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  • Principles of Flight Easa Part-Fcl - PPL (A)

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    Helder Alves
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    The document discusses the basic principles of flight, including: - How air flows over wings based on Bernoulli's principle, generating lift. - The forces acting on an airplane - lift, drag, thrust, and weight - and how controlling the angle of attack and bank angle affects these forces during different phases of flight like climbing, descending, and turning. - Additional factors that influence lift and drag such as airspeed, wing design elements like flaps and slats, and the different types of drag. - The basic functions of the flight controls - the elevator controls pitch, rudder controls yaw, and ailerons control roll. Trim is also used to relieve control pressures.

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    Principles of Flight

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    The document discusses the basic principles of flight, including: - How air flows over wings based on Bernoulli's principle, generating lift. - The forces acting on an airplane - lift, drag, thrust, and weight - and how controlling the angle of attack and bank angle affects these forces during different phases of flight like climbing, descending, and turning. - Additional factors that influence lift and drag such as airspeed, wing design elements like flaps and slats, and the different types of drag. - The basic functions of the flight controls - the elevator controls pitch, rudder controls yaw, and ailerons control roll. Trim is also used to relieve control pressures.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    55 views28 pages

    Principles of Flight Easa Part-Fcl - PPL (A)

    Uploaded by

    Helder Alves
    The document discusses the basic principles of flight, including: - How air flows over wings based on Bernoulli's principle, generating lift. - The forces acting on an airplane - lift, drag, thrust, and weight - and how controlling the angle of attack and bank angle affects these forces during different phases of flight like climbing, descending, and turning. - Additional factors that influence lift and drag such as airspeed, wing design elements like flaps and slats, and the different types of drag. - The basic functions of the flight controls - the elevator controls pitch, rudder controls yaw, and ailerons control roll. Trim is also used to relieve control pressures.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 28

    Principles of Flight

    EASA Part-FCL – PPL(A)


    PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
    • Different parts of an airplane
    PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
    • The airplane flies thanks to the wings

    • Aerofoil cross-section

    Aerofoil cross-section
    PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
    • Angle of incidence

    • Relative airflow

    Always // to the flight path but opposite direction


    PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
    • Angle of Attack (AoA)

    The Angle of Incidence is fixed by the manufacturer


    The Angle of Attack can be changed by the pilot
    PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
    • Why does an airplane fly ?
    • Bernoulli’s principle

    Venturi effect
    Pressure x Velocity = Constant

    Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782)


    PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
    • Why does an airplane fly ?
    • Bernoulli’s principle : Application
    PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
    • Relation Angle of Attack ↔ Lift/Drag
    • Airflow types

    SEPARATION
    of the Airflow

    TURBULENT
    Airflow

    LAMINAR
    Airflow
    PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
    • Relation Angle of Attack ↔ Lift/Drag

    Lift
    Coefficient
    (CL)

    Angle
    of Attack
    PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
    • Forces acting on an airplane in flight
    • Straight and Level flight

    • Climb
    PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
    • Forces acting on an airplane in flight
    • Descent

    • Turn
    Angle of Load Factor
    Bank (n)

    0° 1
    30° 1,15
    60° 2
    75° 4
    90° Near ∞
    PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
    • Forces acting on an airplane in flight

    Load factor varies during manoeuvres and in turbulences


    PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
    • Factors affecting Lift & Drag
    • Lift
    Speed

    L = ½ ρ V² S CL
    PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
    • Factors affecting Lift & Drag
    • Drag D = ½ ρ V² S CD

     PARASITE Drag :

    – Skin friction

    – Form

    – Interference
    PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
    • Factors affecting Lift & Drag
    • Drag D = ½ ρ V² S CD

     INDUCED Drag

    WAKE TURBULENCE
    Light 0  7000 Kg
    Medium 7000 Kg  136000 Kg
    Heavy 136000 Kg and +
    PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
    • Avoiding Wake Turbulences
    PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
    • Factors affecting Lift & Drag
    • Total Drag

    Drag

    Induced Drag

    Total Drag

    Parasite Drag

    Speed
    PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
    • Polar of a Wing

    CL 3 1.

    2.
    4

    3.
    2
    4.

    CD BEST GLIDE
    PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
    • Flaps

    Plain Flaps Slotted Flaps

    Fowler Flaps Split Flaps

    • Slats
    PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
    • Flaps
    PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
    • The Effect of the Controls
    • The 3 axis

    PITCH YAW

    ROLL
    PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
    • The Effect of the Controls
    • Rudder Pedals
    PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
    • The Effect of the Controls
    • The Stick (Yoke) - Left / Right
    PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
    • The Effect of the Controls
    • The Stick (Yoke) - Forward / Backward
    PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
    • The Effect of the Controls
    • The Trim
    PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
    • The Effect of the Controls
    • Summary Rudder :
    YAW

    Elevator :
    PITCH

    Ailerons :
    ROLL
    PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
    • Propeller Slipstream Effect
    PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
    • Windvane Effect

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