Effects of Controls

Objectives
• To operate the primary control surfaces and
to experience the feel and observe the first
aerodynamic effect on the aircraft in flight.
• To operate the primary control surfaces and
observe the further (or secondary)
aerodynamic effect on the aircraft in flight.
• To operate the ancillary controls and to
experience the feel and observe the effect
on the aircraft in flight.
Principles of Flight topics
• Aeroplane Axes
• Lift
• Primary Controls
• Ancillary Controls
• Inertia
Axes – Lateral

Lateral

Elevator

Pitch Up

Pitch Down
 Axes – Longitudinal

Roll Left
Ailerons
Roll Right

Roll Right
Roll Left
Longitudinal
Axes – Normal

Rudder
Normal

Yaw Right

Yaw Left
Lift – Associated Terminology

Chord

Chord Line
AOA
RAF

Aerofoil
Lift – Newton’s Third Law
• An aerofoil generates lift by exerting a
downward force on the air as it flows past.
According to Newton's third law, the air must
exert an equal and opposite (upward) force
on the aerofoil, which is the lift.
Lift – Bernoulli’s Theorem
• The sum of energies of a streamlined flow of
an ideal fluid remain constant
• The faster the velocity, the lower the
pressure.
Lift – Bernoulli’s Theorem

As air flows over the wing, the increased

speed above the wing results in reduced
pressure = Lift
Lift – Increase

We can increase the Lift by:

Increasing the airspeed
Lift – Altering

We can alter the Lift by:

Changing the Angle of Attack
Lift – Alter

We can alter the Lift by:

Changing the shape of the wing
Primary Controls
Primary Controls – Elevator

Elevator

Pitch Up

Pitch Down

Changes Attitude and Airspeed

 Primary Controls – Ailerons

Roll Left
Ailerons
Roll Right

Roll Right
Roll Left

Changes Direction
Primary Controls – Rudder

Rudder

Yaw Right

Yaw Left
Maintain Balanced Flight
Primary Controls – Slipstream
Primary Controls – Slipstream
Ailerons are Elevator
outside and
the Rudder are
slipstream inside the
therefore slipstream
they are not therefore
affected by they are
changes to affected by
the changes to
slipstream the
slipstream
Ancillary Controls

Trim Throttle Flap

Throttle – Reducing Power

High Power Low Power

Reduced Slipstream

The couple Reduced

Downwards is unbalanced aerodynamic
aerodynamic force on tail
force on tail plane
plane
Reduced Thrust = Nose Down
Throttle – Increasing Power

Low Power High Power

Increased Slipstream

Downwards The couple

aerodynamic is unbalanced
Increased
force on tail aerodynamic force on
plane tail plane

Increased Thrust = Nose Up

Trim
Used to Relieve Flight Control Pressures

Trim after:
• Power or speed change
• Configuration change (flaps)
• Change of CG Trim is your Friend
Flap
Flap
Lift & Drag Increase

Flaps
FlapsDown
Up

Flap Operating Range

VFE and White Arc
(C152 85kt, PA38 89kt)

“Lift” Flap – (10º)

More Lift than Drag Changes: Wing Shape
“Drag” Flap – (20º to 30º) Pitch
Increases Lift but significant Attitude and Trim
increase in Drag
Change
Flap – Pitch Change
Low Wing High Wing
(PA38) (C152)
Pitch Down Pitch Up
Inertia
Newton’s First Law of Motion
“An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion
stays in motion with the same speed and in the same
direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.”
Inertia
The resistance an object has to a change in its state of
motion.
The aircraft will take time to react to control inputs.
This must be taken into account when changing the
speed or the direction of the aircraft.
“ANTICIPATE”
Airmanship
Instructor Speak Visual Flight Rules
• “I have control” (VFR)
• “You have control” • Clear of Cloud
• “Follow me through” • In sight of ground or
Main Reference water
• Horizon • See & Be Seen
• Ground Features
• North, South, East,
West, Airfield
Airmanship
Lookout
• Left to Right
• 2 sec / 20
• 90% Outside
• Always point out aircraft you see
• Clock Code
• “Bandits at 10 o’clock high!”
Airmanship – Personal Checklist
I’M S.A.F.E
• Illness
• Medication
• Stress
• Alcohol (or
Drugs)
• Fatigue
• Eating
Human Factors
Lookout:
• Limitations
• Focus, obstacles
• Peripheral (detects movement)
Memory:
• Information overload
• Short-term memory 7 items  2
• Use checklists
Human Factors
Stress:
• Being busy affects performance and
information processing
• Become more comfortable with practice
Lesson Structure:
• Demonstrating different items therefore is
an uncoordinated lesson
• Future lessons will build on previous ones
Aeroplane Management – Throttle
• Move Forward to Increase Power
• Move Back to Decrease Power
• Smooth Movements (0 – Full = 2 sec)
• Look after the engine
Aeroplane Management – Mixture
• Changes Fuel/Air ratio
• Adjust for change in height (air density)
• Out/Down for “Idle Cut Off”
• In/Up for “Full Rich”
• Set full rich for initial training flights
Aeroplane Management – Carb Heat
• Used for possible carburettor icing
• In/Up for “Off” (Cold)
• Out/Down for “On” (Hot)
Aeroplane Management – T’s & P’s
Temperatures and Pressures
In the “Green” - normal operating range
Aeroplane Management – Flap
C152 White Arc PA38
Electrical Manual
VFE 85kt VFE 89kt
Aeroplane Management – Pre-flight
Complete details in the Flight Manual
Air Exercise – Attitude

Attitude flying, by referencing

the nose, and
the wings - to the horizon
Air Exercise – Aileron

When used on their “own”

Roll Slip Yaw

Spiral Descent
Air Exercise – Rudder

When used on it’s “own”

less lift more lift

more lift

less lift

Yk o
a i ll
Spiral Descent
wd
Air Exercise – Summary

Primary Further
Control Input Use
Effect Effect
Control Column
Elevator Rearward Pitch Up Nil Attitude
Forward Pitch Down Airspeed
Control Column
Aileron Left Roll Left Slip – Yaw Direction
Right Roll Right Spiral Descent
Rudder Pedals
Rudder Left Yaw Left Skid – Roll Balance
Right Yaw Right Spiral Descent

Controls are used in the correct sense

Movement is relative to the pilot/aircraft
Air Exercise – Airspeed
All Controls Affected by Airspeed

Increased Airspeed Decreased Airspeed

Feel Harder Feel Sluggish
More Responsive Less Responsive
Smaller Movements Larger Movements
Air Exercise – Slipstream
Elevator Constant Airspeed Increased
and power =
increased
Rudder are
slipstream
inside the
MORE
slipstream
Effective
therefore
they are Decreased
affected by power =
changes to decreased
the slipstream
less effective
slipstream Yaw
Rudder
Air Exercise – Power
To Correct
Use Right Rudder Pitch up

Increasing Power

Yaw Right Yaw Left

Decreasing Power To Correct

Use Left Rudder
Pitch Down
Air Exercise – Trim
Used to Relieve Flight Control Pressures

Holding forward pressure

Trim forward

Holding back pressure

Trim backwards

Trim is your Friend

Air Exercise – Flap
Flaps Lowered = Increase in Lift (Balloon)

Compensate by changing the attitude of the aircraft

when flaps are extended or retracted
Sink occurs when Flaps are retracted
Air Exercise – Flap
Use of Flap
Lowering Flap:
• Check Airspeed White Arc
VFE: C152 85kt, PA38 89kt
• Adjust the attitude to maintain speed – Trim
• Note: Pitch Change, Increased Drag (IAS)
Raising Flap:
• Check Airspeed Lower the nose slightly to
increase speed (1.2 VS for next configuration)
• Arrest sink with slight back pressure when flap is
raised.