Advanced Aerodynamics

Fundamental Flight Maneuvers

Straight and Level Turns Climbs Descents

Four Aerodynamic Forces

Lift Thrust Drag Weight When are they in equilibrium?

Four Aerodynamic Forces

In steady-state or unaccelerated straight and level flight What happens when you initiate a climb?

Four Aerodynamic Forces

Lift briefly exceeds weight. Rearward component of the Lift adds to drag Upward component of Thrust is called the Lift of Thrust

Four Aerodynamic Forces

Once the climb is established, the forces are again balanced

Lift
Which of Newtons laws of motion are used to describe lift?

Lift
Second law of motion says that a force results whenever a mass is accelerated F = ma Third law states for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Bernoullis Principle
As the velocity of a fluid increase, its internal pressure decreases High pressure under the wing and lower pressure above the wings surface

Lift
In what direction does lift act? Perpendicular to the relative wind Drag acts parallel to the flight path in the same direction as the relative wind

Lift
Angle of incidence Angle of attack Washout

Lift Equation
L = CLV2r/2 S If the angle of attack and other factors remain constant and airspeed is doubled lift will be four times greater

Controlling Lift
What are four ways commonly used to control lift?

Controlling Lift
Increase airspeed Change the angle of attack Change the shape of the airfoil Change the total area of the wings

Angle of Attack
Directly controls the distribution of pressure acting on a wing. By changing the angle of attack, you can control the airplanes lift, airspeed and drag.

Angle of Attack
Angle of attack at which a wing stalls remains constant regardless of weight, dynamic pressure, bank angle or pitch attitude.

Angle of Attack
When the angle of attack of a symmetrical airfoil is increased, the center of pressure will remain unaffected.

Angle of Attack
At high angle of attack, pressure increases below the wing, and the increase in lift is accompanied by an increase in induced drag.

Flaps
What are the four types of flaps found on general aviation aircraft?

Flaps
Plain Split Slotted Fowler

Leading Edge Devices

Slot Slats Leading Edge Flaps

Drag
Induced drag is a by-product of lift and is greatly affected by changes of airspeed.

Wing Planform
Name several wing shapes and their advantages?

Wing Planform
Elliptical - Excellent load distribution for high-G maneuvering and low drag for high speeds Rectangular - stall first at root, least expensive

Wing Planform
Tapered - Favorable stall characteristics with good load distribution, saves weight Delta - supersonic flight

Wing Planform
How do you find the Aspect Ratio of an airplane?

Wing Planform
Found by dividing the wingspan by the average cord. What is a typical aspect ratio for typical training aircraft? Gliders?

Wing Planform
Gliders - 20 to 30 Training Aircraft - 7 to 9

Wing Planform
What is sweep? A line connecting the 25% cord points of all the wing ribs which is not perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the plane is said to be swept The sweep can be forward but most are back

Wing Planform
What is a device that is used to block or diffuse wing tip vortices?

Wing Planform
Winglets Winglets can increase fuel efficiency at high speeds at altitudes by as much as 16 to 26%

Ground Effect
Where is ground effect found?

Ground Effect
Within one wingspan of the ground An airplane leaving ground effect will experience an increase in what kind of drag?

Ground Effect
Induced Drag Induced Drag is only about half of its usual value when the wing is at 10% of its span above the ground

Drag
What kind of drags rate of increase is proportional to the square of the airspeed?

Drag
What kind of drags rate of increase is proportional to the square of the airspeed? Parasite Drag What kinds of drag make up parasite Drag

Drag
Form Drag - based on the shape of the plane, how well streamlined and amount of frontal area.

Drag
Interference Drag - created when the airflow around one part of the airplane interacts with the airflow around another. Skin Friction Drag - surface friction

Total Drag
The sum of the induced drag and the parasite drag. Total drag is lowest at the airspeed which produces the highest ratio of lift to drag L/Dmax

Total Drag
Best power-off glide range Greatest Range

High Drag Devices

Spoilers Speed Brakes

Spoilers
What are the advantages of using spoilers?

 Rapid descent without reducing power, engine stays warm Maintain normal descent speed Help slow to landing gear extension speed Descent rapidly through icing Stay at high altitudes longer

Spoilers

Thrust
Opposes drag. If greater than drag, the airplane is accelerating A pound of Thrust must be available for each pound of drag.

Thrust
Power is the rate at which work is done. It takes less power to do the same amount of work at a slower rate.

Propeller Efficiency
High angle of attack at root, low angle of attack at tip Elliptical planform High Aspect ratio

Max Level Flight Speed

Intersection of the Power or Thrust required curve with the Power or Thrust available curve.

Load Factor
Ratio between the lift generated by the wings at any given time divided by the total weight of the airplane.

Load Factor
What is the relationship between a heavily loaded airplane and stall speed compared to a lightly loaded airplane?

Load Factor
A heavily loaded plane stalls at a higher speed than a lightly loaded airplane. It needs a higher angle of attack to generate required lift at any given speed than when lightly loaded.

Calculating VA
VA2 = VA W2 / W1 VA2 = Maneuvering speed ( at this weight)

Calculating VA
VA = Maneuvering speed at Maximum weight W2 = Actual Airplane Weight W1 = Maximum Weight

V-G Diagram
Relates velocity to load factor Applies to one airplane type Valid for a specific weight, configuration and altitude

Aircraft Stability
Static Stability Dynamic Stability

Aircraft Stability
Longitudinal Stability Stable in pitch or stable about the lateral axis Motion of the plane controlled by the elevators

Aircraft Stability
Achieved by locating the center of gravity slightly ahead of the center of lift Need a tail down force on the elevator

Aircraft Stability
Lateral stability Return to wings level following a roll deviation Dihedral Low wing aircraft have more Sweep

Aircraft Stability
Sweep may be used when dihedral would be inappropriate such as in an aerobatic airplane that needs lateral stability while inverted

Aircraft Stability
Directional Stability Vertical tail and sides of the fuselage contribute forces which help to keep the longitudinal axis aligned with the relative wind.

Flight Maneuvers
Straight and Level To maintain altitude while airspeed is being reduced, the angle of attack must be increased

Flight Maneuvers
Climbs Transitioning to a climb, angle of attack increases and lift momentarily increases Thrust acts along the flight path

Climb Performance
Decreases with altitude Absolute Ceiling Service Ceiling

Turns
What force turns an airplane?

Turns
The horizontal component of lift. Load Factor and Turns The relationship between angle of bank , load factor, and stall speed is the same for all airplanes

Turns
Rate and radius Steeper bank reduces turn radius and increases the rate of turn, but produces higher load factors

Turns
A given airspeed and bank angle will produce a specific rate and radius of turn in any airplane Adverse Yaw

Stalls
Angle of attack Power-on stalls Power-off stalls Accelerated stall

Stalls
Secondary stall Cross-controlled stall Elevator trim stall

Stalls
Total weight, load factor, and CG location affect stall speed

Spins
Incipient spin Fully developed spin Spin recovery What type of spin can result if the CG is too far aft and the rotation is around the CG?

Spins
Flat Spin Spin Recovery

Spin Recovery
Throttle to idle Neutralize the ailerons Determine the direction or rotation Apply full opposite rudder

Spin Recovery
Apply forward elevator As rotation stops, neutralize the rudder Gradually apply aft elevator to return to level flight

One of the main functions of flaps during the approach and landing is to .

A. decrease lift, thus enabling a steeper-thannormal approach to be made. B. decrease the angle of descent without increasing the airspeed. C. provide the same amount of lift at a slower airspeed

One of the main functions of flaps during the approach and landing is to C. provide the same amount of lift at a slower airspeed

Which is true regarding the use of flaps during level turns?

A. The raising of flaps increases the stall speed. B. The lowering of flaps increases the stall speed. C. Raising flaps will require added forward pressure on the yoke or stick.

Which is true regarding the use of flaps during level turns? A. The raising of flaps increases the stall speed.

A rectangular wing, as compared to other wing planforms, has a tendency to stall first at the

A. center trailing edge, with the stall progression outward toward the wing root and tip. B. wing root, with the stall progression toward the wing tip. C. wingtip, with the stall progression toward the wing root.

A rectangular wing, as compared to other wing planforms, has a tendency to stall first at the B. wing root, with the stall progression toward the wing tip.

By changing the angle of attack of a wing, the pilot can control the airplane's A. lift, airspeed, and CG. B. lift and airspeed, but not drag. C. lift, airspeed, and drag.

By changing the angle of attack of a wing, the pilot can control the airplane's C. lift, airspeed, and drag.

The angle of attack of a wing directly controls the A. amount of airflow above and below the wing. B. angle of incidence of the wing. C. distribution of pressures acting on the wing.

The angle of attack of a wing directly controls the C. distribution of pressures acting on the wing.

The angle of attack at which a wing stalls remains constant regardless of

A. dynamic pressure, but varies with weight, bank angle, and pitch attitude. B. weight, dynamic pressure, bank angle, or pitch attitude. C. weight and pitch attitude, but varies with dynamic pressure and bank angle.

The angle of attack at which a wing stalls remains constant regardless of B. weight, dynamic pressure, bank angle, or pitch attitude.

The need to slow an aircraft below VA is brought about by the following weather phenomenon:

A. Turbulence which causes a decrease in stall speed. B. High density altitude which increases the indicated stall speed. C. Turbulence which causes an increase in stall speed.

The need to slow an aircraft below VA is brought about by the following weather phenomenon: C. Turbulence which causes an increase in stall speed.

Stall speed is affected by A. angle of attack, weight, and air density. B. weight, load factor, and power. C. load factor, angle of attack, and power.

Stall speed is affected by B. weight, load factor, and power.

The stalling speed of an airplane is most affected by A. variations in airplane loading. B. variations in flight altitude. C. changes in air density.

The stalling speed of an airplane is most affected by A. variations in airplane loading.

An airplane will stall at the same

A. airspeed regardless of the attitude with relation to the horizon. B. angle of attack and attitude with relation to the horizon. C. angle of attack regardless of the attitude with relation to the horizon.

An airplane will stall at the same

C. angle of attack regardless of the attitude with relation to the horizon.

In a rapid recovery from a dive, the effects of load factor would cause the stall speed to A. not vary. B. increase. C. decrease.

In a rapid recovery from a dive, the effects of load factor would cause the stall speed to B. increase.

Recovery from a stall in any airplane becomes more difficult when its A.elevator trim is adjusted nosedown. B.center of gravity moves forward. C.center of gravity moves aft

Recovery from a stall in any airplane becomes more difficult when its C.center of gravity moves aft

(Refer to figure 2.) Select the correct statement regarding stall speeds.

A. Power-off stalls occur at higher airspeeds with the gear and flaps down. B. In a 60 bank the airplane stalls at a lower airspeed with the gear up. C. Power-on stalls occur at lower airspeeds in shallower banks.

(Refer to figure 2.) Select the correct statement regarding stall speeds. C. Power-on stalls occur at lower airspeeds in shallower banks.

Refer to figure 2.) Select the correct statement regarding stall speeds. The airplane will stall

A. 10 knots higher in a 45 bank, power-on stall, than in a wingslevel stall. B. 10 knots higher in a power-on, 60 bank, with gear and flaps up, than with gear and flaps down. C. 25 knots lower in a power-off, flaps-up, 60 bank, than in a poweroff, flaps-down, wings-level configuration.

Refer to figure 2.) Select the correct statement regarding stall speeds. The airplane will stall
B. 10 knots higher in a power-on, 60 bank, with gear and flaps up, than with gear and flaps down.