1

!"#"$% '()*+,- .-"$% /0/ 12$)23 45#6 ,789

/0/ 12$)23 2$7 :,+,$# .;72#,-
1his section o the Library landbook addresses how to cite recourses used in the body and the
reerence list o your document using the Pvbticatiov Mavvat of tbe .vericav P.,cbotogicat ...ociatiov
,6th ed.,. Common examples or parenthetical text citations, citing direct quotes, and reerence
citations in the reerence list are proided, but or a more comprehensie list, see the APA manual
,6th ed.,.

032%"2*"-< 2$7 ',3=>032%"2*"-<
Plagiarism is the use o another person`s ideas or words without giing them the proper credit.
Plagiarism can occur when you use someone else`s exact words without giing them credit, taking
credit or someone else`s ideas, or een presenting your own past work as a new idea. Academic
institutions take both intentional and unintentional plagiarism seriously, and it can be grounds or
dismissal. According to the APA manual ,6th ed.,, the best method o aoiding plagiarism is to
cite the ideas, theories, and research that directly inluenced your work, cite key background
inormation, inormation that may support or dispute your theory or hypothesis, or oer critical
deinitions or data ,p. 169,. Document all acts and igures that are not common knowledge. lor
journal articles and class assignments, APA recommends using one or two o the most
representatie sources or each key point, but or the literature reiew or a dissertation, you
should include a more exhaustie list o citations. See APA ,6th ed.,, pp. 15-16 or more
inormation.

?$>@,A# !"#2#"($-
Citations used in the body o your publication identiy the source o inormation. In-text
parenthetical citations are used to gie credit to the authors whose ideas or thoughts are used
within the document. 1hese internal citations allow the reader to identiy the source and locate
the inormation being addressed. APA uses a system that includes the author`s last name and the
year o publication. lor example: ,Small, 2009,. I there is a direct quote or a speciic part o the
work is being reerred to, the page numbers are also included. lor example, ,Small, 2009, p. 23,.
Sources may include books and book chapters, journal or magazine articles, dissertations and
theses, conerence papers, goernment reports, ilms, websites, blogs and wikis, discussion
boards, personal communications, and more.

02*2;6*2-"$%
Paraphrasing is used when you take someone else`s direct quote and state their idea in your own
words. !62$%"$% 2 =,B B(*7- 6,*, 2$7 #6,*, "- -#"33 +($-"7,*,7 ;32%"2*"-< ,C,$ "= D() 7(
+"#, #6, 2)#6(*8 Paraphrasing means that you expressed the author`s inormation or ideas in your
own words and hae gien that person credit or that inormation or idea. \ou can preent
plagiarism by closing the document and restating the idea in your own words. See APA manual,
6th ed., pp. 10-11 or more inormation.
Section
4
2

Notice in this example how the paraphrased ersion made changes to more than 50 o the
original wording:
1. E*"%"$23 02--2%,F Signed into law in January 2002 by President George \. Bush,
the No Child Let Behind ,NCLB, Act signaled the nation`s most sweeping education
reorm o ederal education policy in decades` ,Smith, 2008. p. 212,.
2. .$2++,;#2G3, 02*2;6*2-"$%F Lnacted into law in 2002 by President Bush, the No Child
Let Behind Act signaled the most sweeping education reorm o U.S. educational policy
in decades.
3. 02*2;6*2-,7F According to Smith ,2008,, the No Child Let Behind Act ,NCLB,
Act proided the most all-encompassing reorm in U.S. education in almost hal a century.
or
1he No Child Let Behind Act ,NCLB, Act proided the most all-encompassing reorm
in U.S. education in almost hal a century ,Smith, 2008,

Paraphrases must include the name o the author and the year o publication o the original
source. Including the page number in the text citation is optional.

H)(#"$% I"*,+#3D
\hen you directly quote an author, you need to put the exact words o the author in quotation
marks or ollow the rules or a block quotation. Include the exact spelling and interior
punctuation o the borrowed words. 1he author, year o publication, and page number,s, or
paragraph number or non-paginated materials are always included in the text and a reerence
citation is included in the reerence list. See APA manual ,6 th ed.,, pp. 10-12.
a. :,%)32* H)(#,- -- Regular quotes are used when the quote is less than 40 words.
McPherson ,200, coined the phrase goblet o motiation` ,p. 1,.
! Keep the author and year o publication together.
! Use quotation marks to identiy the exact words o the author.
! Include the page number in parentheses immediately ater the direct quote.
! Place the period ater the parentheses.

b. J3(+K H)(#,- - Block quotes are used or quotes o more than 40 words.
Students at Noa Southeastern Uniersity hae aced challenges in learning
how to use APA ormatting. \hen discussing the challenges, Strunk ,1922, stated:
Use quotes around an article title or book chapter, but italicize the title o a
book, journal, brochure, or report when used in the body o the paper.
Use a short title in the parenthetical citation or complete title i the title is
short. NO1L Non-periodical titles like books and book titles hae all the
important words capitalized in the text citations, but these same book titles
3

do not hae all the important words capitalized in the reerence list. ,p.
342,
Callahan ,2001,, howeer, says ..
! Indent the block quote ie spaces or hal an inch.
! Do not use quotation marks.
! Double space the quote unless your school has a rule about single spacing block
quotes.
! Do not include any additional lines or spaces beore or ater the block quote.
! Notice that in block quotes, the period goes beore the parentheses, not ater.

!"#2#"($ 032+,<,$#
Use the 2)#6(*>72#, <,#6(7 o citation by inserting the surname o the author and the year o
publication at the appropriate point in the text.
a. !"#2#"($- =(* 02*2;6*2-,7 ?$=(*<2#"($
See APA manual ,6th ed.,, p. 15
! J,%"$$"$% (= -,$#,$+,
Krankenstein ,2006, reported that empirical research eriied compliance.
! 1"773, (= -,$#,$+,
Ater looking into the issue, Lynch ,200, stated that the indings were not alid.
! L$7 (= -,$#,$+,
1he report concluded were ictims o cyberterrorism ,\indhorst, 2004,.
G8 !"#2#"($- B"#6 I"*,+# H)(#,-
! /)#6(* 2$7 M)(#, #(%,#6,*
1he principal stated clearly that students needed parental permission to leae
school` ,Abbott, 2005, p. 25,.
! /)#6(* 2$7 M)(#, -,;2*2#,7
MacDougall ,2004, stated that the Inormation Literacy Model needed to be
implemented` ,p. 34,.
! H)(#, =*(< $($>;2%"$2#,7 <2#,*"23
\inkowski ,200, stated, 1he research is unreliable` ,Conclusion section, para.
4,.
+8 1)3#";3, !"#2#"($- GD #6, '2<, /)#6(* "$ '2<, 02*2%*2;6
! \hen the same author is cited multiple times in the same paragraph and the
author`s name is part o the narratie, you need to include the year in subsequent
non-parenthetical reerences to a resource. loweer, you do include the year in all
parenthetical citations:

A study by 1unon and Brydges ,200, ound that the quality o the two sets o
citations were comparable. 1he subjectie rubric deeloped by 1unon and Brydges
helped establish this. 1he study went on to show a dierence between academic
programs ,1unon & Brydges, 200,.
4


78 1)3#";3, /)#6(*- =(* #6, '2<, '()*+,
! One author Smith ,200,
,Smith, 200,
! 1wo authors Smith and 1homas, ,200,
! ,Smith & 1homas, 200,
! 1hree to ie authors Smith, 1homas, and Jones ,200,
Parenthetical citation ,Smith, 1homas, & Jones, 200,
Subsequent parenthetical citations ,Smith, et al., 200,
! Six or more authors Smith et al. ,200,
Parenthetical citation ,Smith et al., 200,
Subsequent parenthetical citations ,Smith et al., 200,
! Group authors American Psychological Association ,APA, 2010,
Subsequent citations in text ,APA, 2010,
Parenthetical citation American Psychological Association ,|APA|, 2010,
Subsequent parenthetical citations ,APA, 2010,
lor more inormation, see APA manual ,6th ed.,, p. 1.

,8 1)3#";3, /)#6(*- =(* I"==,*,$# '()*+,-
! Dierent sources may be cited when reerring to seeral representatie sources used
or a key point.
! List authors in alphabetical order within the same parentheses.
! Separate names with semicolons.
! I a work is in press, put that ater the years o publication.

Lmpirical research shows that dissertations chairs think doctoral students hae the necessary
inormation literacy skills need to do the library research or the literature reiew ,Boote &
Beile, 2004, 2008, in press, Brydges & 1unon, 2005, Morner, 199, 1unon & Brydges, 200,

!"#"$% 2 ',+($72*D '()*+,
It is always best to read the original or primary sources, but sometimes this is diicult i the
original work was published in another language or was published in a book that is diicult to
obtain. In such a case, you would need to cite the original or primary source in the text o the
paper, but you would proide a reerence in the reerence list or the secondary source.
28 N"#6"$ #6, @,A#
According the Skinner ,as cited in lreud, 1923,, lreud took the position ..
G8 ?$ #6, :,=,*,$+, O"-#
Skinner, B. l. ,194,. .bovt bebariorati.v. New \ork, N\: Knop.

0,*-($23 !(<<)$"+2#"($-
Personal communications including conersations, phone calls, email messages, class lectures,
interiews, and online chats should be paraphrased. Cite personal communications only in the
text, gie the initials as well as the surname o the communicator, and proide the exact date i
possible. See APA manual ,6th ed.,, p. 19 or more inormation.
5

lor example:
According to S. Ramdial ,personal communication, July 20, 2009,, the book is ready.
or
1he book is ready ,S. Ramdial, personal communication, July 20, 2009,.
I the personal communication is recoerable, then the source should be cited as an archied
material.
P(*<2##"$% !"#2#"($- "$ #6, :,=,*,$+, O"-#F
J((K-
Q,$,*23 $(#,- 2G()# G((K-F I name,s, are the irst part o the citation, they are capitalized and
listed- last name, then initials. Separate names with a comma, and use an ampersand ,&, beore
the last author. Use Ld. or one editor, Lds. or multiple editors. Capitalize the irst word in titles
and subtitles, and proper names. Place o publication should include the city name and two letter
state abbreiation. See APA manual ,6th ed.,, p. 18. I you are citing a book chapter or section
you must indicate the pages. Use p. or a single page and pp. or multiple pages. Put a space ater
the p. and put a - ,dash, between the numbers with no space beore or ater the hyphen.

> LAF J((K GD 2 -"$%3, 2)#6(*8
Author's name. ,\ear,. 1itte of boo/. Place o publication: Publisher.
Chitty, D. ,2003,. Do tevvivg. covvit .viciae. eavtifvt b,otbe.e. ava vgt, fact.. New \ork, N\:
Oxord Uniersity Press.

> LAF J((K GD #B( (* <(*, 2)#6(*-8
Author's names. ,\ear,. 1itte of boo/. Place o publication: Publisher.
Rosellini, G., & \orden, M. ,2004,. Of covr.e ,ovre avgr,: . gviae to aeativg ritb tbe evotiov. of
.vb.tavce abv.e ,Re. ed.,. Center City, MN: lazelden.
> LAF J((K GD 2 %*(); 2)#6(* B"#6 IE?
Group author. ,\ear,. 1itte of boo/. Place o publication: Publisher. doi:XXX.XXXXXXXX
Children's Lxpress. ,2009,. 1oice. frov tbe fvtvre: Ovr cbitarev tett v. abovt riotevce iv .verica.
New \ork, N\: Crown. doi:10,1023,10452-000

> LAF J((K GD 2$ )$K$(B$ 2)#6(*8
1itte of boo/. ,\ear,. Place o publication: Publisher.
1be attervatire veaicive bavaboo/. ,1994,. New \ork: Crescent Books.
> LAF J((K #62# "- 2 <2R(* +32--"+23 B(*K8
Reerence list entries are not required or major classical works. 1hese include ancient Roman and
Greek works as well as classical religious works such as the Bible and the Koran. \ou do howeer
identiy the work the irst time it is cited in the text. Because classical works are usually numbered
systematically across all editions, use the numbers instead o pages when reerring to speciic parts
o the text.
> LAF J((K B"#6 ,7"#(*-8
Lditor's name. ,Ld.,. ,\ear,. 1itte of boo/. Place o publication: Publisher.
6

Moen, P., Llder, G., & Luscher, K. ,Lds.,. ,1995,. avivivg tire. iv covtet: Per.ectire. ov tbe ecotog,
of bvvav aeretovevt. \ashington, DC: American Psychological Association.
> LAF J((K +62;#,* "$ G((K *,#*",C,7 =*(< 2*+6"C23 72#2G2-,8 S See APA manual ,6th ed.,,
pp. 192, 204, 4 25, inormation about subscription databases on p. 20, .05
Price, J. ,1934,. Bret Laston Lllis: Oeriew. In S. \. Brown ,Ld.,, Covtevorar, voreti.t. ,DX Reader
ersion,. Retrieed rom Literature Resources rom Gale database.

- Proide the subscription database instead o the home page or entry page URL o the
publisher or other primary publishing channels, i the book is aailable rom an archial
database.
> LAF ?$#*(7)+#"($T ;*,=2+,T =(*,B(*7T (* 2=#,*B(*78
Author o section being cited. ,\ear,. Name o section. In author o book, 1itle o book ,p. or pp.
page numbers,. Place o publication: Publisher. 1ake note: 1he section author is listed dierently
than the author,s, o the whole book.
Jerey, I. ,2008,. Introduction. In B. Saeley, ecret cit,: Pbotograb. frov Perv ;pp. 8-12,.
New \ork, N\: 1hames and ludson.

> LAF L7"#"($ (#6,* #62$ #6, ="*-#8
Author's name. ,\ear,. 1itte of boo/ ,Number o edition,. Place o publication: Publisher.
lo, R. ,1992,. cav .ee ,ov va/ea : . ver reri.ea eaitiov of tbe vatiovat be.t.etter ov va/ivg fearte..
re.evtatiov. ;^er rer. ea.). Kansas City, MO: Andrews and McMeel.
Pasacho, J. ,1999,. ieta gviae to tbe .tar. ava tavet. ;ra ea.). Boston, MA: loughton Milin.
> LAF N(*K "$ 2$ 2$#6(3(%D8
Author's name. ,\ear,. 1itle o selection. In Lditor`s name ,Ld.,, 1itte of avtbotog, ,Vol. olume
number, then i appropriate, pp. page4s,. Place o publication: Publisher.
Updike, J. ,2005,. Reading 1rends. In M. Meyer ,Ld.,, 1be eafora ivtroavctiov to titeratvre: Reaaivg,
tbiv/ivg ava rritivg ,Vol. 1, p. 30,. New \ork, N\: Greenwood Press.
> LAF L$#*D "$ 2$ ($3"$, ,$+D+3(;,7"2 (* 7"+#"($2*D B"#6 $( 72#,8
Author's name. ,n.d. or $( 72#,,. Lntry heading or title. In 1itte of evc,ctoeaia ,i there is not
olume number or page numbers o selection, use the edition inormation,. Retrieed rom URL
or home page URL o book publisher ,NO1L: Do not end URL with a period., See APA
manual ,6th ed.,, p. 205, 430
1aris, C. ,n.d.,. Queen bee syndrome. In !ovev`. .tvaie. evc,ctoeaia ,lall 200 ed.,. Retrieed
rom http:,,www.stanord.edu,entries.readingtrends
> LAF L$#*D "$ 2 ;*"$# ,$+D+3(;,7"2 (* 7"+#"($2*DT $( 2)#6(* (* ,7"#(*8
Lntry heading or title. ,\ear,. In 1itte of evc,ctoeaia ,Vol. olume number, then i appropriate, pp.
page4s,. Place o publication: Publisher.
Lschatology. ,1982,. In !eb.ter`. ver rorta aictiovar, of tbe .vericav tavgvage ,2nd ed.,.
New \ork, N\: Simon and Schuster.
7

> LAF 1)3#"C(3)<, B(*K8
Author's name. ,\ear,. 1itte of vvttirotvve ror/ ,Vol. olume number-s,. Place o publication:
Publisher. See APA manual ,6th ed.,, p. 204, 423
Schlager, N. ,Ld.,. ,2000-2004,. or roavct. are vaae: .v ittv.tratea gviae to roavct vavvfactvrivg
,Vols. 1-4,. Detroit, MI: Gale Research.
Mills, L. ,1996,. .rcbitectvre of tbe Ota ovtb ,Vols. 1-2,. Saannah, GA: Beehie loundation.
> LAF O"<"#,7 +"*+)32#"($ G((K (* <($(%*2;6 =*(< #6, ,3,+#*($"+ 72#2G2-, 4L:?!98
Notice that no location or publisher was included because the monograph was retrieed
electronically. See APA manual ,6th ed.,, p. 204, 422 - No LRIC LD accession number was
included or this example, and the LRIC URL was proided. loweer, in 462 on page 212, the
accession number was included and the name o the database was used in the retrieal statement.
Mead, J. V. ,Ld.,. ,2002,. Citatiov avat,.i.: vre.tigativg tbe qvatit, of aoctorat referevce ti.t.
|Monograph|. Retrieed rom http:,,eric.ed.go
> LAF L3,+#*($"+ C,*-"($ (= *,;)G3"-6,7 G((K
Author. ,\ear,. 1itle o work. Retrieed rom URL ,Original work published in XXXX, See APA
manual ,6th ed.,, p. 203, 421
lreud, S. ,1933,. .v avtobiograbicat .tva,. New \ork, N\: Knop. Retrieed rom
http:,,books.google.com,books ,Original work published 1900,

> LA8F L3,+#*($"+ C,*-"($ (= ;*"$# G((KT #"#3, #*2$-32#,7 "$#( L$%3"-6T G((K #*2$-32#,7 >> See
See APA manual ,6th ed.,, pp. 205, 428 I the online ersion reers to a print edition, include the
edition number ater the title. See p. 205, 430.
lreud, S. ,1911). 1be ivterretatiov of areav. ,3rd ed.,. ,A. A. Brill, 1rans.,. Retrieed rom
http:,,www.psychwww.com,books,interp,toc.htm

If the non-English work is used as the source, give the title in the original language and put the
translated title in English. For example, I", #*2)<7,#,)$8 U@6, "$#,*;*,#2#"($ (= 7*,2<-V.In
the above example, the book was translated into English so the title in German was not
included. See APA manual (6th ed.), p. 205, #28.


0,*"(7"+23- S W()*$23T 12%2X"$,T 2$7 Y,B-3,##,* /*#"+3,-
Q,$,*23 $(#,- 2G()# ;,*"(7"+23 2*#"+3,- 2$7 7(+)<,$#-F Names are listed last name, then
initials, i name,s, is the irst element o the citation. Separate names with a comma, and an
ampersand ,&, beore the last author. I there is no author, then the title o the article is irst.
I2#,-- Daily newspapers & newsletters: Use ,\ear, Month Day,. Monthly newspapers &
magazines with no olume number: Use ,\ear, Month,. Journals: Use ,\ear,

@"#3,-- Article titles: capitalize irst word in titles and subtitles, and any proper names.

W()*$23 #"#3,-- Capitalize all words except articles and prepositions

8

Z(3)<, $)<G,*- 2$7 "--), $)<G,*- - Do not use ol. or olume or no. or issue number.
1he olume number is italicized while the issue number is not. 1he issue number is enclosed in
parentheses and ollows immediately ater the olume number with no space. lollow the
parentheses with a comma.

02%,-- Newspapers: use p. or one page, pp. or two or more pages. loweer, or magazines
and journals, Do not use p. or pp. beore page numbers. lollow the page number,s, with a
period.

/*#"+3, "$ 2 R()*$23 (* <2%2X"$,8 See APA manual ,6th ed.,, pp. 199-202.
Author's name. ,\ear,. 1itle o article. 1itte of ;ovrvat or ;ovrvat, rotvve vvvber,issue number,, page
numbers.

> LAF W()*$23 2*#"+3, B"#6 IE? 2--"%$,78
Include the DOI or Digital Object Identiier i aailable. See APA manual ,6th ed.,, pp. 18-192,
199 43. \hen you do not hae a DOI assigned and the reerence is retrieed online, gie the
URL o the exact URL i aailable. I not, use the journal home page. No retrieal date is
included. I the journal article was not retrieed online, end the citation with the period ater the
page numbers.
Gerry, R.. ,2000,. 1empo training or reestyle. ]ovrvat of rivvivg 1ecbviqve, 1,1,, 40-42.
doi:10.1022,0202-9822..4.444

> LAF W()*$23 2*#"+3, B"#6 IE? 2--"%$,7T 27C2$+, ($3"$, ;)G3"+2#"($8 See APA manual ,6th
ed.,, p. 199, 45
Cox, C. ,2006,. An analysis o the impact o ederated search products on library instruction using
the ACRL standards. Portat: ibrarie. ava tbe acaaev,, ,3,, 253-26. Adance online publication.
doi:10.1212,s00222-009-098-6

- I you are citing an adance release ersion o the article, insert /7C2$+, ($3"$,
;)G3"+2#"($ beore the retrieal statement or DOI

> LAF W()*$23 2*#"+3, B"#6 $( IE?T *,#*",C,7 =*(< (;,$>2++,-- .:OT <(*, #62$ -,C,$
2)#6(*-8 I there is no DOI number, then include the URL or open-access journals when
aailable. \hen there are more than seen authors, use the ellipses or the authors ater the sixth
and beore the last author. See APA manual ,6th ed.,, p. 199, 42-3
Jones, l. M., McKay, J., Alarado, l., Plath, L., Jordan, A., Porter, M., . . . Allsop, S. ,2005,.
1he attractions o stupidity. 1be t. Croi eRerier, 0,2,, 6-10. Retrieed rom
http:,,st_croix_e-reiew.com,index.php,articles,iew,30,6,

> LAF W()*$23 2*#"+3, B"#6 $( IE?T *,#*",C,7 =*(< 2 -)G-+*";#"($ 72#2G2-,8 I there is no
DOI number and the article was retrieed rom a subscription database instead o an open-access
URL, then APA says to locate and proide the home page URL or the journal. See APA manual
,6th ed.,, p. 191. Since chances are that the article cannot be retrieed ree, chances are that most
instructors would be OK with just proiding the basic citation without any retrieal inormation.

9

Getweed, R.-J., Jr. ,200,. Inormation literacy or distance students. ]ovrvat of ibrar,
.avivi.tratiov, 1,1,, 40-42. Retrieed rom http:,,www.jla.org,



> LAF ?$>;*,-- 2*#"+3, "$ 2 ;*,;*"$# 2*+6"C,8 See APA manual ,6th ed.,, p. 200, 46 or in press
article.
\atson, J. D., & Jones, l. l. ,in press,. A structure or deoxyribose nucleic acid. ^atvre. Retrieed
rom http:,,www.nsu.l.edu,DNA,drat_pubs,1234568.pd

- 1he exact URL is proided because the article is inormally published and not yet indexed on
a journal website. 1he article ersion was posted online in an outside repository or preprint
archie.
> LAF W()*$23 2*#"+3, *,#*",C,7 =*(< 7"=="+)3# -()*+, #( 3(+2#, ($3"$, >> W'@E:
Jennings, B. ,1913,. Lessons learned in the trenches: 1he experiences o an urban middle
principal. eaaer.bi, 1, 12. Retrieed rom JS1OR database.

- Some archial documents can only be ound in electronic databases such as LRIC and JS1OR.
\hen the document is not easily located through its primary publishing channels, gie the home
or entry page URL or the online archie or the subscription database i it is only aailable in that
ormat. Note that the example aboe has the article was published in 1913. See APA manual ,6th
ed.,, p. 192.
> LA8F E$3"$, $,B-3,##,* 2*#"+3,T $( 2)#6(* S See APA manual ,6th ed.,, p. 200, 49
Upward mobility in third world nations. ,2009, spring,. Portat. of tbe rorta: ^er.tetter of tbe toriaa
1irtvat |virer.it,. Retrieed rom http:,,wwww.u.edu,portalsotheworld
,newsletter0102,Spring2004.pd

- 1he month and day or season is proided or newsletters.
- No olume, issue, and page numbers was proided in this online newsletter.
- 1he exact URL is helpul here because newsletter articles can be diicult to locate on the
uniersity home page.
- Alphabetize works with no author by the irst signiicant word in the title.
- In text, use a short title or the ull title i it is short by enclosing it in quotation marks or
the parenthetical citation: ,Upward Mobility,` 2009,.
- Break the URL beore most symbols.

> LA8F Y( ;2%, $)<G,*- =(* ($3"$, $,B-3,##,* 2*#"+3,8 See APA manual ,6th ed.,, p. 200, 49.
Rosenberg, S. ,1999, June 2,. \hat is to be done about Microsot atov.. Retrieed rom
http:,,www.salon.com,tech,col,rose,1999,06,02,microsot_breakup,index.html

- 1he month and day are included or newsletters and newspapers.

N,G-"#,S<2%2X"$,T R()*$23 (* $,B-;2;,* 2*#"+3,8 See APA manual ,6th ed.,, p. 200, 48
Cite as you would a printed source, ollowed by a retrieal statement that includes the Internet
10

address or URL o the article. Start it with the word Retrierea and end with the Internet
address,URL. L.g.: Retrieed rom |http:,,.|
Reed, M. L. ,2000,. Algebraic structure o genetic inheritance. vttetiv of tbe .vericav
Matbevaticat ociet,, 1, 10-130. Retrieed rom http:,,www.ams.org,bull,199-34-02

.$;)G3"-6,7 <2$)-+*";# B"#6 2 )$"C,*-"#D +"#,78 :,#*",C,7 =*(< "$-#"#)#"($23 B,G-"#,T $(
72#,8 See APA manual ,6th ed.,, p. 211, 458 Author. ,\ear, or use v.a. i no date,. 1itte of reb
aocvvevt. Retrieed rom |Institution Name, program or department| website: |URL|
Colman, \. C. ,n.d.,. Covari.ov. of graae oivt arerage. betreev vev rbo ;oiv fratervitie. ava vev rbo
ao vot ;oiv fratervitie. at baa, Roc/ |virer.it,. Unpublished manuscript. Programs or ligher
Lducation, Noa Southeastern Uniersity. Retrieed rom http:,,www.noa.edu,phe
,phe_resources,online_documents.htm

!(<;)#,* ;*(%*2<-T -(=#B2*,T 2$7 ;*(%*2<<"$% 32$%)2%,-8 See APA manual ,6th ed.,, pp.
210-211, 4 56 Sotware programs like \ord, PowerPoint, SPSS, SAS, Jaa, Photoshop, and
Adobe Acrobat that are considered standard, o-the-shel sotware do not need reerence entries.
loweer, you do need to proide reerence entries or specialized sotware or computer
programs with limited distribution. Author. ,Date,. 1itle o sotware or computer program
,Version number, |Any identiier|. City, state: Name o producer.. Retrieed rom URL
Jones, D. l. ,2002,. 1he citation analyzer ,Version 3.2, |Computer sotware|.
lort Lauderdale, lL: Noa Southeastern Uniersity. Retrieed rom http:,,www.buros.com,

- 1he name o the sotware is not italicized, and the important words are not capitalized.
- 1he type o resource is identiied in brackets.
- Only list an author i that indiidual has proprietary rights to the sotware.
- 1he inormation about how to obtain this sotware o computer program o limited
distribution is proided statement that starts with Retrieed rom http:,,...

I2#2 -,#8 See APA manual ,6th ed.,, p. 211, 454. 1he title or data sets gets italicized.

National Center o Lducational Statistics. ,2009,. PD reort: ^ora ovtbea.terv
|virer.it, |Data ile|. Retrieed rom http:,,www.nces.org,datasets,

1,2-)*,<,$# "$-#*)<,$#8 See APA manual, p. 211, 455.

1unon, J., & Brydges, B. ,2008,. Subjectie rubric |Sotware and training ideos|.
Unpublished instrument. Retrieed rom http:,,www.noa.edu,

I"--,*#2#"($-T @6,-,-T 2$7 0*2+#"+)<-
Dissertations done by students attending Noa beore 1994 are rom Noa Uniersity rather than
Noa Southeastern Uniersity
.
I(+#(*23 7"--,*#2#"($ *,#*",C,7 =*(< 0*(H),-# I"--,*#2#"($- 2$7 @6,-,- 72#2G2-, 8 See
APA manual ,6th ed.,, p. 20-208, 440 Author last name, irst initial. ,\ear,. 1itte of ai..ertatiov.
Aailable rom ProQuest Dissertations and 1heses database. ,UMI No. xxxxxxx,
11

Johnson, S. ,2004,. ivavciat rariabte. ava verger revivv.: riaevce frov bav/ verger..
Aailable rom ProQuest Dissertations and 1heses database. ,UMI No. 302546,

- Notice that the title o the dissertation is italicized.
- Use a retrieal statement with the name o the subscription database, ProQuest
Dissertations and 1heses, because that is the only place this dissertation can be retrieed
online.
- Include the word database` ater the proper name o the database. Do not capitalize the
letter d`.
- 1he accession number is included in parentheses ater the retrieal statement i one has
been assigned. Note that there is no period included ater the parentheses. 1he ProQuest
Dissertations and 1heses database uses AA1 in ront o the number in the abstract, but i
you retrieed the document as a PDl ile rom the database, the number is shown with a
UMI No. XXXXXXX.

I(+#(*23 7"--,*#2#"($ 2G-#*2+#,7 "$ I"--,*#2#"($ /G-#*2+#- ?$#,*$2#"($23 4I/?98 See APA
manual ,6th ed.,, p. 208 443.
Author. ,\ear,. 1itle o publication. Di..ertatiov .b.tract. vtervatiovat, rotvve vvvber ,issue4,,
page4series. ,UMI No. xxxxxxxx,
>LA8F I"--,*#2#"($ =*(< Y(C2 '()#6,2-#,*$ .$"C,*-"#D8
Cannon, C. ,2004,. Does moral education increase moral deelopment A reexamination o
the moral reasoning abilities o working adult learners. Di..ertatiov .b.tract. vtervatiovat: ectiov .,
1,12,, 4851A. ,UMI No. 9999321,

- The dissertation title is not italicized if the name of the index is included.
- Include the volume, issue, page number, and series letter. This information is included
in the DAI abstract.
- Include the UMI number in parentheses and do not follow with a period.

I(+#(*23 7"--,*#2#"($ *,#*",C,7 =*(< "$-#"#)#"($23 72#2G2-,8 See APA manual ,6th ed.,, p.
208, 441
Bernardi, R. A. ,1990,. .ccovvtivg rovovvcevevt., firv .ie, ava firv ivav.tr,: 1beir
effect ov .ttvav. bav/rvtc, reaictiov voaet. ,Doctoral dissertation,. Retrieed rom
http:,,www.tu.edu,etd,

12-#,*[- #6,-"- *,#*",C,7 =*(< #6, B,G8 See APA manual ,6th ed.,, p. 208, 442
Patterson, G. \. ,2003,. . covari.ov of vvtti,ear iv.trvctiovat rograv. ;tooivg) ava regvtar
eavcatiov rograv vtitiivg .cate .core. iv reaaivg. ,Master`s thesis, Uniersity o llorida,. Retrieed
rom http:,,www.u.edu,~asb,theses,2003,

! When the dissertation and masters thesis is retrieved on the Web, it may not be clear
what institution conferred the degree. Include the name of the university in
parentheses after the degree.


12

I(+#(*23 7"--,*#2#"($ =*(< L:?!
Sanord, C. A. ,199,. !or/ivg frov ritbiv tbe cta..roov: vrorivg tbe aetirer, of .eecbtavgvage .errice. to
/ivaergartev atri./ .tvaevt.. ,Doctoral dissertation.,. Retrieed rom LRIC database. ,LD42096,

- 1he name o the dissertation is italicized. See APA ,6th ed.,, p. 208, 440
- 1he type o dissertation or thesis is identiied, the name o the institution is listed in
parentheses.
- 1he LRIC accession number is listed in parentheses and not ollowed by a period. See
APA manual ,6th ed.,, p. 221 462 or only one o example o an LRIC document. APA
calls LRIC an electronic archie` ,p. 211,. See p. 208, 441 or an example o a retrieal
statement or an archial database.

I(+#(*23 7"--,*#2#"($T =*(< #6, B,GT $( 72#,8 See APA manual ,6th ed.,, p. 208, 442
Author. ,v.a. i no date, otherwise \ear,. 1itte of ai..ertatiov. Doctoral name o document type,
institution. Retrieed rom |URL|
Matlak, K. L. ,n.d.,. Ovtcove. eratvatiov of tbe tecbvotog, roert, ivitiatire at Cottiv Covvt,
Covvvvit, Cottege. ,Doctoral dissertation, Noa Southeastern Uniersity,. Retrieed
http:,,www.noa.edu,phe,phe_resources,online_documents.htm

@,+6$"+23 2$7 :,-,2*+6 :,;(*#-\Q*2D O"#,*2#)*,

1he APA manual ,6th ed., deines gray literature as scientiic, scholarly inormation that is not
necessarily peer reiewed. Documents that all into this category include reports by goernment
agencies, corporations, trade groups, research institutions, proessional organizations, and other
or-proit and not-or-proit organizations including adocacy groups and think tanks. lormat
reerences to technical and research reports like book citations. See APA manual, p. 205, .03
Q(C,*$<,$# ;)G3"+2#"($-
Author. ,\ear,. 1itte of vbticatiov ,Report number,. Place o publication: Publisher.
- Note: 1he author is listed irst, as in a.t vave, vitiat.. I you cannot ind an author, treat the
goernment department, oice, agency, or institute that produced the report as the group or
corporate author. I the report number is gien, insert it in parentheses ater the title. I the
organization that produced the report is not well known, precede its name with the name o the
organization o which it is a part. I a report is rom the U.S. Goernment Printing Oice, list the
publisher location and name as \ashington, DC: Goernment Printing Oice.
U.S. Department o Justice. ,1995,. Correctiovat .tati.tic. iv tbe |.., 12. \ashington, DC:
Goernment Printing Oice.

- Notice the group or corporate author.

LA8F :,;(*# =*(< "$-#"#)#"($23 2*+6"C, See APA manual ,6th ed.,, p. 206, 434
\oung, l. D., Jones, R., & Sampson, M. ,2006,. Correctiovat ovtatiov. of tbe |vitea tate., 2002.
,Report No. ACRL223312,. Retrieed rom Noa Southeastern Uniersity, Center or
Institutional Planning website: http:,,www.noa.edu,pubs2006,2006ACRL223312.pd

13

:,;(*# 2C2"32G3, =*(< #6, Q(C,*$<,$# 0*"$#"$% E=="+, 4Q0E9 B"#6 2 %(C,*$<,$# "$-#"#)#,
2- %*(); 2)#6(*8 Author. ,\ear,. 1itte of reort ,Report number,. Location: Publisher or agency.
U.S. Department o Lducation. ,1999,. Data .ovrce. ov tifetovg tearvivg araitabte frov tbe ^atiovat Cevter
for avcatiov tati.tic. ,GPO No: LD 1.310,2,:431892,. \ashington, DC: Author.

- Note that it is DC without periods like state abbreiations, but |.. uses the periods

:,;(*# 2C2"32G3, =*(< #6, L7)+2#"($23 :,-()*+,- ?$=(*<2#"($ !,$#,* 4L:?!98
Author. ,\ear,. 1itte of vbticatiov ,Report number,. Place o publication: Publisher.
,LD444444,. .
Schaer, L. L. ,1999,. Data .ovrce. ov tifetovg tearvivg araitabte frov tbe ^atiovat Cevter for avcatiov
tati.tic.. !or/ aer .erie. ,NCLS-\P-1999-11,. \ashington, DC: National Center or
Lducation Statistics. ,LD431892,

- See example o an LRIC document in the APA manual ,6th ed.,, p. 212, 462, also p. 204,
422

Q(C,*$<,$# *,;(*# $(# 2C2"32G3, =*(< #6, Q(C,*$<,$# 0*"$#"$% E=="+, 4Q0E9 (* 2$
,3,+#*($"+ 2*+6"C, 3"K, L:?! (* Y@?'8 Author. ,\ear,. 1itte of vbticatiov ,Report
letters,numbers,. Place o publication: Publisher.
lealth, Serices, and luman Serices Diision, General Accounting Oice. ,1998,. viciae
rerevtiov: ffort. to ivcrea.e re.earcb ava eavcatiov iv attiatire care: Reort to covgre..iovat reqve.ter.
,GAO,lLlS-98-128,. \ashington, DC: General Accounting Oice.

/)#6(*,7 %(C,*$<,$# *,;(*# *,#*",C,7 ($3"$,8 See APA manual ,6th ed.,, p. 205, 431
Author. ,\ear,. 1itte of vbticatiov ,Report letters,numbers,. Place o publication: Publisher. Use a
retrieal statement that includes a date o access. lor reports retrieed online, identiy the
publisher as part o the retrieal statement unless the publisher has been identiied as the author.
lor example: Retrieed rom Agency name website: http:,,www.xxxxx
Lewis, L., & larris, L. ,2006,. Reveaiat eavcatiov at bigber eavcatiov iv.titvtiov. iv fatt 200: ,GPO
No: LD 1.328,5:R 28,. \ashington, DC: U. S. Department o Lducation. Retrieed
rom General Accounting Oice website: http:,,www.access,gpo.go,su_docs
_access,aces160.shtml,gao,index.htm

! The name of the publisher is included in the retrieval statement when the it is not also
identified as the author.

!(*;(*2#, 2)#6(*T $($%(C,*$<,$#23 *,;(*# *,#*",C,7 ($3"$,8 Name o agency. ,\ear,. 1itte of
aocvvevt ,Report number,. Retrieed rom URL
National Center or Lthical Lducation, Commission on ligher Lducation. ,2002,. tati.ticat
avat,.i. reort: tbicat eavcatiov ,NCLL 9-584,. Retrieed rom http:,,ncee.ed.org,pubs
,9584.html


14

L:?! L7)+2#"($ I(+)<,$#-
APA has two examples o unpublished documents ,p. 204, 422, p. 212, 462, with LRIC LD
accession numbers in the APA manual ,6th ed.,. Lducation Resources Inormation Center
,LRIC, documents with LD accession numbers are usually but not always unpublished resources.
APA described LRIC as an electronic archie` ,p. 211, that contains archial documents ,e.g.,
discontinued journals, monographs, dissertations, or papers not ormally published,` ,p. 192,.
O"<"#,7 +"*+)32#"($ G((K (* <($(%*2;6 =*(< ,3,+#*($"+ 72#2G2-, 4L:?!98
Author. ,\ear,. 1itte of aocvvevt |Monograph|. Retrieed rom |URL|

Mead, J. V. ,Ld.,. ,2002,. Citatiov avat,.i.: vre.tigativg tbe qvatit, of aoctorat referevce ti.t.
|Monograph|. Retrieed rom http:,,eric.ed.go
! Database inormation is proided or items o limited circulation.
! No LRIC LD accession number was included in Lxample 422 on p. 204.
! No location or publisher inormation is proided since this was retrieed online and
includes a retrieal statement.

?$=(*<233D ;)G3"-6,7 (* -,3=>2*+6"C,7 B(*KT =*(< L:?!
Griin, D. ,1999,. vitiat fivaivg. ov tbe bevcbvar/. itot ro;ect at ^ora ovtbea.terv
|virer.it, vvaergraavate eavcatiov rograv. Retrieed rom LRIC database. ,LD4345595,

! Use this format for documents that are not formally published but are available on a
personal or institutional website, an electronic database such as ERIC, or a preprint
archive. (See APA manual, p. 211. 7.09)
! If the document is available on an electronic archive such as ERIC, give this
information at the end of the citation in a retrieval statement.
! In Example #62, APA used the name of the database instead of the URL.
! In Example #62, APA included the ERIC ED accession number in parentheses after
the retrieval statement. It should not be followed by a period.

1,,#"$%- 2$7 'D<;(-"2
According to APA ,p. 206, .04,, Proceedings o meetings and symposia published in a book
ormat should be ormatted as a book citation. Proceedings o meetings and symposia published
in journals should be ormatted as journal article citations. \hen the contribution or paper has
not been ormally published, then APA proides a template to use or ormatting.

0)G3"-6,7 +($=,*,$+, ;2;,* "$ +($=,*,$+, ;*(+,,7"$%-8 See APA manual ,6th ed.,, p. 20,
439 Author. ,\ear,,. 1itle o paper. In Lditor ,irst initial, last name, ,Ld., 1itte of covferevce
roceeaivg. ,page numbers,. Place o publication: Publisher. doi:xxx.xxxxxxx
Gibson, C. C. ,2005,. In S. Allsop ,Ld., Impact o the larger social context on the distance
learner. vtervatiovat Covvcit for Di.tavce avcatiov: Ove rorta vav, roice.: Qvatit, iv oev ava
ai.tavce tearvivg ,pp. 29-282,. Chicago: Milton Keynes.

15

.$;)G3"-6,7 -D<;(-")< See APA manual ,6th ed.,, p. 20, 436 Author, A. A. ,\ear, Month,.
1itte of aer. In L. L. Chairperson ,Chair,, 1itle o symposium. Symposium conducted at the
meeting o Organization Name, Location.
Martins, J. R. ,2004, April,. \orking with the terminally ill: An integrated theoretical model. In J.
R. 1unon ,Chair,, Cooeratire beattb care iv tbe 21.t cevtvr,. Symposium conducted at the meeting
o the American Counseling Association \orld Conerence, San Diego, CA.

! The month is included after the year for symposia, papers, and poster sessions that
have not been formally published. APA manual, (p. 206, 7.04).
! The name of the chair and title are formatted like an edited book.
! Include the city and state information.

E#6,* :,-()*+,-
Interviewconducted by the researcher. See APA (6th ed.), p 179, 6.20 Interviews are
personal communications, which are only cited in the text of the paper, not in the reference
list. APA does not recommend including personal communications because of the difficulty of
recovering them at a later time.

Film or video recording. See APA manual (6th ed.), p. 209, #49 Name of the producer
(Producer), & Name of the director (Director). (Year of release). Title [Medium of recording:
CD, record, cassette, etc.]. Country of origin or city and state: Distributor or studio.
Carr, P. ,Producer,, & Sommers, S. ,Director,. ,2004,. 1be vvvv, |DVD|. New \ork, N\:
MCA Uniersal lome Video.

! List the primary contributors in the author position and use parentheses to identify their
contribution.

Television programbroadcast. See APA manual (6th ed.), p. 210, #50
Producers name (Producer). (Broadcast date). Title of the program [Television program].
Station or viewing location: name of the station or network.
Garwood, S. ,Producer,. ,1998, December 31,. a.tvaer. |1eleision program|. Clarksille,
MD: BBC America.

! For an episode from a television or radio series, use the same format as a chapter in a
book, but list the script writer and director in the author position and the producer in
the editor position.

In-press manuscript or submitted for publication but not yet accepted, posted in preprint
archive. Author. (in press). Title of document. Manuscript submitted for publication. See APA
manual (6th ed.), p.200, #6.
Lucio, L. & 1unn, J. 1. ,in press,. De.igvivg tibrar, iv.trvctiov for ivtervatiovat ovtive .tvaevt.. Retrieed
rom http:,,cognotes.ala.org,,1492,10a,ALA,designing.pd

16

! The exact URL is provided because the document is informally published. Some
journals allow authors to post a version of their document online ahead of print in an
outside repository, also known as a preprint archive.
! Use (in press) for the date of publication, but update the references close to the
publication date and provide the final version if available.

Unpublished raw data. See APA manual (6th ed.), p. 212, #60

Supta, F., & Khan, K. (2009). [Citations from doctoral dissertation reference lists].
Unpublished raw data.

! Since there is no formal title, the information about the type of data is enclosed in
brackets and not italicized.
! There is no location or publisher so identify the data as : Unpublished raw data.

E$3"$, !(<<)$"#",-
Online communities include a ariety o options or people on the Internet to communicate on a
ariety o topics o interest. 1his may include blogs, newsgroups, online orums, and discussion
groups.

1,--2%, ;(-#,7 #( 2 $,B-%*();T ($3"$, =(*)<T G3(% ;(-#"$%T (* 7"-+)--"($ %*();8 APA
does not recommend including personal communications, including priate email messages,
because o the diiculty o recoering them at a later time. See APA manual ,6th ed.,, pp. 214-215
does proide a ormat or messages posted to a newsgroup, online orum, or discussion group.
Llectronic mailing list is the appropriate generic term or LIS1SLRVS since this is a trademarked
name or a particular sotware application. Author or screen name. ,\ear, Month day,. 1itle o
message |Any identiier|. Retrieed rom |URL|

Johnson, D. l. ,2009, April 3,. Problems accessing inormation |Online orum comment or
electronic mailing list message or \eb log message|. Retrieed rom http:,,groups
,google.com,group,sci.psyc.hyposis,

- Proide author,s,` last name ollowed by initials or screen name i that is all that is
aailable.
- Use the exact date that the message was posted.
- 1he subject line o the message should not be italicized. Any description goes in brackets
ater the title.
- 1he URL used should be the address or the archied ersion o the message.
- Include the name o the list to which the message was posted, i this inormation is not
part o the URL.

Z"7,( G3(% ;(-#8 See See APA manual ,6th ed.,, p. 215, 4
Author or screen name. ,\ear, Month day,. Subject line o message |Video ile|. Retrieed rom
|URL|.
17

Ramdial, S. l. ,200, August 3,. 1he IRB process |Video ile|. Retrieed rom http:,,www.you
_tube.com,group,watch~Xkas43nsu_IRB

- 1he title o the ideo is not italicized.
- Description o the type o document is included in square brackets to aid in document
identiication and retrieal.

O,%23 12#,*"23-

Court decisions. In the text of the document, cite the name of the case (in italics) and the year
of the decision. If more than one year is given, cite all years. For more information about how
to cite legal references, consult the most recent edition of The Bluebook: A Uniform System of
Citation (18th ed., 2005)

Common abbreviations:

Cong. U.S. Congress
H.R. House of Representatives
S. Senate
Reg. Regulation
Res. Resolution
F. Federal Reporter
F.2d Federal Reporter, Second
Series
F. Supp. Federal Supplement
U.S.C. United States Code
Cong. Rec. Congressional Record
Fed. Reg. Federal Register

Case.
Name v. Name, Volume Source Page (Court Date). See APA manual, (6th ed.), p. 217, #1
\ienhorst . Stonebraker, 356 l. Supp. 108 ,L.D. \is. 1988,.

- Ex.: Appealed case where decision was affirmed. See APA manual, (6th ed.), p. 218, #2
Check the Bluebook for the proper forms to signal the various stages in a cases history.
loeerkamp . Bischo, 41 l. Supp. 211 ,D. Kan. 1988,, aff`a, 2 l.2d ,9th Cir. 1992,.

- Ex.: Unpublished case.
To cite to a particular page of a slip opinion (an opinion that was not published in a case
reporter but is separately printed) use the format: slip op. at [page number]. You may also cite
unreported cases found in electronic databases such as LexisNexis Academic or Westlaw
rather than citing them as slip opinions.
McDougall . Riggs, No. 88-2109 ,3rd Cir. March 8, 1949,.

- Ex.: Unreported decision found in LEXIS with record number. See APA manual (6th
ed.), p. 218, #3 The name of the database and the record number is included along with
sufficient information for others to find the case. The screen page numbers are preceded by an
asterisk to differentiate between them and the page number of the slip opinion. Any paragraph
numbers assigned are preceded by a paragraph symbol. Precede screen page numbers, if
assigned, with an asterisk to distinguish them from the page number of the slip opinion.
Paragraph numbers, if assigned, should be preceded by a paragraph symbol.
18

lemphill . Bodart Corp., No. -9234, 1999 U.S. Dist. LLXIS 12223, at 2 ,L.D. Pa May 23,
2004,.

- Ex.: Federal testimony. See APA manual (6th ed.), p. 221, #12
tev cett re.earcb: 1be ro. ava cov. of ctovivg: earivg. before tbe vbcovvittee ov
ioetbic., of tbe ov.e Covvittee ov eattb, avcatiov, abor, ava Pev.iov., 110tb
Covg., : ,2000, ,testimony o Carey lunt,.

- Ex.: Unenacted federal bills and resolutions. See APA manual (6th ed.), p. 222, #15
Title [if relevant], bill or resolution number, xxx Cong., (Year). The version in the House of
Representatives has H.R. and the bill number while the version of the bill in the Senate has S.
Small larm Reimbursement Act o 2000, l.R. 2063, 102d Cong. ,2000,.

Small larm Reimbursement Act o 2000, S. 452, 102d Cong. ,2000,.

- Ex.: Enacted federal bills and resolutions.
xx Res. xxx, xxx Cong., Volume Source Page (Year) (enacted).
S. Res. 16, 110th Cong., 12 Cong. Rec. 3432 ,2004, ,enacted,.

Administrative and Executive Materials Bluebook Rule 14
Use the Bluebooks Rule 14 see next examples:

-Ex.: Federal Regulation. See APA manual (6th ed.), p. 223, #18
Title/Number, Volume Source xxx (Year).
lederal Small Business Regulations or Acquisitions by the National Parks Administration,
55 led. Reg. 66,343 ,Jan. 11, 2004,-to be codiied at 66 C.l.R. pt. 1,.

-Ex.: Executive Order. See APA manual (6th ed.), p. 223, #19
Lxec. Order No. xxxx, 3 C.l.R. Page ,\ear,.

Lxecutie Order No. 22,432 6 C.l.R. 1 ,1991-1995,, rerivtea a. avevaea iv 6 U.S.C. 301
app. at 5-5-09 ,2002,.

Patents.
Include the inventor or inventors to whom the patent is issued and the official source from
which the patent information can be retrieved. See APA manual (6th ed.), p. 224, A7.07
Borwin, G. l. ,2008,. |.. Patevt ^o. 1,2. \ashington, DC: U.S. Patent and 1rademark
Oice.




19

:,<,<G,*F /77"#"($23 2--"-#2$+, "- 2C2"32G3,8

!EY@/!@ @]L /OZ?Y ']L:1/Y O?J:/:^
:,=,*,$+, 7,-K ;6($, $)<G,*-F
1-800-541- 6682 ext. 24613 ,United States,
1-800-554-6682 ext. 24613 ,Caribbean, Canada,
E$3"$, 277*,--F http://www.nova.edu/library/main
L<2"3F redesknoa.edu