CITATION

AND REFERENCING
Instruction: On 1/4 Answer Only
a. Unscramble the letter to form proper words
b. Once you are done, look for the words that could possibly be considered as a
source of information and write it down below.

1. reeencfres - ___________ 6. elcdipeaycons - ____________

2. koob - ____________ 7. ttnnreei - ____________
3. nttaoiuoq - ____________ 8. srceuos - ____________
4. PAA - ____________ 9. sgazienam - ____________
5. naiottic - ____________ 10. nepaewspr - ____________

List the group words that could possibly be considered as sources of information
below.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
CITATION:

Why, When
and
What to Cite?
 WHY CITE?
To acknowledge the author(s) of the work that you used to write your
paper.

To provide context to your research and demonstrate that your paper is

well-researched.

To allow readers to find the original source and learn more about some
aspect that you mentioned only briefly in the document.

To enable further research by letting others discover what has already

been explored and written about on a given topic.
 WHAT TO CITE?
Cite everything that is not your own idea. Other people’s
words, ideas, and other intellectual property that you used in your
papers or that influence your ideas.

This includes, but isn’t limited to books, journal articles, web

pages, reports, data, statistics, speeches, lectures, personal
interviews, etc.
 WHEN TO CITE?
Use a direct quote

Paraphrase

Summarize

Use facts or statistics that are relatively less known or relate directly
to your argument.
APA STYLE: IN-TEXT CITATION BASICS
APA
American Psychological Association

APA format
author-date method of in-text citation.
author’s last name and the year of publication
for the source

narrative and the parenthetical citation.

Narrative citation:
According to Malfoy (1998), the existence of alien lifeforms is
probable.

Parenthetical citation:
Although he wrote many books about his encounters with various
creatures, Lockhart’s actual experience with these beasts is doubtful
(McGonagall, 1976, p. 11).

Note: the complete reference should appear in the reference list at

the end of the paper.
Reference: Snape, S. (2000). Advance Potion Making. Bloomsbury
Publishing.
If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly
quoting the material
Only author and the year of publication
No page number in your in-text reference

Example:
According to Malfoy (1998), the existence of alien lifeforms is
probable.
CITING SHORT QUOTATION
Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the
author’s last name followed by the date of publication in
parentheses.

Example:
According to Jones (1998), “Students often had difficulty using
APA style, especially when it was their first time” (p.119).
CITING SHORT QUOTATION
If the author is not named in the signal phrase,
authors last name, year of publication and page number in
parentheses after the quotation.

Example:
She stated, “Students often had difficulty using APA style”
(Jones, 1998, p.119), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.
CITING LONG QUOTATION
Place direct quotation that are 40 words, or longer, in a free-
standing block of typewritten lines, and omit quotation
marks.

Example:
Jones’s (1998) study found the following: Students often had
difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing
sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many
students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for
help (p.119).
SUMMARY OR PARAPHRASE
If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make
reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference,

APA guidelines encourage you to also provide the page number (not
required.)

Example:
According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for
first-time learners.
APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones,
1998, p.119).
 CITATION
By Author
2 Author
3 or more
Unknown Author
Organization
Two or More Works in the Same Parentheses
Authors With the Same Last Name
Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year
Personal Communication
 CITATION
Citing Indirect Sources
Electronic Sources
Unknown Author and Unknown Date
Sources Without Page Numbers
 CITING TWO AUTHORS

Example: In-text
Name and Name (Year)
Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) indicates a decrease in the
number of books published each year for the past five years.

Parenthetical
(Name & Name, Year)
There is a decrease in the number of books published each year for
the past five years. (Wegener & Petty, 1994).
CITING THREE OR MORE
Example: In-text
Name et al. (Year)
According to Kernis et al. (1993), there is significant difference in the cancer
rates of people who used sunscreen when compared to those who did not.

Parenthetical
(Name et al. Year)
“There is significant difference in the cancer rates of people who used
sunscreen when compared to those who did not” (Kernis et al., 1993).

In Reference List citation must show names of all authors

 UNKNOWN AUTHOR
Example: In-text
Title of book/article (Year)
According to “Lived Experiences of Young Adults From Broken
Families on Marital Relationships” (2019), people often take for
granted the impact of having separated parents on children.

Parenthetical
Title of book/article, Year
A similar study was done of students learning to format research
papers ("Using Citations," 2001).
CITING ORGANIZATIONS
If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, include the
abbreviation in brackets the first time the source is cited and then
use only the abbreviation in later citations.

Name of Organization, Year

First citation: (Mothers Against Drunk Driving [MADD], 2000)
Second citation: (MADD, 2000)
 CITING TWO AUTHORS IN
THE SAME PARENTHESIS

When your parenthetical citation includes two or more works, order

them the same way they appear in the reference list (viz.,
alphabetically), separated by a semi-colon.

(Name, Year; Name, Year)

Example: (Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983)
CITING AUTHORS WITH THE
SAME LAST NAME

To prevent confusion, use first initials with the last names.

(Name, Initial. Year; Name, Initial. Year)

Example: (Johnson, E. 2001; Johnson, L. 1998)
CITING TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE SAME
AUTHOR IN THE SAME YEAR

Name Yearsmall letter

In-text citation:
Research by Berndt (1981a) revealed strong correlations. However, a
parallel study (Berndt, 1981b) resulted in inconclusive findings.

Reference list: Bernt, G. (2020a). Analyzing the brain. Penguin.

Bernt, G. (2020b). Brain beats. Newton Press.
CITING PERSONAL COMMUNICATION

For interviews, letters, e-mails, and other person-to-person

communication, cite the communicator's name, the fact that it was
personal communication, and the date of the communication. Do not
include personal communication in the reference list.
(Name. personal communication. Full Date)
Example: (Robbins, E. personal communication, January 4, 2001).

Smith, A. P. also claimed that many of her students had difficulties

with APA style (personal communication, November 3, 2002).
CITING INDIRECT SOURCES
If you use a source that was cited in another source, name the
original source in your signal phrase. List the secondary source in
your reference list and include the secondary source in the
parentheses.
Original Author (as cited First Citer, Year, Pg)
Example: Johnson argued that... (as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102).
(Johnson. 1985, as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102).
CITING ELECTRONIC SOURCES
If possible, cite an electronic document the same as any other
document by using the author-date style.

Name, Date, Title, Website, URL

Example: Kenneth (2000) explained...

Streefkerk, R. (2019, October 11). APA 7th edition: The most

notable changes. Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/apa-
seventh-edition-changes/
 CITING UNKNOWN AUTHOR AND UNKNOWN
DATE

If no author or date is given, use the title in your signal phrase or

the first word or two of the title in the parentheses and use the
abbreviation "n.d." (for "no date").

Title, n.d.
Example: Another study of students and research decisions
discovered that students succeeded with tutoring ("Tutoring and
APA," n.d.).
 CITING NO PAGE NUMBER
Example: (Hall, 2001, para. 5).

Example: According to Smith (1997), …..(Mind over Matter section,

para. 6).
 CITING A TV SHOW
Executive producer last name, Initials.
(Executive Producer). (Year range). Series
APA format name [TV series]. Production Company.

Chase, D., Grey, B., Green, R., Burgess, M.,

Landress, I. S., Winter, T., & Weiner, M.
APA reference entr (Executive Producers). (1999–2007). The
y Sopranos [TV series]. Chase Films; Brad Grey
Television; HBO Entertainment.
APA in-text citation (Chase et al., 1999–2007)
 CITING A PODCAST
Host last name, Initials. (Host). or Producer
last name, Initials. (Producer). (Year
APA format range). Podcast name [Video
podcast]. Production Company. URL

Rogan, J. (Host). (2009–present). The Joe

Rogan experience [Video podcast]. Spotify.
APA reference entr https://open.spotify.com/show/4rOoJ6Egrf8K
y 2IrywzwOMk?
si=M5mpB0p_Su6Kd2LQqFX08g

APA in-text citation (Rogan, 2009–present)

 CITING SOCIAL MEDIA
American Civil Liberties Union [@ACLU].
(2020, October 20). VICTORY: Georgia will
have additional dropboxes this cycle in
APA reference entr DeKalb County. There are 14 days left until
y Election Day, and [Tweet]. Twitter.
https://twitter.com/ACLU/status/1318651204
277329928

APA in-text citation (American Civil Liberties Union, 2020)

 CITING YOUTUBE
Last name, Initials [Channel name].
(n.d.). Home [YouTube channel]. YouTube.
APA format Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL

University of Oxford. (n.d.). Home [YouTube

channel]. YouTube. Retrieved October 19,
APA reference entry 2020, from
https://www.youtube.com/user/oxford

APA in-text citation (University of Oxford, n.d.)

ON THE SAME 1/4
1. Developmental Reading 1.
Bernardo, A.
(2011).
Rex Bookstore, Inc. Quezon City:

2. (1999). Are you with it?.

Retrieved on January 30, 2018, Wuest, D.
from, http://www.pecentral.org/climate/april99article.html
ANSWERS
1.
Bernardo, A. (2011).Developmental Reading 1. Rex Bookstore,
Inc.

2. Wuest, D. (1999). Are you with it?. URL

Wuest, D. (1999). Are you with it?. January 30, 2018.

http://www.pecentral.org/climate/april99article.html)