Citation and Referencing

In-text references below contain

mistakes. Correct the mistakes.
Answers
 In-text Citations: Basics
• In-text citations help readers locate the cited
source in the References section of the
paper.
• Whenever you use a source, provide in
parentheses (in brackets):

• the author’s surname and the date of publication

• for quotations and close paraphrases, provide

the author’s name, date of publication and a
page number
 In-text Citations: Formatting
Quotations

When quoting, introduce the

quotation with a signal phrase.
Make sure to include the
author’s name, the year of
publication, the page number,
but keep the citation brief—do
not repeat the information.
 FOR EXAMPLE,
Caruth (1996) has stated that a traumatic response
frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive
appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive
phenomena” (p.11).
or
A traumatic response frequently entails a
“delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of
hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena”
(Caruth, 1996, p.11).
 Signal Phrases
• Use such signal verbs as:
argue, suggest, acknowledge,
contend, maintain, believe, assume,
respond, report, conclude, etc.

• Passive structures with impersonal

“it” are commonly used (to shift the
focus to the content rather than the
author)
 In-text Citations: Two or More
Works
When the citation includes two or more
works, order them in the same way they
appear in the reference list at the end of the
text —the author’s name, the year of
publication separated by a semi-colon.

(Brown, 2006; Cohen, 2015)

 A Work with Two Authors
When citing a work with two authors, use “and”
in between authors’ name in the signal phrase but use
“&” between their names in parenthesis.

According to feminist researchers Raitt and Tate

(1997), “It is no longer true to claim that women's
responses to the war have been ignored” (p. 2).
Some feminists researchers question that “women's
responses to the war have been ignored” (Raitt &
Tate, 1997, p. 2).
 A Work with Three to Five authors

When citing a work with three to five authors,

identify all authors in the signal phrase or in
parenthesis.
(Wright, Wagner, & Chan, 1998)

In subsequent citations, only use the first

author's last name followed by "et al." in the
signal phrase or in parentheses.
(Wright et al., 1998)
A Work with Six and More
Authors
When citing a work with six and
more authors, identify the first
author’s name followed by “et al.”

Wagner et al. (2006) maintain

that….
(Wagner et al., 2006)
 A Work of Unknown Author

When a work has no identified author, cite in

text the first few words of the article title using
double quotation marks, “headline-style"
capitalization, and the year.

According to “Georgia’s Challenge

to Fight Air Contamination” (2019),
Or,
(“Georgia’s Challenge,” 2019)
 Citing an Organization
When citing an organization, mention the organization
when you cite the source in the signal phrase or the parenthetical citation.
The data collected by the World Health Organization (2019)
confirmed that…

If the organization has a well-known abbreviation,

include the abbreviation in brackets the first time the
source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in
later citations.
The World Health Organization (WHO)
confirmed … (1st time citing)

WHO’s experts tested dozens of cases of

Coronavirus…(in subsequent citing)
 Personal communication
When citing interviews, letters, e-mails, etc., include the
communicator’s name, the fact that it was personal
communication, and the date of the communication.
Do not include personal communication in the
reference list.

D. Brown also stated that many of her students

showed better results in receptive skills (personal
communication, April 3, 2019).
Or,
(D. Brown, personal communication, April 3, 2019).
 Electronic sources
When citing an electronic document, whenever
possible, cite it in the author-date style. If
electronic source lacks page numbers, locate
and identify paragraph heading/paragraph
number.
According to James (2018), ... (Sustainable
Education section, para. 6).
 Electronic Sources without
Authors
When you quote from electronic sources that do not
provide page numbers (like webpages), cite the
author name only. If there is no author, cite the first
word or words from the title only. 
• There are “three phases of the separation
response: protest, despair, and detachment"
(Garelli).

• "Nutrition is a critical part of health and

development" ("Nutrition").
 References Section

What are the differences between in-

text referencing and the References
Section at the end of the text?
Parts of the reference
Answers:
 In-text reference
vs.
References Section
Answers:
Electronic Sources in References
Section
Cherry, K. (2006). About Psychology. Retrieved from
http://psychology.about.com/od/apastyle/guide

Freud, S. (1922). Totem und Tabu: Einige

Übereinstimmungen im Seelenleben der Wilden
und der Neurotiker [Kindle version]. Retrieved
from
http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/37065.kindle.i
mages
Organizing a References Section

• All the references are presented

in alphabetical order

• The items by the same author are

presented in chronological order
 Sum up the topic of
today’s session: what key
points were discussed?