. ( ) Q ~ NR T R s P+ == = = = 3.30 Right Circular Cylinder = o~Caie=cN=A~eEW=o=

aa~aEiEe=cN=A~eEW=C= CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 67 eEaOUiW=e= i~iEe~a=eieN~AE=~eE~W= i p = ^eE~=cN=A~eEW= _ p = qci~a=eieN~AE=~eE~W=p= scaiaEW=s= = = ===== = = Figure 47. = 321. p O oe i = = = 322. ( ) . . . .. = + = + = . + O C p p Op O o e o C e i _ = =

323. s p e o e O _ = = = = = = CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 68 3.31 Right Circular Cylinder with an Oblique Plane Face = o~Caie=cN=A~eEW=o= qUE=OeE~iEei=UEaOUi=cN=~=eaCEW= N U = qUE=eUceiEei=UEaOUi=cN=~=eaCEW= O U = i~iEe~a=eieN~AE=~eE~W= i p = ^eE~=cN=ea~aE=EaC=N~AEeW= _ p = qci~a=eieN~AE=~eE~W=p= scaiaEW=s= = = = = Figure 48. = 324. i ( N O ) p = o U + U = =

325. O OONO _O UU ooop. . . .. .. = + + = = CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 69 326. .. . . ..

. .. . .. ..

= + = + + + + O ONO i_NOO UU pppoUUoo= = 327. ( ) N O O UU O o s+ == = = = 3.32 Right Circular Cone o~Caie=cN=A~eEW=o= aa~aEiEe=cN=A~eEW=C= eEaOUiW=e= pa~ai=UEaOUiW=a= i~iEe~a=eieN~AE=~eE~W= i p = ^eE~=cN=A~eEW= _ p =

qci~a=eieN~AE=~eE~W=p= scaiaEW=s= = = = = Figure 49. CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 70 328. O O e= a .o = = 329. O aC p oa i = = = = 330. O _ p = o = = 331. ( ) . . . ..

= + = + = . + O C Ca O N pppoaoi_= = 332. o e P N pe P N sO _ = = = = = = 3.33 Frustum of a Right Circular Cone = o~Caie=cN=A~eEeW=oI=e= eEaOUiW=e= pa~ai=UEaOUiW=a= pA~aE=N~AiceW=a=

^eE~=cN=A~eEeW= N p I= O p = i~iEe~a=eieN~AE=~eE~W= i p = qci~a=eieN~AE=~eE~W=p= scaiaEW=s= = = CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 71 = = Figure 50. = 333. O ( )O e= a . o . e = = 334. a e o== = 335. O O O N Oa e o

p p=== = 336. p a(o e) i = + = = 337. p p p p [o e a(o e)] O O N O i = + + = + + + = = 338. ( ) N N O O p p p p P U s=++= = 339. N [ O ] O NNaa P Up e o e o N P Up

s=++ . .. . .. . .. . .. =++.= = = = CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 72 3.34 Sphere = o~CaieW=o= aa~aEiEeW=C= pieN~AE=~eE~W=p= scaiaEW=s= = = = Figure 51. =

340. p = QoO = = 341. po P N C S N oe P Q s = P = P = = = = = 3.35 Spherical Cap o~Caie=cN=eeUEeEW=o= o~Caie=cN=A~eEW=e= eEaOUiW=U= ^eE~=cN=ea~aE=N~AEW= _ p = ^eE~=cN=eeUEeaA~a=A~eW= ` p = qci~a=eieN~AE=~eE~W=p= scaiaEW=s= CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 73

= = Figure 52. = 342. OU eU o O+O == = 343. O _ p = e = = 344. ( O O ) ` p = U + e = = 345. ( O O ) ( O ) _ ` p = p + p = U + Oe = OoU + e = = 346. O ( ) ( O O ) U Pe U S U Po U S s+

 .= == = = = 3.36 Spherical Sector = o~Caie=cN=eeUEeEW=o= o~Caie=cN=A~eE=cN=eeUEeaA~a=A~eW=e= eEaOUiW=U= qci~a=eieN~AE=~eE~W=p= scaiaEW=s= = CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 74 ====== === = = Figure 53. = 347. p = o(OU + e) = = 348. o U P

O s = O = = kciEW=qUE=OaiEa= Nceaia~e=~eE= AceeEAi=AciU= Nce=}ceEa.=~aC= }AaceEC.=eeUEeaA~a=eEAiceK= = = = 3.37 Spherical Segment = o~Caie=cN=eeUEeEW=o= o~Caie=cN=A~eEeW= N e I= O e = eEaOUiW=U= ^eE~=cN=eeUEeaA~a=eieN~AEW= p p = ^eE~=cN=ea~aE=EaC=N~AEeW= N p I= O p = qci~a=eieN~AE=~eE~W=p= scaiaEW=s= = CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 75 ===== = = Figure 54. = 349. p O oU p = =

= 350. ( O ) O O p N O N p = p + p + p = OoU + e + e = = 351. ( O O ) O O N U Pe Pe U S N s = + + = = = = 3.38 Spherical Wedge = o~CaieW=o= aaUECe~a=~aOaE=aa=CEOeEEeW=n= aaUECe~a=~aOaE=aa=e~Ca~aeW= = ^eE~=cN=eeUEeaA~a=aiaEW= i p = qci~a=eieN~AE=~eE~W=p= scaiaEW=s= =

= CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 76 = = Figure 55. = 352. Oo n VM o pO O i = == = 353. o Oo n VM o poOO O O = + = + = =

354. o n P O OTM o sP P = == = = = 3.39 Ellipsoid = pEaa-~nEeW=~I=AI=A= scaiaEW=s= CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 77 ======= = = Figure 56. = 355. ~AA P

Q s = = = = = Prolate Spheroid = pEaa-~nEeW=~I=AI=A=E ~ > A F= pieN~AE=~eE~W=p= scaiaEW=s= = = 356. . . . .. = . + E ~ ~eAeaaE p O A A I== iUEeE= ~ ~A E O.O

= K= = 357. A ~ P Q s = O = = CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 78 Oblate Spheroid = pEaa-~nEeW=~I=AI=A=E ~ < A F= pieN~AE=~eE~W=p= scaiaEW=s= = = 358. .... . . .... . . .. .

.. . = + AE L~ ~ AE ~ ~eAeaaU p O A A I== iUEeE= A A~ E O.O = K= = 359. A ~ P Q s = O = = = = 3.40 Circular Torus = j~ace=e~CaieW=o=

jaace=e~CaieW=e= pieN~AE=~eE~W=p= scaiaEW=s= = CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY 79 == = Picture 57. = 360. p Q oe = O = = 361. O O s = O oe = = = 80 Chapter 4 Trigonometry = = = = ^aOaEeW= I= = oE~a=aiaAEee=EAcceCaa~iEe=cN=~=ecaaiFW=nI=o== tUcaE=aiaAEeW=a= =

= 4.1 Radian and Degree Measures of Angles = 362. RT NT DQR? NUM N e~C . == = 363. e~C MKMNTQRP e~C NUM N. = = = 364. e~C MKMMMOVN e~C NUM SM ND . . == = 365. e~C MKMMMMMR e~C NUM PSMM

N? . . == = 366. = = ^aOaE= ECEOeEEeF= M= PM= QR= SM= VM= NUM= OTM= PSM= ^aOaE= Ee~Ca~aeF= M= S = Q = P = O = = O

P = O = = = = CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY 81 4.2 Definitions and Graphs of Trigonometric Functions = == = Figure 58. = 367. e o eaa = = = 368. e n Ace = = = 369.

n o i~a = = = 370. o n Aci = = = CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY 82 371. n e eEA = = = 372. o e AceEA = = = 373. paaE=ciaAiaca= o = eaa n I= .N. eaan .NK= = =

Figure 59. = 374. `ceaaE=ciaAiaca== o = Ace n I= .N. Ace n .NK= CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY 83 = = Figure 60. = 375. q~aOEai=ciaAiaca= o = i~a n I= ( ) O n Oa N + I= . . i~a n . K = = = = Figure 61. = CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY 84 376. `ci~aOEai=ciaAiaca== o = Aci n I= n a I== . . Aci n . K=

= = = Figure 62. = 377. pEA~ai=ciaAiaca= o = eEA n I= ( ) O n Oa N + K= == CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY 85 = = Figure 63. = 378. `ceEA~ai=ciaAiaca== o = AceEA n I= n a K= = Figure 64. CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY 86 4.3. Signs of Trigonometric Functions

379. = = ni~Ce~ai= paa = `ce = q~a = `ci = pEA = `ceEA= = f= H= H= H= H= H= H= ff= H= = = = = H= fff= = = H= H= = = = fs= = H= = = H= = = = 380. = = = Figure 65.

= = = = = = = = = = CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY 87 4.4 Trigonometric Functions of Common Angles 381. = = e~C = eaa = Ace = i~a = Aci eEA = AceEA = M= M= M= N= M= = N= = PM= S = O N = O

P = P N =P= P O = O= QR= Q = O O = O O = N= N= O = O = SM= P = O P =

O N =P= P N = O= P O = VM= O = N= M= = M= = N= NOM= P O = O P = O .N=.P= P .N .O= P

O = NUM= = M= .N= M= = .N= = OTM= O P = .N= M= = M= = .N= PSM= O = M= N= M= = N= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY 88 382. = = e~C = eaa = Ace = i~a = Aci =

NR= NO = Q S.O = Q S+O =O.P=O+P= NU= NM = Q R .N = Q NM + O R R R.OR =R+OR= PS= R

= Q NM . O R Q R +N = RN NM O R + . NM O R RN . + = RQ= NM P = Q R +N = Q NM . O R NM O R

RN . + RN NM O R + . = TO= R O = Q NM + O R Q R .N =R+OR=R R.OR = TR= NO R = Q S+O

= Q S.O =O+P=O.P= = = = 4.5 Most Important Formulas = 383. eaa Ace N O + O = = = 384. eEA i~a N O . O = = = 385. AeA Aci N O . O = = = 386. = Ace eaa i~a = CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY 89 387.

 = eaa Ace Aci = = 388. i~a . Aci =N= = 389. = Ace N eEA = = 390. = eaa N AceEA = = = =

4.6 Reduction Formulas = 391. = = = eaa = Ace = i~a = Aci = . = . eaa = + Ace = . i~a = . Aci = VM . = + Ace = + eaa = + Aci = + i~a = VM + = + Ace = . eaa = . Aci = . i~a = NUM . + eaa = . Ace = . i~a = . Aci = NUM + . eaa = . Ace = + i~a = + Aci = OTM . . Ace = . eaa = + Aci = + i~a = OTM + . Ace = + eaa = . Aci = . i~a = PSM . . eaa = + Ace = . i~a = . Aci = PSM + + eaa = + Ace = + i~a = + Aci = = = = = = = CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY 90 4.7 Periodicity of Trigonometric Functions = 392. eaa( - Oa)= eaa I=eEeacC= O =ce=PSM K=

= 393. Ace( - Oa)= Ace I=eEeacC= O =ce=PSM K= = 394. i~a( - a)= i~a I=eEeacC= =ce=NUM K= = 395. Aci( - a)= Aci I=eEeacC= =ce=NUM K= = = = 4.8 Relations between Trigonometric Functions = 396. ( ) N OQ N Ace O OAce O N eaa N Ace O O . . . . .. . . = - . = - . = =

= O N i~a O Oi~a O + == = 397. ( ) N O N Ace O OAce O N Ace N eaa O O . = - . = - + = = = O N i~a O N i~a O O

 + . == = 398. . = + = - . = = eaaO N Ace O N Ace O eaaO eEA N Ace eaa i~a O = CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY

91 = O N i~a O Oi~a N Ace O N Ace O O + = + . = } = = 399. . = + = - . =

 = N Ace O eaaO eaaO N Ace O AeA N eaa Ace Aci O = = O Oi~a O N i~a N Ace O N Ace O O . = . + = } = =

400. O N i~a O N i~a N i~a Ace N eEA O O O . + = - + = = = = 401. O Oi~a O N i~a

N Aci eaa N AeA O O + = - + = = = = = = 4.9 Addition and Subtraction Formulas = 402. eaa( +)= eaaAce + eaaAce= = 403. eaa( . o)= eaaAce . eaaAce= = 404. Ace( +)= AceAce . eaaeaa= = 405. Ace( .)= AceAce + eaaeaa= CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY

92 406. ( ) . + + = N i~a i~a i~a i~a i~a = = 407. ( ) + . . = N i~a i~a i~a i~a i~a = = 408. ( ) + . + = i~a i~a N i~a i~a Aci = =

409. ( ) . + . = i~a i~a N i~a i~a Aci = = = = 4.10 Double Angle Formulas = 410. eaa O = Oeaa . Ace = = 411. Ace O Ace eaa N Oeaa OAce N = O . O = . O = O . = = 412. . = . = Aci i~a O N i~a

Oi~a i~a O O = = 413. O Aci i~a OAci Aci N Aci O O . = . = = = = = = = = CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY 93 4.11 Multiple Angle Formulas = 414. = . P = O . . P eaa P Peaa Qeaa PAce eaa eaa =

= 415. eaa Q = Qeaa . Ace .Ueaa . Ace P = = 416. = . P + R eaa R Reaa OMeaa NSeaa = = 417. = P . = P . . O Ace P QAce PAce Ace PAce eaa = = 418. Ace Q UAce UAce N = Q . O + = = 419. Ace R =NSAce . OMAce + RAce R P = = 420. . . = O P N Pi~a Pi~a i~a i~a P = = 421. . + . = O Q P

N Si~a i~a Qi~a Qi~a i~a Q = = 422. . + . + = O Q RP N NMi~a Ri~a i~a NMi~a Ri~a i~a R = = 423. PAci N Aci PAci Aci P O P . . = = = 424. . . +

 = P OQ Qi~a Qi~a N Si~a i~a Aci Q == = CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY 94 425. . + . + = i~a NMi~a Ri~a N NMi~a Ri~a Aci R R P OQ = = = = 4.12 Half Angle Formulas = 426. O N Ace

O eaa . = } = = 427. O N Ace O Ace + = } = = 428. = . . = + = +

. = } AeA Aci eaa N Ace N Ace eaa N Ace N Ace O i~a = = 429. = + + = . = . + = } AeA Aci

eaa N Ace N Ace eaa N Ace N Ace O Aci = = = = 4.13 Half Angle Tangent Identities = 430. O N i~a O Oi~a eaa O + = = = CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY

95 431. O N i~a O N i~a Ace O O + . = = = 432. O N i~a O Oi~a i~a O . = =

= 433. O Oi~a O N i~a Aci O . = = = = = 4.14 Transforming of Trigonometric Expressions to Product = 434. O Ace O eaa eaa Oeaa + . + = =

= 435. O eaa O eaa eaa OAce + . . = = = 436. O Ace O Ace Ace OAce + . + = = = 437. O eaa O Ace Ace Oeaa + . . = . = =

CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY 96 438. () . + + = Ace Ace eaa i~a i~a = = 439. () . . . = Ace Ace eaa i~a i~a = = 440. () . + + =

eaa eaa eaa Aci Aci = = 441. () . . . = eaa eaa eaa Aci Aci = = 442. . . . .. . + =. . . .. . .

 + = Q O eaa Q Ace eaa O Ace = = 443. . . . .. . + =. . . .. . . . = Q O Ace Q Ace eaa O eaa = = 444.

() . . + = Ace eaa Ace i~a Aci = = 445. () . + . = . Ace eaa Ace i~a Aci = = 446. O N Ace OAceO + = = = 447. O N Ace OeaaO

. = = = CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY 97 448. . . . .. . . + = QO N eaa OAceO = = 449. . . . .. . . . = QO N eaa OeaaO =

= = = 4.15 Transforming of Trigonometric Expressions to Sum = 450. ()() O Ace Ace eaa eaa . . + . = = = 451. ()() O Ace Ace Ace Ace . + + . = = = 452. ()() O

eaa eaa eaa Ace . + + . = = = 453. + + . = Aci Aci i~a i~a i~a i~a = = 454. + + . = i~a i~a Aci Aci Aci Aci = = 455. + + . =

Aci i~a i~a Aci i~a Aci = = = = CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY 98 4.16 Powers of Trigonometric Functions = 456. O N AceO eaaO . = = = 457. Q Peaa eaaP eaaP . = = = 458. U Ace Q Q Ace O P

eaaQ . + = = = 459. NS NMeaa Reaa P eaa R eaaR . + = = = 460. PO NM NRAce O SAce Q Ace S eaaS . + . = = = 461. O N Ace O AceO + = = = 462. Q PAce Ace P AceP +

 = = = 463. U Ace Q QAce O P AceQ + + = = = 464. NS NMAce Reaa P Ace R AceR + + = = = 465. PO NM NRAce O SAce Q Ace S AceS + + + = = = CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY 99 4.17 Graphs of Inverse Trigonometric Functions =

466. faiEeeE=paaE=ciaAiaca== o = ~eAeaa n I= .N. n .NI= O ~eAeaan O .. . K= = = = Figure 66. = 467. faiEeeE=`ceaaE=ciaAiaca== o = ~eAAcen I= .N. n .NI= M . ~eAAce n . K= = CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY 100 = = Figure 67. = 468. faiEeeE=q~aOEai=ciaAiaca== o = ~eAi~an I= . . n . I=

O ~eAi~an O << . K= = ===== = = Figure 68. CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY 101 469. faiEeeE=`ci~aOEai=ciaAiaca== o = ~eAAci n I= . . n . I= M < ~eAAci n < K= ===== = Figure 69. = 470. faiEeeE=pEA~ai=ciaAiaca== (][)IK OO I M n eEA ~eA I I N N I n I n = ~eAeEA o .. . .. .

 . . . . . = . . = Figure 70. CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY 102 471. faiEeeE=`ceEA~ai=ciaAiaca== (][)K O I M MI O n AeA ~eA I I N N I n I n ~eAAeA o .. . .. . . . . . .

= . . . = = Figure 71. = = 4.18 Principal Values of Inverse Trigonometric Functions 472. n = M= O N = O O = O P N= ~eAeaan = M = PM = QR = SM VM ~eAAce n = VM SM = QR = PM M = n=O .N O .O

O . P .N= = ~eAeaan = .PM = . QR . SM . VM = = ~eAAce n = NOM = NPR = NRM = NUM = = CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY 103 473. n = M= P P N= P = P . P .N= . P =

~eAi~an = M = PM QR SM .PM . QR = . SM = ~eAAci n = VM SM QR PM NOM = NPR = NRM = = = = 4.19 Relations between Inverse Trigonometric Functions = 474. ~eAeaa(. n)= .~eAeaan = = 475. ~eAAce n O ~eAeaan . == = 476. O ~eAeaan = ~eAAce N. n I= M . n .NK= = 477. O ~eAeaan = .~eAAce N. n I= .N. n . M K=

= 478. O N n n ~eAeaan ~eAi~a . = I= n N O < K= = 479. n Nn ~eAeaa n ~eAAci .O = I= M < n .NK= = 480. . . = n Nn ~eAeaa n ~eAAci O I= .N. n < M K= = 481. ~eAAce(. n)= . ~eAAcen = CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY

104 482. ~eAeaan O ~eAAce n . == = 483. O ~eAAce n = ~eAeaa N. n I= M . n .NK= = 484. O ~eAAce n = . ~eAeaa N. n I= .N. n . M K= = 485. n Nn ~eAAce n ~eAi~a .O = I= M < n .NK= = 486. n Nn ~eAAce n ~eAi~a .O = + I= .N. n < M K= =

487. O N n n ~eAAce n ~eAAci . = I= .N. n .NK= = 488. ~eAi~a(. n)= .~eAi~an = = 489. ~eAAci n O ~eAi~an . == = 490. O N n n ~eAi~an ~eAeaa + == = 491. O N n N ~eAi~an ~eAAce + = I= n . M K=

= 492. O N n N ~eAi~an ~eAAce + = . I= n . M K= = CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY 105 493. n N ~eAi~a O ~eAi~an . = I= n > M K= = 494. n N ~eAi~a O ~eAi~an .

= . I= n < M K= = 495. n N ~eAi~an = ~eAAci I= n > M K= = 496. = . n N ~eAi~a n ~eAAci I= n < M K= = 497. ~eAAci(. n)= . ~eAAci n = = 498. ~eAi~an O ~eAAci n . == = 499. O N n N ~eAAci n ~eAeaa + = I= n > M K=

= 500. O N n N ~eAAci n ~eAeaa + = . I= n < M K= = 501. O N n n ~eAAci n ~eAAce + == = 502. n N ~eAAci n = ~eAi~a I= n > M K= = 503. n N ~eAAci n = + ~eAi~a I= n < M K= = = CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY

106 4.20 Trigonometric Equations = tUcaE=aiaAEeW=a= = = 504. eaa n = ~ I= n ( N) ~eAeaa~ a = . a + = = 505. Ace n = ~ I= n = -~eAAce ~ + Oa = = 506. i~an = ~ I= n = ~eAi~a~ + a = = 507. Aci n = ~ I= n = ~eA Aci ~ + a = = = = 4.21 Relations to Hyperbolic Functions = fa~Oaa~eo=iaaiW=a= = = 508. eaa(an)= a eaaU n = = 509. i~a(an)= a i~aU n = =

510. Aci(an)= .a AciU n = = 511. eEA(an)= eEAU n = = 512. AeA(an)= .a AeAU n = = = = 107 Chapter 5 Matrices and Determinants = = = = j~ieaAEeW=^I=_I=`= baEaEaie=cN=~=a~ieanW= a ~ I= a A I= aa ~ I= aa A I= aa A = aEiEeaaa~ai=cN=~=a~ieanW=CEi^= jaace=cN=~a=EaEaEai= aa ~ W= aa j = `cN~Aice=cN=~a=EaEaEai= aa ~ W= aa ` = qe~aeeceE=cN=~=a~ieanW= q ^ I=^ u = ^Cacaai=cN=~=a~ieanW= ~Ca^ = qe~AE=cN=~=a~ieanW= ie ^ = faiEeeE=cN=~=a~ieanW= N ^. =

oE~a=aiaAEeW=a= oE~a=i~ea~AaEeW= a n = k~iie~a=aiaAEeeW=aI=a=== = = 5.1 Determinants = 513. pEAcaC=leCEe=aEiEeaaa~ai= NOON OO NN~A~A ~A ~A CEi^ = = . = = = = = = CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS 108 514. qUaeC=leCEe=aEiEeaaa~ai= = = + + . NN OO PP NO OP PN NP ON PO PN PO PP ON OO OP

NN NO NP ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ CEi^ = NN OP PO NO ON PP NP OO PN . ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ = = 515. p~eeie=oiaE=E^eeci=oiaEF= = = Figure 72. = 516. k-iU=leCEe=aEiEeaaa~ai= aN aO aa aa aN aO aa aa ON OO Oa Oa NN NO Na Na ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ CEi^ KK KKKKKK

KK KKKKKK KK KK == = 517. jaace= qUE=aaace= aa j =~eecAa~iEC=iaiU=iUE=EaEaEai= aa ~ =cN=a-iU=ceCEe= a~iean=^= ae= iUE= (a .N)-iU=ceCEe=CEiEeaaa~ai=CEeaiEC= Neca= iUE=a~iean=^=Ao=CEaEiaca=cN=aie=a-iU=eci=~aC=a-iU=AcaiaaK=== = CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS 109 518. `cN~Aice= ( ) aa aa aa ` N j = . + = = 519. i~ea~AE=bne~aeaca=cN=a-iU=leCEe=aEiEeaaa~ai= i~ea~AE=Ene~aeaca=Ao=EaEaEaie=cN=iUE=a-iU=eci= = = a aN aa aa CEi^ ~ ` I= a =NI OIKIaK=

i~ea~AE=Ene~aeaca=Ao=EaEaEaie=cN=iUE=a-iU=Acaiaa= = = a aN aa aa CEi^ ~ ` I= a =NI OIKIa K== = = = 5.2 Properties of Determinants = 520. qUE==i~aiE==cN=~=CEiEeaaa~ai=eEa~aae==iaAU~aOEC=aN=ecie=~eE= AU~aOEC=ic=Acaiaae=~aC=Acaiaae=ic=ecieK= = OO NN NO NO ~A ~A AA ~~ = == = 521. fN=iic==ecie==Ece=iic=AcaiaaeF=~eE==aaiEeAU~aOECI=iUE=eaOa=cN=

iUE=CEiEeaaa~ai=ae=AU~aOECK= NN OO OO NN ~A ~A ~A ~A =.= = 522. fN=iic=ecie==Ece=iic=AcaiaaeF=~eE==aCEaiaA~aI=iUE=i~aiE=cN=iUE= CEiEeaaa~ai=ae=oEecK= M ~~ ~~ OO NN== = CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS 110 523. fN==iUE===EaEaEaie==cN==~ao=eci==Ece=AcaiaaF=~eE=aiaiaeaaEC=Ao===== ~==Acaaca==N~AiceI==iUE==CEiEeaaa~ai==ae==aiaiaeaaEC==Ao==iU~i= N~AiceK= OO

NN OO NN ~A ~A a ~A a~ aA == = 524. fN==iUE==EaEaEaie==cN==~ao==eci==Ece==AcaiaaF=~eE=aaAeE~eEC=Ece= CEAeE~eECFAo=Eei~a=aiaiaeaEe=cN=iUE=AceeEeecaCaaO=EaEaEaie= cN=~ao=ciUEe=eci==Ece=AcaiaaFI==iUE=i~aiE=cN=iUE=CEiEeaaa~ai= ae=iaAU~aOECK= OO NN OOO NNN ~A ~A ~ aA A ~ aA A = + +

= = = = 5.3 Matrices = 525. aENaaaiaca= ^a=a~a =a~iean=^=ae=~=eEAi~aOia~e=~ee~o=cN=EaEaEaie=EaiaAEee= ce=NiaAiacaeF=iaiU=a=ecie=~aC=a=AcaiaaeK== [] .... . . ....

. == aN aO aa ON OO Oa NN NO Na aa ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ^~

K MMM K K == = 526. pei~eE=a~iean=ae=~=a~iean=cN=ceCEe=a~a K== = 527. ^=eei~eE=a~iean== [ ] aa ~ ==ae==eoaaEieaA==aN== aa aa ~ = ~ I==aKEK==ai==ae= eoaaEieaA=~Acii=iUE=aE~CaaO=Ca~Oca~aK== = 528. ^=eei~eE=a~iean= [ ] aa ~ =ae=eaEi-eoaaEieaA=aN= aa aa ~ = .~ K== = CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS 111 529. aa~Oca~a=a~iean==ae==~=eei~eE==a~iean=iaiU=~aa==EaEaEaie==oEec= EnAEei=iUceE=ca=iUE=aE~CaaO=Ca~Oca~aK== = 530. raai=a~iean==ae==~=Ca~Oca~a==a~iean==aa=iUaAU=iUE=EaEaEaie=ca= iUE=aE~CaaO=Ca~Oca~a=~eE=~aa=iaaioK=qUE=iaai=a~iean=ae=========== CEaciEC=Ao=fK== = 531. ^=aiaa=a~iean=ae=caE=iUceE=EaEaEaie=~eE=~aa=oEecK= = =

= 5.4 Operations with Matrices = 532. qic=a~ieaAEe=^=~aC=_=~eE=Eei~a=aNI=~aC=caao=aNI=iUEo=~eE=AciU= cN==iUE==e~aE==eU~eE==a~a ==~aC=AceeEeecaCaaO=EaEaEaie=~eE= Eei~aK= = 533. qic=a~ieaAEe==^=~aC=_==A~a=AE=~CCEC=Ece=eiAie~AiECF=cNI=~aC= caao=aNI=iUEo=U~iE=iUE=e~aE=eU~eE=a~a K=fN== [] .... . . ....

. == aN aO aa ON OO Oa NN NO Na aa ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ^~

K MMM K K I== [] .... . . .... . == aN aO aa ON OO Oa NN NO Na aa AAA AAA AAA _A K MMM K K I==

= = = = = CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS 112 iUEa== .... . . ....

. +++ +++ +++ += aN aN aO aO aa aa ON ON OO OO Oa Oa NN NN NO NO Na Na ~A~A~A ~A~A~A ~A~A~A ^_

K MMM K K K= = 534. fN=a=ae=~=eA~a~eI=~aC= [ ] aa ^ = ~ =ae=~=a~ieanI=iUEa= [] .... . . ....

. == aN aO aa ON OO Oa NN NO Na aa a~ a~ a~ a~ a~ a~ a~ a~ a~ a^ a~ K MMM

K K K= = 535. jiaiaeaaA~iaca=cN=qic=j~ieaAEe= qic= a~ieaAEe= A~a= AE= aiaiaeaaEC= icOEiUEe= caao= iUEa= iUE= aiaAEe= cN= Acaiaae= aa= iUE= Naeei= ae= Eei~a= ic= iUE=aiaAEe= cN= ecie=aa=iUE=eEAcaCK== = fN= [] .... . . ....

. == aN aO aa ON OO Oa NN NO Na aa ~~~ ~~~ ~~~

^~ K MMM K K I== [] .... . . .... . == aN aO aa ON OO Oa NN NO Na aa AAA AAA AAA _A K MMM K K

I= = = = = = CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS 113 iUEa== .... . . ....

. == aN aO aa ON OO Oa NN NO Na AAA AAA AAA ^_ ` K MMM

K K I== iUEeE== = = + + + = a N aa aN Na aO Oa aa aa a a A ~ A ~ A K ~ A ~ A = E a =NI OIKIaX a =NI OIKI a FK== = qUie=aN= []. . . . . == ON OO OP NN NO NP aa ~ ~ ~ ~~~ ^ ~ I= [ ] ...

. . ...

. == P O N a A A A _ A I== iUEa== .. . . . = ... . . ...

. .. . . . . = ON N OO O OP P NN N NO O NP P P O N ON OO OP NN NO NP ~A~A~A ~A~A~A A A A ~~~ ~~~ ^_ K== = 536. qe~aeeceE=cN=~=j~iean= fN=iUE=ecie=~aC=Acaiaae=cN=~=a~iean=~eE=aaiEeAU~aOECI=iUEa=

iUE=aEi=a~iean=ae=A~aaEC=iUE=ie~aeeceE=cN=iUE=ceaOaa~a=a~ieanK=== fN=^= ae= iUE=ceaOaa~a=a~ieanI= aie= ie~aeeceE= ae=CEaciEC= q ^ =ce= ^u K== = 537. qUE=a~iean=^=ae=ceiUcOca~a=aN=^^ f q = K== = 538. fN=iUE=a~iean=eecCiAi=^_=ae=CENaaECI=iUEa== ( )q q q ^_ = _ ^ K= = = CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS 114 539. ^Cacaai=cN=j~iean= fN=^=ae=~=eei~eE= a~aa~ieanI=aie=~CacaaiI=CEaciEC=Ao= ~Ca^ I= ae=iUE=ie~aeeceE=cN=iUE=a~iean=cN=AcN~Aicee= aa ` =cN=^W= [ ]q aa ~Ca ^ = ` K== = 540. qe~AE=cN=~=j~iean= fN=^= ae= ~= eei~eE= a~aa~ieanI= aie= ie~AEI=CEaciEC=Ao= ie ^ I= ae= CENaaEC=ic=AE==iUE=eia=cN==iUE=iEeae=ca=iUE=aE~CaaO=Ca~Oca~aW= NN OO aa ie ^ = ~ + ~ +K+ ~ K= = 541. faiEeeE=cN=~=j~iean=

fN=^=ae=~=eei~eE= a~aa~iean=iaiU=~=acaeaaOia~e=CEiEeaaa~ai= CEi^I=iUEa=aie=aaiEeeE= N ^. =ae=OaiEa=Ao= CEi^ ~Ca ^ ^ .N = K= = 542. fN=iUE=a~iean=eecCiAi=^_=ae=CENaaECI=iUEa== ( ) N N N ^_ _ ^. = . . K= = 543. fN==^==ae=~=eei~eE===a~a ==a~ieanI==iUE==EaOEaiEAicee==u===e~iaeNo= iUE=Eei~iaca= ^u = uI== iUaaE=iUE=EaOEai~aiEe= =e~iaeNo=iUE=AU~e~AiEeaeiaA=Eei~iaca= ^ . f = M K=== = = = 5.5 Systems of Linear Equations = = s~ea~AaEeW=nI=oI=oI= N n I= n IK O = oE~a=aiaAEeeW= ~ I ~ I ~ I A I ~ I ~ IK N O P N NN NO = CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS 115 aEiEeaaa~aieW=aI= n a I= o a I= o a ==

j~ieaAEeW=^I=_I=u= = = 544. += += OOO NNN ~nAoC ~nAoC I== a a n = n I= a a o = o =E`e~aEee=eiaEFI== iUEeE== NOON OO NN~A~A ~A ~A a= = . I==

NOON OO NN nCACA CA CA a = = . I== NOON OO NN o~C~C ~C ~C a = = . K== = 545. fN=a M I=iUEa=iUE=eoeiEa=U~e=~=eaaOaE=ecaiiacaW== a a n = n I= a a o = o K= fN= a= M = ~aC= a M n Ece= a M o FI= iUEa= iUE= eoeiEa= U~e= = ac== ecaiiacaK= fN= a a a M n o = = = I= iUEa= iUE= eoeiEa= U~e= = aaNaaaiEao= =a~ao==

ecaiiacaeK= = 546. . . ++= ++= ++= PPPP OOOO NNNN ~nAoAoC ~nAoAoC ~nAoAoC= I== a a n = n I= a a o = o I= a a o = o =E`e~aEee=eiaEFI==

= CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS 116 iUEeE== PPP OOO NNN ~AA ~AA ~AA a= I= PPP OOO NNN n CAA CAA CAA a = I= PPP OOO NNN o ~CA ~CA

~CA a = I= PPP OOO NNN o ~AC ~AC ~AC a = K== = 547. fN=a M I=iUEa=iUE=eoeiEa=U~e=~=eaaOaE=ecaiiacaW== a a n = n I= a a o = o I= a a o = o K= fN=a= M =~aC=a M n Ece=a M o =ce=a M o FI=iUEa=iUE=eoeiEa= U~e=ac=ecaiiacaK= fN= a a a a M n o o = = = = I= iUEa= iUE= eoeiEa= U~e= aaNaaaiEao= a~ao=ecaiiacaeK=

= 548. j~iean=ccea=cN=~=poeiEa=cN=a=iaaE~e=bei~iacae=aa================= a=raaaciae= qUE=eEi=cN=aaaE~e=Eei~iacae== .. .. +++= +++= +++= aN N aO O aa a a ON N OO O Oa a O NN N NO O Na a N ~n~n~nA ~n~n~nA ~n~n~nA K KKKKKKKKKKKK K K = A~a=AE=ieaiiEa=aa=a~iean=Ncea= .....

. . ..... . . = ..... . . ..... . . . ..... . . ..... . . a O N a O N

aN aO aa ON OO Oa NN NO Na A A A n n n ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ MM K MMM K K I== aKEK== ^.u = _I== CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS 117 iUEeE== ..... .

. ..... . . = aN aO aa ON OO Oa NN NO Na ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ^ K MMM K K I= ..... . . ..... . . = a

O N n n n u M I= ..... . . ..... . . = a O N A A A _ M K== =

549. pcaiiaca=cN=~=pEi=cN=iaaE~e=bei~iacae=a~a = u ^ _ = .N . I== iUEeE= N ^. =ae=iUE=aaiEeeE=cN=^K= = = 118 Chapter 6 Vectors = = = = sEAiceeW=i r I=i r I=i r I=e r I= ^_ I== sEAice=aEaOiUW= i r

I= i r I== raai=iEAiceeW=a r I= a r I=a r = kiaa=iEAiceW=M r = `cceCaa~iEe=cN=iEAice=i r W= N N N u I v I w = `cceCaa~iEe=cN=iEAice=i r W= O O O u I v I w = pA~a~eeW= I = aaeEAiaca=AceaaEeW= Ace I= Ace I= Ace = ^aOaE=AEiiEEa=iic=iEAiceeW= = = = 6.1 Vector Coordinates

= 550. raai=sEAicee= a = (NI MI M) r I= a = (MINI M) r I= a = (MI MIN) r I= a = a = a =N rrr K= = 551. e ^_ (n n ) a (o o ) a (o o )a N M N M N M rrrr==.+.+. = = CHAPTER 6. VECTORS 119 ======= = = Figure 73.

= 552. ( ) ( ) ( )O NM O NM O N M e = ^_ = n . n + o . o + o . o r = = 553. fN=^_ e r= I=iUEa=_^ e r=. K= = = = Figure 74. = 554. u = e Ace r I=

v = e Ace r I= w = e Ace r K= CHAPTER 6. VECTORS 120 ===== = = Figure 75. = 555. fN= ( ) N( N N N ) e uI vI w e u I v I w r r = I=iUEa== N u = u I= N v = v I= N w = w K== == = 6.2 Vector Addition = 556. i i i rrr=+= = == = = Figure 76.

CHAPTER 6. VECTORS 121 == = = Figure 77. = 557. N O P a i i i i i r K rrrr=++++= = == = = Figure 78. = 558. `caaii~iaiE=i~i= iiii rrrr+=+= = 559. ^eecAa~iaiE=i~i= (i i) i i (i i) rrrrrr++=++= = 560. ( )N O N O N O i + i = u + u I v + v I w + w r r =

= = = = = = CHAPTER 6. VECTORS 122 6.3 Vector Subtraction = 561. i i i r r r = . =aN= i i i r r r + = K= = = = Figure 79. = == = = Figure 80. = 562. i i i ( i) rrrr.=+.= =

563. i . i = M = (MI MI M) rrr = = 564. M = M r = = 565. ( )N O N O N O i . i = u .u I v . v I w . w r r I== = = = 6.4 Scaling Vectors = 566. i i r r = = CHAPTER 6. VECTORS 123 = = Figure 81. = 567. i i r r = . =

= 568. i = (uI vI w) r = = 569. i = i rr = = 570. ( )i i i r r r + = + = = 571. ( i) ( i) ( )i r r r = = = = 572. (i i) i i r r r r + = + = = = = 6.5 Scalar Product = 573. pA~a~e=mecCiAi=cN=sEAicee=i r =~aCi r =

i. i = i . i . Ace rrrr I== iUEeE= =ae=iUE=~aOaE=AEiiEEa=iEAicee=i r =~aCi r K==== = CHAPTER 6. VECTORS 124 == = Figure 82. = 574. pA~a~e=mecCiAi=aa=`cceCaa~iE=ccea= fN= ( N N N ) i = u I v I w r I= ( ) O O O i = u I v I w r I=iUEa== N O N O N O i. i = u u + v v + w w r r K= = 575. ^aOaE=_EiiEEa=qic=sEAicee== fN= ( ) N N N i = u I v I w r I= ( ) O O O i = u I v I w r I=iUEa==

O O O O O O O N O N O N NONONO uvwuvw uuvvww Ace ++++ ++ = K= = 576. `caaii~iaiE=meceEeio= iiii rrrr.=.= = 577. ^eecAa~iaiE=meceEeio=

( i) ( i) i i r r r r . = . = = 578. aaeieaAiiaiE=meceEeio= i (i i) i i i i rrrrrrr.+=.+.= = 579. i. i = M r r =aN=i r Ii r =~eE=ceiUcOca~a=E O = FK= = 580. i. i > M r r =aN= O M < < K= = CHAPTER 6. VECTORS 125

581. i. i < M r r =aN= < < O K= = 582. i i i i rrrr...= = 583. i i i i r r r r . = . =aN=i r Ii r =~eE=e~e~aaEa=E = M FK= = 584. fN= ( ) N N N i = u I v I w r I=iUEa== O N O N O N O O i.i = i = i = u + v + w r r r r K=

= 585. a . a = a . a = a . a =N rrrrrr = = 586. a . a = a . a = a . a = M rrrrrr = = = = 6.6 Vector Product = 587. sEAice=mecCiAi=cN=sEAicee=i r =~aCi r = iii r r r ~ = I=iUEeE== . i = i . i . eaa rrr I=iUEeE= O M

. . X= .ii r r = ~aC= i i r r X= . =sEAicee=i r I=i r I=i r =Ncea=~=eaOUi-U~aCEC=eAeEiK= = CHAPTER 6. VECTORS 126 ======= = = Figure 83. = 588. OOO NNN uvw uvw aaa iii

rrr r r r = ~ = = = 589. . . . . . .. . = ~ = . OO NN OO NN OO NN uv uv I uw uw I vw vw iii rrr

= = 590. p = i~ i = i . i . eaa rrrr =EcaOKUPF= = 591. ^aOaE=_EiiEEa=qic=sEAicee=EcaOKUPF= ii ii eaa r r rr . ~ = = = 592. kcaAcaaii~iaiE=meceEeio= i i (i i) r r r r ~ = . ~ == = 593. ^eecAa~iaiE=meceEeio= ( i) ( i) i i r r r r ~ = ~ = = = CHAPTER 6. VECTORS

127 594. aaeieaAiiaiE=meceEeio= i (i i) i i i i r r r r r r r ~ + = ~ + ~ = = 595. i i M r r r = ~ =aN=i r =~aC=i r =~eE=e~e~aaEa=E = M FK= = 596. a a a a a a M rrrrrrr ~ = ~ = ~ = = = 597. a a a rrr ~ = I= a a a rrr ~ = I= a a a rrr ~ = = = =

= 6.7 Triple Product = 598. pA~a~e=qeaeaE=mecCiAi= [iii] i (i i) i (i i) i (i i) rr r r r r r r r r r r = . ~ = . ~ = . ~ = = 599. [iii] [iii] [iii] [iii] [iii] [iii] rr r r rr r r r rr r r rr r r r = = = . = . = . = = 600. ai (i i) a[iii] r r r rr r . ~ = = = 601. pA~a~e=qeaeaE=mecCiAi=aa=`cceCaa~iE=ccea= () PPP OOO NNN uvw uvw uvw i. i ~ i = r r r I== iUEeE== ()NNNi=uIvIwr

I= ( ) O O O i = u I v I w r I= ( ) P P P i = u I v I w r K== = 602. scaiaE=cN=m~e~aaEaEeaeEC= s i (i i) r r r = . ~ = = CHAPTER 6. VECTORS 128 ============ = = Figure 84. = 603. scaiaE=cN=moe~aaC= i (i i) S N s r r r = . ~ = = = = Figure 85. =

604. fN==i. (i~ i)= M r r r I=iUEa=iUE=iEAicee==i r I=i r I=~aC=i r =~eE=aaaE~eao= CEeEaCEai=I=ec= i i i r r r = + =Nce=ecaE=eA~a~ee= =~aC=K== = 605. fN==i. (i~ i) M r r r I=iUEa=iUE=iEAicee==i r I=i r I=~aC=i r =~eE=aaaE~eao= aaCEeEaCEaiK= = CHAPTER 6. VECTORS 129 606. sEAice=qeaeaE=mecCiAi= i (i i) (i i)i (i i)i

r r r r r r r r r ~ ~ = . . . == = = = = = = = = 130 Chapter 7 Analytic Geometry = = = = 7.1 One-Dimensional Coordinate System = mcaai=AcceCaa~iEeW= M n I= N n I= O n I= M o I= N o I= O o = oE~a=aiaAEeW= == aaei~aAE=AEiiEEa=iic=ecaaieW=C= = = 607. aaei~aAE=_EiiEEa=qic=mcaaie= O N N O C = ^_ = n . n = n . n =

= = = Figure 86. = 608. aaiaCaaO=~=iaaE=pEOaEai=aa=iUE=o~iac= = + + = N nn nNO M I= `_ = ^` I= .NK= = ======== = = Figure 87. CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 131 609. jaCecaai=cN=~=iaaE=pEOaEai= O nn nNO

M + = I= =NK= = = = 7.2 Two-Dimensional Coordinate System = mcaai=AcceCaa~iEeW= M n I= N n I= O n I= M o I= N o I= O o = mca~e=AcceCaa~iEeW= eI .= oE~a=aiaAEeW= == mceaiaiE=eE~a=aiaAEeeW=~I=AI=AI== aaei~aAE=AEiiEEa=iic=ecaaieW=C= ^eE~W=p= = = 610. aaei~aAE=_EiiEEa=qic=mcaaie= ( ) ( )O ON O O N C = ^_ = n . n + o . o = = = = Figure 88.

CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 132 611. aaiaCaaO=~=iaaE=pEOaEai=aa=iUE=o~iac= = + + = N nn nNO M I= + + = N oo oNO M I== `_ = ^` I= .NK= = ======= = = Figure 89. = =

CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 133 ======= = = Figure 90. = 612. jaCecaai=cN=~=iaaE=pEOaEai= O nn nNO M + = I= O oo oNO M + = I= =NK= = 613. `EaiecaC=EfaiEeeEAiaca=cN=jECa~aeF=cN=~=qea~aOaE= P nnn nNOP M

++ = I= P ooo oNOP M ++ = I== iUEeE== ( ) N N ^ n Io I== ( ) O O _ n Io I==~aC== ( ) P P ` n Io ==~eE=iEeiaAEe=cN= iUE=iea~aOaE= ^_` K= = = CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 134 ========= = = Figure 91. = 614. faAEaiEe=EfaiEeeEAiaca=cN=^aOaE=_aeEAiceeF=cN=~=qea~aOaE= ~AA ~n An An nNOP M++ ++ = I= ~AA

~o Ao Ao oNOP M++ ++ = I== iUEeE= ~ = _` I= A = `^ I= A = ^_K== = ======== = = Figure 92. CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 135 615. `aeAiaAEaiEe=EfaiEeeEAiaca=cN=iUE=paCE=mEeeEaCaAia~e====================== _aeEAiceeF=cN=~=qea~aOaE= noN noN noN O nooN nooN nooN n PP OO NN

P O P O P O O O O O N O N O N M + + + = I= noN noN noN O nnoN

nnoN nnoN o PP OO NN O P O PP O O O OO O N O NN M + + + == = ======== =

== Figure 93. = = = = = = = CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 136 616. leiUcAEaiEe=EfaiEeeEAiaca=cN=^aiaiiCEeF=cN=~=qea~aOaE= noN noN noN onnoN onnoN onnoN n PP OO NN O PNOP O

OPNO O NOPN M + + + = I= noN noN noN noonN noonN noonN o PP OO NN NOP O P PNO O O OPN

O N M + + + == = ====== = = Figure 94. = 617. ^eE~=cN=~=qea~aOaE= ()() PNPN ONON PP OO NN nnoo nnoo O N noN noN

noN O N p .. .. = } = } = = = = CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 137 618. ^eE~=cN=~=ni~Ceaa~iEe~a= = (}) [( . )( + )+ ( . )( + )+ N O N O O P O P n n o o n n o o O N p= ( )( ) ( )( )] P Q P Q Q N Q N + n . n o + o + n . n o + o = = === = = Figure 95. = kciEW=fa=Nceaia~e=SNTI=SNU=iE=AUcceE=iUE=eaOa=EHF=ce=E\F=ec= iU~i=ic=OEi=~=eceaiaiE=~aeiEe=Nce=~eE~K==

= 619. aaei~aAE=_EiiEEa=qic=mcaaie=aa=mca~e=`cceCaa~iEe= ( )N O O N O O O N C = ^_ = e + e . Oe e Ace . . . = = CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 138 = = Figure 96. = 620. `caiEeiaaO=oEAi~aOia~e=`cceCaa~iEe=ic=mca~e=`cceCaa~iEe= n = e Ace. I= o = e eaa.K= = = = Figure 97. = 621. `caiEeiaaO=mca~e=`cceCaa~iEe=ic=oEAi~aOia~e=`cceCaa~iEe= O O e = n + o I= n o

i~a. = K= CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 139 7.3 Straight Line in Plane = mcaai=AcceCaa~iEeW=uI=vI=nI= M n I= N n I== M o I= N o I= N ~ I= O ~ I=== oE~a=aiaAEeeW=aI=~I=AI=eI=iI=^I=_I=`I= N ^ I= O ^ I== ^aOaEeW= I= = ^aOaE=AEiiEEa=iic=aaaEeW= . = kcea~a=iEAiceW=a r = mceaiaca=iEAiceeW=e r I=~ r I=A r = = = 622. dEaEe~a=bei~iaca=cN=~=pie~aOUi=iaaE= ^n + _o +` = M= = 623. kcea~a=sEAice=ic=~=pie~aOUi=iaaE= qUE=iEAice= ( ) _ I ^ a

r =ae=acea~a=ic=iUE=aaaE= ^n + _o +` = M K= = = = Figure 98. = 624. bneaaAai=bei~iaca=cN=~=pie~aOUi=iaaE=EpaceE-faiEeAEei=cceaF= o = an + A K== CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 140 qUE=Oe~CaEai=cN=iUE=aaaE=ae= a = i~a K= = = = Figure 99. = 625. de~CaEai=cN=~=iaaE== ON ON nn oo a i~a . .

= = = = = = Figure 100. CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 141 626. bei~iaca=cN=~=iaaE=daiEa=~=mcaai=~aC=iUE=de~CaEai= M ( M ) o = o + a n . n I== iUEeE=a=ae=iUE=Oe~CaEaiI= ( ) M M m n I o =ae=~=ecaai=ca=iUE=aaaEK= = = = Figure 101. = 627. bei~iaca=cN=~=iaaE=qU~i=m~eeEe=qUeciOU=qic=mcaaie= ON N ON N nn nn oo oo .

. = . . == ce= M noN noN noN OO N N = K= = CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 142 = = Figure 102. = 628. faiEeAEei=ccea= N A o ~ n+==

= = = Figure 103. = = CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 143 629. kcea~a=ccea= n Ace + o eaa . e = M = = = = Figure 104. = 630. mcaai=aaeEAiaca=ccea= v oo u nnNN. = . I== iUEeE= (uI v)= ae= iUE=CaeEAiaca=cN= iUE= aaaE= ~aC= ( ) N N N m n Io = aaEe= ca=iUE=aaaEK=

= CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 144 = = Figure 105. = 631. sEeiaA~a=iaaE= n=~= = 632. eceaocai~a=iaaE= o=A= = 633. sEAice=bei~iaca=cN=~=pie~aOUi=iaaE= e ~ iA r r r = + I== iUEeE== l=ae=iUE=ceaOaa=cN=iUE=AcceCaa~iEeI= u=ae=~ao=i~ea~AaE=ecaai=ca=iUE=aaaEI== ~r =ae=iUE=eceaiaca=iEAice=cN=~=aacia=ecaai=^=ca=iUE=aaaE=I= Ar =ae=~=aacia=iEAice=cN=CaeEAiacaI=e~e~aaEa=ic=iUE=aaaEI== i=ae=~=e~e~aEiEeI==

=lu e r =ae=iUE=eceaiaca=iEAice=cN=~ao=ecaai=u=ca=iUE=aaaEK== = CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 145 = = Figure 106. = 634. pie~aOUi=iaaE=aa=m~e~aEieaA=ccea= =+ =+ OO NN o ~ iA n ~ iA I== iUEeE== (nI o)~eE=iUE=AcceCaa~iEe=cN=~ao=iaaacia=ecaai=ca=iUE=aaaEI== ( ) N O ~ I ~ =~eE=iUE=AcceCaa~iEe=cN=~=aacia=ecaai=ca=iUE=aaaEI== ( ) N O A I A =~eE=iUE=AcceCaa~iEe=cN=~=iEAice=e~e~aaEa=ic=iUE=aaaEI== i=ae=~=e~e~aEiEeK= =

CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 146 = Figure 107. = 635. aaei~aAE=ceca=~=mcaai=qc=~=iaaE= qUE=Caei~aAE=Neca=iUE=ecaai=m(~I A)=ic=iUE=aaaE= ^n + _o +` = M =ae== OO^_ ^~ _A ` C + ++ = K= = = = Figure 108. CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 147 636. m~e~aaEa=iaaEe= qic=aaaEe= N N o = a n + A =~aC= O O o = a n + A =~eE=e~e~aaEa=aN== N O a = a K= qic= aaaEe= ^ n _ o ` M N N N + + = = ~aC= ^ n _ o ` M O O O + + = = ~eE= e~e~aaEa=aN=

O N O N _ _ ^ ^ = K= = = = Figure 109. = 637. mEeeEaCaAia~e=iaaEe= qic=aaaEe= N N o = a n + A =~aC= O O o = a n + A =~eE=eEeeEaCaAia~e=aN== N Oa N a = . =ceI=Eeiai~aEaiaoI= a a N N O = . K= qic= aaaEe= ^ n _ o ` M N N N + + = = ~aC= ^ n _ o ` M O O O + + = = ~eE= eEeeEaCaAia~e=aN= ^ ^ _ _ M N O N O + = K= = CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 148

= = Figure 110. = 638. ^aOaE=_EiiEEa=qic=iaaEe= NO ON Naa aa i~a + . . = I== O O O O O N O N NONO ^_^_ ^^__ Ace

+.+ + . = K= = CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 149 = = Figure 111. = 639. faiEeeEAiaca=cN=qic=iaaEe= fN=iic=aaaEe= ^ n _ o ` M N N N + + = =~aC= ^ n _ o ` M O O O + + = =aaiEeeEAiI= iUE=aaiEeeEAiaca=ecaai=U~e=AcceCaa~iEe= NOON NOON M^_^_ `_`_ n . .+ = I= NOON NOON M^_^_ ^`^`

o . .+ = K= = = = 7.4 Circle = o~CaieW=o= `EaiEe=cN=AaeAaEW= (~I A)= mcaai=AcceCaa~iEeW=nI=oI= N n I= N o I== oE~a=aiaAEeeW=^I=_I=`I=aI=bI=cI=i= CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 150 640. bei~iaca=cN=~=`aeAaE=`EaiEeEC=~i=iUE=leaOaa=Epi~aC~eC= cceaF= OOOn+o=o= ====== = = Figure 112. = 641. bei~iaca=cN=~=`aeAaE=`EaiEeEC=~i=^ao=mcaai= (~I A) ( )O ( )O O n . ~ + o . A = o Figure 113.

CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 151 642. qUeEE=mcaai=ccea M nonoN nonoN nonoN nonoN PP O P O P OO O O O O NN O N O N OO =

+ + + + = = = Figure 114. = 643. m~e~aEieaA=ccea = = o oeaai n oAce i I= M . i . O K = 644. dEaEe~a=ccea ^n ^o an bo c M O + O + + + = =E^=acaoEecI=a b Q^c O + O > FK== qUE=AEaiEe=cN=iUE=AaeAaE=U~e=AcceCaa~iEe= (~I A)I=iUEeE== O^ a ~ = . I= O^ b

A = . K= qUE=e~Caie=cN=iUE=AaeAaE=ae CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 152 O^ a b Q^c o O+O. =K = = = 7.5 Ellipse = pEaaa~ace=~naeW=~= pEaaaaace=~naeW=A= ccAaW= c ( AI M) N . I= c (AI M) O = aaei~aAE=AEiiEEa=iUE=NcAaW=OA= = bAAEaieaAaioW=E== oE~a=aiaAEeeW=^I=_I=`I=aI=bI=cI=i= mEeaaEiEeW=i= ^eE~W=p= = = 645. bei~iaca=cN=~a=baaaeeE=Epi~aC~eC=cceaF

N A o ~ n O O O O += = = Figure 115. CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 153 646. e e O~ N O + = I= iUEeE== N e I== O e ==~eE==Caei~aAEe==Neca==~ao==ecaai== m(nIo)==ca= iUE=EaaaeeE=ic=iUE=iic=NcAaK= = = = Figure 116. = 647. O O O ~ = A + A =

648. bAAEaieaAaio N ~ A E=<= = 649. bei~iacae=cN=aaeEAieaAEe A ~ E ~ n O = } = } = = 650. m~e~aEieaA=ccea = = o Aeaai n ~Ace i I= M . i . O K = = CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

154 651. dEaEe~a=ccea ^n _no `o an bo c M O + + O + + + = I== iUEeE=_ Q^` M O . < K= = 652. dEaEe~a=ccea=iaiU=^nEe=m~e~aaEa=ic=iUE=`cceCaa~iE=^nEe ^n `o an bo c M O + O + + + = I== iUEeE=^` > M K = 653. `aeAiaNEeEaAE i = Q~b(E)I== iUEeE==iUE==NiaAiaca=b==ae==iUE=AcaeaEiE==EaaaeiaA=aaiEOe~a==cN= iUE=eEAcaC=aaaCK== = 654. ^eeecnaa~iE=cceaia~e=cN=iUE=`aeAiaNEeEaAE i = (NKR(~ + A). ~A)I== ( O O ) i = O ~ + A K= = 655. p = ~A= = = = 7.6 Hyperbola = qe~aeiEeeE=~naeW=~=

`caaiO~iE=~naeW=A= ccAaW= c ( AI M) N . I=c (AI M) O = aaei~aAE=AEiiEEa=iUE=NcAaW=OA= = bAAEaieaAaioW=E== ^eoaeiciEeW=eI=i= oE~a=aiaAEeeW=^I=_I=`I=aI=bI=cI=iI=a= = = = CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 155 656. bei~iaca=cN=~=eoeEeAca~=Epi~aC~eC=cceaF= N A o ~ n O O O O .== = = =

Figure 117. = 657. e e O~ N O . = I= iUEeE== N e I== O e ==~eE==Caei~aAEe==Neca==~ao=ecaai== m(nIo)==ca= iUE=UoeEeAca~=ic=iUE=iic=NcAaK= = CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 156 = = Figure 118. = 658. bei~iacae=cN=^eoaeiciEe= n ~ A o = } = = 659. O O O A = ~ + A = = 660. bAAEaieaAaio N ~ A E=>=

= 661. bei~iacae=cN=aaeEAieaAEe A ~ E ~ n O = } = } = = = = CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 157 662. m~e~aEieaA=bei~iacae=cN=iUE=oaOUi=_e~aAU=cN=~=eoeEeAca~= = = o A eaaUi n ~ AceU i I= M . i . O K = 663. dEaEe~a=ccea ^n _no `o an bo c M O + + O + + + = I== iUEeE=_ Q^` M O . > K=

= 664. dEaEe~a=ccea=iaiU=^nEe=m~e~aaEa=ic=iUE=`cceCaa~iE=^nEe ^n `o an bo c M O + O + + + = I== iUEeE=^` < M K= 665. ^eoaeiciaA=ccea= Q E no O = I== ce== n a o = I=iUEeE= Q E a O = K= fa= iUae= A~eE= I= iUE= ~eoaeiciEe= U~iE= Eei~iacae= n = M = ~aC= o = M K== = CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 158 =

= Figure 119. = = = 7.7 Parabola = ccA~a=e~e~aEiEeW=e= ccAieW=c= sEeiEnW= ( M M ) j n Io = oE~a=aiaAEeeW=^I=_I=`I=aI=bI=cI=eI=~I=AI=A= = = 666. bei~iaca=cN=~=m~e~Aca~=Epi~aC~eC=cceaF o Oen O = = CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 159 = = Figure 120. = bei~iaca=cN=iUE=CaeEAiean O e

n = . I= `cceCaa~iEe=cN=iUE=NcAie= .. . .. . IM O e c I= `cceCaa~iEe=cN=iUE=iEeiEn= j(MI M)K= = 667. dEaEe~a=ccea ^n _no `o an bo c M O + + O + + + = I== iUEeE=_ Q^` M O . = K= = 668. O o = ~n I= O~ N e = K= bei~iaca=cN=iUE=CaeEAiean CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 160 O

e o = . I= `cceCaa~iEe=cN=iUE=NcAie= .. . .. . O e c MI I= `cceCaa~iEe=cN=iUE=iEeiEn= j(MI M)K= = = = Figure 121. = 669. dEaEe~a=cceaI=^nae=m~e~aaEa=ic=iUE=o-~nae== ^n an bo c M O + + + = =E^I=b=acaoEecFI== o ~n An A = O + + I= O~ N e = K== bei~iaca=cN=iUE=CaeEAiean O

e o oM = . I= `cceCaa~iEe=cN=iUE=NcAie= CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 161 .. . .. .+ O e c n IoM M I= `cceCaa~iEe=cN=iUE=iEeiEn= O~ A nM = . I= Q~ Q~A A o ~n An A O M O MM . = + + = K=

= = = Figure 122. = = = 7.8 Three-Dimensional Coordinate System = mcaai=AcceCaa~iEeW= M n I= M o I= M o I= N n I= N o I= N o I== oE~a=aiaAEeW= == aaei~aAE=AEiiEEa=iic=ecaaieW=C= ^eE~W=p= scaiaEW=s= = CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 162 670. aaei~aAE=_EiiEEa=qic=mcaaie= ( ) ( ) ( )O ON O ON O O N C = ^_ = n . n + o . o + o . o = =

=== = = Figure 123. = 671. aaiaCaaO=~=iaaE=pEOaEai=aa=iUE=o~iac= = + + = N nn nNO M I= + + = N oo oNO M I= + + = N oo oNO

M I== iUEeE= `_ = ^` I= .NK= = CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 163 ======== = = Figure 124. = = Figure 125. CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 164 672. jaCecaai=cN=~=iaaE=pEOaEai= O nn nNO M + = I= O oo oNO

M + = I= O oo oNO M + = I= =NK= = 673. ^eE~=cN=~=qea~aOaE= qUE=~eE~=cN=~=iea~aOaE=iaiU=iEeiaAEe= ( ) N N N N m n Io Io I= ( )O O O O m n Io Io I=~aC= ( ) P P P P m n Io Io =ae=OaiEa=Ao== O PP OO NN O PP OO NN O PP OO NN

noN noN noN onN onN onN ooN ooN ooN O N p = + + K= = 674. scaiaE=cN=~=qEie~UECeca= qUE=icaiaE=cN=~=iEie~UECeca=iaiU=iEeiaAEe= ( ) N N N N m n Io Io I= ( )O O O O m n Io Io I= ( ) P P P P m n Io Io I=~aC= ( ) Q Q Q Q m n Io Io =ae=OaiEa=Ao== nooN nooN nooN nooN S N s QQQ PPP

OOO NNN = } I== ce= PQPQPQ OQOQOQ NQNQNQ nnoooo nnoooo nnoooo S N s ... ... ... = } K= kciEW=tE=AUcceE=iUE=eaOa=EHF=ce=E\F=ec=iU~i=ic=OEi=~=eceaiaiE= ~aeiEe=Nce=icaiaEK== = CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 165 ==== = = Figure 126.

= = = 7.9 Plane = mcaai=AcceCaa~iEeW=nI=oI=oI= M n I= M o I= M o I= N n I= N o I= N o I== oE~a=aiaAEeeW=^I=_I=`I=aI= N ^ I= O ^ I=~I=AI=AI= N ~ I= O ~ I= I=eI=iI=== kcea~a=iEAiceeW=a r I= N a r I= O a r = aaeEAiaca=AceaaEeW= Ace I= Ace I= Ace = aaei~aAE=Neca=ecaai=ic=ea~aEW=C= = = 675. dEaEe~a=bei~iaca=cN=~=ma~aE= ^n + _o +`o +a= M = = = CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 166 676. kcea~a=sEAice=ic=~=ma~aE=

qUE=iEAice= ( ) ` I _ I ^ a r =ae=acea~a=ic=iUE=ea~aE= ^n + _o +`o +a= M K= = === = = Figure 127. = 677. m~eiaAia~e=`~eEe=cN=iUE=bei~iaca=cN=~=ma~aE= ^n + _o +`o +a= M = = fN=^ = M I=iUE=ea~aE=ae=e~e~aaEa=ic=iUE=n-~naeK= fN=_ = M I=iUE=ea~aE=ae=e~e~aaEa=ic=iUE=o-~naeK= fN=` = M I=iUE=ea~aE=ae=e~e~aaEa=ic=iUE=o-~naeK= fN=a= M I=iUE=ea~aE=aaEe=ca=iUE=ceaOaaK== = fN=^ = _ = M I=iUE=ea~aE=ae=e~e~aaEa=ic=iUE=no-ea~aEK= fN=_ = ` = M I=iUE=ea~aE=ae=e~e~aaEa=ic=iUE=oo-ea~aEK= fN=^ = ` = M I=iUE=ea~aE=ae=e~e~aaEa=ic=iUE=no-ea~aEK= = CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 167 678. mcaai=aaeEAiaca=ccea= ^(n n ) _(o o ) `(o o ) M M M M . + . + . = I==

iUEeE=iUE=ecaai= ( ) M M M m n Io Io =aaEe=aa=iUE=ea~aEI=~aC=iUE=iEAice= (^I _I`)=ae=acea~a=ic=iUE=ea~aEK=== = ==== = = Figure 128. = 679. faiEeAEei=ccea= N A o A o ~ n++== = CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 168 ===== = = Figure 129. = 680. qUeEE=mcaai=ccea= M nnoooo

nnoooo nnoooo OPOPOP NPNPNP PPP = ... ... ... I== ce== M nooN nooN nooN nooN PPP OOO N N N = K= = CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 169 ===== = = Figure 130.

= 681. kcea~a=ccea= n Ace + o Ace + o Ace . e = M I== iUEeE==e==ae==iUE==eEeeEaCaAia~e==Caei~aAE==Neca==iUE=ceaOaa=ic= iUE=ea~aE=I=~aC= Ace I= Ace I= Ace =~eE=iUE=CaeEAiaca=AceaaEe= cN=~ao=aaaE=acea~a=ic=iUE=ea~aEK== = CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 170 ====== = = Figure 131. = 682. m~e~aEieaA=ccea= . . =++ =++ =++ ooAeAi ooAeAi nn~e~i NNO NNO

NNO I== iUEeE= (nIoIo)=~eE=iUE=AcceCaa~iEe=cN=~ao=iaaacia=ecaai=ca= iUE=aaaE=I=iUE=ecaai= ( ) N N N m n Io Io =aaEe=aa=iUE=ea~aEI=iUE=iEAicee= ( )N N N ~ IA IA =~aC= ( ) O O O ~ IA IA =~eE=e~e~aaEa=ic=iUE=ea~aEK= = CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 171 ===== = = Figure 132. = 683. aaUECe~a=^aOaE=_EiiEEa=qic=ma~aEe= fN=iUE=ea~aEe=~eE=OaiEa=Ao== ^ n _ o ` o a M N N N N + + + = I== ^ n _ o ` o a M O O O O + + + = I== iUEa=iUE=CaUECe~a=~aOaE=AEiiEEa=iUEa=ae== O O O O O O O N

O N O N NONONO NO NO ^_`^_` ^^__`` aa aa Ace ++.++ ++ = . . .=rr rr K= = CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 172 ====== = =

Figure 133. = 684. m~e~aaEa=ma~aEe= qic=ea~aEe= ^ n _ o ` o a M N N N N + + + = =~aC= ^ n _ o ` o a M O O O O + + + = =~eE=e~e~aaEa=aN== O N O N O N ` ` _ _ ^ ^ = = K= = 685. mEeeEaCaAia~e=ma~aEe= qic=ea~aEe= ^ n _ o ` o a M N N N N + + + = =~aC= ^ n _ o ` o a M O O O O + + + = =~eE=eEeeEaCaAia~e=aN== ^ ^ _ _ ` ` M N O N O N O + + = K= = 686. bei~iaca=cN=~=ma~aE=qUeciOU= ( ) N N N m n I o Io =~aC=m~e~aaEa=qc= iUE=sEAicee=( )N N N ~ IA IA =~aC= ( ) O O O ~ IA IA =EcaOKNPOF=

CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 173 M ~AA ~AA nnoooo OOO NNN NNN = ... = = 687. bei~iaca=cN=~=ma~aE=qUeciOU= ( ) N N N N m n Io Io =~aC= ( ) O O O O m n Io Io I= ~aC=m~e~aaEa=qc=iUE=sEAice= (~I AI A)= M ~AA nnoooo nnoooo ONONON NNN ...= ... = =

= Figure 134. = 688. aaei~aAE=ceca=~=mcaai=qc=~=ma~aE= qUE=Caei~aAE=Neca=iUE=ecaai= ( ) N N N N m n Io Io =ic=iUE=ea~aE= ^n + _o +`o +a= M =ae== CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 174 OOO NNN ^_` ^n _o `o a C ++ +++ = K= = ====== = = Figure 135. = 689. faiEeeEAiaca=cN=qic=ma~aEe= fN=iic=ea~aEe= ^ n _ o ` o a M N N N N + + + = =~aC= ^ n _ o ` o a M O O O O + + + = = aaiEeeEAiI= iUE= aaiEeeEAiaca= eie~aOUi= aaaE=ae=OaiEa=Ao=

. . =+ =+ =+ o o Ai o o Ai n n ~i N N N I== ce== A oo A oo ~ nnNNN. = . = . I==

iUEeE== CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 175 OO NN _` _` ~ = I= OO NN `^ `^ A = I= OO NN ^_ ^_ A = I== OOO OO NN OO NN N~AA a_

a_ A a` a` A n ++ . = I== OOO OO NN OO NN N~AA a` a` ~ a^ a^ A o ++ . = I==

OOO OO NN OO NN N~AA a^ a^ A a_ a_ ~ o ++ . = K== = = = 7.10 Straight Line in Space = mcaai=AcceCaa~iEeW=nI=oI=oI= N n I= N o I= N o I== aaeEAiaca=AceaaEeW= Ace I= Ace I= Ace = oE~a=aiaAEeeW=^I=_I=`I=aI=~I=AI=AI= N ~ I= O ~ I=iI=== aaeEAiaca=iEAicee=cN=~=aaaEW=e

r I= N e r I= O e r = kcea~a=iEAice=ic=~=ea~aEW=a r = ^aOaE=AEiiEEa=iic=aaaEeW= . = = 690. mcaai=aaeEAiaca=ccea=cN=iUE=bei~iaca=cN=~=iaaE== A oo A oo ~ nnNNN. = . = . I== iUEeE=iUE=ecaai= ( ) N N N N m n Io Io =aaEe=ca=iUE=aaaEI=~aC= (~IAIA)=ae= iUE=CaeEAiaca=iEAice=cN=iUE=aaaEK==

= CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 176 ===== = = Figure 136. = 691. qic=mcaai=ccea= ON N ON N ON N oo oo oo oo nn nn . . = . .

= . . == = ===== = Figure 137. CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 177 692. m~e~aEieaA=ccea== . . = + = + = + o o iAce o o iAce n n iAce N N N I== iUEeE=iUE=ecaai= ( ) N N N N m n Io Io =aaEe=ca=iUE=eie~aOUi=aaaEI= Ace I= Ace I= Ace =~eE=iUE=CaeEAiaca=AceaaEe=cN=iUE=CaeEAiaca=

iEAice=cN=iUE=aaaEI=iUE=e~e~aEiEe=i=ae=~ao=eE~a=aiaAEeK== = ===== = = Figure 138. = 693. ^aOaE=_EiiEEa=qic=pie~aOUi=iaaEe= O O O O O O O N O N O N NONONO NO NO ~AA~AA ~~AAAA ee

ee Ace ++.++ ++ = . . .=rr rr = = CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 178 ===== = = Figure 139. = 694. m~e~aaEa=iaaEe= qic=aaaEe=~eE=e~e~aaEa=aN== N O e oo e rr I== ce== O N

O N O N A A A A ~ ~ = = K= = 695. mEeeEaCaAia~e=iaaEe= qic=aaaEe=~eE=e~e~aaEa=aN== eeMNO.=rr I== ce== ~ ~ A A A A M N O N O N O + + = K= = 696. faiEeeEAiaca=cN=qic=iaaEe= qic=aaaEe= N N N N N

N A oo A oo ~ nn. = . = . =~aC= CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 179 O O O O O O A oo A oo ~

nn. = . = . =aaiEeeEAi=aN== M ~AA ~AA nnoooo OOO NNN ONONON = ... K= = 697. m~e~aaEa=iaaE=~aC=ma~aE== qUE=eie~aOUi=aaaE= A oo A oo ~ nnNNN.

= . = . =~aC=iUE=ea~aE= ^n + _o +`o +a= M =~eE=e~e~aaEa=aN= a. e = M r r I== ce== ^~ + _A +`A = M K= = ===== = = Figure 140. = = CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 180 698. mEeeEaCaAia~e=iaaE=~aC=ma~aE== qUE=eie~aOUi=aaaE= A oo A oo ~

nnNNN. = . = . =~aC=iUE=ea~aE= ^n + _o +`o +a= M =~eE=eEeeEaCaAia~e=aN= aoo e rr I== ce== A ` A _ ~ ^ = = K= = ==== = = Figure 141. = = 7.11 Quadric Surfaces =

mcaai=AcceCaa~iEe=cN=iUE=ei~CeaA=eieN~AEeW=nI=oI=o= oE~a=aiaAEeeW=^I=_I=`I=~I=AI=AI= N O P a Ia Ia I== CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 181 699. dEaEe~a=ni~Ce~iaA=bei~iaca= ^n _o `o Ocoo Odon Oeno Omn Ono Ooo a M O + O + O + + + + + + + = = 700. `a~eeaNaA~iaca=cN=ni~CeaA=pieN~AEe= = `~eE= o~aaEEF= o~aaEbF= = a=eaOae= qoeE=cN=pieN~AE= N= P= Q= < M = p~aE= oE~a=baaaeecaC= O= P= Q= > M = p~aE= fa~Oaa~eo=baaaeecaC= P= P= Q= > M = aaNNEeEai= eoeEeAcacaC=cN=N=pUEEi= Q= P= Q= < M = aaNNEeEai= eoeEeAcacaC=cN=O=pUEEie= R= P= P= = aaNNEeEai= oE~a=ni~CeaA=`caE= S= P= P= = p~aE= fa~Oaa~eo=ni~CeaA=`caE= T= O= Q= < M = p~aE= baaaeiaA=m~e~AcacaC= U= O= Q= > M = aaNNEeEai= eoeEeAcaaA=m~e~AcacaC= V= O= P= = p~aE= oE~a=baaaeiaA=`oaaaCEe= NM= O= P= = p~aE= fa~Oaa~eo=baaaeiaA=`oaaaCEe= NN= O= P= = aaNNEeEai= eoeEeAcaaA=`oaaaCEe= NO= O= O= = aaNNEeEai= oE~a=faiEeeEAiaaO=ma~aEe= NP= O= O= = p~aE= fa~Oaa~eo=faiEeeEAiaaO=ma~aEe= NQ= N= P= = = m~e~AcaaA=`oaaaCEe= NR= N= O= = = oE~a=m~e~aaEa=ma~aEe=

NS= N= O= = = fa~Oaa~eo=m~e~aaEa=ma~aEe= NT= N= N= = = `caaAaCEai=ma~aEe= = eEeE== ... . . ... . . = dc` e_c ^ed E I= ..... . . ..... . . = mnoa dc`o e_cn

^enm b I= = CEi(b)I== N O P a Ia Ia =~eE=iUE=eccie=cN=iUE=Eei~iacaI== M dc`n e_nc ^ned = . . . K= = = CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 182 701. oE~a=baaaeecaC=E`~eE=NF= N A o A o ~ n O

O O O O O ++== = ===== = = Figure 142. = 702. fa~Oaa~eo=baaaeecaC=E`~eE=OF= N A o A o ~ n O O O O O O

++=.= = 703. eoeEeAcacaC=cN=N=pUEEi=E`~eE=PF= N A o A o ~ n O O O O O O +.== = CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 183 ===== = = Figure 143. = 704. eoeEeAcacaC=cN=O=pUEEie=E`~eE=QF=

N A o A o ~ n O O O O O O +.=.= = == = Figure 144. CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 184 705. oE~a=ni~CeaA=`caE=E`~eE=RF= M A o A

o ~ n O O O O O O +.== = == = = Figure 145. = 706. fa~Oaa~eo=ni~CeaA=`caE=E`~eE=SF= M A o A o ~ n O O

O O O O ++== = 707. baaaeiaA=m~e~AcacaC=E`~eE=TF= oM A o ~ n O O O O +.== = CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 185 ====== = Figure 146. 708. eoeEeAcaaA=m~e~AcacaC=E`~eE=UF= oM A

o ~ n O O O O ..== ==== = Figure 147. CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 186 709. oE~a=baaaeiaA=`oaaaCEe=E`~eE=VF= N A o ~ n O O O O +== = ===== =

= Figure 148. = 710. fa~Oaa~eo=baaaeiaA=`oaaaCEe=E`~eE=NMF= N A o ~ n O O O O +=.= = 711. eoeEeAcaaA=`oaaaCEe=E`~eE=NNF= N A o ~ n O O O O

.== = CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 187 ====== = = Figure 149. = 712. oE~a=faiEeeEAiaaO=ma~aEe=E`~eE=NOF= M A o ~ n O O O O .== = 713. fa~Oaa~eo=faiEeeEAiaaO=ma~aEe=E`~eE=NPF= M A o ~

n O O O O +== = 714. m~e~AcaaA=`oaaaCEe=E`~eE=NQF= oM ~ n O O .== = CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 188 ===== = = Figure 150. = 715. oE~a=m~e~aaEa=ma~aEe=E`~eE=NRF= N ~ n

O O == = 716. fa~Oaa~eo=m~e~aaEa=ma~aEe=E`~eE=NSF= N ~ n O O =.= = 717. `caaAaCEai=ma~aEe=E`~eE=NTF= nMO== = = = = = CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 189 7.12 Sphere = o~Caie=cN=~=eeUEeEW=o= mcaai=AcceCaa~iEeW=nI=oI=oI= N n I= N o I= N o I==

`EaiEe=cN=~=eeUEeEW= (~IAIA)= oE~a=aiaAEeeW=^I=aI=bI=cI=j= = = 718. bei~iaca=cN=~=peUEeE=`EaiEeEC=~i=iUE=leaOaa=Epi~aC~eC= cceaF= OOOOn+o+o=o= = ====== = = Figure 151. = 719. bei~iaca=cN=~=`aeAaE=`EaiEeEC=~i=^ao=mcaai= (~IAIA) ( )O ( )O ( )O O n . ~ + o . A + o . A = o 720. aa~aEiEe=ccea (n n )(n n ) (o o )(o o ) (o o )(o o ) M N O N O N O . . + . . + . . = I== CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 190 iUEeE== N( N N N ) m n Io Io I= ( ) O O O O m n Io Io =~eE=iUE=EaCe=cN=~=Ca~aEiEeK== = 721. ccie=mcaai=ccea= M nonnooN nonnooN

nonnooN nonnooN noonooN QQQ O Q O Q O Q PPP O P O P O P OOO O O O O O O NNN

O N O N O N OOO = ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ = = 722. dEaEe~a=ccea ^n ^o ^o an bo co j M O + O + O + + + + = =E^=ae=acaoEecFK== qUE=AEaiEe=cN=iUE=eeUEeE=U~e=AcceCaa~iEe= (~IAIA) I=iUEeE== O^ a ~ = . I= O^ b A = . I= O^

c A = . K= qUE=e~Caie=cN=iUE=eeUEeE=ae O^ a b c Q^ j o O+O+O.O =K = = 191 Chapter 8 Differential Calculus = = = = ciaAiacaeW=NI=OI=oI=iI=i= ^eOiaEai=EaaCEeEaCEai=i~ea~AaEFW=n= oE~a=aiaAEeeW=~I=AI=AI=C= k~iie~a=aiaAEeW=a= ^aOaEW= = faiEeeE=NiaAiacaW= N N . = = =

8.1 Functions and Their Graphs = 723. biEa=ciaAiaca= N (. n)= N (n)= = 724. lCC=ciaAiaca= N (. n)= .N (n)= = 725. mEeacCaA=ciaAiaca= N (n + aq)= N (n)= = 726. faiEeeE=ciaAiaca= o = N (n)=ae=~ao=NiaAiacaI= n = O(o)=ce= o N (n) = .N =ae=aie=aaiEeeE= NiaAiacaK== = CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 192 ===== = = Figure 152. = 727. `caeceaiE=ciaAiaca= o = N (i)I=i = O(n)I= o = N (O(n))=ae=~=AcaeceaiE=NiaAiacaK= = 728. iaaE~e=ciaAiaca=

o = ~n + A I== no I== ~ = i~a ==ae=iUE=eaceE=cN=iUE=aaaEI==A==ae= iUE=o-aaiEeAEeiK= = CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 193 ====== = = Figure 153. = 729. ni~Ce~iaA=ciaAiaca== o = nO I= no K= = ====== = = Figure 154. = CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 194 730. o ~n An A = O + + I= no K= = === = = Figure 155. = 731. `iAaA=ciaAiaca==

P o = n I= no K= = CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 195 == = Figure 156. = 732. o ~n An An C = P + O + + I= no K= = CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 196 == = = Figure 157. = 733. mciEe=ciaAiaca== o = na I=akK= = CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 197 ====== = Figure 158. = =

Figure 159. = CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 198 734. pei~eE=occi=ciaAiaca== o = n I= n[MI)K= = ======= = Figure 160. = 735. bnecaEaia~a=ciaAiacae= n o = ~ I= ~ > M I= ~ NI= n o = E =aN= ~ = E I= E = OKTNUOUNUOUQSK= = == = Figure 161. CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 199 736. icO~eaiUaaA=ciaAiacae= o acO n ~ = I= n(MI)I= ~ > M I= ~ NI= o = aan =aN= ~ = E I= n > M K= = = =

Figure 162. = 737. eoeEeAcaaA=paaE=ciaAiaca== o = eaaU n I= O EE eaaU n n . .n = I= no K= = CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 200 ==== = = Figure 163. = 738. eoeEeAcaaA=`ceaaE=ciaAiaca== o = AceU n I= O EE AceU n n + .n = I= no K= ====== = =

Figure 164. CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 201 739. eoeEeAcaaA=q~aOEai=ciaAiaca== o = i~aU n I= n n nn EE EE AceU n eaaU n o i~aU n . . + . = = = I= no K= = ====== = = Figure 165. = 740. eoeEeAcaaA=`ci~aOEai=ciaAiaca== o = AciU n I= n n nn EE EE

eaaU n AceU n o AciU n . . . + = = = I= no I= n M K= = CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 202 ====== = = Figure 166. = 741. eoeEeAcaaA=pEA~ai=ciaAiaca== o = eEAU n I= n n E E O AceU n N o eEAU n + . = = = I= no K= = Figure 167. CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 203

742. eoeEeAcaaA=`ceEA~ai=ciaAiaca== o = AeAU n I= n n E E O eaaU n N o AeAU n . . = = = I= no I= n M K= = ====== = = Figure 168. = 743. faiEeeE=eoeEeAcaaA=paaE=ciaAiaca== o = ~eAeaaU n I= no K= = CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 204 ===== = = Figure 169. = 744. faiEeeE=eoeEeAcaaA=`ceaaE=ciaAiaca== o = ~eAAceU n I= n[NI)K= = ===== =

= Figure 170. = 745. faiEeeE=eoeEeAcaaA=q~aOEai=ciaAiaca== o = ~eAi~aU n I= n(.NI N) K= = CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 205 ===== = = Figure 171. = 746. faiEeeE=eoeEeAcaaA=`ci~aOEai=ciaAiaca== o = ~eAAciU n I= n(.I.N)(NI)K== = CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 206 ===== = = Figure 172. = 747. faiEeeE=eoeEeAcaaA=pEA~ai=ciaAiaca== o = ~eAeEAU n I= n(MIN]K= = CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

207 = Figure 173. = 748. faiEeeE=eoeEeAcaaA=`ceEA~ai=ciaAiaca== o = ~eAAeAU n I= no I= n M K== = Figure 174. = CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 208 8.2 Limits of Functions = ciaAiacaeW= N (n)I= O(n)= ^eOiaEaiW=n= oE~a=Acaei~aieW=~I=a= = = 749. aaa[N (n) O(n)] aaaN (n) aaaO(n) n~ n~ n~ +=+= = 750. aaa[N (n) O(n)] aaaN (n) aaaO(n) n~ n~ n~ .=.=

= 751. aaa[N (n) O(n)] aaaN (n) aaaO(n) n~ n~ n~ .=.= = 752. () () () aaaO(n) aaaN n On Nn aaa n~ n~ n~ = I=aN= aaaO(n) M n~ K=

= 753. aaa[aN (n)] a aaaN (n) n~ n~ == = 754. aaaN (O(n)) N (aaaO(n)) n~ n~ == = 755. aaaN (n) N (~) n~ = I=aN=iUE=NiaAiaca= N (n)=ae=Acaiaaicie=~i= n = ~ K= = 756. N n eaan aaa nM = = = 757. N

n i~an aaa nM = = = 758. N n eaa n aaa N nM = . = CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 209 759. N n i~a n aaa N

nM = . = = 760. () N n aa N n aaa nM = + = = 761. E n N aaa N n n =.

. . .. .+ = = 762. a n n E n a N aaa = . . . .. .+ = = 763. aaa~ N n nM =

= = = = 8.3 Definition and Properties of the Derivative = ciaAiacaeW=NI=OI=oI=iI=i= faCEeEaCEai=i~ea~AaEW=n= oE~a=Acaei~aiW=a= ^aOaEW= = = = 764. ( ) ( ) ( ) Cn Co n o aaa n NnnNn o n aaa nMnM =

= + . = == = CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 210 == = = Figure 175. = 765. = i~a Cn Co == = 766. () Cn Ci Cn Ci Cn

Cii=+ + = = 767. () Cn Ci Cn Ci Cn Cii=. . = = 768. () Cn Ci a Cn C ai = = = 769. mecCiAi=oiaE= ()

Cn Ci ii Cn Ci Cn Cii=.+. . == = = CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 211 770. niciaEai=oiaE= Oi Cn Ci ii Cn Ci i i Cn C ...

=. . . .. . = = 771. `U~aa=oiaE= o = N (O(n))I=i = O(n)I== Cn Ci Ci Co Cn Co = . K= = 772. aEeai~iaiE=cN=faiEeeE=ciaAiaca= Co Cn N Cn Co = I== iUEeE= n(o)ae=iUE=aaiEeeE=NiaAiaca=cN= o(n)K== = 773. oEAaeecA~a=oiaE=

Oo Cn Co o N Cn C=... . . . .. . = = 774. icO~eaiUaaA=aaNNEeEaia~iaca= o = N (n)I= aao = aaN (n)I== ( ) [aaN (n)] Cn C Nn Cn Co = . K= = = 8.4 Table of Derivatives =

faCEeEaCEai=i~ea~AaEW=n= oE~a=Acaei~aieW=`I=~I=AI=A= k~iie~a=aiaAEeW=a= CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 212 775. (`) M Cn C== = 776. (n) N Cn C== = 777. (~n A) ~ Cn C+== = 778. (~n An A) ~n A Cn CO++=+= = 779. ( a ) a N n an Cn C=.= =

780. ( ) a N a n a n Cn C + .=.= = 781. O n N n N Cn C=.. . . .. . = = 782. ( ) On N

n Cn C== = 783. ( ) a a N a an N n Cn C . == = 784. ( ) n N aan Cn C== = 785. ( ) n aa~ N acO n

Cn C ~ = I= ~ > M I= ~ NK= = CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 213 786. (~ ) ~ aa~ Cn C n = n I= ~ > M I= ~ NK= = 787. ( n ) n E E Cn C== = 788. (eaan) Ace n Cn C== = 789. (Ace n) eaan Cn C=.= = 790. ( ) eEA n Ace n N

i~an Cn CO O=== = 791. ( ) AeA n eaa n N Aci n Cn CO O=.=.= = 792. (eEA n) i~an eEA n Cn C=.= = 793. (AeA n) Aci n AeA n Cn C=..= = 794. ( ) ONn N ~eAeaa n

Cn C . == = 795. ( ) ONn N ~eAAce n Cn C . =.= = 796. ( ) O N n N ~eAi~a n Cn C + == = CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 214 797. ( ) N nO

N ~eAAci n Cn C + =.= = 798. ( ) nnN N ~eAeEA n Cn C O. == = 799. ( ) nnN N ~eAAeA n Cn C O. =.= =

800. (eaaUn) AceUn Cn C== = 801. (AceUn) eaaUn Cn C== = 802. ( ) eEAU n AceU n N i~aUn Cn CO O=== = 803. ( ) AeAU n eaaU n N AciUn Cn CO O=.=.= = 804. (eEAU n) eEAU n i~aU n

Cn C=..= = 805. (AeAU n) AeAU n AciU n Cn C=..= = 806. ( ) nN N ~eAeaaU=n Cn C O+ == = 807. ( ) nN N ~eAAceU=n Cn C O. == CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

215 808. ( ) N nO N ~eAi~aU=n Cn C . = I= n <NK= = 809. ( ) nN N ~eAAciU=n Cn C O. = . I= n >NK= = 810. ( ) Cn Ci i aai Cn Ci i ii

Cn C i = i.N . + i . = = = = 8.5 Higher Order Derivatives = ciaAiacaeW=NI=oI=iI=i= faCEeEaCEai=i~ea~AaEW=n= k~iie~a=aiaAEeW=a= = = 811. pEAcaC=CEeai~iaiE= ()O O Cn Co Cn Co Cn C Cn Co NN=. .

. .. = . . . . .. = = . = = 812. eaOUEe-leCEe=CEeai~iaiE= ( ) = = (a) = ( (a.N) ) a a aoN Cn Co N= = 813. ( )(a) (a) (a) i + i = i + i = = 814. ( )(a) (a) (a) i . i = i . i = = 815. iEaAaaioe=cceaia~e= (ii) = ii + Oii + ii = CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

216 (ii) = ii +Pii + Pii + ii = ( )(a) (a) (a N) ( ) (a O) (a) i i ii NO aaN ii i i ai i + + . . = + . + . K = = 816. ( )( ) () aaaan aa> a> n. . == = 817. ( )( ) n a> a a = = = 818. ( )( ) ( ) ( ) n aa~

NaN> acO n a aN a ~ .. = . = = 819. ( )( ) ( ) ( ) a aN a n NaN> aan .. = . = = 820. ( )( ) ~ ~ aa ~ n a = n a = =

821. ( )( ) n a n E = E = = 822. ( )( ) ~ a ~ aa ~ an a = a an a = = 823. ( )( ) . . . .. . =+ O a eaan eaa n a = = 824. ( )( ) . . . ... =+ O a Ace n Ace n a = =

= = CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 217 8.6 Applications of Derivative = ciaAiacaeW=NI=OI=o= mceaiaca=cN=~a=cAaEAiW=e== sEacAaioW=i= ^AAEaEe~iacaW=i= faCEeEaCEai=i~ea~AaEW=n= qaaEW=i= k~iie~a=aiaAEeW=a= = = 825. sEacAaio=~aC=^AAEaEe~iaca= e = N (i)=ae=iUE=eceaiaca=cN=~a=cAaEAi=eEa~iaiE=ic=~=NanEC= AcceCaa~iE=eoeiEa=~i=~=iaaE=iI== i = e = N (i)=ae=iUE=aaei~ai~aEcie=iEacAaio=cN=iUE=cAaEAiI= i = i = e = N (i)=ae=iUE=aaei~ai~aEcie=~AAEaEe~iaca=cN= iUE=cAaEAiK== = 826. q~aOEai=iaaE= ( )( ) M M M o . o = N n n . n = =

CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 218 = = Figure 176. = 827. kcea~a=iaaE= ( )( ) M M Mnn Nn N oo. . = . =EcaO=NTSF= = 828. faAeE~eaaO=~aC=aEAeE~eaaO=ciaAiacaeK== fN= N (n ) M M > I=iUEa=NEnF=ae=aaAeE~eaaO=~i= M n K=EcaO=NTTI= N n < n I= n n O < FI= fN= N (n ) M M < I=iUEa=NEnF=ae=CEAeE~eaaO=~i= M n K=EcaO=NTTI= N O n < n < n FI= fN= ( ) M N n =CcEe=aci=Enaei=ce=ae=oEecI=iUEa=iUE=iEei=N~aaeK== = CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 219

= = Figure 177. = 829. icA~a=EnieEa~= ^=NiaAiaca=NEnF=U~e=~=acA~a=a~naaia=~i= N n =aN=~aC=caao=aN= iUEeE=Enaeie=ecaE=aaiEei~a=Acai~aaaaO= N n =eiAU=iU~i= N (n ) N (n) N . =Nce=~aa=n=aa=iUE=aaiEei~a=EcaOKNTTFK== = ^=NiaAiaca=NEnF=U~e=~=acA~a=aaaaaia=~i= O n =aN=~aC=caao=aN= iUEeE=Enaeie=ecaE=aaiEei~a=Acai~aaaaO= O n =eiAU=iU~i= N (n ) N (n) O . =Nce=~aa=n=aa=iUE=aaiEei~a=EcaOKNTTFK= = 830. `eaiaA~a=mcaaie= ^=AeaiaA~a=ecaai=ca=NEnF=cAAiee=~i= M n =aN=~aC=caao=aN=EaiUEe= ( ) M N n =ae=oEec=ce=iUE=CEeai~iaiE=CcEeai=EnaeiK= = 831. caeei=aEeai~iaiE=qEei=Nce=icA~a=bnieEa~K= fN=NEnF=ae==aaAeE~eaaO==E N (n)> M F=Nce==~aa==n==aa==ecaE==aaiEei~a= ( ] N ~I n ==~aC==NEnF==ae==CEAeE~eaaO==E N (n)< M F==Nce=~aa==n=aa=ecaE= aaiEei~a= = [n IA) N I= = iUEa= NEnF= U~e= ~= = acA~a=a~naaia= = ~i= = N n = EcaOKNTTFK== CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 220 832. fN=NEnF=ae=CEAeE~eaaO=E N (n)< M F=Nce=~aa=n=aa=ecaE=aaiEei~a=

( ] O ~I n =~aC=NEnF=ae=aaAeE~eaaO=E N (n)> M F=Nce=~aa=n=aa=ecaE= aaiEei~a= [n IA) O I=iUEa=NEnF=U~e=~=acA~a=aaaaaia=~i= O n K== EcaOKNTTFK= = 833. pEAcaC=aEeai~iaiE=qEei=Nce=icA~a=bnieEa~K= fN= N (n ) M N = =~aC= N (n ) M N < I=iUEa=NEnF=U~e=~=acA~a=a~naaia= ~i== N n K= fN= N (n ) M O = =~aC= N (n ) M O > I=iUEa=NEnF=U~e=~=acA~a=aaaaaia= ~i= O n K=EcaOKNTTF= = 834. `caA~iaioK== NEnF= ae= = AcaA~iE= iei~eC=~i= = M n = = aN= = ~aC= = caao= = aN= = N (n)= ae============ aaAeE~eaaO=~i= M n =EcaOKNTTI= n n P < FK=== NEnF= ae==AcaA~iE==Cciai~eC=~i= = M n = = aN=~aC=caao= aN= = N (n)= = ae=============== CEAeE~eaaO=~i= M n K=EcaOKNTTI= P n < n FK=== = 835. pEAcaC=aEeai~iaiE=qEei=Nce=`caA~iaioK== fN= N (n ) M M > I=iUEa=NEnF=ae=AcaA~iE=iei~eC=~i= M n K== fN= N (n ) M M < I=iUEa=NEnF=ae=AcaA~iE=Cciai~eC=~i= M n K= fN= N (n)=CcEe=aci=Enaei=ce=ae=oEecI=iUEa=iUE=iEei=N~aaeK= = 836. faNaEAiaca=mcaaie= fN== ( ) P N n ==Enaeie==~aC== N (n)==AU~aOEe=eaOa=~i= P n = n I==iUEa= iUE= ecaai= ( ( )) P P n I N n = ae= ~a= aaNaEAiaca= ecaai=cN= iUE= Oe~eU=cN= N (n)K=fN= ( ) P N n =Enaeie=~i=iUE=aaNaEAiaca=ecaaiI=iUEa= N (n ) M P = =

EcaOKNTTFK= = 837. ieceai~ae=oiaE= () () () O (n) Nn aaa On Nn aaa n A n A = =aN= ( ) ( ) == M aaa N n aaaO n nAnA K==

= CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 221 8.7 Differential = ciaAiacaeW=NI=iI=i= faCEeEaCEai=i~ea~AaEW=n= aEeai~iaiE=cN=~=NiaAiacaW= o(n) I= N (n)= oE~a=Acaei~aiW=`= aaNNEeEaia~a=cN=NiaAiaca= o = N (n)W=Co= aaNNEeEaia~a=cN=nW=Cn= pa~aa=AU~aOE=aa=nW=n = pa~aa=AU~aOE=aa=oW= o = = = 838. Co = oCn = = 839. N (n + n)= N (n)+ N (n)n = = = = Figure 178. CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 222 840. pa~aa=`U~aOE=aa=o=

o = N (n + n). N (n)= = 841. C(i + i)= Ci + Ci = = 842. C(i . i)= Ci . Ci = = 843. C(`i)= `Ci = = 844. C(ii)= iCi + iCi = = 845. O i iCi iCi i i C . =. . . .. . = = = =

8.8 Multivariable Functions = ciaAiacae=cN=iic=i~ea~AaEeW= o(nIo)I= N (nIo)I= O(nIo)I= U(nIo)== ^eOiaEaieW=nI=oI=i= pa~aa=AU~aOEe=aa=nI=oI=oI=eEeeEAiaiEaoW=n I= o I=o K= = = 846. caeei=leCEe=m~eia~a=aEeai~iaiEe= qUE=e~eia~a=CEeai~iaiE=iaiU=eEeeEAi=ic=n= nN n N= =E~aec= n o n o= FI= qUE=e~eia~a=CEeai~iaiE=iaiU=eEeeEAi=ic=o= oN o N=

 =E~aec= o o o o= FK= = = CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 223 847. pEAcaC=leCEe=m~eia~a=aEeai~iaiEe= O nn O N n N n N n = =. .

. .. . I== O oo O N o N o N o = =.. . . . .. .

 I== no O N on N n N o = =. . . .. . I==

on O N no N o N n = =.. . . . .. . K== fN=iUE=CEeai~iaiEe=~eE=AcaiaaicieI=iUEa== no N on

NOO = K== = 848. `U~aa=oiaEe== fN= N (nIo)= O(U(nIo))=EO=ae=~=NiaAiaca=cN=caE=i~ea~AaE=UFI=iUEa== ( ( )) n U O U nIo n N = I= ( ( )) o U O U nIo o

N = K== = fN= U(i)= N (n(i)Io(i))I=iUEa= ( ) Ci Co o N Ci Cn n N Ui + = K== = fN= o = N (n(iIi)Io(iIi))I=iUEa==

i o o N i n n N i o + = I= i o

o N i n n N i o + = K== = 849. pa~aa=`U~aOEe= o o

N n n N o + . = = = CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 224 850. icA~a=j~naa~=~aC=jaaaa~= N (nIo)=U~e=~=acA~a=a~naaia=~i= ( ) M M n Io =aN= ( ) ( ) M M N nIo . N n Io = Nce=~aa= (nIo)=eiNNaAaEaiao=AaceE=ic= ( ) M M n Io K== = N (nIo)=U~e=~=acA~a=aaaaaia=~i= ( ) M M n Io =aN= ( ) ( ) M M N nIo . N n Io = Nce=~aa= (nIo)=eiNNaAaEaiao=AaceE=ic= ( ) M M n Io K= = 851. pi~iaca~eo=mcaaie= M o

N n N= = K= icA~a=a~naa~=~aC=acA~a=aaaaa~=cAAie=~i=ei~iaca~eo=ecaaieK= == 852. p~CCaE=mcaai= ^=ei~iaca~eo==ecaai==iUaAU= = ae==aEaiUEe==~= = acA~a==a~naaia= ace=~=acA~a=aaaaaia= = 853. pEAcaC=aEeai~iaiE=qEei=Nce=pi~iaca~eo=mcaaie= iEi=( ) M M n Io =AE=~=ei~iaca~eo=ecaai=E M o N n N= =

 FK== ()() ( ) ( ) on M M oo M M nn M M no M M N n Io N n Io N n Io N n Io a= K== = fN=a> M I= N (n Io ) M nn M M > I== ( ) M M n Io ==ae=~=ecaai=cN=acA~a=aaaaa~K= fN=a> M I= N (n Io ) M nn M M < I== ( ) M M n Io ==ae=~=ecaai=cN=acA~a=a~naa~K= fN=a< M I= ( ) M M n Io =ae=~=e~CCaE=ecaaiK= fN=a= M I=iUE=iEei=N~aaeK= = 854. q~aOEai=ma~aE= qUE=Eei~iaca=cN=iUE=i~aOEai=ea~aE=ic=iUE=eieN~AE= o = N (nIo)= ~i=( )M M M n Io Io =ae== ( )( ) ( )( ) M n M M M o M M M o .o = N n Io n . n + N n Io o . o K= = CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 225 855. kcea~a=ic=pieN~AE= qUE=Eei~iaca=cN=iUE=acea~a=ic=iUE=eieN~AE= o = N (nIo)=~i= ( )M M M n Io Io =ae== ()()N

oo N n Io oo N n Io nnM oMM M nMM M . . = . = . K= = = = 8.9 Differential Operators = raai=iEAicee=~acaO=iUE=AcceCaa~iE=~nEeW=a r I= a r

I=a r = pA~a~e=NiaAiacae=EeA~a~e=NaEaCeFW= N (nIoIo)I= ( ) N O a i n I n IKIn = de~CaEai=cN=~=eA~a~e=NaEaCW= Oe~C iI=i = aaeEAiaca~a=CEeai~iaiEW= a N = sEAice=NiaAiaca=EiEAice=NaEaCFW= ( ) o I n I m c r = aaiEeOEaAE=cN=~=iEAice=NaEaCW= Cai c r I= c r . = `iea=cN=~=iEAice=NaEaCW= Aiea c r I= c r ~ = i~ea~Aa~a=ceEe~iceW= O =

= = 856. de~CaEai=cN=~=pA~a~e=ciaAiaca= . .. . . .. . = = o N I o N I n N Oe~C N N I== . .. .

. .. . = = NOan i II n i I n i Oe~C i i K K= = 857. aaeEAiaca~a=aEeai~iaiE= +

 + = Ace o N Ace o N Ace n N a N I== CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 226 iUEeE=iUE=CaeEAiaca=ae=CENaaEC=Ao=iUE=iEAice= ( ) Ace I Ace I Ace a r I= Ace Ace Ace N O + O + O = K==

= 858. aaiEeOEaAE=cN=~=sEAice=caEaC= o o o n n m Cai c c + + =. = rr = = 859. `iea=cN=~=sEAice=caEaC= mno nnn aaa

Aiea c c =~ = rrr rr = a o m n n a n o o m a o n o

orrr . .. . . .. . . +. . . .. . . +.. . . . .. .

 . == = 860. i~ea~Aa~a=leEe~ice= O O O O O O O o N o N n N N +

 + = = = 861. Cai(Aiea c)=. (~ c) M rr = = 862. Aiea(Oe~C N )=~(N ) M = = 863. Cai(Oe~C N ) ( N ) N =. =O = = 864. Aiea(Aiea c) Oe~C(Cai c) c ( c) c O O rrrrr = . = . . = = = 227 Chapter 9 Integral Calculus = =

= = ciaAiacaeW=NI=OI=iI=i= faCEeEaCEai=i~ea~AaEeW=nI=iI= = faCENaaaiE=aaiEOe~a=cN=~=NiaAiacaW= N (n)Cn I= O(n)Cn I== aEeai~iaiE=cN=~=NiaAiacaW= o(n) I= N (n)I= c(n)I== oE~a=Acaei~aieW=`I=~I=AI=AI=CI=a= k~iie~a=aiaAEeeW=aI=aI=aI=a= = = 9.1 Indefinite Integral = 865. N (n)Cn = c(n)+ ` =aN=c(n)= N (n)K= = 866. ( N (n)Cn)= N (n) = = 867. aN (n)Cn = aN (n)Cn = = 868. [N (n)+ O(n)]Cn = N (n)Cn + O(n)Cn = = 869. [N (n). O(n)]Cn = N (n)Cn . O(n)Cn = = 870. ( ) c(~n) ` ~ N

N ~n Cn = + = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 228 871. ( ) c(~n A) ` ~ N N ~n + A Cn = + + = = 872. ( ) ( ) N (n) ` O N N n N n Cn = O + = = 873. () ( ) Cn aa N (n) ` Nn Nn=+ = = 874. jEiUcC=cN=piAeiaiiiaca= N (n)Cn = N (i(i))i(i)Ci =aN= n = i(i) K= = 875. faiEOe~iaca=Ao=m~eie= iCi = ii . iCi I==

iUEeE=i(n)I= i(n)=~eE=CaNNEeEaia~AaE=NiaAiacaeK== = = = 9.2 Integrals of Rational Functions = 876. ~Cn = ~n +` = = 877. ` O n nCn O = + = = 878. ` P n n Cn P O = + = = 879. ` eN n

n Cn eN e+ + = + I= e .NK= = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 229 880. ( ) ( ) ()` ~aN ~n A ~n A Cn aN a+ + + += + I=a .NK= = 881. aa n ` n

 Cn = + = = 882. aa ~n A ` ~ N ~n A Cn = + + + = = 883. aa An C ` A AA ~C n A ~ Cn An C ~n A O++ . =+ + + = = 884. ( )( ) `

n~ nA aa ~A N n~nA Cn + + + . = + + I= ~ A K= = 885. (~ An ~ aa ~ An ) ` A N ~ An nCn O=+.++ + = = 886. (~ An) O~(~ An) ~ aa ~ An ` O N A

N ~ An n Cn O O P O + .. . . =.+.+++ + = = 887. ( ) ` n ~ An aa ~ N n ~ An Cn + + = + = = 888. ( ) ` n

~ An aa ~ A ~n N n ~ An Cn OO+ + =.+ + = = 889. ( ) ` ~ An ~ aa ~ An A N ~ An nCn OO+. . . ..

. + =++ + = = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 230 890. ( ) ` ~ An ~ ~ An O~ aa ~ An A N ~ An n Cn O OP O +.. . . . .. . + =+.+. + =

= 891. ( ) ( ) ` n ~ An aa ~ N ~ ~ An N n ~ An Cn OO+ + + + = + = = 892. ` nN nN aa O N nN

Cn O+ + . = . = = 893. ` Nn Nn aa O N Nn Cn O+ . + = . = = 894. ` ~n ~n aa

O~ N ~n Cn OO+ . + = . = = 895. ` n~ n~ aa O~ N n~ Cn OO+ + . = . = = 896. i~a n `

Nn Cn N O=+ + . = = 897. ` ~ n i~a ~ N ~n Cn N OO=+ + . = = 898. aa(n ~ ) ` O N n~ nCn O O OO=++ + =

= 899. ` ~ A ~eAi~a n ~A N ~ An Cn O+.. . . . .. . = + I= ~A > M K= = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 231 900. ` A ~ aa n OA N

~ An nCn O O=++ + = = 901. ( ) ` ~ An n aa O~ N n ~ An Cn O O O+ + = + = = 902. ` ~ An ~ An aa O~A

N ~An Cn OOO+ . + = . = = 903. ` O~n A A Q~A O~n A A Q~A aa A Q~A N ~n An A Cn O O OO+ ++. +.. . = + + I=

A Q~A M O . > K= = 904. ` Q~A A O~n A ~eAi~a Q~A A O ~n An A Cn OOO+ . + . = + + I= A Q~A M O . < K= = = = 9.3 Integrals of Irrational Functions = 905. ~n A ` ~ O

~n A Cn = + + + = = 906. (~n A) ` P~ O ~n A Cn O P + = + + = = 907. () ~n A ` P~ O ~n OA ~n A nCn O++ . = + = = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 232 908.

( )(~n A) ` NR~ O P~n OA n ~n A Cn O P O++ . + = = = 909. ( ) ` ~n A A ~A ~n A A ~A aa A ~A N n A ~n A Cn + ++. +.. . = + + I== A . ~A > M K= = 910. ( ) `

~A A ~n A ~eAi~a ~A A N n A ~n A Cn + . + . = + + I== A . ~A < M K= = 911. = ( + )( + ) . + + ~n A An C A N Cn An C ~n A = aa ~(An C) A(~n A) ` A ~A

~C AA + + + + . . I= ~ > M K= = 912. = ( + )( + ) . + + ~n A An C A N Cn An C ~n A = () ()` A ~n A ~ An C ~eAi~a A ~A ~C AA + + .+ . I=E ~ < M I= A > M FK== = 913. ( ) ( ) ` ~ An

NMRA O U~ NO~An NRA n n ~ An Cn P P OOO O++ .+ + = = = 914. ( ) ~ An ` NRA O U~ Q~An PA n ~ An n Cn P OOOO ++ .+ = + = = 915. ` ~ An ~ ~ An ~

aa ~ N n ~ An Cn + ++ +. = + I= ~ > M K= = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 233 916. ` ~ ~ An ~eAi~a ~ O n ~ An Cn + . + . = + I= ~ < M K=

= 917. ( )( ) ( ) ` ~A nA Cn ~ n A n ~ A ~eAeaa An ~n+ + + =.+++ + . = = 918. ( )( ) ( ) ` ~A An Cn ~ n A n ~ A ~eAeaa An ~n+ + . =.+..+ . + = =

919. Cn N n ~eAeaa n ` Nn Nn=..O++ . + = = 920. ( )( ) ` A~ n~ O~eAeaa n~A~ Cn + . . = . . = = 921. + . + . + . = O O ~ An An QA OAn A ~ An An Cn = ` A Q~A

OAn A ~eAeaa UA A Q~A PO O + + .. += = 922. aa O~n A O ~(~n An A) ` ~ N ~n An A Cn O O =+++++ + + I== ~ > M K= = 923. A Q~A ` Q~ O~n A ~eAeaa

~ N ~n An A Cn O O .+ + =. + + I= ~ < M K= = 924. aa n n ~ ` O ~ n~ O n n ~ Cn O O O O + O = O + O + + + + = = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 234 925. (n ~ ) ` P N

n n ~ Cn O P O + O = O + O + = = 926. + = ( + ) + . O O O O O O O On ~ n ~ U n n n ~ Cn = aa n n ~ ` U ~OO Q .+++= = 927. aa n n ~ ` n n~ Cn n n~OO OO O OO ++++ +

=. + = = 928. aa n n ~ ` n~ Cn O O OO =+++ + = = 929. ` ~n~ n Cn n ~ ~ aa n n~ OO OO OO + ++ =++ + = = 930. n ~ `

n~ nCn O O OO =++ + = = 931. aa n n ~ ` O ~ n~ O n n~ n Cn O O O OO OO O =+.+++ + = = 932. ` ~n~ n aa

~ N nn~ Cn OOOO + ++ = + = = 933. aa n n ~ ` O ~ n~ O n n ~ Cn O O O O . O = O . O . + . + = = 934. (n ~ ) ` P N n n ~ Cn O P

 O . O = O . O + = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 235 935. ` n ~ Cn n ~ ~ ~eAeaa n n~OO OO =.++ . = = 936. aa n n ~ ` n n~ Cn n n~OO OO O OO ++.+ . =.

. = = 937. aa n n ~ ` n~ Cn O O OO =+.+ . = = 938. n ~ ` n~ nCn O O OO =.+ . = = 939. aa n n ~ ` O ~ n~ O n n~ n Cn O O O

OO OO O =.++.+ . = = 940. ` n ~ ~eAeaa ~ N nn~ Cn OO =.+ . = = 941. ()` n~ n~ ~ N n~n~

Cn OO + + . = + . = = 942. ()` n~ n~ ~ N n~n~ Cn OO + . + =. . . = = 943. ` ~n

n~ nn~ Cn O OO OOO + . = . = = 944. ( ) ` ~n~ n n~ Cn OOOO P OO + . =. . = =

CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 236 945. ( . ) = . ( . ) . + O O O O O P O O On R~ n ~ U n n ~ Cn = aa n n ~ ` U P~ O O Q ++.+= = 946. ` ~ n ~eAeaa O ~ ~n O n ~ n Cn O

 O . O = O . O + + = = 947. (~ n ) ` P N n ~ n Cn O P O . O = . O . O + = = 948. ( ) ` ~ n ~eAeaa U ~ On ~ ~ n U n n ~ n Cn Q O O . O = O . O O . O + + = = 949. ` ~~n n

Cn ~ n ~ aa n ~n OO OO OO + +. =.+ . = = 950. ` ~ n ~eAeaa n ~n Cn n ~nOO O OO .+ . =.

. = = 951. ~eAeaa n ` Nn Cn O =+ . = = 952. ` ~ n eaa ~n Cn OO =+ . = = 953. ~ n ` ~n nCn O O OO =..+ . =

= 954. ` ~ n ~eAeaa O ~ ~n O n ~n n Cn O OO OO O =..++ . = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 237 955. ()` ~n ~n O N

n~~n Cn OO + + . =. + . = = 956. ()` ~n ~n O N n~~n Cn OO + . + =. . . = = 957.

()()` ~nA An ~ ~eAeaa A~ N nA~n Cn O OOOO + + + . = + . I= A > ~ K= = 958. ( ) `I ~ A ~ n ~ An nA aa ~A N nA~n Cn

OOOOOOOOO + ..++ + . = + . = A < ~ K= = 959. ` ~n ~n n~n Cn O OO OOO + . =. . = = 960. ( ) ( ) ` ~ n

~eAeaa U P~ R~ On ~ n U n ~ n Cn Q OOOOO P O . O = . . + + = = 961. ( ) ` ~~n n ~n Cn OOOO P OO + . = . =

= = = 9.4 Integrals of Trigonometric Functions = 962. eaa nCn = .Ace n + ` = = 963. Ace nCn = eaa n + `= CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 238 964. eaaOn ` Q N O n eaa n Cn O = . + = = 965. eaaOn ` Q N O n Ace n Cn O = + + = = 966. Ace n `

Q P AcePn NO N Ace n Ace n ` P N eaa n Cn P = P . + = . + = = 967. eaan ` Q P eaaPn NO N eaa n ` P N Ace n Cn eaan P = . P + = + + = = 968. ` O n AeA n Cn aa i~a

eaan Cn = = + = = 969. ` OQ n eEA n Cn aa i~a Ace n Cn + . . . .. . = = + = = 970. AeA n Cn Aci n ` eaa n Cn O O = = . + = = 971. eEA n Cn i~an ` Ace n Cn O O = = + = =

972. ` O n aa i~a O N Oeaa n Ace n AeA n Cn eaa n Cn O P P = = . + + = = 973. ` OQ n aa i~a O N OAce n eaan eEA n Cn Ace n

Cn O P P+. . . .. . = = + + = = 974. AceOn ` Q N eaan Ace n Cn = . + = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 239 975. eaa n ` P N eaa n Ace n Cn O = P + = = 976. Ace n ` P N eaan Ace n Cn O = . P + =

= 977. eaaQn ` PO N U n eaa n Ace n Cn O O = . + = = 978. i~a nCn = . aa Ace n + ` = = 979. ` eEA n ` Ace n N Cn Ace n eaan O = + = + = = 980. eaan ` OQ n Cn aa i~a Ace n eaa n O +..

. . .. . = + = = 981. i~a n Cn i~an n ` O = . + = = 982. Aci nCn = aa eaa n + `= = 983. ` AeA n ` eaan N Cn eaa n Ace n O = . + = . + = = 984. Ace n ` O n Cn aa i~a eaan Ace n O = + + =

= 985. Aci n Cn Aci n n ` O = . . + = = 986. aa i~an ` Ace n eaan Cn = + = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 240 987. ` OQ n aa i~a eaan N eaa n Ace n Cn O+. . . .. . = . + + = = 988. ` O

n aa i~a Ace n N eaan Ace n Cn O = + + = = 989. i~an Aci n ` eaa n Ace n Cn O O = . + = = 990. () () () ()` Oaa eaa a a n Oaa eaa a a n eaaan eaaan Cn + . .

+ + + = . I= O O a a K= = 991. () () () ()` Oaa Ace a a n Oaa Ace a a n eaaan Acean Cn + . . . + + = . I= O O a a K= = 992.

() () () ()` Oaa eaa a a n Oaa eaa a a n Acean Acean Cn + . . + + + = I= O O a a K= = 993. eEA n i~a nCn = eEA n + `= = 994. AeA n Aci nCn = .AeA n + `= = 995. ` aN Ace n eaan Ace n Cn

aN a+ + =. + = = 996. ` aN eaa n eaa n Ace n Cn aN a+ + = + = = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 241 997. ~eAeaan Cn n ~eAeaan N n ` = + . O + = = 998. ~eAAce n Cn n ~eAAce n N n ` = . . O + = = 999. aa(n N) `

O N ~eAi~a n Cn n ~eAi~a n = . O + + = = 1000. aa(n N) ` O N ~eA Aci n Cn n ~eA Aci n = + O + + = = = = 9.5 Integrals of Hyperbolic Functions = 1001. eaaU nCn = AceU n + `= = 1002. AceU nCn = eaaU n + `= = 1003. i~aUn Cn = aaAceUn +` = = 1004. AciUn Cn = aa eaaUn +`= = 1005. eEAU nCn i~aU n ` O = + = = 1006. AeAU nCn AciU n ` O = . + = =

1007. eEAUn i~aU nCn = .eEAUn +` = = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 242 1008. AeAUn AciU nCn = .AeAUn + ` = = = = 9.6 Integrals of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions = 1009. E Cn E ` n = n + = = 1010. ` aa~ ~ ~ Cn n n = + = = 1011. ` ~ E E Cn ~n

 ~n = + = = 1012. (~n N) ` ~ E nE Cn O ~n ~n = . + = = 1013. aan Cn = n aan . n +` = = 1014. aa aan ` n aan Cn = + = = 1015. ( ) ` aN N aN aan n aan Cn n O Naa+. . . . .

+ . + = + = = 1016. E ` ~A ~eaaAn AAceAn E eaaAn Cn ~n OO ~n + + . = = = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 243 1017. E ` ~A ~AceAn AeaaAn E AceAn Cn ~n OO ~n + + +

 = = = = = 9.7 Reduction Formulas = 1018. = . n . E Cn a a nE a N n E Cn a an a an a N an = = 1019. ( ) . . . + . = . Cn n E aN a aNn E Cn

n E aN an aN an a an I=a NK= = 1020. . . . = . eaaU nCn a aN eaaU n AceU n a N eaaU nCn a a N a O = = 1021. ( ) . . . . . . =. eaaU n

Cn aN aO a N eaaU n AceU n eaaU n Cn a a N a O I=a NK= = 1022. . . . = + AceU nCn a aN eaaU n AceU n AceU n a N AceU nCn a a N a O = = 1023. ( ) . . . . + . =. AceU n Cn

aN aO a N AceU n eaaU n AceU n Cn a a N a O I=a NK= = 1024. aa eaaU n AceU n eaaU n AceU nCn aNaN aa + = +. = . + . + eaaU n AceU nCn aa aNaaO= =

1025. aa eaaU n AceU n eaaU n AceU nCn aNaN aa + = .+ = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 244 . + . . eaaU n AceU nCn aa aNaOa= = 1026. . + . . = . i~aU n i~aU nCn aN N i~aU nCn a a N a O I=a NK=

= 1027. . + . . = . AciU n AciU nCn aN N AciU nCn a a N a O I=a NK= = 1028. . . . . + . = eEAU nCn aN aO aN eEAU n i~aUn eEAU nCn a O aO a I=a NK= = 1029. . . . = . + eaa nCn

a aN eaa n Ace n a N eaa nCn a a N a O = = 1030. ( ) . . . . + . =. eaa n Cn aN aO a N eaa n Ace n eaa n Cn a a N a O I=a NK= = 1031. . . . = + Ace nCn a

aN eaa n Ace n a N Ace nCn a a N a O = = 1032. ( ) . . . . + . = Ace n Cn aN aO a N Ace n eaa n Ace n Cn a a N a O I=a NK= = 1033. aa eaa n Ace n eaa n Ace nCn

aNaN aa + = +. = . + . + eaa n Ace nCn aa aNaaO= = 1034. aa eaa n Ace n eaa n Ace nCn aNaN aa + =. .+ = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 245

 . + . + eaa n Ace nCn aa aNaOa= = 1035. . . . . = i~a n i~a nCn aN N i~a nCn a a N a O I=a NK= = 1036. . . . . = . Aci n Aci nCn aN N Aci nCn a a N a O I=a NK= = 1037. . . . .

+ . = eEA nCn aN aO aN eEA n i~an eEA nCn a O aO a I=a NK= = 1038. . . . . + . = . AeA nCn aN aO aN AeA n Aci n AeA nCn a O aO a I=a NK=

= 1039. . + + . + = n aa nCn aN a aN n aa n n aa nCn a a N aNa aa= = 1040. ( ) . .. + . = . Cn n aa n aN a

aNn aa n Cn n aa n a aN aN a a a I=a NK= = 1041. aa nCn = n aa n .a aa . nCn a a a N = = 1042. n eaaU nCn = n AceU n . a n . AceU nCn a a a N = = 1043. n AceU nCn = n eaaU n .a n . eaaU nCn a a a N = = 1044. n eaa nCn = .n Ace n + a n . Ace nCn a a a N = = 1045. n Ace nCn = n eaa n . a n . eaa nCn a a a N = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 246 1046. + .

. + = + . + . Cn Nn n aN N eaa n aN n n eaa nCn O aN N aN aN= = 1047. + . + + =

+ . + . Cn Nn n aN N Ace n aN n n Ace nCn O aN N aN aN= = 1048. + + . + = + . +

. Cn Nn n aN N i~a n aN n n i~a nCn O aN N aN aN= = 1049. + =. + ~n A Cn ~ A ~ n ~n A n Cn aa

a = = 1050. ( O )a ( )( O )( O )a N a N A Q~A ~n An A O~n A ~n An A Cn ...++ .. = + + = () ( )( ) ( ) . . . + + . . O O a N ~n An A Cn a N A Q~A O Oa P ~ I=a NK= = 1051. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) I n~ Cn OaN~ Oa P

OaN~n~ n n~ Cn O O a O O O a N O O O a N . . . + . + .+ = + a NK= = 1052. ( O O )a ( ) O ( O O )a N O a N ~ n ~ n n~ Cn ... =. . = ( ) ( ) . . . . .OOOaNn~ Cn OaN~ Oa P

I=a NK= = = = = = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 247 9.8 Definite Integral = aENaaaiE=aaiEOe~a=cN=~=NiaAiacaW= ( ) A ~ Cn n N I= ( ) A ~ O n Cn I== oaEa~aa=eiaW= ( ) = a aN a a N n == pa~aa=AU~aOEeW= a n == ^aiaCEeai~iaiEeW= c(n)I=d(n)== iaaaie=cN=aaiEOe~iacaeW=~I=AI=AI=C=

= = 1053. ( ) ( ) = = a aN aa a~n n M a A ~ N n Cn aaa N n a I== iUEeE== a a a N n n n . = . I== a N a a n . . n . K== = = = Figure 179. = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 248 1054. NCn A ~

A ~ = . = = 1055. ( ) = ( ) A ~ A ~ aN n Cn a N n Cn = = 1056. [ ( )+ ( )] = ( ) + ( ) A ~ A ~ A ~ N n O n Cn N n Cn O n Cn = = 1057. [ ( ). ( )] = ( ) . ( ) A ~ A ~

A ~ N n O n Cn N n Cn O n Cn = = 1058. N (n)Cn M ~ ~ = = = 1059. ( ) = . ( ) ~ A A ~ N n Cn N n Cn = = 1060. ( ) = ( ) + ( ) A A A ~ A ~ N n Cn N n Cn N n Cn =Nce= ~ < A < A K= =

1061. N (n)Cn M A ~ . =aN= N (n). M =ca= [~IA]K= = 1062. N (n)Cn M A ~ . =aN= N (n). M =ca= [~IA]K= = = = = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 249 1063. ciaC~aEai~a=qUEceEa=cN=`~aAiaie= N (n)Cn c(n) c(A) c(~) A ~ A ~ = = . =aN=c(n)= N (n)K= = 1064. jEiUcC=cN=piAeiaiiiaca== fN= n = O(i)I=iUEa== ( ) = ( ( )) ( )

C A A ~ N n Cn N O i O i Ci I== iUEeE= A O (~) = .N I= C O (A) = .N K= = 1065. faiEOe~iaca=Ao=m~eie= = ( ) . A ~ A ~ A ~ iCi ii iCi= = 1066. qe~eEocaC~a=oiaE= ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ). . . . . ++

. = . = aN aN Maa A ~ NnNnONn Oa A~ N n Cn = = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 250 = = Figure 180. = 1067. paaeecae=oiaE== ( ) [ ( )+ ( )+ ( )+ ( )+ . = M N O P A

~ N n QN n ON n QN n Pa A~ N n Cn = ( ) ( ) ( )] Q a N a + ON n + + QN n + N n K . I== iUEeE== a a A~ n~a . = + I= a = MINI OIKI a K== = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 251 = = Figure 181. = 1068. ^eE~=raCEe=~=`ieiE= p N (n)Cn c(A) c(~) A ~ = = . I==

iUEeE=c(n)= N (n)K= = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 252 = = Figure 182. = 1069. ^eE~=_EiiEEa=qic=`ieiEe= p [N (n) O(n)]Cn c(A) d(A) c(~) d(~) A ~ = . = . . + I== iUEeE=c(n)= N (n)I=d(n)= O(n)K= = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 253 = = Figure 183. = = = 9.9 Improper Integral =

1070. qUE=CENaaaiE=aaiEOe~a== ( ) A ~ N n Cn =ae=A~aaEC=~a=aaeeceEe=aaiEOe~a= aN== . ~=ce=A=ae=aaNaaaiEI= . N (n)==U~e==caE==ce==aceE=ecaaie=cN==CaeAcaiaaiaio= =====aa=iUE=aaiEei~a= [~IA]K= = 1071. fN= N (n)=ae=~=Acaiaaicie=NiaAiaca=ca= [~I)I=iUEa== ( ) ( ) = a ~ a ~ N n Cn aaa N n Cn K= = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 254 = = Figure 184. =

1072. fN= N (n)=ae=~=Acaiaaicie=NiaAiaca=ca= (.IA+I=iUEa== ( ) ( ) . . = A a a A N n Cn aaa N n Cn K= = = = Figure 185. CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 255 kciE=W=qUE=aaeeceEe=aaiEOe~ae=aa=NMTNI=NMTO=~eE=AcaiEeOEai= aN=iUE=aaaaie=Enaei=~aC=~eE=NaaaiEX=ciUEeiaeE=iUE= aaiEOe~ae=~eE= CaiEeOEaiK= = 1073. ( ) ( ) ( ) . . =+

A A N n Cn N n Cn N n Cn = = = = Figure 186. = fN=Nce=ecaE=eE~a=aiaAEe=AI=AciU=cN=iUE=aaiEOe~ae=aa=iUE=eaOUi= eaCE= ~eE= AcaiEeOEaiI= iUEa= iUE= aaiEOe~a= ( ) . N n Cn = ae= ~aec===== AcaiEeOEaiX=ciUEeiaeE=ai=ae=CaiEeOEaiK= = 1074. `cae~eaeca=qUEceEae= iEi== N (n)=~aC== O(n)==AE==Acaiaaicie==NiaAiacae==ca=iUE=AaceEC= aaiEei~a= [~I)K= pieeceE= iU~i= M . O(n). N (n)= Nce= ~aa= n= aa= [~I)K= CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 256 . fN= ( ) ~ N n Cn =ae=AcaiEeOEaiI=iUEa= ( )

 ~ O n Cn =ae=~aec= =====AcaiEeOEaiI= . fN= ( ) ~ O n Cn =ae=CaiEeOEaiI=iUEa= ( ) ~ N n Cn =ae=~aec=CaiEeOEaiK= = 1075. ^AecaiiE=`caiEeOEaAE= = fN= ( ) ~ N n Cn =ae=AcaiEeOEaiI=iUEa=iUE=aaiEOe~a ( ) ~ N n Cn =ae=~AecaiiEao= AcaiEeOEaiK=== = 1076. aaeAcaiaaicie=faiEOe~aC= iEi= N (n)=AE=~=NiaAiaca=iUaAU=ae=Acaiaaicie=ca=iUE=aaiEei~a==

[~IA)=Aii=ae=CaeAcaiaaicie=~i= n = A K=qUEa== ( ) ( ) . + = A ~ M A ~ N n Cn aaa N n Cn = = = = Figure 187. CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 257 1077. iEi= N (n)=AE=~=Acaiaaicie=NiaAiaca=Nce=~aa=eE~a=aiaAEee==n==aa= iUE=aaiEei~a== [~IA]==EnAEei==Nce==ecaE=ecaai==A==aa= (~IA)K=qUEa= ( ) ( ) ( ) + + . + =+

A A M A ~ M A ~ N n Cn aaa N n Cn aaa N n Cn K= = = = Figure 188. = = = 9.10 Double Integral = ciaAiacae=cN=iic=i~ea~AaEeW= N (nIo)I= N (iIi)I== aciAaE=aaiEOe~aeW= ( ) o N nIo CnCo I= ( ) o O nIo CnCo I== oaEa~aa=eiaW= ( )

== a aN a aN a a a a N i Ii n o = pa~aa=AU~aOEeW= a n I= a o = oEOacae=cN=aaiEOe~iacaW=oI=p== mca~e=AcceCaa~iEeW= e I= = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 258 ^eE~W=^= pieN~AE=~eE~W=p= scaiaE=cN=~=ecaaCW=s= j~ee=cN=~=a~aaa~W=a= aEaeaioW=(nIo)= caeei=acaEaieW= n j I= o j = jcaEaie=cN=aaEeia~W= n f I= o f I= M f = `U~eOE=cN=~=ea~iEW=n= `U~eOE=CEaeaioW=(nIo)= `cceCaa~iEe=cN=AEaiEe=cN=a~eeW= n I= o = ^iEe~OE=cN=~=NiaAiacaW= = = 1078. aENaaaiaca=cN=aciAaE=faiEOe~a=

qUE=CciAaE=aaiEOe~a=ciEe=~=eEAi~aOaE= [~I A]~[AI C]=ae=CENaaEC= ic=AE== () [][] ( ) = = ~ = a aN a aN aaaa a~n o M a~n n M ~I A AI C N nI o C^ aaa N i I i n o a a I== iUEeE= ( ) a a i Ii =ae=ecaE=ecaai=aa=iUE=eEAi~aOaE= ( ) ( ) a N a a N a n . In o . Io ~ I=~aC= a a a N n n n . = . I= a a a N o o o . = . K= = === =

Figure 189. CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 259 qUE=CciAaE=aaiEOe~a=ciEe=~=OEaEe~a=eEOaca=o=ae== ()() [][] ~ = o ~I A AI C N nIo C^ O nIo C^ I== iUEeE=eEAi~aOaE= [~I A]~[AI C]=Acai~aae=oI== O(nIo)= N (nIo)=aN= N (nIo)=ae=aa=o=~aC= O(nIo)= M =ciUEeiaeEK= = = = Figure 190. = 1079. [ ( )+ ( )] = ( ) + ( ) ooo N nIo O nIo C^ N nIo C^ O nIo C^ = = 1080. [ ( ). ( )] = ( ) . ( ) ooo N nIo O nIo C^ N nIo C^ O nIo C^ =

= 1081. ( ) = ( ) oo aN nIo C^ a N nIo C^I== iUEeE=a=ae=~=Acaei~aiK= = 1082. fN= N (nIo). O(nIo)=ca=oI=iUEa= ( ) . ( ) oo N nIo C^ O nIo C^ K= = 1083. fN= N (nIo). M=ca=o=~aC=p o I=iUEa= CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 260 = ( ) . ( ) po N nIo C^ N nIo C^ K= = = = Figure 191. = 1084. fN= N (nIo). M=ca=o=~aC=o=~aC=p=~eE=aca-ciEea~eeaaO= eEOacaeI=iUEa= ( ) = ( ) + ( ) op o p N nIo C^ N nIo C^ N nIo C^ K==

eEeE=op =ae=iUE=iaaca=cN=iUE=eEOacae=o=~aC=pK= = = = Figure 192. = = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 261 1085. fiEe~iEC=faiEOe~ae=~aC=ciAaaae=qUEceEa= ()() () () = A ~ en oen N nIo C^ N nIo CoCn == Nce=~=eEOaca=cN=ioeE=fI== o = {(nIo)o ~ . n . AI e(n). o . e(n)}K= = = = Figure 193.

= ()() () () = C A io oio N nIo C^ N nIo CnCo == Nce=~=eEOaca=cN=ioeE=ffI= o = {(nIo)oi(o). n . i(o)I A . o . C}K= = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 262 = = Figure 194. = 1086. aciAaE=faiEOe~ae=ciEe=oEAi~aOia~e=oEOacae= = fN=o=ae=iUE=eEAi~aOia~e=eEOaca= [~IA]~[AIC]I=iUEa== ( ) ( ) ( ) . . . .

. .. . =.. . . . .. . = C A A ~ A ~ C oA N nIo CnCo N nIo Co Cn N nIo Cn Co K== = fa=iUE=eeEAa~a=A~eE=iUEeE=iUE=aaiEOe~aC= N (nIo)=A~a=AE=ieaiiEa=~ e= O(n)U(o)=iE=U~iE== ()()()()().. . . . .. .

. .. . . .. . = = C A A oo~ N nIo CnCo O n U o CnCo O n Cn U o Co K== = 1087. `U~aOE=cN=s~ea~AaEe= ( ) [ ( ) ( )] ( ) ( )CiCi iIi nIo N nIo CnCo N n iIi Io iIi o p = I== iUEeE= () ()M i o

i o i n i n iIi nIo = ae= iUE= a~AcAa~a= cN= iUE= ie~aeNcea~ iacae= (nIo)(iIi)I=~aC=p=ae=iUE=eiaaA~Aa=cN=o=iUaAU= CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 263 A~a=AE=AcaeiiEC=Ao= n = n(iIi)I= o = o(iIi)=aaic=iUE=CENaaaiaca= cN=oK==

= 1088. mca~e=`cceCaa~iEe= n = e Ace I= o = e eaa K== = = = Figure 195. = 1089. aciAaE=faiEOe~ae=aa=mca~e=`cceCaa~iEe= = qUE=aaNNEeEaia~a=CnCo=Nce=mca~e=`cceCaa~iEe=ae== () ( ) = = CeC eCeC eI nIo CnCo K== = iEi=iUE=eEOaca=o=ae=CEiEeaaaEC=~e=NcaacieW= M . O(). e . U()I= . . I=iUEeE= . . O K== qUEa== ()() ()

() = U oO N nIo CnCo N eAce Ie eaa eCeC K= = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 264 = = Figure 196. = fN=iUE=eEOaca=o=ae=iUE=eca~e=eEAi~aOaE=OaiEa=Ao== M . ~ . e . A I= . . I=iUEeE= . . O I=== iUEa== ( ) ( ) = A

o~ N nI o CnCo N e Ace I e eaa eCeC K== = = = Figure 197. = = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 265 1090. ^eE~=cN=~=oEOaca= () () = A ~ Nn On ^ CoCn =ENce=~=ioeE=f=eEOacaFK= = = = Figure 198. = ()

() = C A eo eo ^ CnCo =ENce=~=ioeE=ff=eEOacaFK= = = = Figure 199. = = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 266 1091. scaiaE=cN=~=pcaaC= = ( ) o s N nIo C^K== = = = Figure 200. = fN=o=ae=~=ioeE=f=eEOaca=AciaCEC=Ao= n = ~ I= n = A I= o = U(n)I=

o = O(n)I=iUEa== ()() () () = = A ~ On oUn s N nIo C^ N nIo CoCn K== = fN=o=ae=~=ioeE=ff=eEOaca=AciaCEC=Ao= o = A I= o = C I= n = e(o) I= n = e(o)I=iUEa= ()() () () = = C A eo oeo s N nIo C^ N nIo CnCo K== = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 267

fN== N (nIo). O(nIo)==ciEe==~==eEOaca==oI==iUEa==iUE==icaiaE==cN= iUE= ecaaC= AEiiEEa= o N (nIo) N = = ~aC= o O(nIo) O = = ciEe= o= ae= OaiEa=Ao= = [ ( ). ( )] o s N nIo O nIo C^ K== = 1092. ^eE~=~aC=scaiaE=aa=mca~e=`cceCaa~iEe= fN=p=ae=~=eEOaca=aa=iUE=no-ea~aE=AciaCEC=Ao= = I= = I= e = U() I= e = O()I== iUEa== () () = = O pU ^ C^ eCeC I== = ( ) p s N eI eCeC K==

= = = Figure 201. = 1093. pieN~AE=^eE~= CnCo o o n o pN o OO . . . . . .. . +. . . ..

. =+= = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 268 1094. j~ee=cN=~=i~aaa~= = ( ) o a nIo C^ I== iUEeE==iUE==a~aaa~==cAAieaEe==~==eEOaca==o=~aC==aie==CEaeaio==~i= ~=ecaai=EnIoF=ae=(nIo)K=== = 1095. jcaEaie= qUE=acaEai=cN=iUE=a~aaa~=~Acii=iUE==n-~nae==ae=OaiEa=Ao=Nceaia~= = ( ) o n j o nIo C^K== = qUE=acaEai=cN=iUE=a~aaa~=~Acii=iUE=o-~nae=ae= = ( ) o o j n nIo C^K= =

qUE=acaEai=cN=aaEeia~=~Acii=iUE=n-~nae=ae= = ( ) o O n f o nIo C^K== = qUE=acaEai=cN=aaEeia~=~Acii=iUE=o-~nae=ae= = ( ) o O o f n nIo C^K== = qUE=eca~e=acaEai=cN=aaEeia~=ae= = ( + )( ) o OO M f n o nIo C^ K== = 1096. `EaiEe=cN=j~ee= () () ( )

= = = o o o o nIo C^ n nIo C^ n nIo C^ a N a j n I== CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 269 () () ( ) = = = o o o

n nIo C^ o nIo C^ o nIo C^ a N a j o K== = 1097. `U~eOE=cN=~=ma~iE= = ( ) o n nI o C^I== iUEeE=EaEAieaA~a=AU~eOE=ae=CaeieaAiiEC=ciEe=~=eEOaca=o=~aC=aie= AU~eOE=CEaeaio=~i=~=ecaai=EnIoF=ae=(nIo)K=== = 1098. ^iEe~OE=cN=~=ciaAiaca= = ( ) o N nIo C^ p N I== iUEeE= =

o p C^ K== = = = 9.11 Triple Integral = ciaAiacae=cN=iUeEE=i~ea~AaEeW= N (nIoIo)I= O(nIoIo)I== qeaeaE=aaiEOe~aeW= ( ) d N nIoIo CsI= ( ) d O nIoIo CsI== oaEa~aa=eiaW= ( ) === a aN a aN e aN a a a a a a N i Ii Ii n o o = pa~aa=AU~aOEeW= a n I= a o I= a o = iaaaie=cN=aaiEOe~iacaW=~I=AI=AI=CI=eI=e=

oEOacae=cN=aaiEOe~iacaW=dI=qI=p== `oaaaCeaA~a=AcceCaa~iEeW= e I= I=o= peUEeaA~a=AcceCaa~iEeW= e I= I= . = scaiaE=cN=~=ecaaCW=s= CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 270 j~ee=cN=~=ecaaCW=a== aEaeaioW=(nIoIo)= `cceCaa~iEe=cN=AEaiEe=cN=a~eeW= n I= o I= o = caeei=acaEaieW= no j I= oo j I= no j = jcaEaie=cN=aaEeia~W= no f I= oo f I= no f I= n f I= o f I= o f I= M f = = = 1099. aENaaaiaca=cN=qeaeaE=faiEOe~a= qUE=ieaeaE=aaiEOe~a=ciEe=~=e~e~aaEaEeaeEC= [~I A]~[AI C]~[eI e]= ae=CENaaEC=ic=AE== () [][][] N nI oIo Cs aaa N (i I i Ii ) n o o I a aN a aN e aN

aaaaaa a~n o M a~n o M a~n n M ~I A AI C eI e a a a === ~ ~ = iUEeE= ( ) a a a i Ii Ii =ae=ecaE=ecaai=aa=iUE=e~e~aaEaEeaeEC= ( ) ( ) ( ) a N a a N a a N a n . In o . Io o . Io ~ ~ I=~aC= a a a N n n n . = . I= a a a N o o o . = . I= a a a N o o o . = . K= = 1100. [ ( )+ ( )] = ( ) + ( ) ddd N nI oIo O nI oIo Cs N nI oIo Cs O nI oIo Cs = 1101. [ ( ). ( )] = ( ) . ( ) ddd

N nIoIo O nIoIo Cs N nIoIo Cs O nIoIo Cs = 1102. ( ) = ( ) dd aN nIoIo Cs a N nIoIo CsI== iUEeE=a=ae=~=Acaei~aiK= = 1103. fN== N (nIoIo). M =~aC=d=~aC=q=~eE=acaciEea~eeaaO=A~eaA= eEOacaeI=iUEa== ( ) = ( ) + ( ) dq d q N nIoIo Cs N nIoIo Cs N nIoIo CsK== eEeE=dq =ae=iUE=iaaca=cN=iUE=eEOacae=d=~aC=qK= = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 271 1104. bi~ai~iaca=cN=qeaeaE=faiEOe~ae=Ao=oEeE~iEC=faiEOe~ae= fN=iUE=ecaaC=d=ae=iUE=eEi=cN=ecaaie= (nIoIo)=eiAU=iU~i= = (nI o) oI (nI o) o (nI o) N O . . I=iUEa== =()() () () N nI oIo CnCoCo N nI oIo Co CnCo o nIo

d nIo O N . . . . .. . = I== iUEeE=o=ae=eecaEAiaca=cN=d=caic=iUE=no-ea~aEK= = fN=iUE=ecaaC=d=ae=iUE=eEi=cN=ecaaie= (nIoIo)=eiAU=iU~i= ~ n AI (n) o (n)I (nIo) o (nIo) N O N O . . . . . . . . I=iUEa== ()() () () () () N nI oIo CnCoCo N nI oIo Co Co Cn A ~

n n nIo d nIo O N O N . . . . ..

. .. . . .. . . = . .

 == = 1105. qeaeaE=faiEOe~ae=ciEe=m~e~aaEaEeaeEC= fN=d=ae=~=e~e~aaEaEeaeEC= [~I A]~[AI C]~[eI e]I=iUEa= N (nIoIo)CnCoCo N (nIoIo)Co Co Cn A ~ C A e de . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . = K== = fa= = iUE= eeEAa~a=A~eE= =iUEeE= iUE= aaiEOe~aC= = N (nIoIo)= =A~a=AE=

ieaiiEa=~e= O(n)U(o)a(o)=iE=U~iE== ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ). . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . = e e C A A d~ N nIoIo CnCoCo O n Cn U o Co a o Co K== = 1106. `U~aOE=cN=s~ea~AaEe= ( ) =

d N nIoIo CnCoCo = [ ( ) ( ) ( )] ( ) ( ) CnCoCoI iI iIi nI oIo N n iI iIi I o iI iIi Io iI iIi p == CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 272 iUEeE== () ()M i o i o i o i o i

o i o i n i n i n iIiIi nIoIo

 = ==ae==iUE==a~AcAa~a==cN= iUE= ie~aeNcea~iacae= (nIoIo)(iIiIi)I= ~aC= p= ae= iUE= eiaaA~ Aa= cN= d= iUaAU= A~a= AE= AcaeiiEC= Ao= n = n(iI iIi)I= o = o(iI iIi)= o = o(iI iIi)=aaic=iUE=CENaaaiaca=cN=dK= == 1107. qeaeaE=faiEOe~ae=aa=`oaaaCeaA~a=`cceCaa~iEe= qUE=CaNNEeEaia~a=CnCoCo=Nce=AoaaaCeaA~a=AcceCaa~iEe=ae== () ( ) CeC Co eCeC Co eI Io nIoIo CnCoCo = = K== = iEi=iUE=ecaaC=d=ae=CEiEeaaaEC=~e=NcaacieW=

(nI o) oI (nI o) o (nI o) N O . . I= iUEeE=o=ae=eecaEAiaca=cN=d=caic=iUE=no-ea~aEK=qUEa== ( ) = ( ) dp N nIoIo CnCoCo N eAce Ie eaa Io eCeC Co = () () () () . .. . .. . = N eAce Ie eaa Io Co eCeC o eI e Ace Ie eaa e Ace Ie eaa O N K=

eEeE=p=ae=iUE=eiaaA~Aa=cN=d=aa=AoaaaCeaA~a=AcceCaa~iEeK= = 1108. qeaeaE=faiEOe~ae=aa=peUEeaA~a=`cceCaa~iEe= qUE=aaNNEeEaia~a=CnCoCo=Nce=peUEeaA~a=`cceCaa~iEe=ae== () ( ) . = . . = CeC C e eaa CeC C eI I nI oIo CnCoCo O == = ( ) = d N nIoIo CnCoCo = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 273 ========= = ( . . ) . p O N e eaa Ace Ie eaa eaa Ie Ace e eaa CeC C I== iUEeE=iUE=ecaaC=p=ae=iUE=eiaaA~Aa=cN=d=aa=eeUEeaA~a=AcceCaa~ iEeK=qUE=~aOaE== ==e~aOEe==Neca==M=ic== O I==iUE==~aOaE==. = e~aOEe=Neca=M=ic= K== =

======= = = Figure 202. = 1109. scaiaE=cN=~=pcaaC= = d s CnCoCo = = 1110. scaiaE=aa=`oaaaCeaA~a=`cceCaa~iEe= () s eCeC Co p eI Io = = = 1111. scaiaE=aa=peUEeaA~a=`cceCaa~iEe= () = . . s e eaa CeC C p eI I O= =

CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 274 1112. j~ee=cN=~=pcaaC= = ( ) d a nIoIo Cs I== iUEeE= iUE= ecaaC= cAAieaEe= ~= eEOaca= d= ~aC= aie= CEaeaio= ~i============ ~=ecaai= (nIoIo)=ae=(nIoIo)K=== = 1113. `EaiEe=cN=j~ee=cN=~=pcaaC= a j n oo = I= a j o = no I= a j o no = I== iUEeE== = ( ) d oo j n nIoIo Cs I== = ( ) d

no j o nIoIo Cs I== = ( ) d no j o nIoIo Cs = ~eE==iUE==Naeei==acaEaie==~Acii==iUE==AcceCaa~iE=ea~aEe= n = M I= o = M I= o = M I=eEeeEAiaiEaoI==(nIoIo)=ae=iUE=CEaeaio=NiaAiacaK== = 1114. jcaEaie=cN=faEeia~=~Acii==iUE==no-ea~aE=Ece= o = M FI=oo-ea~aE== E n = M FI=~aC=no-ea~aE=E o = M F= = ( ) d O no f o nIoIo Cs I== = ( ) d O oo f n nIoIo Cs I== = ( ) d O no f o nIoIo Cs K== = 1115. jcaEaie=cN=faEeia~=~Acii=iUE=n-~naeI=o-~naeI=~aC=o-~nae= = + = ( + )( ) d

OO n no no f f f o o nIoIo Cs I== = + = ( + )( ) d OO o no oo f f f o n nIoIo Cs I== CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 275 = + = ( + )( ) d OO o no oo f f f o n nIoIo Cs K== = 1116. mca~e=jcaEai=cN=faEeia~= = + + = ( + + )( ) d OOO M no oo no f f f f n o o nIoIo Cs = = = 9.12 Line Integral = pA~a~e=NiaAiacaeW= c(nIoIo)I= c(nIo)I= N (n)= pA~a~e=eciEaia~aW=i(nIoIo)= `ieiEeW=`I= N ` I= O ` =

iaaaie=cN=aaiEOe~iacaeW=~I=AI= I= = m~e~aEiEeeW=iI=e= mca~e=AcceCaa~iEeW= e I= = sEAice=NaEaCW= ( ) o I n I m c r = mceaiaca=iEAiceW= ( ) e e r = raai=iEAiceeW=a r I= a r I=a r I= r = ^eE~=cN=eEOacaW=p= iEaOiU=cN=~=AieiEW=i= j~ee=cN=~=iaeEW=a= aEaeaioW=(nI oIo)I=(nIo)= `cceCaa~iEe=cN=AEaiEe=cN=a~eeW= n I= o I= o = caeei=acaEaieW= no j I= oo j I= no j = jcaEaie=cN=aaEeia~W= n f I= o f I= o f = scaiaE=cN=~=ecaaCW=s=

tceaW=t= j~OaEiaA=NaEaCW=_ r = `ieeEaiW=f= baEAiecaciaiE=NceAEW= = j~OaEiaA=NainW= = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 276 1117. iaaE=faiEOe~a=cN=~=pA~a~e=ciaAiaca= iEi=~=AieiE=`=AE=OaiEa=Ao=iUE=iEAice=NiaAiaca= e e(e) r r = I= M . e . p I=~aC=~=eA~a~e=NiaAiaca=c=ae=CENaaEC=ciEe=iUE=AieiE=`K== qUEa== ( ( )) = ( ) = `` p M c e e Ce c nIoIo Ce cCe r I== iUEeE=Ce=ae=iUE=~eA=aEaOiU=CaNNEeEaia~aK== = 1118. = + `N `O `N `O c Ce c Ce c Ce =

= = = Figure 203. = 1119. fN=iUE=eacciU=AieiE=`=ae=e~e~aEieaoEC=Ao= e e(i) r r = I= . i . I=iUEa== ( ) ( ( ) ( ) ( )) ( ( )) ( ( )) ( ( )) c nIoIo Ce = c n i Io i Io i n i + o i + o i Ci O O O ` K= = 1120. fN=`=ae=~=eacciU=AieiE=aa=iUE=no-ea~aE=OaiEa=Ao=iUE=Eei~iaca= o = N (n)I= ~ . n . AI=iUEa== ( ) = ( ( )) + ( ( )) A ~ O ` c nI o Ce c nI N n N N n Cn K== = 1121. iaaE=faiEOe~a=cN=pA~a~e=ciaAiaca=aa=mca~e=`cceCaa~iEe=

CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 277 ( ) ( ) . . . .. . = + C C Ce c nIo Ce c eAce Ie eaa e O O ` I== iUEeE=iUE=AieiE=`=ae=CENaaEC=Ao=iUE=eca~e=NiaAiaca= eEF K= = 1122. iaaE=faiEOe~a=cN=sEAice=caEaC= iEi=~=AieiE=`=AE=CENaaEC=Ao=iUE=iEAice=NiaAiaca= e e(e) r r = I= M . e . p K=qUEa==

= = (AceI AceIAce ) Ce Ce r r == ae=iUE=iaai=iEAice=cN=iUE=i~aOEai=aaaE=ic=iUae=AieiEK== = = = Figure 204. = iEi= ~= iEAice= NaEaC= ( ) o I n I m c r = ae= CENaaEC= ciEe= iUE= AieiE= `K= qUEa=iUE=aaaE=aaiEOe~a=cN=iUE=iEAice=NaEaC=c r =~acaO=iUE=AieiE= `=ae== + + = ( + + ) p `M mCn nCo oCo mAce nAce oAce Ce K= = = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

278 1123. meceEeiaEe=cN=iaaE=faiEOe~ae=cN=sEAice=caEaCe= ( . )= .( . ) .` ` c Ce c Ce rrrr I== iUEeE=-`=CEaciE==iUE=AieiE=iaiU=iUE=ceeceaiE=ceaEai~iacaK= = ( . )= ( . )= ( . )+ ( . ) ` `N `O `N `O c Ce c Ce c Ce c Ce rrrrrrrr I== iUEeE=`=ae=iUE=iaaca=cN=iUE=AieiEe= N ` =~aC= O ` K== = 1124. fN=iUE=AieiE=`=ae=e~e~aEiEeaoEC=Ao= e(i)= n(i)Io(i)Io(i) r I= . i . I=iUEa== = + + ` mCn nCo oCo = ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ..

. .. = . + + Ci Ci Co o n i I o i Io i Ci Co n n i I o i Io i Ci Cn m n i I o i Io i = 1125. fN=`=aaEe=aa=iUE=no-ea~aE=~aC=OaiEa=Ao=iUE=Eei~iaca= o = N (n)I= iUEa== ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) . . . .. +=.+ A `~ Cn Cn CN

mCn nCo m nIN n n nIN n K== = 1126. deEEae=qUEceEa= + = . . . . . .. . . o` CnCo mCn nCo o m n n I== iUEeE= c m(nIo)a n(nIo)a rrr = + = ae= ~= Acaiaaicie= iEAice= NiaAiaca= iaiU==Acaiaaicie==Naeei=e~eia~a==CEeai~iaiEe= o

m I= n n =aa=~= ecaE= Cca~aa= oI=iUaAU= ae= AciaCEC= Ao= ~= AaceECI= eaEAEiaeE= eacciU=AieiE=`K== = = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 279 1127. ^eE~=cN=~=oEOaca=o=_ciaCEC=Ao=iUE=`ieiE=`= = = . o` nCo oCn O N p CnCo = = 1128. m~iU=faCEeEaCEaAE=cN=iaaE=faiEOe~ae= qUE= aaaE= aaiEOe~a= cN= ~= iEAice= NiaAiaca= c ma na oa

rrrr = + + = ae= e~aC=ic=AE=e~iU=aaCEeEaCEaiI=aN=~aC=caao=aN=mI=nI=~aC=o=~eE= Acaiaaicie= aa= ~=Cca~aa=aI= ~aC= aN= iUEeE= Enaeie= ecaE= eA~a~e= NiaAiaca==i = i(nI oIo)==E~==eA~a~e==eciEaia~aF==aa==a==eiAU=iU~i= c = Oe~C i r I=ce= m n i= I= n o i= I= o o i= K== qUEa== c(e) Ce mCn nCo oCo i(_) i(^)

`` . = + + = . r r r K== = 1129. qEei=Nce=~=`caeEei~iaiE=caEaC= ^=iEAice=NaEaC=cN=iUE=Ncea= c = Oe~C i r =ae=A~aaEC=~=AcaeEei~iaiE= NaEaCK=qUE=aaaE=aaiEOe~a=cN=~=iEAice=NiaAiaca= c ma na oa rrrr =++= ae=e~iU=aaCEeEaCEai=aN=~aC=caao=aN== M mno noo aaa Aiea c r rrr r =

 = K== = fN=iUE=aaaE=aaiEOe~a=ae=i~aEa=aa=no-ea~aE=ec=iU~i== mCn nCo i(_) i(^) ` + = . I== iUEa=iUE=iEei=Nce=CEiEeaaaaaO=aN=~=iEAice=NaEaC=ae=AcaeEei~iaiE= A~a=AE=ieaiiEa=aa=iUE=Ncea== n n o m = K== = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 280 1130. iEaOiU=cN=~=`ieiE= ( )

 .. . .. .+. . . .. +.. . . .. = = = . Ci Ci Co Ci Co Ci Cn i Ci Ci Ce

i Ce OOO ` r I= iUEeE=`=a~=~=eaEAEiaeE=eacciU=AieiE=CEeAeaAEC=Ao=iUE=eceaiaca= iEAice= ( ) i e r I= . i . K= = fN=iUE=AieiE=`=ae=iic-CaaEaeaca~aI=iUEa= ( ) .. . .. +.. . . .. = = = . Ci Ci

Co Ci Cn i Ci Ci Ce i Ce OO ` r K== = fN=iUE=AieiE=`=ae=iUE=Oe~eU=cN=~=NiaAiaca= o = N (n)=aa=iUE=noea~ aE= (~ . n . A)I=iUEa== . . . .. =+. A ~ O Cn Cn Co

i N K== = 1131. iEaOiU=cN=~=`ieiE=aa=mca~e=`cceCaa~iEe= + . . . .. . =eC C Ce iO O I== iUEeE=iUE=AieiE=`=ae=OaiEa=Ao=iUE=Eei~iaca= e = e()I= . . =aa=eca~e=AcceCaa~iEeK=== = 1132. j~ee=cN=~=taeE= = ( ) ` a nI oIo Ce I== iUEeE=(nI oIo)=ae=iUE=a~ee=eEe=iaai=aEaOiU=cN=iUE=iaeEK=

= fN=`=ae=~=AieiE=e~e~aEieaoEC=Ao=iUE=iEAice=NiaAiaca e(i)= n(i)I o(i)I o(i) r I==iUEa==iUE==a~ee==A~a==AE==AcaeiiEC=Ao= iUE=Nceaia~= CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 281 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) .. . .. +.. . . .. +.. . . .. = . Ci Ci Co Ci

Co Ci Cn a n i I o i Io i OOO K== = fN=`=ae=~=AieiE=aa=no-ea~aEI=iUEa=iUE=a~ee=cN=iUE=iaeE=ae=OaiEa= Ao== = ( ) ` a nI o Ce I= ce= ( ) ( ) ( ) .. . .. +.. . . .. = . Ci Ci

Co Ci Cn aniIoi OO =Eaa=e~e~aEieaA=NceaFK= = 1133. `EaiEe=cN=j~ee=cN=~=taeE= a j n oo = I= a j o = no I= a j o no = I= iUEeE== = ( ) ` oo j n nI oIo Ce I== = ( ) ` no j o nI oIo Ce I== = ( )

` no j o nI oIo Ce K= = 1134. jcaEaie=cN=faEeia~= qUE=acaEaie=cN=aaEeia~=~Acii=iUE=n-~naeI=o-~naeI=~aC=o-~nae= ~eE=OaiEa=Ao=iUE=Nceaia~e= = ( + )( ) ` OO n f o o nI oIo Ce I== = ( + )( ) ` OO o f n o nI oIo Ce I== = ( + )( ) ` OO o f n o nI oIo Ce K== = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 282 1135. ^eE~=cN=~=oEOaca=_ciaCEC=Ao=~=`aceEC=`ieiE= = = . = . ``` nCo oCn

O N p nCo oCn K== = = = Figure 205. = fN=iUE=AaceEC=AieiE=`=ae=OaiEa=aa=e~e~aEieaA=Ncea= e(i)= n(i)Io(i) r I=iUEa=iUE=~eE~=A~a=AE=A~aAia~iEC=Ao=iUE=Nceaia~= ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) .. . .. = = . = . . Ci Ci Cn oi

Ci Co ni O N Ci Ci Cn Ci o i Ci Co p n i K== = 1136. scaiaE=cN=~=pcaaC=cceaEC=Ao=oci~iaaO=~=`aceEC=`ieiE= ~Acii=iUE=n-~nae= + = . = . = . ` O `` O OnoCo o Cn O s o Cn O noCo == =

CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 283 = = Figure 206. = 1137. tcea= tcea=CcaE=Ao=~=NceAE=c r =ca=~a=cAaEAi=aciaaO=~acaO=~=AieiE= `=ae=OaiEa=Ao=iUE=aaaE=aaiEOe~a= = . ` t c Ce rr I= iUEeE=c r =ae=iUE=iEAice=NceAE=NaEaC=~AiaaO=ca=iUE=cAaEAiI= Ce r =ae= iUE=iaai=i~aOEai=iEAiceK== = = Figure 207.

CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 284 fN=iUE=cAaEAi=ae=aciEC=~acaO=~=AieiE=`=aa=iUE=no-ea~aEI=iUEa= = . = + `` t c Ce mCn nCo rr I== = fN= ~= e~iU=`= ae= eeEAaNaEC= Ao= ~= e~e~aEiEe= i= Ei= cNiEa= aE~ae= iaaEFI=iUE=Nceaia~=Nce=A~aAia~iaaO=icea=AEAcaEe= ( ( ) ( ) ( )) ( ( ) ( ) ( )) ( ( ) ( ) ( )) CiI Ci Co o n i Io i Io i Ci Co n n i Io i Io i Ci Cn i o I i o I i n m t .. .

. =.++ iUEeE=i=OcEe=Neca= =ic= K== = fN= ~=iEAice= NaEaC=c r = ae= AcaeEei~iaiE= ~aC= i(nIoIo)= ae= ~= eA~a~e= eciEaia~a=cN= iUE= NaEaCI= iUEa= iUE=icea=ca= ~a=cAaEAi=aciaaO= Neca=^=ic=_=A~a=AE=NciaC=Ao=iUE=Nceaia~= t= i(_). i(^)K== = 1138. ^aeEeEe=i~i= _ Ce f M ` . = r r K== qUE=aaaE=aaiEOe~a=cN=~=a~OaEiaA=NaEaC=_ r =~eciaC=~=AaceEC=e~iU= `= ae= Eei~a= ic= iUE= ici~a= AieeEai= f= NaciaaO= iUeciOU= iUE= ~eE~= AciaCEC=Ao=iUE=e~iUK== = = Figure 208. CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 285

1139. c~e~C~oe=i~i= Ci C b Ce ` = . = . r r = = qUE= EaEAiecaciaiE= NceAE= EEaNF= = aaCiAEC= ~eciaC=~=AaceEC= acce=`=ae=Eei~a=ic=iUE=e~iE=cN=iUE=AU~aOE=cN=a~OaEiaA=Nain= = e~eeaaO=iUeciOU=iUE=acceK=== = = = Figure 209. = = = 9.13 Surface Integral = pA~a~e=NiaAiacaeW= N (nIoIo)I= o(nIo)= mceaiaca=iEAiceeW= ( ) i I i e r I= ( ) o I o I n e

r = raai=iEAiceeW=a r I= a r I=a r = pieN~AEW=p= sEAice=NaEaCW= ( ) o I n I m c r = aaiEeOEaAE=cN=~=iEAice=NaEaCW= Cai c c rr =. = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 286 `iea=cN=~=iEAice=NaEaCW= Aiea c c rr =~ == sEAice=EaEaEai=cN=~=eieN~AEW= Cp r = kcea~a=ic=eieN~AEW=a

r = pieN~AE=~eE~W=^= j~ee=cN=~=eieN~AEW=a= aEaeaioW=(nIoIo)= `cceCaa~iEe=cN=AEaiEe=cN=a~eeW= n I= o I= o = caeei=acaEaieW= no j I= oo j I= no j = jcaEaie=cN=aaEeia~W= no f I= oo f I= no f I= n f I= o f I= o f = scaiaE=cN=~=ecaaCW=s= cceAEW=c r = de~iai~iaca~a=Acaei~aiW=d= caiaC=iEacAaioW= i(e) rr = caiaC=CEaeaioW= = meEeeieEW= e(e ) r = j~ee=NainI=EaEAieaA=NainW= = pieN~AE=AU~eOEW=n= `U~eOE=CEaeaioW=(nIo)= j~OaaiiCE=cN=iUE=EaEAieaA=NaEaCW=b r

= = = 1140. pieN~AE=faiEOe~a=cN=~=pA~a~e=ciaAiaca= iEi=~=eieN~AE=p=AE=OaiEa=Ao=iUE=eceaiaca=iEAice= e(iIi) n(iIi)a o(iIi)a o(iIi)a r r r r = + + I== iUEeE= (iIi)= e~aOEe= ciEe= ecaE= Cca~aa= a(iIi)= cN= iUE= iiea~ aEK= qUE==eieN~AE==aaiEOe~a==cN==~==eA~a~e=NiaAiaca== N (nIoIo)=ciEe= iUE=eieN~AE=p=ae=CENaaEC=~e== ( ) ( ( ) ( ) ( )) () ~ = p a iIi CiCi i e i e

N nI oIo Cp N n iI i I o iI i Io iI i rr I== iUEeE=iUE=e~eia~a=CEeai~iaiEe= i e r =~aC= i e r =~eE=OaiEa=Ao== CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 287 ( ) ( ) (iIi)a i o iIi a i o iIi a i n

i errrr + + = I== ( ) ( ) (iIi)a i o iIi a i o iIi a i n i errrr

 + + = = ~aC= i e i e ~ r r =ae=iUE=Aecee=eecCiAiK== = 1141. fN==iUE==eieN~AE==p==ae==OaiEa=Ao==iUE=Eei~iaca= o = o(nIo)=iUEeE=

o(nIo)==ae==~==CaNNEeEaia~AaE==NiaAiaca==aa=iUE=Cca~aa=a(nI o)I= iUEa== ( ) ( ( )) () . . . . . .. . +. . . .. . =+ a nIo OO p CnCo o o

n o N nI oIo Cp N nI oIo nI o N K== = 1142. pieN~AE=faiEOe~a=cN=iUE=sEAice=caEaC=c r =ciEe=iUE=pieN~AE=p= . fN=p=ae=ceaEaiEC=ciii~eCI=iUEa== ===== ( ). = ( ). pp c nIoIo Cp c nIoIo aCp rrrr = ====== ( ( ) ( ) ( )) () .. . .. ~ =. a iIi

CiCi i e i e c n iIi Io iIi Io iIi rrr K== = . fN=p=ae=ceaEaiEC=aai~eCI=iUEa== ===== ( ). = ( ). pp c nIoIo Cp c nIoIo aCp rrrr = ====== ( ( ) ( ) ( )) () .. . . . ~

 =. a iIi CiCi i e i e c n iIi Io iIi Io iIi rrr K== = Cp aCp rr = ==ae==A~aaEC==iUE==iEAice=EaEaEai=cN=iUE=eieN~AEK==aci= aE~ae= = iUE= = eA~a~e= = eecCiAi= = cN= = iUE= = ~eeeceea~iE= = iEAiceeK= qUE=e~eia~a=CEeai~iaiEe= i e r =~aC== i e

r =~eE=OaiEa=Ao== CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 288 ( ) ( ) (iIi) a i o iIi a i o iIi a i n i errrr . .+ .+ =

 I== ( ) ( ) (iIi) a i o iIi a i o iIi a i n i errrr . .+ .+ =

 K== = 1143. fN==iUE==eieN~AE==p==ae==OaiEa=Ao=iUE=Eei~iaca= o = o(nIo)I=iUEeE= o(nIo)==ae==~==CaNNEeEaia~AaE==NiaAiaca==aa==iUE=Cca~aa=a(nIo)I= iUEa== . fN= p= ae=ceaEaiEC= iei~eCI= aKEK= iUE= a-iU= AcaecaEai= cN= iUE= acea~a=iEAice=ae=eceaiaiEI=iUEa=== ===== ( ). = ( ). pp c nIoIo Cp c nIoIo aCp rrrr = ====== ( ) () . . . . . .. . + .

 =.. a nIo a a CnCo o o a n o c nIoIo rrrr I== = . fN=p=ae=ceaEaiEC=Cciai~eCI=aKEK=iUE=a-iU=AcaecaEai=cN=iUE= acea~a=iEAice=ae=aEO~iaiEI=iUEa=== ===== ( ). = ( ). pp c nIoIo Cp c nIoIo aCp rrrr ====== ( ) () . . . . . ..

. . + =. a nIo a a CnCo o o a n o c nIoIo rrrr K== = 1144. ( . ) = + + pp c a Cp mCoCo nCoCn oCnCo rr = = ( + + )

p mAce nAce o Ace Cp I== iUEeE= m(nIoIo)I=n(nIoIo)I= o(nIoIo)=~eE=iUE=AcaecaEaie=cN= iUE=iEAice= NaEaC= c r K== Ace I= Ace I= Ace ==~eE=iUE= ~aOaEe= AEiiEEa=iUE=ciiEe=iaai= acea~a=iEAice=a r =~aC=iUE=n-~naeI=o-~naeI=~aC=o-~naeI=eEeeEAiaiEaoK= = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 289 1145. fN=iUE=eieN~AE=p=ae=OaiEa=aa=e~e~aEieaA=Ncea=Ao=iUE=iEAice= ()()()()iIioIiIioIiIine r I==iUEa==iUE==a~iiEe=Nceaia~=A~a=AE= ieaiiEa=~e== () () CiCiI i o i o

i n i o i o i n mno c a Cp mCoCo nCoCn oCnCo p p a iIi .=++=rr

iUEeE= (iIi)= e~aOEe= ciEe= ecaE= Cca~aa= a(iIi)= cN= iUE= iiea~ aEK= = 1146. aaiEeOEaAE=qUEceEa= . = (. ) pd c Cp c Cs rrr I== iUEeE== c(nIoIo)= m(nIoIo)In(nIoIo)I o(nIoIo) r === ae==~==iEAice==NaEaC==iUceE==AcaecaEaie==mI==nI==~aC==o==U~iE== Acaiaaicie=e~eia~a=CEeai~iaiEeI== o o o n n m c +

 + . = r == ae==iUE==CaiEeOEaAE==cN==c r I==~aec==CEaciEC== Caic r K==qUE==eoaAca= =aaCaA~iEe==iU~i=iUE=eieN~AE=aaiEOe~a=ae=i~aEa=ciEe=~=AaceEC= eieN~AEK== = 1147. aaiEeOEaAE=qUEceEa=aa=`cceCaa~iE=ccea= . . . . . .. . +

 + ++= pd CnCoCo o o o n n m mCoCo nCnCo oCnCo K== = 1148. picaEe=qUEceEa= . = (~ ). `p c Ce c Cp rrrr I== CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 290 iUEeE==

c(nIoIo)= m(nIoIo)In(nIoIo)I o(nIoIo) r === ae==~=iEAice==NaEaC==iUceE==AcaecaEaie==mI==nI==~aC=o==U~iE= Acaiaaicie=e~eia~a=CEeai~iaiEeI== a o m n n a n o o m a o n o o mno nnn aaa c rrr

rrr r . .. . . .. . . +. . . .. . . +.. . . . ..

. . = ~ = ae=iUE=Aiea=cN=c r I=~aec=CEaciEC= Aiea c r K== qUE=eoaAca== =aaCaA~iEe=iU~i=iUE=aaaE=aaiEOe~a=ae=i~aEa=ciEe= ~=AaceEC=AieiEK== = 1149. picaEe=qUEceEa=aa=`cceCaa~iE=ccea= + + `

mCn nCo oCo = . . . . . .. . . +. . . .. . . +.. . . . .. .

 . = p CnCo o m n n CoCn n o o m CoCo o n o o == 1150. pieN~AE=^eE~= =

p ^ Cp= = 1151. fN=iUE=eieN~AE=p=ae=e~e~aEiEeaoEC=Ao=iUE=iEAice== e(iIi) n(iIi)a o(iIi)a o(iIi)a r r r r = + + I== iUEa=iUE=eieN~AE=~eE~=ae== () ~ = a iIi CiCi i e i e ^ rr I== iUEeE== ( ) i I i a ==ae==iUE==Cca~aa==iUEeE==iUE=eieN~AE= ( ) i I i e r

=ae= CENaaECK== = CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 291 1152. fN=p=ae=OaiEa=EneaaAaiao=Ao=iUE=NiaAiaca= o(nIo)I==iUEa==iUE==eieN~ AE=~eE~=ae== () . . . . . .. . +. . . .. . =+ a n Io OO

CnCo o o n o ^ N I== iUEeE=a(nIo)=ae=iUE=eecaEAiaca=cN=iUE=eieN~AE=p=caic=iUE=noea~ aEK== = 1153. j~ee=cN=~=pieN~AE= = ( ) p a nIoIo CpI== iUEeE= (nIoIo)= ae= iUE=a~ee= eEe= iaai= ~eE~= = ECEaeaio= NiaAiacaFK= = 1154. `EaiEe=cN=j~ee=cN=~=pUEaa= a j n oo = I= a j o = no I= a j o no = I==

iUEeE== = ( ) p oo j n nIoIo Cp I== = ( ) p no j o nIoIo Cp I== = ( ) p no j o nIoIo Cp = ~eE==iUE==Naeei==acaEaie==~Acii===iUE=AcceCaa~iE=ea~aEe= n = M I= o = M I= o = M I==eEeeEAiaiEaoK==(nIoIo)=ae=iUE=CEaeaio=NiaAiacaK= = 1155. jcaEaie=cN=faEeia~=~Acii=iUE=no-ea~aE=Ece= o = M FI==oo-ea~aE== E n = M FI=~aC=no-ea~aE=E o = M F= = ( ) p O no f o nIoIo Cp I== = ( ) p O oo f n nIoIo Cp I== CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 292

= ( ) p O no f o nIoIo CpK= = 1156. jcaEaie=cN=faEeia~=~Acii=iUE=n-~naeI=o-~naeI=~aC=o-~nae= = ( + )( ) p OO n f o o nIoIo Cp I== = ( + )( ) p OO o f n o nIoIo Cp I== = ( + )( ) p OO o f n o nIoIo Cp K== = 1157. scaiaE=cN=~=pcaaC=_ciaCEC=Ao=~=`aceEC=pieN~AE= = + + p nCoCo oCnCo oCnCo P N

s == = 1158. de~iai~iaca~a=cceAE= = ( ) p P Cp e e c da nIoIo rr I= iUEeE=a=ae=~=a~ee=~i=~=ecaai= M M M n Io Io =ciieaCE=iUE=eieN~AEI== M M M e = n . n Io . o Io . o r I== (nIoIo)=ae=iUE=CEaeaio=NiaAiacaI== ~aC=d=ae=Oe~iai~iaca~a=Acaei~aiK= = 1159. meEeeieE=cceAE= = ( ) p c e e Cp rrr I== iUEeE=iUE=eeEeeieE== e(e) r

==~Aie==ca==iUE==eieN~AE==p==OaiEa==Ao= iUE=eceaiaca=iEAice=e r K= = 1160. caiaC=cain=E~Aecee=iUE=eieN~AE=pF= = ( ). p i e Cp rrr I== CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 293 iUEeE= i(e ) rr =ae=iUE=NaiaC=iEacAaioK= == 1161. j~ee=cain=E~Aecee=iUE=eieN~AE=pF= = ( ). p i e Cp rrr I== iUEeE=c i rr

= =ae=iUE=iEAice=NaEaCI= =ae=iUE=NaiaC=CEaeaioK= = 1162. pieN~AE=`U~eOE= = ( ) p n nIo Cp I== iUEeE=(nIo)=ae=iUE=eieN~AE=AU~eOE=CEaeaioK= = 1163. d~iee=i~i= qUE=EaEAieaA=Nain=iUeciOU=~ao=AaceEC=eieN~AE=ae=eececeiaca~a= ic=iUE=AU~eOE=n=EaAaceEC=Ao=iUE=eieN~AE= pM n b Cp = . = rr I== iUEeE== =ae=iUE=EaEAieaA=NainI== br =ae=iUE=a~OaaiiCE=cN=iUE=EaEAieaA=NaEaC=eieEaOiUI= a c UIUR NM NO

M = ~ . =ae=eEeaaiiaiaio=cN=NeEE=ee~AEK== = = 294 Chapter 10 Differential Equations = = = = ciaAiacae=cN=caE=i~ea~AaEW=oI=eI=eI=iI=OI=UI=dI=eI=eI=o== ^eOiaEaie=EaaCEeEaCEai=i~ea~AaEeFW=nI=o= ciaAiacae=cN=iic=i~ea~AaEeW= N (nIo)I=j(nIo)I=k(nIo)= caeei=ceCEe=CEeai~iaiEW= o I= i I= o& I= Ci Co I== pEAcaC=ceCEe=CEeai~iaiEeW= o I= &o& I= O O Ci Cf I== m~eia~a=CEeai~iaiEeW= i

i I= O O n i I== k~iie~a=aiaAEeW=a= m~eiaAia~e=ecaiiacaeW= N o I= e o = oE~a=aiaAEeeW=aI=iI=`I= N ` I= O ` I=eI=eI= I= = occie=cN=iUE=AU~e~AiEeaeiaA=Eei~iacaeW= N I= O = qaaEW=i= qEaeEe~iieEW=qI=p= mceia~iaca=NiaAiacaW=m(i)== j~ee=cN=~a=cAaEAiW=a= piaNNaEee=cN=~=eeeaaOW=a= aaeea~AEaEai=cN=iUE=a~ee=Neca=EeiaaaAeaiaW=o= ^aeaaiiCE=cN=iUE=Caeea~AEaEaiW=^= ceEeiEaAoW= = a~aeaaO=AcENNaAaEaiW= = mU~eE=~aOaE=cN=iUE=Caeea~AEaEaiW= = ^aOia~e=Caeea~AEaEaiW= =

mEaCiaia=aEaOiUW=i= CHAPTER 10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 295 ^AAEaEe~iaca=cN=Oe~iaioW=O= `ieeEaiW=f= oEeaei~aAEW=o= faCiAi~aAEW=i= `~e~Aai~aAEW=`= = = 10.1 First Order Ordinary Differential Equations = 1164. iaaE~e=bei~iacae= e(n)o e(n) Cn Co + = K== = qUE=OEaEe~a=ecaiiaca=ae== ()() i(n) i n e n Cn ` o + = I==

iUEeE== i(n)= Ene(e(n)Cn)K= = 1165. pEe~e~AaE=bei~iacae= N (nIo) O(n)U(o) Cn Co = = = = qUE=OEaEe~a=ecaiiaca=ae=OaiEa=Ao= ( ) O(n)Cn ` Uo Co = + I== ce= e(o)=d(n)+` K= = = = CHAPTER 10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 296 1166. ecacOEaEcie=bei~iacae= qUE= CaNNEeEaia~a= Eei~iaca= N (nI o) Cn Co = = ae= UcacOEaEcieI= aN= iUE=NiaAiaca= N (nIo)=ae=UcacOEaEcieI=iU~i=ae== N (inIio)= N (nIo)K==

= qUE=eiAeiaiiiaca= n o o = =EiUEa= o = on F=aE~Ce=ic=iUE=eEe~e~AaE= Eei~iaca= o N (NIo) Cn Co n + = K== = 1167. _Eeaciaaa=bei~iaca= ()()aenoeno Cn Co + = K== = qUE=eiAeiaiiiaca= N a o o = . =aE~Ce=ic=iUE=aaaE~e=Eei~iaca== (N a)e(n)o (N a)e(n) Cn Co + . = . K== = 1168. oaAA~ia=bei~iaca= ()()()Oenenoeno Cn Co = + + =

= fN=~=e~eiaAia~e=ecaiiaca= N o =ae=aaciaI=iUEa=iUE=OEaEe~a=ecaiiaca= A~a=AE=cAi~aaEC=iaiU=iUE=UEae=cN=eiAeiaiiiaca= Noo N o . = I=iUaAU=aE~Ce=ic=iUE=Naeei=ceCEe=aaaE~e=Eei~iaca== [e(n) Oo e(n)]o e(n) Cn Co N = . + . K== = = = CHAPTER 10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 297 1169. bn~Ai=~aC=kcaEn~Ai=bei~iacae= qUE=Eei~iaca== j(nIo)Cn +k(nIo)Co = M == ae=A~aaEC=En~Ai=aN== n k o j

 = I== ~aC=acaEn~Ai=ciUEeiaeEK= = qUE=OEaEe~a=ecaiiaca=ae== j(nIo)Cn + k(nIo)Co = ` K== = 1170. o~Cac~AiaiE=aEA~o= ao Ci Co = . I== iUEeE= o(i)=ae=iUE=~aciai=cN=e~Cac~AiaiE=EaEaEai=~i=iaaE=iI=a= ae=iUE=e~iE=cN=CEA~oK== = qUE=ecaiiaca=ae== ( ) ai Mo i o E= . I=iUEeE= o o(M) M = =ae=iUE=aaaia~a=~aciaiK= = 1171. kEiicae=i~i=cN=`ccaaaO= a(q p) Ci

Cq = . . I== iUEeE= q(i)=ae=iUE=iEaeEe~iieE=cN=~a=cAaEAi=~i=iaaE=iI=p=ae=iUE= iEaeEe~iieE=cN= iUE= eieeciaCaaO= EaiaecaaEaiI=a= ae= ~= eceaiaiE= Acaei~aiK== = qUE=ecaiiaca=ae= ( ) ( ) ai M q i p q p E= + . . I== iUEeE= q q(M) M = = ae= iUE= aaaia~a= iEaeEe~iieE= cN= iUE= cAaEAi= ~i= iaaE= i = M K== = = CHAPTER 10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 298 1172. mceia~iaca=aoa~aaAe=EicOaeiaA=jcCEaF= .. . .. =.. j m am N Ci Cm I==

iUEeE= m(i)=ae=eceia~iaca=~i=iaaE=iI=a=ae=~=eceaiaiE=Acaei~aiI= j=ae=~=aaaaiaaO=eaoE=Nce=iUE=eceia~iacaK== = qUE=ecaiiaca=cN=iUE=CaNNEeEaia~a=Eei~iaca=ae== ( ) ( ) ai MM M mjmE jm mi+.. = I=iUEeE=m m(M) M = =ae=iUE=aaaia~a=eceia~ iaca=~i=iaaE= i = M K=== = = = 10.2 Second Order Ordinary Differential Equations = 1173. ecacOEaEcie=iaaE~e=bei~iacae=iaiU=`caei~ai=`cENNaAaEaie== o + eo + eo = M K== qUE=AU~e~AiEeaeiaA=Eei~iaca=ae== e e M O + + = K== = fN= N = ~aC= O = ~eE= CaeiaaAi= eE~a= eccie= cN= iUE= AU~e~AiEeaeiaA= Eei~iacaI=iUEa=iUE=OEaEe~a=ecaiiaca=ae==

n O n N o ` E N ` E O = + I=iUEeE== N ` =~aC= O ` =~eE=aaiEOe~iaca=Acaei~aieK== == fN= O e N O = = . I=iUEa=iUE=OEaEe~a=ecaiiaca=ae== ()n O e NOo``nE . = + K== = fN= N =~aC= O =~eE=AcaeaEn=aiaAEeeW= CHAPTER 10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 299 N = +a I= a O = . I=iUEeE== O = . e I= O Qe e. O

 = I== iUEa=iUE=OEaEe~a=ecaiiaca=ae== o E (` Ace n ` eaa n) N O = n + K== = 1174. faUcacOEaEcie=iaaE~e=bei~iacae=iaiU=`caei~ai======================= `cENNaAaEaie== o + eo + eo = N (n)K== = qUE=OEaEe~a=ecaiiaca=ae=OaiEa=Ao== e U o = o + o I=iUEeE== e o =ae==~=e~eiaAia~e==ecaiiaca=cN==iUE=aaUcacOEaEcie=Eei~iaca= ~aC= U o =ae=iUE=OEaEe~a=ecaiiaca=cN=iUE=~eecAa~iEC=UcacOEaEcie= Eei~iaca=EeEE=iUE=eeEiacie=iceaA=NNTPFK= = fN=iUE=eaOUi=eaCE=U~e=iUE=Ncea== N (n) E (m (n)Ace n m (n)eaa n) N N = n + I== iUEa=iUE==e~eiaAia~e=ecaiiaca= e o =ae=OaiEa=Ao== o n E (o (n)Ace n o (n)eaa n) N O an e = + I== iUEeE= iUE=ecaoacaa~ae= o (n) N =~aC= o (n) O =U~iE= ic=AE= NciaC= Ao=ieaaO=iUE=aEiUcC=cN=iaCEiEeaaaEC=AcENNaAaEaieK== . fN= +a =ae=aci=~=ecci=cN=iUE=AU~e~AiEeaeiaA=Eei~iacaI=iUEa=

iUE=eciEe= a = M I= . fN= + a =ae=~=eaaeaE=ecciI=iUEa= a =NI= . fN= + a =ae=~=CciAaE=ecciI=iUEa= a = O K== = 1175. aaNNEeEaia~a=bei~iacae=iaiU=o=jaeeaaO= o = N (nIo)K== pEi=i = o K=qUEa=iUE=aEi=Eei~iaca=e~iaeNaEC=Ao=i=ae== i = N (nIi)I== iUaAU=ae=~=Naeei=ceCEe=CaNNEeEaia~a=Eei~iacaK= CHAPTER 10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 300 1176. aaNNEeEaia~a=bei~iacae=iaiU=n=jaeeaaO= o = N (oIo)K== pEi=i = o K=paaAE== Co Ci i Cn Co Co Ci Cn Ci o = = = I== iE=U~iE=

N (oIi) Co Ci i = I== iUaAU=ae=~=Naeei=ceCEe=CaNNEeEaia~a=Eei~iacaK== = 1177. ceEE=raC~aeEC=saAe~iacae= qUE=aciaca=cN=~=j~ee=ca=~=peeaaO=ae=CEeAeaAEC=Ao=iUE=Eei~iaca== a&o& + ao = MI== iUEeE== a=ae=iUE=a~ee=cN=iUE=cAaEAiI= a=ae=iUE=eiaNNaEee=cN=iUE=eeeaaOI= o=ae=Caeea~AEaEai=cN=iUE=a~ee=Neca=EeiaaaAeaiaK= = qUE=OEaEe~a=ecaiiaca=ae== o = ^Ace( i . ) M I== iUEeE== ^=ae=iUE=~aeaaiiCE=cN=iUE=Caeea~AEaEaiI= M =ae=iUE=NiaC~aEai~a=NeEeiEaAoI=iUE=eEeacC=ae= M O q

= I= =ae=eU~eE=~aOaE=cN=iUE=Caeea~AEaEaiK= qUae=ae=~a=En~aeaE=cN=eaaeaE=U~eacaaA=aciacaK== = 1178. ceEE=a~aeEC=saAe~iacae= a&o& + o& + ao = M I=iUEeE== =ae=iUE=C~aeaaO=AcENNaAaEaiK== qUEeE=~eE=P=A~eEe=Nce=iUE=OEaEe~a=ecaiiacaW= = CHAPTER 10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 301 `~eE=NK Qaa O > =EciEeC~aeECF= o(i) ^E Ni _E Oi = + I== iUEeE== Oa Qaa O N . . . = I= Oa Qaa O O . + . = K== =

`~eE=OK= Qaa O = EAeaiaA~aao=C~aeECF= ( ) ( ) i o i ^ _i E= + I== iUEeE== Oa = . K= = `~eE=PK= Qaa O < =EiaCEeC~aeECF== ( )= ( . ) . o i E ^Ace i i Oa I=iUEeE== O = Qaa. K== = 1179. paaeaE=mEaCiaia= M i O Ci C O O + =

 I= iUEeE= = ae= iUE= ~aOia~e= Caeea~AEaEaiI= i= ae= iUE= eEaCiaia= aEaOiUI=O=ae=iUE=~AAEaEe~iaca=cN=Oe~iaioK= = qUE=OEaEe~a=ecaiiaca=Nce=ea~aa=~aOaEe= =ae== ()i i O i eaa a~n = I=iUE=eEeacC=ae= O i q = O K== = 1180. oi`=`aeAiai= f s (i) b Ace( i) ` N Ci Cf o Ci Cf iOM O

+ + = = I= CHAPTER 10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 302 iUEeE=f=ae=iUE=AieeEai=aa=~a=oi`=AaeAiai=iaiU=~a=~A=icai~OE= ecieAE= s(i) b eaa( i) M = K=== = qUE=OEaEe~a=ecaiiaca=ae== f(i)= ` E +` E + ^eaa(i . .) e i O ei N N O I= iUEeE== Oi ` Qi oo e O NI O . } . = I== OO O O

M o ` N i b ^ + . . . .. . . = I== .. . .. . . .= o` N o

i ~eAi~a I== N ` I= O ` =~eE=Acaei~aie=CEeEaCaaO=ca=aaaia~a=AcaCaiacaeK= = = = 10.3. Some Partial Differential Equations = 1181. qUE=i~ea~AE=bei~iaca= M o i n i O O O O = + =

~eeaaEe=ic=eciEaia~a=EaEeOo=NiaAiaca= i(nIo)==Nce==~==AcaeEei~ iaiE= NceAE= NaEaC= aa= iUE=no-ea~aEK=m~eia~a=CaNNEeEaia~a=Eei~iacae=cN=iUae=ioeE=~eE=A~aaEC=EaaaeiaAK== = 1182. qUE=eE~i=bei~iaca= i i o i n i O O O O = + = CHAPTER 10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

303 ~eeaaEe= ic= iUE= iEaeEe~iieE= CaeieaAiiaca= i(nIo)= aa= iUE= noea~ aE=iUEa=UE~i=ae=~aaciEC=ic=Naci=Neca=i~ea=~eE~e=ic=Acca= caEeK=qUE=Eei~iacae=cN=iUae=ioeE=~eE=A~aaEC=e~e~AcaaAK== = 1183. qUE=t~iE=bei~iaca= O O O O O O i i o i n i = +

 = ~eeaaEe=ic=iUE=Caeea~AEaEai= i(nIo)=cN=iaAe~iaaO=aEaAe~aEe= ~aC= ciUEe= i~iE= NiaAiacaeK= qUE= Eei~iacae= cN= iUae= ioeE= ~eE= A~aaEC=UoeEeAcaaAK== = = 304 Chapter 11 Series = = = = 11.1 Arithmetic Series = faaia~a=iEeaW= N ~ = kiU=iEeaW= a ~ = aaNNEeEaAE=AEiiEEa=eiAAEeeaiE=iEeaeW=C= kiaAEe=cN=iEeae=aa=iUE=eEeaEeW=a= pia=cN=iUE=Naeei=a=iEeaeW= a p = = = 1184. ~ ~ C ~ OC ~ (a N)C a a N a O N = + = + = = + . . . K = =

1185. N a O a N a a N a ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ + . + = + =K= + = = 1186. O ~~ ~aNaN a .++ == = 1187. () a O O~ a N C a O ~~ pNaN a. +. .= + == =

= = = = CHAPTER 11. SERIES 305 11.2 Geometric Series = faaia~a=iEeaW= N ~ = kiU=iEeaW= a ~ = `caaca=e~iacW=e= kiaAEe=cN=iEeae=aa=iUE=eEeaEeW=a= pia=cN=iUE=Naeei=a=iEeaeW= a p = pia=ic=aaNaaaioW=p= = = 1188. a N a a N N~ e~ ~ e . .=== = 1189. N a O a N a a N a ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ + . . = . =K= . = = 1190. a a N a N ~ ~ . ~ + = . = = 1191. ( )

eN ~eN eN ~e~ p a aNN a. . = . . == = 1192. Ne ~ p aaap N a a. == = cce= e <NI=iUE=eia=p=AcaiEeOEe=~e=a K= =

= = 11.3 Some Finite Series = kiaAEe=cN=iEeae=aa=iUE=eEeaEeW=a= = = CHAPTER 11. SERIES 306 1193. () O aaN NOPa + + + +K+ = = = 1194. O + Q + S +K+ Oa = a(a +N)= = 1195. ( ) O N+ P + R +K+ Oa .N = a = = 1196. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) O a Oa a N aaNaOaaN

+. + + + + +K+ + . = = = 1197. ( )( ) S a a N Oa N N O P aO O O O + + + + +K+ = = = 1198. ()O PPPP O aaN a P O N .. . . .+ + + +K+ = = = 1199. ( ) ( ) P a Qa N N P R Oa N

O OOOO. + + +K+ . = = = 1200. N P R (Oa N) a (Oa N) P + P + P +K+ . P = O O . = = 1201. O O N U N Q N O N N a + + + +K+ +K= = = 1202. ( ) N aaN N PQ N OP N NO

N+= + ++ . + . + . KK= = 1203. ( ) E aN> N P> N O> N N> N N+= . + + + +K+ K = = = =

CHAPTER 11. SERIES 307 11.4 Infinite Series = pEeiEaAEW={ } a ~ = caeei=iEeaW= N ~ = kiU=iEeaW= a ~ = = = 1204. faNaaaiE=pEeaEe= K K + + + + = = NOa aN a~~~~= = 1205. kiU=m~eia~a=pia= NOa a aN a a ~ ~ ~ ~ p + + + = == K= = 1206. `caiEeOEaAE=cN=faNaaaiE=pEeaEe= ~i

aN a = = I=aN= aaap i a a = = = 1207. kiU=qEea=qEei= . fN=iUE=eEeaEe= a=N a ~ ae=AcaiEeOEaiI=iUEa= aaa~ M a a = K== . fN= aaa~ M a a I=iUEa=iUE=eEeaEe=ae=CaiEeOEaiK= = = =

11.5 Properties of Convergent Series = `caiEeOEai=pEeaEeW= ~ ^ aN a = = I= A _ aN a = = = oE~a=aiaAEeW=A= CHAPTER 11. SERIES 308 1208. (~ A ) ~ A ^ _ aN a aN a aN a a + = + = + = =

= = = 1209. A~ A ~ A^ aN a aN a = = = = K== = = = 11.6 Convergence Tests = 1210. qUE=`cae~eaeca=qEei= iEi= a=N a ~ =~aC= a=N a A =AE=eEeaEe=eiAU=iU~i= a a M < ~ . A =Nce=~aa=aK== . fN= a=N

a A ae=AcaiEeOEai=iUEa= a=N a ~ ae=~aec=AcaiEeOEaiK== . fN= a=N a ~ ae=CaiEeOEai=iUEa= a=N a A ae=~aec=CaiEeOEaiK= = 1211. qUE=iaaai=`cae~eaeca=qEei= iEi= a=N a ~ =~aC= a=N a A =AE=eEeaEe=eiAU=iU~i= a ~ =~aC= a A =~eE=eceaiaiE= Nce=~aa=aK== . fN= < < a a aA ~ aaa M = iUEa= a=N a ~ =~aC=

a=N a A ~eE= EaiUEe= AciU= AcaiEeOEai=ce=AciU=CaiEeOEaiK= . fN= M A ~ aaa a a a = =iUEa= a=N a A AcaiEeOEai=aaeaaEe=iU~i= a=N a ~ =ae= ~aec=AcaiEeOEaiK= CHAPTER 11. SERIES 309 . fN= = a a aA

~ aaa =iUEa= a=N a A CaiEeOEai=aaeaaEe=iU~i= a=N a ~ =ae= ~aec=CaiEeOEaiK= = 1212. e-eEeaEe= e-eEeaEe= a=N ea N =AcaiEeOEe=Nce= e >N=~aC=CaiEeOEe=Nce= M < e .NK= = 1213. qUE=faiEOe~a=qEei= iEi= N (n)= AE= ~= NiaAiaca=iUaAU= ae= AcaiaaicieI= eceaiaiEI= ~aC= CEAeE~eaaO=Nce=~aa= n .NK=qUE=eEeaEe== ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) K K + + + + + = = NaNNNONPNa aN = AcaiEeOEe=aN= ( )

 N N n Cn AcaiEeOEeI=~aC=CaiEeOEe=aN= ( ) a N N n Cn =~e=a K= = 1214. qUE=o~iac=qEei= iEi= a=N a ~ =AE=~=eEeaEe=iaiU=eceaiaiE=iEeaeK= . fN= N ~ ~ aaa a aN a +< =iUEa= a=N a ~ ae=AcaiEeOEaiK= . fN= N

~ ~ aaa a aN a +> =iUEa= a=N a ~ =ae=CaiEeOEaiK= . fN= N ~ ~ aaa a aN a += = iUEa= a=N a ~ =a~o= AcaiEeOE=ce=CaiEeOE=~aC= iUE= e~iac= iEei= ae= aaAcaAaieaiEX= ecaE= ciUEe= iEeie=aiei= AE= ieECK==

= CHAPTER 11. SERIES 310 1215. qUE=occi=qEei= iEi= a=N a ~ =AE=~=eEeaEe=iaiU=eceaiaiE=iEeaeK= . fN= aaaa ~ N a a < =iUEa= a=N a ~ =ae=AcaiEeOEaiK= . fN= aaaa ~ N a a > =iUEa= a=N a ~ =ae=CaiEeOEaiK= . fN= aaaa ~ N a

a = = iUEa= a=N a ~ =a~o=AcaiEeOE=ce=CaiEeOEI=Aii= ac=AcaAaieaca=A~a=AE=Ce~ia=Neca=iUae=iEeiK= = = = 11.7 Alternating Series = 1216. qUE=^aiEea~iaaO=pEeaEe=qEei=EiEaAaaoe=qUEceEaF= = iEi={ } a ~ =AE=~=eEeiEaAE=cN=eceaiaiE=aiaAEee=eiAU=iU~i= a N a ~ < ~ + =Nce=~aa=aK= aaa~ M a a = K== qUEa= iUE= ~aiEea~iaaO= eEeaEe= ( ) = . aN

a a ~ N = ~aC= ( ) = .. aN a a NN ~ = AciU=AcaiEeOEK==== = 1217. ^AecaiiE=`caiEeOEaAE= . ^= eEeaEe= a=N a ~ = ae= ~AecaiiEao= AcaiEeOEai= aN= iUE= eEeaEe= a=N a ~ =ae=AcaiEeOEaiK== CHAPTER 11. SERIES 311 . fN=iUE=eEeaEe= a=N a ~ ae=~AecaiiEao=AcaiEeOEai=iUEa=ai=ae=AcaiEeOEaiK= = 1218. `caCaiaca~a=`caiEeOEaAE= ^= eEeaEe= a=N

a ~ ae= AcaCaiaca~aao= AcaiEeOEai= aN= iUE= eEeaEe= ae= AcaiEeOEai=Aii=ae=aci=~AecaiiEao=AcaiEeOEaiK= = = = 11.8 Power Series = oE~a=aiaAEeeW=nI= M n = mciEe=eEeaEeW= a=M a an ~ I= ( ) = . aM a aM~nn= tUcaE=aiaAEeW=a= o~Caie=cN=`caiEeOEaAEW=o= = 1219. mciEe=pEeaEe=aa=n= K K + + + + + = = a a

O MNO aM a a~n~~n~n~n= = 1220. mciEe=pEeaEe=aa= ( ) M n . n = ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) K K + . + + . + . + = . = a aM O MNMOM aM a aM~nn~~nn~nn~nn = 1221. faiEei~a=cN=`caiEeOEaAE=== qUE=eEi=cN=iUceE=i~aiEe=cN=n=Nce=iUaAU=iUE=NiaAiaca= ( ) ( ) = =. aM a a M N n ~ n n =ae=AcaiEeOEai=ae=A~aaEC==iUE==aaiEei~a=cN=

AcaiEeOEaAEK= CHAPTER 11. SERIES 312 1222. o~Caie=cN=`caiEeOEaAE= fN=iUE=aaiEei~a=cN=AcaiEeOEaAE=ae== (n oI n o) M M . + ==Nce==ecaE= o . M I=iUE=o=ae=A~aaEC==iUE=e~Caie=cN=AcaiEeOEaAEK==fi=ae=OaiEa= ~e= a a a~ N o aaa = =ce= aN a a~ ~ o aaa + = K== = = =

11.9 Differentiation and Integration of Power Series = `caiaaicie=NiaAiacaW= N (n)= mciEe=eEeaEeW= a=M a a~ n = tUcaE=aiaAEeW=a= o~Caie=cN=`caiEeOEaAEW=o= = = 1223. aaNNEeEaia~iaca=cN=mciEe=pEeaEe= iEi= ( ) K + + + = = = O MNO aM a a N n ~ n ~ ~ n ~ n =Nce= n < oK== qUEaI= = Nce= n < oI= N (n)= ae= AcaiaaicieI= iUE=CEeai~iaiE= N (n)= Enaeie=~aC= ( )= + + O +K M N O~ n Cn

C ~n Cn C ~ Cn C Nn= = =+++=. aN aN a O N O P ~ O~ n P~ n K a~ n K= = = = CHAPTER 11. SERIES 313 1224. faiEOe~iaca=cN=mciEe=pEeaEe= iEi= ( ) K + + + = = = O

MNO aM a a N n ~ n ~ ~ n ~ n =Nce= n < oK== qUEaI==Nce= n < oI=iUE=aaCENaaaiE=aaiEOe~a= N (n)Cn Enaeie=~aC== N (n)Cn = ~ Cn + ~ nCn + ~ n Cn +K O MNO= ` aN n ~ P n ~ O n ~n~ aM aN a P O O MN+ +

= + + + = = + K K= = = = 11.10 Taylor and Maclaurin Series = tUcaE=aiaAEeW=a= aaNNEeEaia~AaE=NiaAiacaW= N (n)= oEa~aaCEe=iEeaW= a o = = = 1225. q~oace=pEeaEe= ( ) ( )( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) +K . = + . + . = = O> N~n~ N~N~n~ a>

n~ NnN~ O aM a a == ( )( )( ) a aa o a> N~n~+ . + K== = 1226. qUE=oEa~aaCEe=^NiEe=aHN=qEeae=ae=OaiEa=Ao== ( )( )( ) (a N)> Nn~ o aNaN a+ . =

++ I=== ~ < < n K= = 1227. j~Aa~ieaa=pEeaEe= CHAPTER 11. SERIES 314 ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) a Oaa aM a ao a> NMn O> NMn NMNMn a> n NnNM+++ + + = = = K =

= = = 11.11 Power Series Expansions for Some Functions = tUcaE=aiaAEeW=a= oE~a=aiaAEeW=n= = = 1228. = + + + +K+ +K a> n P> n O> n ENn OPa n= = 1229. ()()() = + + + +K+ +K a>

n aa~ P> n aa~ O> n aa~ N> n aa~ ~N OPa n= = 1230. ( ) ( ) K }K + . +=.+.++ + aN Nn Q n P n O n

aa N n n OPQaaN I= .N< n .NK= = 1231. . . . . . .. . =++++ . + K T n R n P n On Nn Nn aa PRT I= n <NK=

= 1232. . .. . .. . .. . .. . + . +. . . .. . + . + + . =K PR nN

nN R N nN nN P N nN nN aan O I= n > M K= = 1233. () ( ) K }K . =.+.++ Oa > Nn S> n Q> n O> n Ace n N

O Q S a Oa = = CHAPTER 11. SERIES 315 1234. () K ( ) }K + . =.+.++ + Oa N > Nn T> n R> n P> n eaa n n P R T a Oa N = = 1235. = + + + + +K

OUPR SOn PNR NTn NR On P n i~an n PRTV I= O n < K= = 1236. . . . . . .. . = . + + + +K QTOR On VQR

On QR n P n n N Aci n PRT I= n < K= = 1237. () ( )( ) K K K K+ ..+ ... ++ .. . + . =+

+ O Q S Oa Oa N N P R Oa N n OQR N Pn OP n ~eAeaa n n P R Oa N I= n <NK= = 1238. () ( )( ) I O Q S Oa Oa N N P R Oa N n OQR N Pn OP n n O ~eAAce n P R Oa N

. .. . . .. . + ..+ ... ++ .. . + . .+ = + K K K K n <NK= = 1239. () K }K

+ . =.+.++ + Oa N Nn T n R n P n ~eAi~an n P R T a Oa N I= n .NK= = 1240. ( ) = + + + +K+ +K Oa > n S> n Q> n O> n

AceU n N O Q S Oa = = 1241. ( ) K +K + =+++++ + Oa N > n T> n R> n P> n eaaU n n P R T Oa N = = = = = = CHAPTER 11. SERIES

316 11.12 Binomial Series = tUcaE=aiaAEeeW=aI=a= oE~a=aiaAEeW=n= `caAaa~iacaeW= a a` = = = 1242. ( ) a a a Oa O a N a a N+ n =N+ ` n + ` n +K+ ` n +K+ n = = 1243. ( ) [ ( )] a> aaNaaN `a a... =K I= n <NK=

= 1244. = . + . +K + OPNnnn Nn N I= n <NK= = 1245. = + + + +K . OPNnnn Nn N I= n <NK= = 1246. +K ... .. . .. . + . +=+. OQSU

N P Rn OQS N Pn OQ n O n NnN OPQ I= n .NK= = 1247. +K ... ... . .. .. + . . +=+. P S V NO N O R Un PSV N O Rn

PS N On P n NnN OPQ P I= n .NK= = = = 11.13 Fourier Series = faiEOe~AaE=NiaAiacaW= N (n)= ccieaEe=AcENNaAaEaieW= M ~ I= a ~ I= a A = tUcaE=aiaAEeW=a== CHAPTER 11. SERIES 317 1248. ( ) ( ) = =++ aN aa M ~ Acean A eaaan O ~

Nn= = 1249. ( ) . = N n Acean Cn N ~a == = 1250. ( ) . = N n eaaan Cn N Aa == = = 318 Chapter 12 Probability = = = = 12.1 Permutations and Combinations

= mEeaii~iacaeW= a am = `caAaa~iacaeW= a a` = tUcaE=aiaAEeeW=aI=a= = = 1251. c~Aicea~a= a>=N.O.PK(a . O)(a .N)a = M>=N= = 1252. m a> a a== = 1253. ( )> a a a> ma a . == = 1254. _aacaa~a=`cENNaAaEai= a>(a a)> a>

a a `a a . =.. . . . .. . == = 1255. a a a a a``.== = 1256. a N aN aN a a a```+ + ++==

= CHAPTER 12. PROBABILITY 319 1257. a a a O a N a M a` + ` + ` +K+ ` = O = = 1258. m~eA~ae=qea~aOaE= = oci=M= = = = = = = N= = = = = = = oci=N= = = = = = N= = N= = = = = = oci=O= = = = = N= = O= = N= = = = = oci=P= = = = N= = P= = P= = N= = = = oci=Q= = = N= = Q= = S= = Q= = N= = = oci=R= = N= = R= = NM= = NM= = R= = N= = oci=S= N= = S= = NR= = OM= = NR= = S= = N= = = =

12.2 Probability Formulas = biEaieW=^I=_= mecA~AaaaioW=m= o~aCca=i~ea~AaEeW=uI=vI=w= s~aiEe=cN=e~aCca=i~ea~AaEeW=nI=oI=o= bneEAiEC=i~aiE=cN=uW= = ^ao=eceaiaiE=eE~a=aiaAEeW= == pi~aC~eC=CEia~iacaW= = s~ea~aAEW= O = aEaeaio=NiaAiacaeW= N (n)I= N (i)= = = 1259. mecA~Aaaaio=cN=~a=biEai= () a a m ^ = I== iUEeE== a=ae=iUE=aiaAEe=cN=eceeaAaE=eceaiaiE=ciiAcaEeI== a=ae=iUE=ici~a=aiaAEe=cN=eceeaAaE=ciiAcaEeK= = CHAPTER 12. PROBABILITY 320 1260. o~aOE=cN=mecA~Aaaaio=s~aiEe=

M . m(^).N= = 1261. `Eei~aa=biEai= m(^)=N= = 1262. faeceeaAaE=biEai= m(^)= M = = 1263. `caeaEaEai= m(^)=N. m(^)= = 1264. faCEeEaCEai=biEaie= m(^L_)= m(^)I== m(_L^)= m(_)= = 1265. ^CCaiaca=oiaE=Nce=faCEeEaCEai=biEaie= m(^_)= m(^)+ m(_)= = 1266. jiaiaeaaA~iaca=oiaE=Nce=faCEeEaCEai=biEaie= m(^_)= m(^).m(_)= = 1267. dEaEe~a=^CCaiaca=oiaE= m(^_)= m(^)+ m(_). m(^_)I== iUEeE== ^_ =ae=iUE=iaaca=cN=EiEaie=^=~aC=_I==

^_ =ae=iUE=aaiEeeEAiaca=cN=EiEaie=^=~aC=_K= = 1268. `caCaiaca~a=mecA~Aaaaio= ()() m(_) m^_ m ^L_ == = 1269. m(^_)= m(_).m(^L_)= m(^).m(_L^) = CHAPTER 12. PROBABILITY 321 1270. i~i=cN=qci~a=mecA~Aaaaio= ( ) ( ) ( ) = = a aN a a m ^ m _ m ^L_ I== iUEeE= a _ =ae=~=eEeiEaAE=cN=aiii~aao=EnAaieaiE=EiEaieK== = 1271. _~oEe=qUEceEa= ()()() m(^) m ^L_ m _

m _L^ . == = 1272. _~oEe=cceaia~= ()()() ( ) ( ) = . . =a aN aa aa a m _ m ^L_ m _ m ^L_ m _ L^ I== iUEeE== a _ =ae=~=eEi=cN=aiii~aao=EnAaieaiE=EiEaie=EUoeciUEeEeFI= ^ =ae=iUE=Naa~a=EiEaiI== ( ) a m _ =~eE=iUE=eeace=eecA~AaaaiaEeI= m(_ L^) a =~eE=iUE=eceiEeace=eecA~AaaaiaEeK= = 1273. i~i=cN=i~eOE=kiaAEee= M

a p m a . . . .. . . . =~e= a I== N a p m a . . . .. . . < =~e=a I== iUEeE== a p =ae=iUE=eia=cN=e~aCca=i~ea~AaEeI= a =ae=iUE=aiaAEe=cN=eceeaAaE=ciiAcaEeK= = 1274. `UEAoeUEi=faEei~aaio= ()() O su

mu . . . I== iUEeE=s(u)=ae=iUE=i~ea~aAE=cN=uK= CHAPTER 12. PROBABILITY 322 1275. kcea~a=aEaeaio=ciaAiaca= () () O O O n E O N n . . . = I== iUEeE=n=ae=~=e~eiaAia~e=ciiAcaEK= = 1276. pi~aC~eC=kcea~a=aEaeaio=ciaAiaca= ()O

oO E O N o . .== ^iEe~OE=i~aiE= = M I=CEia~iaca= =NK= = ===== = = Figure 210. = 1277. pi~aC~eC=w=s~aiE= . =u w= = 1278. `iaia~iaiE=kcea~a=aaeieaAiiaca=ciaAiaca= () () .

 . . = n O i E Ci O N cnO O I== CHAPTER 12. PROBABILITY 323 iUEeE== n=ae=~=e~eiaAia~e=ciiAcaEI== i =ae=~=i~ea~AaE=cN=aaiEOe~iacaK= = 1279. ( ) . . . .. .

 . .. . . .. . . m < u < = c c I= iUEeE= u=ae=acea~aao=CaeieaAiiEC=e~aCca=i~ea~AaEI= c=ae=Aiaia~iaiE=acea~a=CaeieaAiiaca=NiaAiacaI== m( < u < )=ae=aaiEei~a=eecA~AaaaioK= = 1280. ( ) . . . .. . m u. < = Oc I== iUEeE== u=ae=acea~aao=CaeieaAiiEC=e~aCca=i~ea~AaEI=

c=ae=Aiaia~iaiE=acea~a=CaeieaAiiaca=NiaAiacaK= = 1281. `iaia~iaiE=aaeieaAiiaca=ciaAiaca= ( ) ( ) ( ) . =<= n c n m u n N i Ci I== iUEeE=i=ae=~=i~ea~AaE=cN=aaiEOe~iacaK= = 1282. _Eeaciaaa=qea~ae=mecAEee= = ae= I= aee O = I== iUEeE== a =ae=~=eEeiEaAE=cN=EneEeaaEaieI== e =ae=iUE=eecA~Aaaaio=cN=eiAAEee=cN=E~AU=EneEeaaEaieI= e =ae=iUE=eecA~Aaaaio=cN=N~aaieEI= e =N. e K= = 1283. _aacaa~a=aaeieaAiiaca=ciaAiaca======= ()aaaee a a A aIeIe . . .. . . ..

. = I== CHAPTER 12. PROBABILITY 324 = aeI= aee O = I= ( ) ( n )a N n = e + eE I== iUEeE== a=ae=iUE=aiaAEe=cN=iea~ae=cN=eEaEAiacaeI= e=ae=iUE=eecA~Aaaaio=cN=eiAAEeeI= e=ae=iUE=eecA~Aaaaio=cN=N~aaieEI= e =N. e K= = 1284. dEcaEieaA=aaeieaAiiaca= m(q a) e e = = a.N I== e = N I= O O e = e I== iUEeE== q=ae=iUE=Naeei=eiAAEeeNia=EiEai=ae=iUE=eEeaEeI= a=ae=iUE=EiEai=aiaAEeI= e=ae=iUE=eecA~Aaaaio=iU~i=~ao=caE=EiEai=ae=eiAAEeeNiaI== e=ae=iUE=eecA~Aaaaio=cN=N~aaieEI= e =N. e K= = 1285. mcaeeca=aaeieaAiiaca=

( ) . =.E a> mua a I= = aeI== = I=O = I== iUEeE== =ae=iUE=e~iE=cN=cAAieeEaAEI= a=ae=iUE=aiaAEe=cN=eceaiaiE=ciiAcaEeK= = 1286. aEaeaio=ciaAiaca== ( . . )= ( ) A ~ m ~ u A N n Cn == = 1287. `caiaaicie=raaNcea=aEaeaio= A~ N N . = I= O ~+A

 = I== CHAPTER 12. PROBABILITY 325 iUEeE=N=ae=iUE=CEaeaio=NiaAiacaK= = 1288. bnecaEaia~a=aEaeaio=ciaAiaca= N (i) E i = . I= = I= O = O = iUEeE=i=ae=iaaEI= =ae=iUE=N~aaieE=e~iEK= = 1289. bnecaEaia~a=aaeieaAiiaca=ciaAiaca= ( ) i c i N E = . . I== iUEeE=i=ae=iaaEI= =ae=iUE=N~aaieE=e~iEK= = 1290. bneEAiEC=s~aiE=cN=aaeAeEiE=o~aCca=s~ea~AaEe= ( ) = = = a aN a a b u n e I== iUEeE= a n =ae=~=e~eiaAia~e=ciiAcaEI= a e =ae=aie=eecA~AaaaioK= = 1291. bneEAiEC=s~aiE=cN=`caiaaicie=o~aCca=s~ea~AaEe= ( ) ( ) .

 = b u = nN n Cn == = 1292. meceEeiaEe=cN=bneEAi~iacae= b(u+ v)= b(u)+ b(v)I== b(u. v)= b(u). b(v)I= b(Au)= Ab(u)I== b(uv)= b(u).b(v)I== iUEeE=A=ae=~=Acaei~aiK= = 1293. ( O ) ( ) O b u = s u + I== iUEeE== = b(u)=ae=iUE=EneEAiEC=i~aiEI=== s(u)=ae=iUE=i~ea~aAEK= = = = CHAPTER 12. PROBABILITY 326 1294. j~eaci=faEei~aaio= ()() a bu m u > a . I== iUEeE=a=ae=ecaE=Acaei~aiK= =

1295. s~ea~aAE=cN=aaeAeEiE=o~aCca=s~ea~AaEe= ( ) ( ) * + ( ) = = = . = . a aN a O a O O s u b u n e I== iUEeE== a n =ae=~=e~eiaAia~e=ciiAcaEI= a e =ae=aie=eecA~AaaaioK= = 1296. s~ea~aAE=cN=`caiaaicie=o~aCca=s~ea~AaEe= ( ) [( ) ] ( ) ( ) . = s u = b u. = n . N n Cn O O O == = 1297. meceEeiaEe=cN=s~ea~aAE= s(u + v)= s(u)+ s(v)I== s(u. v)= s(u)+ s(v)I= s(u+ A)= s(u)I= s(Au) A s(u) = O I= iUEeE=A=ae=~=Acaei~aiK=

= 1298. pi~aC~eC=aEia~iaca= ( ) ( ) *( )O + a u = s u = b u. = = 1299. `ci~ea~aAE= Aci(uIv)= b*(u.(u))(v .(v))+= b(uv).(u)(v)I== iUEeE== u =ae=e~aCca=i~ea~AaEI== s(u)=ae=iUE=i~ea~aAE=cN=uI== =ae=iUE=EneEAiEC=i~aiE=cN=u=ce=vK= CHAPTER 12. PROBABILITY 327 = 1300. `ceeEa~iaca= ()() s(u)s(v) Aci uIv uIv = I== iUEeE== s(u)=ae=iUE=i~ea~aAE=cN=uI== s(v)=ae=iUE=i~ea~aAE=cN=vK= = = = =

= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

icca=Nce=ciUEe=U~aCAccae=~aC=ecaiEC=eecAaEa=OiaCEe=~i= iiiKa~iU-EAccaeKAcaK= = = = =