Tutorial 16.

Introduction

Using the VOF Model

This tutorial illustrates the setup and solution of the two-dimensional turbulent uid ow in a partially lled spinning bowl. In this tutorial you will learn how to: Set up and solve a transient free-surface problem using the segregated solver Model the eect of gravity Copy a material from the property database Patch initial conditions in a subset of the domain Dene a custom eld function Mirror and rotate the view in the graphics window Examine the uid ow and the free-surface shape using velocity vectors and volume fraction contours

Prerequisites
This tutorial requires a basic familiarity with FLUENT. You may also nd it helpful to read about VOF multiphase ow modeling in the FLUENT by reading Section 24.2 of the Users Guide for more information. Otherwise, no previous experience with multiphase modeling is required.

Problem Description
The information relevant to this problem is shown in Figure 16.1. A large bowl, 1 m in radius, is one-third lled with water and is open to the atmosphere. The bowl spins with an angular velocity of 3 rad/sec. Based on the rotating water, the Reynolds number is about 106 , so the ow is modeled as turbulent.

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2m

1m

Bowl: = Air: = = Water: = =

3 rad/s 1.225 kg/m 3 1.7894 x 10 1 x 10

-3 -5

kg/m-s

998.2 kg/m 3 kg/m-s

Figure 16.1: Water and Air in a Spinning Bowl

Setup and Solution Preparation

1. Download vof.zip from the Fluent Inc. User Services Center or copy it from the FLUENT documentation CD to your working directory (as described in Tutorial 1). 2. Unzip vof.zip. bowl.msh can be found in the /vof folder created after unzipping the le. The mesh le bowl.msh is a quadrilateral mesh describing the system geometry shown in Figure 16.1. 3. Start the 2D version of FLUENT.

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Step 1: Grid
1. Read the 2D grid le, bowl.msh. File Read Case... 2. Display the grid (Figure 16.2). Display Grid...

As shown in Figure 16.2, half of the bowl is modeled, with a symmetry boundary at the centerline. The bowl is shown lying on its side, with the region to be modeled extending from the centerline to the outer wall. When you begin to display data graphically, you will need to rotate the view and mirror it across the centerline to obtain a more realistic view of the model. This step will be performed later in the tutorial.

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Grid

FLUENT 6.2 (2d, segregated, lam)

Figure 16.2: Grid Display

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Step 2: Models
1. Specify a transient model with axisymmetric swirl. Dene Models Solver...

(a) Retain the default Segregated solver. The segregated solver must be used for multiphase calculations. (b) Under Space, select Axisymmetric Swirl. (c) Under Time, select Unsteady.

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2. Turn on the VOF model. Dene Models Multiphase...

(a) Select Volume of Fluid as the Model. The panel will expand to show inputs for the VOF model. (b) Under VOF Parameters, select Geo-Reconstruct (the default) as the VOF Scheme. This is the most accurate interface-tracking scheme, and is recommended for most transient VOF calculations. When you click OK, FLUENT will report that one of the zone types will need to be changed before proceeding with the calculation. You will take care of this step when you input boundary conditions for the problem.

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3. Turn on the standard k - turbulence model. Dene Models Viscous...

(a) Select k-epsilon as the Model, and retain the default setting of Standard under k-epsilon Model.

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Step 3: Materials
1. Copy water from the FLUENT database materials so that it can be used for the secondary phase. Dene Materials... (a) Click on the Fluent Database... button to open the Fluent Database Materials panel.

(b) In the Fluent Fluid Materials list (near the bottom), select water-liquid. (c) Click Copy and close the Fluent Database Materials and Materials panels.

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Step 4: Phases
Here, water is dened as the secondary phase mainly for convenience in setting up the problem. When you dene the initial solution, you will be patching an initial swirl velocity in the bottom third of the bowl, where the water is. It is more convenient to patch a water volume fraction of 1 there than to patch an air volume fraction of 1 in the rest of the domain. Also, the default volume fraction at the pressure inlet is 0, which is the correct value if water is the secondary phase. In general, you can specify the primary and secondary phases whichever way you prefer. It is a good idea, especially in more complicated problems, to consider how your choice will aect the ease of problem setup. 1. Dene the air and water phases within the bowl. Dene Phases...

(a) Specify air as the primary phase. i. Select phase-1 and click the Set... button.

ii. In the Primary Phase panel, enter air for the Name. iii. Keep the default selection of air for the Phase Material.

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(b) Specify water as the secondary phase. i. Select phase-2 and click the Set... button.

ii. In the Secondary Phase panel, enter water for the Name. iii. Select water-liquid from the Phase Material drop-down list.

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Step 5: Operating Conditions

1. Set the gravitational acceleration. Dene Operating Conditions...

(a) Turn on Gravity. The panel will expand to show additional inputs. (b) Set the Gravitational Acceleration in the X direction to 9.81 m/s2 . Since the centerline of the bowl is the x axis, gravity points in the positive x direction. 2. Set the operating density. (a) Under Variable-Density Parameters, turn on the Specied Operating Density option and accept the Operating Density of 1.225. It is a good idea to set the operating density to be the density of the lighter phase. This excludes the buildup of hydrostatic pressure within the lighter phase, improving the round-o accuracy for the momentum balance. Note: The Reference Pressure Location (0,0) is situated in a region where the uid will always be 100% of one of the phases (air), a condition that is essential for smooth and rapid convergence. If it were not, you would need to change it to a more appropriate location.

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Step 6: Boundary Conditions

Dene Boundary Conditions... 1. Change the bowl centerline from a symmetry boundary to an axis boundary. For axisymmetric models, the axis of symmetry must be an axis zone. (a) Select symmetry-2 in the Zone list in the Boundary Conditions panel. (b) In the Type list, choose axis. You will have to scroll to the top of the list. (c) Click Yes in the Question dialog box that appears.

(d) Click OK in the Axis panel to accept the default Zone Name. 2. Set the conditions at the top of the bowl (pressure-inlet-4). For the VOF model, you will specify conditions for the mixture (i.e., conditions that apply to all phases) and also conditions that are specic to the secondary phase. There are no conditions to be specied for the primary phase. (a) Set the conditions for the mixture. i. In the Boundary Conditions panel, keep the default selection of mixture in the Phase drop-down list and click Set....

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ii. Set the Turb. Kinetic Energy to 2.25e-2 and the Turb. Dissipation Rate to 7.92e-3. Since there is initially no ow passing through the pressure inlet, you need to specify k and explicitly rather than using one of the other turbulence specication methods. All of the other methods require you to specify the turbulence intensity, which is 0 in this case. The values for k and are computed as follows: k = (Iwwall )2 0.093/4 k 3/2

where the turbulence intensity I is 0.05 (close to zero), wwall is 3 m/s, and is 0.07 (obtained by multiplying 0.07 by the maximum radius of the bowl, which is 1). See Section 7.2.2 of the Users Guide for details about the specication of turbulence boundary conditions at ow inlets and exits. (b) Check the volume fraction of the secondary phase. i. In the Boundary Conditions panel, select water from the Phase drop-down list and click Set....

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ii. Retain the default Volume Fraction of 0. A water volume fraction of 0 indicates that only air is present at the pressure inlet. 3. Set the conditions for the spinning bowl (wall-1). For a wall boundary, all conditions are specied for the mixture. There are no conditions to be specied for the individual phases. (a) In the Boundary Conditions panel, select mixture in the Phase drop-down list and click Set....

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(b) Select Moving Wall under Wall Motion. The panel will expand to show inputs for the wall motion. (c) Under Motion, choose Rotational and then set the rotational Speed (rad/s) to 3.

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Step 7: Solution
In simple ows, the under-relaxation factors can usually be increased at the start of the calculation. This is particularly true when the VOF model is used, where high underrelaxation on all variables can greatly improve the performance of the solver. 1. Set the solution parameters. Solve Controls Solution...

(a) Set all Under-Relaxation Factors to 1.

Be sure to use the scroll bar to access the under-relaxation factors that are initially out of view.

(b) Under Discretization, choose the PRESTO! scheme in the drop-down list next to Pressure. (c) Under Pressure-Velocity Coupling, select PISO. PISO is recommended for transient ow calculations.

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2. Enable the display of residuals during the solution process. Solve Monitors Residual...

(a) Under Options, select Plot. (b) Click OK button to close the panel. 3. Enable the plotting of the axial velocity of water near the outer edge of the bowl during the calculation. For transient calculations, it is often useful to monitor the value of a particular variable to see how it changes over time. Here you will rst specify the point at which you want to track the velocity, and then dene the monitoring parameters. (a) Dene a point surface near the outer edge of the bowl. Surface Point...

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i. Set the x0 and y0 coordinates to 0.75 and 0.65. ii. Enter point for the New Surface Name. iii. Click Create. (b) Dene the monitoring parameters. Solve Monitors Surface...

i. Increase the Surface Monitors value to 1. ii. Turn on the Plot and Write options for monitor-1. Note: When the Write option is selected in the Surface Monitors panel, the velocity history will be written to a le. If you do not select the Write option, the history information will be lost when you exit FLUENT. iii. In the drop-down list under Every, choose Time Step.

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iv. Click on Dene... to specify the surface monitor parameters in the Dene Surface Monitor panel.

v. Select Vertex Average from the Report Type drop-down list. This is the recommended choice when you are monitoring the value at a single point using a point surface. vi. Select Flow Time in the X Axis drop-down list. vii. Select Velocity... and Axial Velocity in the Report Of drop-down lists. viii. Select point in the Surfaces list. ix. Enter axial-velocity.out for the File Name. x. Click OK in the Dene Surface Monitor panel and then in the Surface Monitors panel.

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4. Initialize the solution. Solve Initialize Initialize...

(a) Select pressure-inlet-4 in the Compute From drop-down list. All initial values will be set to zero, except for the turbulence quantities. (b) Click Init and close the panel. 5. Patch the initial distribution of water (i.e., water volume fraction of 1.0) and a swirl velocity of 3 rad/s in the bottom third of the bowl (where the water is). In order to patch a value in just a portion of the domain, you will need to dene a cell register for that region. You will use the same tool that is used to mark a region of cells for adaption. Also, you will need to dene a custom function for the swirl velocity. (a) Dene a register for the bottom third of the domain. Adapt Region...

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i. Set the (Xminimum,Yminimum) coordinate to (0.66,0), and the (Xmaximum,Ymaximum) coordinate to (1,1). ii. Click the Mark button. This creates a register containing the cells in this region. (b) Check the register to be sure it is correct. Adapt Manage...

i. Select the register (hexahedron-r0) in the Registers list and click Display. The graphics display will show the bottom third of the bowl in red.

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6. Dene a custom eld function for the swirl velocity w = 3r. Dene Custom Field Functions...

(a) Click the 3 button on the calculator pad. The 3 will appear in the Denition eld. If you make a mistake, click the DEL button to delete the last item you added to the function denition. (b) Click the X button on the calculator pad. (c) In the Field Functions drop-down list, select Grid... and Radial Coordinate. (d) Click the Select button. radial-coordinate will appear in the Denition. (e) Enter a New Function Name of swirl-init. (f) Click Dene. Note: If you wish to check the function denition, click on the Manage... button and select swirl-init.

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7. Patch the water volume fraction in the bottom third of the bowl. Solve Initialize Patch...

(a) In the Phase drop-down list, select water. (b) Select Volume Fraction in the Variable list. (c) Select hexahedron-r0 in the Registers to Patch list. (d) Set the Value to 1. (e) Click Patch. This sets the water volume fraction to 1 in the lower third of the bowl. That is, you have dened the lower third of the bowl to be lled with water.

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(f) Patch the swirl velocity in the bottom third of the bowl.

i. In the Phase drop-down list, select mixture. ii. Choose Swirl Velocity in the Variable list. iii. Enable the Use Field Function option and select swirl-init in the Field Function list. iv. Click Patch. Its a good idea to check your patch by displaying contours of the patched elds.

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8. Display contours of swirl velocity. Display Contours...

(a) Select Velocity... and Swirl Velocity in the Contours of lists. (b) Enable the Filled option and turn o the Node Values option. Since the values you patched are cell values, you should view the cell values, rather than the node values, to check that the patch has been performed correctly. (FLUENT computes the node values by averaging the cell values.) (c) Click Display. To make the view more realistic, you will need to rotate the display and mirror it across the centerline.

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9. Rotate the view and mirror it across the centerline. Display Views...

(a) Select axis-2 in the Mirror Planes list and click Apply. (b) Use your middle and left mouse buttons to zoom and translate the view so that the entire bowl is visible in the graphics display. (c) Click on the Camera... button to open the Camera Parameters panel.

(d) Using your left mouse button, rotate the dial clockwise until the bowl appears upright in the graphics window (90 ). (e) Close the Camera Parameters panel. (f) In the Views panel, click on the Save button under Actions to save the mirrored, upright view, and then close the panel. When you do this, view-0 will be added to the list of Views. The upright view of the bowl in Figure 16.3 correctly shows that w = 3r in the region of the bowl that is lled with water.

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2.35e+00 2.23e+00 2.12e+00 2.00e+00 1.88e+00 1.76e+00 1.65e+00 1.53e+00 1.41e+00 1.29e+00 1.18e+00 1.06e+00 9.41e-01 8.23e-01 7.06e-01 5.88e-01 4.70e-01 3.53e-01 2.35e-01 1.18e-01 0.00e+00

Contours of Swirl Velocity (mixture) (m/s) (Time=0.0000e+00) FLUENT 6.2 (axi, swirl, segregated, vof, ske, unsteady)

Figure 16.3: Contours of Initial Swirl Velocity

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10. Display contours of water volume fraction.

(a) Select Phases... and Volume fraction of water in the Contours of lists. (b) Select water in the Phase drop-down list. (c) Set the number of contour Levels to 2 and click Display. There are only two possible values for the volume fraction at this point: 0 or 1.

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1.00e+00

5.00e-01

0.00e+00

Contours of Volume fraction (water) (Time=0.0000e+00) FLUENT 6.2 (axi, swirl, segregated, vof, ske, unsteady)

Figure 16.4: Contours of Initial Water Volume Fraction

Figure 16.4 correctly shows that the bottom third of the bowl contains water. 11. Set the time-step parameters for the calculation. Solve Iterate... (a) Under Time, specify a value of 0.002 for Time Step Size and a value of 1000 for Number of Time Steps. (b) Under Time Stepping Method, select Variable. (c) Under Variable Time Step Parameters, specify a value of 0.002 for Minimum Time Step Size and a value of 0.01 for Maximum Time Step Size. (d) Retain the other default parameters. (e) Click Apply. This will save the time step size to the case le (the next time a case le is saved). (f) Save the initial case and data les (bowl.cas and bowl.dat). File Write Case & Data... (g) Specify a value of 0.4 for Ending Time. As iterations will begin with variable time step method, a value of 0.4 for Ending Time will stop the calculations after t = 0.4sec. Save the data le at this moment and proceed the calculations for Ending Time of 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, and 2.0. You may have to reset the value of Time Step Size to a value of 0.002 after saving each data le.

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Figure 16.5 shows the time history for the axial velocity. The velocity is clearly oscillating, and the oscillations appear to be decaying over time (as the peaks become smaller). This periodic oscillation has a cycle of 1 second. The switch from a positive to a negative axial velocity indicates that the water is sloshing up and down the sides of the bowl in an attempt to reach an equilibrium position. The fact that the amplitude is decaying suggests that equilibrium will be reached at some point. The periodic behavior in evidence will therefore be present only during the initial startup phase of the bowl rotation.

0.3000

0.2000

0.1000

Vertex Average Axial Velocity

0.0000

-0.1000

-0.2000

-0.3000 0.0000 0.2000 0.4000 0.6000 0.8000 1.0000 1.2000 1.4000 1.6000 1.8000 2.0000

Flow Time

Convergence history of Axial Velocity on point (in SI units) (Time=2.0000e+00) FLUENT 6.2 (axi, swirl, segregated, vof, ske, unsteady)

Figure 16.5: Time History of Axial Velocity

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Step 8: Postprocessing
As indicated by changes in axial velocity in Figure 16.5, the ow eld is oscillating periodically. In this step, you will examine the ow eld at several dierent times. (Recall that you have saved the data les for t = 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and, 1.0.) 1. Read in the data le of interest. File Read Data... 2. Display lled contours of water volume fraction. Display Contours... Hint: Follow the instructions in substep 5h of Step 7: Solution (on page 16-28), but turn Node Values back on. Figures 16.616.9 show that the water level decreases from t = 0.4 to t = 0.6, then increases from t = 0.6 to t = 1. At t = 1, the water level in the center of the bowl has risen above the initial level, so you can expect the cycle to repeat as the water level begins to decrease again in an attempt to return to equilibrium. (You can read in the data les between t = 1 and t = 2 to conrm that this is in fact what happens. Since the time history of axial velocity (Figure 16.5) shows that the velocity oscillation is decaying over time, you can expect that if you were to continue the calculation, the water level would eventually reach some point where the gravitational and centrifugal forces balance and the water level reaches a new equilibrium point. Extra: Try continuing the calculation to determine how long it takes for the axial velocity oscillations in Figure 16.5 to disappear.

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1.00e+00

5.00e-01

0.00e+00

Contours of Volume fraction (water) (Time=4.0000e-01) FLUENT 6.2 (axi, swirl, segregated, vof, ske, unsteady)

Figure 16.6: Shape of the Free Surface at t = 0.4

1.00e+00

5.00e-01

0.00e+00

Contours of Volume fraction (water) (Time=6.0000e-01) FLUENT 6.2 (axi, swirl, segregated, vof, ske, unsteady)

Figure 16.7: Shape of the Free Surface at t = 0.6

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1.00e+00

5.00e-01

0.00e+00

Contours of Volume fraction (water) (Time=8.0000e-01) FLUENT 6.2 (axi, swirl, segregated, vof, ske, unsteady)

Figure 16.8: Shape of the Free Surface at t = 0.8

1.00e+00

5.00e-01

0.00e+00

Contours of Volume fraction (water) (Time=1.0000e+00) FLUENT 6.2 (axi, swirl, segregated, vof, ske, unsteady)

Figure 16.9: Shape of the Free Surface at t = 1

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3. Plot contours of stream function. (a) Select Stream Function (in the Velocity... category) in the Contours of dropdown list. (b) Turn o the Filled option and increase the number of contour Levels to 30. (c) Click on Display. In Figures 16.1016.13, you can see a recirculation region that falls and rises as the water level changes. To get a better sense of these recirculating patterns, you will next look at velocity vectors.

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2.77e+01 2.59e+01 2.40e+01 2.22e+01 2.03e+01 1.85e+01 1.66e+01 1.48e+01 1.29e+01 1.11e+01 9.25e+00 7.40e+00 5.55e+00 3.70e+00 1.85e+00 0.00e+00

Contours of Stream Function (mixture) (kg/s) (Time=4.0000e-01) FLUENT 6.2 (axi, swirl, segregated, vof, ske, unsteady)

Figure 16.10: Contours of Stream Function at t = 0.4

2.47e+01 2.30e+01 2.14e+01 1.97e+01 1.81e+01 1.64e+01 1.48e+01 1.31e+01 1.15e+01 9.86e+00 8.22e+00 6.57e+00 4.93e+00 3.29e+00 1.64e+00 0.00e+00

Contours of Stream Function (mixture) (kg/s) (Time=6.0000e-01) FLUENT 6.2 (axi, swirl, segregated, vof, ske, unsteady)

Figure 16.11: Contours of Stream Function at t = 0.6

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4.68e+01 4.37e+01 4.06e+01 3.74e+01 3.43e+01 3.12e+01 2.81e+01 2.50e+01 2.18e+01 1.87e+01 1.56e+01 1.25e+01 9.36e+00 6.24e+00 3.12e+00 0.00e+00

Contours of Stream Function (mixture) (kg/s) (Time=8.0000e-01) FLUENT 6.2 (axi, swirl, segregated, vof, ske, unsteady)

Figure 16.12: Contours of Stream Function at t = 0.8

7.02e+00 6.55e+00 6.08e+00 5.61e+00 5.14e+00 4.68e+00 4.21e+00 3.74e+00 3.27e+00 2.81e+00 2.34e+00 1.87e+00 1.40e+00 9.35e-01 4.68e-01 0.00e+00

Contours of Stream Function (mixture) (kg/s) (Time=1.0000e+00) FLUENT 6.2 (axi, swirl, segregated, vof, ske, unsteady)

Figure 16.13: Contours of Stream Function at t = 1

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4. Plot velocity vectors in the bowl. Display Vectors...

(a) In the Style drop-down list, select arrow. This will make the velocity direction easier to see. (b) Increase the Scale factor to 6 and increase the Skip value to 1. (c) Click on Vector Options... to open the Vector Options panel.

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i. Turn o the Z Component. This allows you to examine the non-swirling components only. ii. Click Apply and close the panel. (d) Click on Display. Figures 16.1416.17 show the changes in water and air ow patterns between t = 0.4 and t = 1. In Figure 16.14, you can see that the ow in the middle of the bowl is being pulled down by gravitational forces, and pushed out and up along the sides of the bowl by centrifugal forces. This causes the water level to decrease in the center of the bowl, as shown in the volume fraction contour plots, and also results in the formation of a recirculation region in the air above the water surface. In Figure 16.15, the ow has reversed direction, and is slowly rising up in the middle of the bowl and being pulled down along the sides of the bowl. This reversal occurs because the earlier ow pattern caused the water to overshoot the equilibrium position. The gravity and centrifugal forces now act to compensate for this overshoot.

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1.91e+00 1.82e+00 1.72e+00 1.63e+00 1.53e+00 1.44e+00 1.34e+00 1.25e+00 1.15e+00 1.06e+00 9.61e-01 8.66e-01 7.71e-01 6.75e-01 5.80e-01 4.85e-01 3.89e-01 2.94e-01 1.99e-01 1.03e-01 7.98e-03

Velocity Vectors Colored By Velocity Magnitude (mixture) (m/s) (Time=4.0000e-01) FLUENT 6.2 (axi, swirl, segregated, vof, ske, unsteady)

Figure 16.14: Velocity Vectors for the Air and Water at t = 0.4

1.96e+00 1.87e+00 1.77e+00 1.67e+00 1.57e+00 1.47e+00 1.37e+00 1.28e+00 1.18e+00 1.08e+00 9.82e-01 8.84e-01 7.86e-01 6.88e-01 5.90e-01 4.91e-01 3.93e-01 2.95e-01 1.97e-01 9.88e-02 6.55e-04

Velocity Vectors Colored By Velocity Magnitude (mixture) (m/s) (Time=6.0000e-01) FLUENT 6.2 (axi, swirl, segregated, vof, ske, unsteady)

Figure 16.15: Velocity Vectors for the Air and Water at t = 0.6

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2.12e+00 2.01e+00 1.91e+00 1.80e+00 1.70e+00 1.59e+00 1.48e+00 1.38e+00 1.27e+00 1.17e+00 1.06e+00 9.56e-01 8.51e-01 7.45e-01 6.39e-01 5.34e-01 4.28e-01 3.22e-01 2.17e-01 1.11e-01 5.18e-03

Velocity Vectors Colored By Velocity Magnitude (mixture) (m/s) (Time=8.0000e-01) FLUENT 6.2 (axi, swirl, segregated, vof, ske, unsteady)

Figure 16.16: Velocity Vectors for the Air and Water at t = 0.8

2.12e+00 2.01e+00 1.91e+00 1.80e+00 1.70e+00 1.59e+00 1.48e+00 1.38e+00 1.27e+00 1.17e+00 1.06e+00 9.55e-01 8.49e-01 7.44e-01 6.38e-01 5.32e-01 4.26e-01 3.20e-01 2.14e-01 1.08e-01 2.22e-03

Velocity Vectors Colored By Velocity Magnitude (mixture) (m/s) (Time=1.0000e+00) FLUENT 6.2 (axi, swirl, segregated, vof, ske, unsteady)

Figure 16.17: Velocity Vectors for the Air and Water at t = 1

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In Figure 16.16 you can see that the ow is rising up more quickly in the middle of the bowl, and in Figure 16.17 you can see that the ow is still moving upward, but more slowly. These patterns correspond to the volume fraction plots at these times. As the upward motion in the center of the bowl decreases, you can expect the ow to reverse as the water again seeks to reach a state of equilibrium.

Summary
In this tutorial, you have learned how to use the VOF free surface model to solve a problem involving a spinning bowl of water. The time-dependent VOF formulation is used in this problem to track the shape of the free surface and the ow eld inside the spinning bowl. You observed the changing pattern of the water and air in the bowl by displaying volume fraction contours, stream function contours, and velocity vectors at t = 0.4, t = 0.6, t = 0.8, and t = 1 second.

c Fluent Inc. January 11, 2005

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Using the VOF Model

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c Fluent Inc. January 11, 2005