Chuong 4 BBDA1C

chuong 4 BBDA1C.
doc Page 1 of 30
CHNG 4 B0 BEh B0 AF M0T ChEu

Bo bien oi ap mot chieu (BBA1C) hay goi ay u la bo bien oi xung ien ap mot
chieu, s dung cac ngat ien ban dan s o thch hp e bien oi ap nguon mot chieu thanh
chuoi cac xung ap (dong), nh o se thay oi c tr trung bnh ap U
o
ngo ra (hnh IV.0.1). V
the BBA1C con c goi la bo bam ien ap (hacheur hay chopper). Dang ap ra BBA1C theo
chu ky T bao gom thi gian co ap t
on
va khoang ngh T t
on
.
U
on
T
t
t

BB Ap
Mot chieu
Vao Ra
t t
hinh v.O.1 hguyen ly hoat dong BBBA1C
Co cac nguyen ly ieu khien:
- ieu che o rong xung (PWM viet tat cua Pulse Width Modulation) khi chu ky T
khong oi, thay oi thi gian ong ien t
on
. T so = t
on
/T goi la o rong xung tng oi.
- ieu che tan so khi t
on
khong oi, chu ky T thay oi.
- ieu khien hon hp, khi ca T va t
on
eu thay oi.
Hai phng phap sau t thong dung trong thi gian gan ay, no gan lien vi nhng mach
ien cu the, thng la n gian. Chat lng cua chung thng khong cao vi nhc iem ln nhat
la tan so lam viec cua he thong b thay oi.
Trong mot so tai lieu, cac bo bien oi xung ien ap mot chieu ong ngat nguon ien cung
cap cho tai nh a nh nghia tren c xep vao nhom FORWARD (trc tiep), phan biet vi cac
bo bien oi lam viec qua trung gian cuon day goi la FLYBACK (gian tiep). Ngoai ra, con co mot
so s o co o tong quat khong cao, khong c trnh bay trong chng nay.
IV.1 KHAO SAT BO BIEN OI AP MOT CHIEU LOAI FORWARD:
1. Khai niem ve mat phang tai:
Bo bien oi ap mot chieu loai FORWARD c
phan loai theo so phan t mat phang tai ma no co the hoat
ong. Mat phang tai la tap hp cac iem lam viec cua
BB, co hai truc toa o la tr trung bnh dong, ap tren tai
(I
o
, U
o
), gom 4 phan t nh hnh IV.1.1. phan t th I
va III, ap dong cung dau tng ng vi cong suat
P
o
=

U
o
.I
o
co gia tr dng: bo bien oi cung cap nang
lng cho tai. phan t th II va IV, cong suat am tng
ng vi dong nang lng ao chieu.
pha n t
th 4
Io >0; Uo<0
pha n t
th II
Uo >0, Io <0
pha n t
th I
Uo, Io, >0
pha n t
th III
Uo, Io <0
U
I

hinh 1.1: Cac han tu mat hang tai
V du: Bo chnh lu diod hay bo chnh lu ieu khien khong hoan toan (SCR + D) ch co the
lam viec phan t th I hay III , khi ma ap, dong tren tai cung dau trong khi bo chnh lu ieu
khien pha (ch dung SCR) lam viec c phan t I va IV (hay III va II) v no co the cung cap ap ra
U
o

chuong 4 BBDA1C.doc Page 2 of 30
Hnh IV.1.2 cho ta cac s o bo bien oi ap mot chieu loai FORWARD.

U
R
o
0
i S
L
+
E
_
U
_
02
+
S2
Uo
01
o
i
S1

u i
S1
+
S4
S8
U
S2 _
o
08
04
01
02
o
(a) (b) (c )
hinh 1.2: SJ do cac bo bien doi (a) mot han tu; (b) hai han tu; (c) bon han tu
2. Khao sat bo bien oi lam viec mot phan
t mat phang tai:
Tren hnh III1.2.(a) ngat ien ban dan mot
chieu S1, nh ta a biet ch co the dan ien mot
chieu t au + cua nguon. V the tr so tc thi ap,
dong ra u
O
, i
O
va tr so trung bnh cua chung Uo,
Io ch co the dng, va bo bien oi nh vay ch lam
viec c phan t th nhat cua mat phang tai.
Xet chu ky ta xac lap khi ma cac dang
song se lap lai moi chu ky. Hnh IV.1.3. (a) gii
thieu tn hieu ieu khien ngat ien S1. Tn hieu cao
(hay 1) tng ng ngat ien ong, thap (hay 0) la
ngat.
Tai t = 0, S1 ong. Phng trnh vi phan mo
ta he thong:
hinh v.1.8: 0ang song cua BBB mot tai RLE

0 vi ieu kien au
min
, ( )
o
o o
di
U Ri L E i I
dt
= + + =
<IV.1.1>
Giai ra : ( ) ( )
1 1 1
vi
t
o xl xl xl
U E L
i t I I I e I
R R

= = =
/
min
, <IV.1.2>
: thi hang ien t, I
xl1
: dong qua mach khi xac lap (khi t ).
( ) ( )

= =
/ t
min 1 xl 1 xl max on o
on
e I I I I t i <IV.1.3>
Khi
on
t t > , S1 ngat, dong tai khong thay oi tc thi, khep mach qua diod phong ien D2.
Phng trnh vi phan mo ta he thong khi chon lai goc thi gian:
0 0 vi ieu kien au
max
, ( )
o
o o
di
Ri L E i I
dt
= + + = <IV.1.4>
Giai ra : ( ) ( )
R
E
2 xl
/ t
max 2 xl 2 x o
I e I I I t i

= = vi <IV.1.5>
Va ( ) ( )
( )
min
/ t T
max 2 xl 2 xl on o
I e I I I t T i
on
= =

<IV.1.6>
<IV.1.3> va <IV.1.6> cho phep tnh ra I
max
, I
min
va dang cua i
O
theo t nh hnh IV.1.3.(b).

( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1
1 1
/ /
max min
/ /
;
on on
t t
T T
e e
U E U E
I I
R R R R e e

= =

va nhap nho dong ra: ( )
max min
I I I = <IV.1.7>
Tr trung bnh ap ra: vi . ,
on on
o
t U t
U U
T T

= = = <IV.1.8> , va dong ra
o
o
U E
I
R
= khi
s dung nguyen ly xep chong cho thanh phan mot chieu cua ap ra v
O
.
Tnh gan ung: Khi T << , co the tnh gan ung khi thay cac ai lng tc thi cua ve
phai trong <IV.1.1> bang gia tr trung bnh e tnh ao ham dong:
( ) ( ) 1
o
o o
di
L U E RI U U U
dt
= + = = . T o tch phan e co:

( )
( )
( ) 1 1
min max min o on on
U U
i t I i t I t I
L L

= + = = +
cho i
O
thay oi theo ng thang, ta co:
tr trung bnh dong
2
max min
o
I I U E
I
R
+
= = <IV.1.9>
va nhap nho dong ( ) 1
max min
UT
I I I
L
= = <IV.1.10>
gia tr nay cc ai khi
1
2 4
luc o ,
UT
I
L
= = <IV.1.11>
Nhan xet: nhap nho dong khong phu thuoc tr trung bnh dong tai Io va ien tr tai R. Khi
E hay R tang, Io giam trong khi I khong oi. V I
min
= Io I/2, ong ien se gian oan
khi Io < I/2 [ hnh IV.1.3.(c)]. Khi dong gian
oan, trong mot chu ky co khoang thi gian i
O
= 0,
u
O
= E, tr trung bnh ap ra Uo se tang, bang :
( )
1
o on x
U Ut T t E
T
= +

<IV.1.12>
vi
x
t : khoang thi gian co dong
Co the tnh c t
X
khi ap dung cac cong thc
t <4.7> en <4.10> cho chu ky gia nh bang t
X

(hnh IV.1.4) va ieu kien I
min
= 0:
hinh v.1.4: 0ang song vJi chu ky gia dinh t
X

( )
2
1
2 2 2
x on on on
ox x x
x on
U E Ut t URt LE I
I
R L t URt LU

+
= = = = =
+
va
hay
2
2
on
x on
on
URt LU
t t
URt LE
+
=
+
<IV.1.13>.
Cong thc nay cung cho ta ieu kien e bo bien oi co dong gian oan: o la chu ky
x
t T vi t
X
tnh theo <IV.1.13>.
V du 4.1: a. Tnh cac thong so va ve dang dong ap tren tai cua BB ap lam viec1/4
mp tai. U = 100 V, T = 100 microgiay, t
ON
= 30 microgiay, R = 5 ohm,L = 0.01 henry, E = 20V
Gia s dong lien tuc: = 30/100 = 0.3, suy ra:
I = (100*30*10
-6
*(1-0.3))/(1*10
-3
)= 0.21A
Uo = 100.(30/100)= 30 volt; Io = (30 20)/5 = 2 A.
Imax = Io + I/2 = 2.105 A.
Imin = Io I/2 = 1.895 A > 0 , gia thuyet dong lien tuc la ung.
Kiem tra lai: = 0.01 / 5 = 0.002 giay, t <IV.1.7>,
I
min
=
( )
( )
A
E E
E E
e
e
8953546 1
5
20
1
1
5
100
3 2 6 100
3 2 6 30
.
/
/
=

I
max
=
( )
( )
A
E E
E E
e
e
1053454 2
5
20
1
1
5
100
3 2 6 100
3 2 6 30
.
/
/
=

, suy ra I = 0.20991 A .
Nh vay sai so gia hai cach tnh la khong ang ke.
Kiem tra cac thi hang: T = 100 E-6 << = 0.002 giay phu hp vi gia thuyet.
b. Gia s E thay oi, tnh gia tr E e dong tr nen gian oan.
Biet rang I khong thay oi theo E, trng hp gii han cua dong lien tuc xay ra khi
Imin = 0 va Io = I/2 = 0.105 A. <IV.1.9> cho ta :
E = U R.Io = 30 5*0.105 = 29.475 volt.
Kiem tra lai, the gia tr E nay vao <IV.1.13>, t
X
= 100 micro giay = T. Vay khi E > 29.475
volt th t
X
< 100 micro giay va dong bat au gian oan.
Bai tap 4.1: Suy ra <IV.1.10> t <IV.1.7> .
at T/ = va a co t
ON
/T = , the vao <IV.1.7> khi lu y

= =

e e e e
T on
t
;
.
:

( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1
1 1
. .
max min
.
;
e e
U E U E
I I
R R R R e e

= =

<BT3.1.1>
V T << nen s dung gan ung :
! 2
2
1
x x
x e + =
cho cac ham mu cua <BT3.1.1>:

2 2
2
1 1 2 1 2
1
1 1 2 1 2 2
max
. ( / ) ( . / ) .
( / ) ( / )
U E U E U E
I
R R R R R R

+
= = = +

+

tng t : 1
2
min
. U E
I
R R

=

,
suy ra
[ ] ( ) 1 1 .
U UT
I
R L
= = v = L/R
Bai tap 4.2: Bien luan che o dong ien BB lam viec
mat phang tai theo sc phan ien E va :
Khi t
ON
giam hay E tang, dong ien giam. Vi t
ON
= t
GH
,ng vi
gh
= t
GH
/ T, ta co trng hp gii han gia dong lien
tuc va gian oan khi I
min
= 0. Khi t
ON
< t
GH
hay E tang, dong
gian oan va ngc lai.
Khi I
min
= 0, <BT3.1.1> cho ta phng trnh:

( )
( )
1
1
2 1
gh
gh gh
gh gh
e
E
q
U e

= =

.
Hnh IV.1.5 cho ta quan he q
gh
(
gh
) vi la thong so,
hinh v.1.5: Bien luan dong gian
doan (tinh toan chinh xac)
bieu thc gan ung ap dung khi = T/ << 1.
Cung
gh
, khi q > q
gh
dong se gian oan. Va ngc lai, cung gia tr , q khi <
gh
,
dong cung se gian oan.

Bai tap 4.3: Tnh be rong xung t
X
cua BB lam viec mat phang tai, tai RL trong che o
dong ien gian oan: (hnh IV.1.4)
<IV.1.3> vi I
b
= 0 cho ta
( )
1
/
max
on
t
U E
R
I e

= . The ket qua nay vao <IV.1.6>, e y phai

thay T bang t
X
v ay la dang xung cua dong gian oan, ket qua nhan c:

( )
{ }
1 1
. .
ln
U E
x E
t e e

= +

Th lai: vi = 0.01 giay, T = 100 microgiay, t
ON
= 30 microgiay, E = 44 V, U = 100 V, tnh
c t
X
= 68 microgiay, cung ket qua vi <IV.1.13>, e y = L/R.
3. Khao sat bo bien oi lam viec hai phan t mat phang tai I va II:
e lam viec c hai phan t I va II, dong tai i
O
va tr so trung bnh Io co the ao chieu.
Ngat ien S2 va diod D1 cho phep dong tai i
O
< 0 .
Trong hnh IV.1.2.(b), hai ngat ien ban dan mot chieu lam viec ngc pha nhau: khi S1
ong trong thi gian t
ON
, S2 ngat (ky hieu: 2 1 S S = ) va S2 dong trong thi gian T t
ON
.
Khi S1 ong, S1 dan dong i
O
> 0 va D1 dan dong i
O
< 0 , ap ra u
O
= U. Tng t, S2
ong, S2 dan dong i
O
< 0 va D2 dan dong i
O
> 0, ap ra u
O
= 0. Vay bo bien oi co ap ra
dng giong nh BB lam viec mat phang tai nhng dong tai co the ao chieu: BB co the
lam viec phan t th nhat va hai.
Viec ong ngat ao pha hai ngat ien mac noi tiep khong de dang trong thc te khi ta e y
thi gian turn on cua ngat ien ban dan bao gi cung be hn thi gian turn off. Khi o co the xay
ra ngan mach nguon tam thi khi ngat ien turn off cha kp OFF trong khi ngat ien turn on a ON
(s trung dan). e tranh hien tng nay ta can them vao mot khe thi gian u ln ca hai ngat ien
eu khoa lam trung gian cho qua trnh chuyen mach.
Khao sat nh vi s o BB lam viec mot
phan t cho ket qua khong thay oi, cac cong thc
t <IV.1.1> en <IV.1.11> eu co the ap dung.
Nhng v cac dong ien eu co the ln hay nho
hn zero, ta khong co che o dong gian oan.
Cac dang dong ap c ve tren hnh IV.1.6:
Dang dong i
O
hnh (a) tng ng vi
trng hp tr trung bnh dong ra Io >> 0. Diod
D1 va ngat ien S2 khong co dong, thc te mach
hoat ong nh bo bien oi mot phan t th I.

hinh v.1.G: Cac truJng hJ dong dien cua BBB
lam viec nhieu hJn mat hang tai
Dang dong (b) xay ra khi sc phan ien tai E xap x tr trung bnh ap ra Uo, tr trung bnh
tien ve 0 va ca 4 linh kien cong suat eu tham gia dan ien.
Dang dong (c) xay ra khi tr trung bnh dong ra Io << 0 tng ng vi Uo < E. Thc vay:

0
o
o o
U E
I U E
R
= < <

Luc o ch co D1 va S2 lam viec. Khi S2 ong, dong i
O
qua R, L, S2 ve E co bien o tang
dan. Cuon day c nap nang lng. Khi S2 ngat, dong qua L khong thay oi tc thi phong qua
D1 ve nguon. Nh vay tai E du co sc ien ong be hn nguon U nhng van co the a nang
lng ve nguon nh nang lng tch tr vao L khi S2 ong.
V du 4.2: Khao sat BB ap mot chieu hnh IV.1.2 (b) voi nguon U = 100 volt, sc ien
ong tai E = 40 volt, R = 5 ohm, L = 1 mH, T = 100 micro giay. Ve dang dong ra trong cac trng
hp o rong xung tng oi lan lt la 0.5; 0.3; 0.2.
a. = 0.5. I/2 = 100*0.0001*0.5(1 0.5)/(2*0.001)= 1.25 ampe.
Trung bnh ap ra Vo = 0.5*100 = 50 volt => Io = (50 40)/5 = 2 ampe.
Vay Imin = 2 1.25 = 0.75 ampe; . Imax = 2 + 1.25 = 3.25 ampe, tng ng vi trng hp
dong ien dang (a) cua hnh IV.1.6.
b. = 0.4 I/2 = 100*0.0001*0.4(1 0.4)/(2*0.001)= 1.2 ampe.
Vay Imin = 0 1.2 = 1.2 ampe; . Imax = 0 + 1.2 = 1.2 ampe, tng ng vi trng hp
dong ien dang (b) cua hnh IV.1.6.
b. = 0.3 I/2 = 100*0.0001*0.3(1 0.3)/(2*0.001)= 1.05 ampe.
Vay Imin = 2 1.05 = 3.05 ampe; . Imax = 2 + 1.05 = 0.95 ampe, tng ng vi
trng hp dong ien dang (c) cua hnh IV.1.6.
V du 4.2: S o BB bao gom D1 va S2 (hnh
IV.1.7 dung e chuyen nang lng t tai E ve nguon mot
chieu U co ien ap cao hn no con goi la BB tang ap
(trng hp (c ) cua hnh II.1.6).
BB tang ap, ta nh nghia t
ON
la thi gian dan ien
cua S2, cong thc tnh tr trung bnh V
O
se thay oi, tng
ng vi viec thay the bang (1 - ) trong <IV.1.8>
Ta co V
O
= V

.(1 - ) <IV.1.8*>
dong qua tai I
O
= (V
O
E)/R < 0 tng ng V
O
< E.

hinh v.1.7: BBB tang a
Can lu y <IV.1.8*> ch ung khi dong tai i
O
lien tuc, nh vao kha nang tch tr nang lng
dang dong ien cua t cam L. Co the nhan xet la BB tang ap lam viec nh sc ien ong cam
ng tren L, nh no ma dong ien co the chay t tai E co ien ap be ve nguon V ln.
BB tang ap la mot s o trong nhom BB ap mot chieu dang
FLYBACK, co kha nang tang-giam ap vi t cam L c xem nh la mot
thanh phan cua BB.
4. Khao sat bo bien oi lam viec bon phan t mat phang tai:
Hnh IV.1.2.(c) cho ta s o cau (con goi la cau H) cua bo bien
oi lam viec bon phan t mat phang tai. Ta cung co the s dung s o
vi hai nguon nh hnh IV.1.8. Trong s o cau, cac ngat ien S1, S4
cung cap ien ap dng va cac ngat ien S2, S3 cung cap ien ap am
cho tai. Cac diod song song ngc vi ngat ien am bao dong ien lu

hinh v.1.8: BBB lam viec
bon han tu mat hang
thong hai chieu. Co the ly luan tng t e chng minh kha nang lam tai, sJ do hai nguon
viec bon phan t mat phang tai cua s o s dung hai nguon: S1 cung cap ien ap dng cho tai
va S2 cho ien ap am. Co nhieu cach ieu khien BB lam viec 4 phan t mat phang tai nh trong
bang sau:
BANG TOM TAT CAC PHNG PHAP IEU KHIEN S O CAU (hnh IV.3.1c)
STT Cach ieu khien Phan t lam
viec
ac iem
1
ieu rong xung 1 4 3 2 S S S S = = =
4 phan t,
phu thuoc o
rong xung
tng oi
Cho phep thay oi lien tuc dong, ap
ra; nhap nho dong cao lam tang ton
hao; lu y trung dan
2 ieu rong xung S1, S4 cho ap ra > 0,
ieu rong xung S2, S3 cho ap ra < 0
I cho ap ra >
0,
III cho ap ra
< 0
ieu khien n gian; t ton hao;
khong the trung dan; khong ao
chieu dong tai c.
3
ieu rong xung 1 2 S S = cho ieu
khien ap,
4 3 S S = e chon chieu ap
I, II cho ap
ra < 0, III,IV
ap ra < 0
Lam viec c 4 phan t; ao
chieu ap ra can thay oi luat ieu
khien; t ton hao; lu y trung dan
4
ieu rong xung 1 2, 4 3 S S S S = =
Va 1 4( ) S S wt =
4 phan t,
phu thuoc o
rong xung
tng oi
Cho phep thay oi lien tuc dong, ap
ra; nhap nho dong thap; lu y trung
dan; s o ieu khien phc tap nhat
Chia lam hai nhom:
- ieu khien hoan toan: ac iem nhan dang cua nhom nay la moi nhanh cau (na cau),
luon co mot ngat ien lam viec. Ket qua la dong tren tai co the ao chieu tuy theo quan he nguon
tai.
V du nguyen ly ieu khien 3 2 4 1 S S S S = = = (Mot so tai lieu goi s o cau vi ieu
khien nh vay la BB mot chieu tong quat). Ap ngo ra luon co hai cc tnh: u
O
dng khi S1 ong
va am khi S1 ngat dang song hnh IV.1.9. Xung ap ra co bien o thay oi trong khoang U en
+U, lam cho nhap nho dong ien tang gap oi so vi dang xung mot cc tnh.
( )
2
1
max min
= =
UT
I I I
L
<IV.1.14>
vi = t
ON
/T; t
ON
la thi gian ON cua S1, S4.
S o nay cho phep thay oi lien tuc ap ra t am
sang dng khi thay oi o rong xung tng oi t
ON
/T :
( ) ( )
1
2 1
o on on
U U t U T t U
T
= =

<IV.1.15>
hinh v.1.O dang song a ra BK chung
Dong tai co the dng hay am phu thuoc vao tng quan gia trung bnh ap ra U
O
va sc
ien ong tai E (theo nguyen ly xep chong).

O
O
U E
I
R
= ,
Bai tap: Khao sat hoat ong cua BB lam viec 4 phan t mat phang tai, ieu khien theo
thuat toan th 4 trong bang phng phap ieu khien.
- ieu khien khong hoan toan: La nhng s o ieu khien con lai.
Tieu bieu la nguyen ly ieu khien sau: moi luc ch ong ngat mot trong hai nhom: hoac S1,
S4 cung cap ap dng hoac S2, S3 cung cap ap am cho tai. Khi o, BB ch co the lam viec
phan t I va III.
Mach ien tng ng khi ong ngat S1, S4 ve
tren hnh IV.1.10.a.
Khi tai thuan tr, mach lam viec nh tnh toan:
S1, S4 cung cap ap dng hoac S2, S3 cung cap ap am
cho tai (hnh IV.1.10.b). Tr trung bnh ap ra:
. =
o
U U : o rong xung tng oi
Dong qua tai RL va ong ngat S1, S4 ve tren
hnh IV.1.10.c. Khi S1, S4 khoa, dong qua L khong thay
oi tc thi se phong qua S2, D3 tao thanh mot xung ap

08
U
o
_
+
S1
02
S4
i
Uo
(b1)

hinh v.1.1O (a) Mach tuJng duJng
am. Tr trung bnh ap ra U
O
thay oi theo ac tnh tai, be hn trng hp tai tr.
Vay, mot cach chnh xac hn, s o cau ieu khien ong ngat S1, S4 co the lam viec
phan t th I va IV v dong tai luon dng va ap ra cung co the am trong mot ieu kien cu the.
(b) a ra tai R
(a) a ra tai RL
hinh v.1.1O Khao sat dieu khien khong hoan toan: SJ do cau khi dong ngat S1, S4
Bai tap: Khao sat BB lam viec 4 phan t khi ieu khien chung. Nguon U = 100 volt, E = 50V,
R = 1 ohm, L = e nhap nho dong I bang khong. Tnh dong trung bnh qua S1, nguon, cong suat
nguon cung cap trong hai trng hp o rong xung tng oi co gia tr thch hp e dong tai lan
lt la 20A va -10A
Bai giai:
- Khi Io = 20A:
Uo = E + R.Io = 50 + 1*20 = 70 volt => Uo = U(2 1) => = 0.85
Dong trung bnh qua S1: I1= Io*ton/T = Io* = 17A
Tch phan dong trung bnh qua nguon: In=[ Io*ton Io(T ton)]/T = Io*(2 1) = 14A
Co the tnh tr trung bnh In cua dong nguon
i
n
khi can bang nang lng cung cap va tieu thu:

0 0
1
. . . .
T T
n n n n
U
P U i dt i dt U I
T T
= = =

Pn = Po = U*In = Uo*Io => In = Io*Uo/U
- Khi Io = 10A: tnh toan tng t, ta co:
= 0.7; I1 = 7A (khi S1 ong, dong chay qua D1
I
S1
= 0); Pn = 400W tng ng vi dong nguon
trung bnh In = 4A.
LU Y: Nguyen ly bao toan nang lng cung cap
tieu thu ch c thoa man khi tnh toan chnh xac
hay trng hp ly tng L tai bang vo cung nh v
du tren.
D2, D3
t/T
K
t/T
i
t/T
0
n
0
u
0
o
1 0.85
S1, S4
+U
S2,
S3
- U
20A
-20A
S1, S4

hinh v.1.11 a tren tai va dong nguon khi dong tai
bang 2OA
Gia thiet dong tai tam giac du tao nhieu thuan li cho khao sat nhng ch la gan ung, khong am
bao nguyen ly bao toan nang lng cung cap - tieu thu, lam xuat hien cac ket qua khong giong nhau khi tnh
toan nang lng tren cac phan t cua he thong nh bai tap so 4 cuoi chng.
V the dang dong tam giac co the c dung e tnh toan nhap nho dong tai nhng khi tnh toan nang
lng, ngi ta lai gia s la dong tai phang e ch s dung tr trung bnh dong tai cho moi tnh toan.
5. Khao sat song hai ap dong tren tai RLE:
a. Song hai ien ap:
Co the phan lam hai trng hp: dong lien tuc va gian oan. Khi dong lien tuc, dang ap ra
ch phu thuoc o rong xung tng oi . Khi dong gian oan, dang ap ra con phu thuoc sc phan
ien E. Tuy nhien ch can khao sat trng hp dong ien gian oan, trng hp dong lien tuc tng
ng vi be rong xung dong t
X
bang chu ky T . Khai trien Fourier cho ap ra v
O
hnh IV.1.3.c:

( ) ( )
( )
1 1
2 2 1
2
vi
, va
sin cos sin
/ /

= =
= + + = + +

= + = =
o o n n o n n
n n
n n n n n n
u U A n t B n t U U n t
U A B tg A B T

Uo c tnh bang <IV.1.12>; A
n
, B
n
co the tch phan theo dang song u
O
hnh IV.1.3.c, khi
e y chu ky T tng ng vi 2:

( )
2 2 2
1 1
0 0 2
/
/
sin sin sin

= = +

on
x
t T
n o
t T
A u n t d t U n t d t E n t d t
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 cos cos ; sin sin
n on x n on x
U E U E
A nwt nwt B nwt nwt
n n n n
= =
<IV.1.16a>
Bien o va o lech pha cua song hai bac n trng hp dong lien tuc t
X
= T la:
( )
1
2
1 1
n
cos ; sin / cos
n on on on
U
U nwt tg nwt nwt
n

= =

<IV.1.16b>
b. Song hai dong ien tai RLE:
Song hai dong ien tai RLE c tnh khi ap dung nguyen ly
xep chong, dong hieu dung cua thanh phan bac n :

( )
2
2
n
n
U
I
R nwL
=
+

6. S lam viec song song cac bo bien oi:

hinh v.1.12 Mach dien doi vJi
song hai bac n (tai RLE)
S dung song song cac bo bien oi co 2 tac dung:
- Tang cong suat ngo ra thay v noi song song cac ngat ien e tang cong suat BB: Khi
cong suat tai ln vt qua kha nang cua cac ngat ien co san, viec song song nhieu ngat ien e
ap ng cong suat co nhieu han che: mach thc te phc tap, san xuat n chiec, he so an toan khi
tnh chon ngat ien tang Trong cong nghiep, ngi ta thng che tao cac khoi mach cong suat
c chuan hoa vi kha nang noi song song ngo ra.
- Tang chat lng ap ra va hieu qua s dung nguon ien: BB ap DC lam cho dong nguon
khong phang, dong hieu dung nguon cung cap tang t o giam kha nang cua ng day va/hay
nguon cap ien. Khi cung cap cho tai bang hai BB ta co the giam nhap nho dong nguon khi cho
cac BB lam viec lech pha. Cung bang cach nay, nhap nho ap ra cung giam lam tang chat lng
ien ap cung cap cho tai.
e thay c cac ket qua tren, ta quan sat hnh IV.1.13a. ay la s o hai BB cung cap
cho mot tai co thong so hoat ong giong nhau: cung U
O
, cung kha nang tai dong nhng lam viec
lech pha chu ky. Chung c noi chung ngo vao va chung ngo ra qua cac cuon khang co nhiem
vu ri phan ap chenh lenh xoay chieu. Moi BB se dan dong tai.
Ap ngo ra moi BB: u
01
= u
02
(wt ) => U
01
= U
02
= U
0

Ap tren cuon khang L: u
L
= (u
01
- u
02
)/2
Suy ra ap tren tai: u
O
= u
01
u
L
= (u
01
+ u
02
)/2

hinh v.1.18a: hai BBB cung ca cho mot tai
Co the chng minh de dang la ap tren
tai ch co hai boi chan, nghia la se nhap nho
tan so goc 2w va ap tren cuon khang L ch co
cac hai boi le 1, 3, 5

hinh v.1.18b: SJ do dong luc nhin tu ngo vao: Cai
thien dong nguon bang bo loc ngo vao va dieu khien
lech ha cac BBB
Hnh IV.1.14 cho thay dong nguon se
nhap nho t hn vi tan so gap oi tan so ong
ngat cua 1 BB. ieu nay co the thay c
mot cach de dang khi cong dong nguon cua hai
BB lam viec giong nhau lech pha na chu ky.
i
n1
= i
n2
(wt )
dong qua nguon: i
n
= i
n1
+ i
n2

suy ra:
trung bnh dong nguon i
n
I
n
= 2.I
n

va i
n
khong co hai boi le.
Do ng nguo n mo t BB th c te (ne t nho ), ga n u ng
(ne t a m)
I
o
do ng nguo n khi la m vie c song song hai BB
t
t

hinh v.1.14: 0ang dong nguon i
n
cua mot va hai
BBB giong het nhau lam viec song song, lech ha
18O
0
.
IV.2 BO BIEN OI AP MOT CHIEU LOAI FLYBACK:

0
u
_
T
L2
o
i
L
C
S2
U U
0
o
L
i
0
n:1
i
(a)
C
i
C
(b)
u
0
L2
i
(c)
S1
L
C
i
(d)
_
L
s
o
i
i
C
+
S1
U
s
L2
L
C
C
u
+
i
u
S1
u
L1
0
s
L1
o
S1
C
C
L1
+
U
i
i
+
C C
u
_
i
_
C

hinh v.2.1: Cac sJ do BBB dang Flyback:
Bo bien oi ap mot chieu xep vao loai flyback khi chu ky hoat ong gom hai pha:
Pha 1: Ngat ien ong (ON). Cuon day c nap nang lng t nguon, tai s dung nang
lng tch tr trong tu ien song song (tu ien ngo ra).
Pha 2: Ngat ien ngat (OFF). Cuon day chuyen (phong) nang lng qua tai va nap nang
lng vao tu ien.
Nh vay, nguyen tac hoat ong bo bien oi loai FLYBACK oi nghch vi cac bo bien oi
dang FORWARD, la khi ngat ien ong (ON) khi tai c noi nguon.
Co 4 s o c trnh bay tren hnh IV.2.1:
(a) : Bo bien oi ao cc tnh: c dung cho khao sat c ban v co so phan t la t nhat.
(b) S o tang giam ap.
(c) S o tang giam ap co bien ap.
(d) S o tang ap.
S o (a) co so phan t t nhat, (b) co cung hoat ong vi (a) nhng khong ao cc tnh, (c)
tng t (b) nhng s dung bien ap va (d) tang ap.
1. Khao sat s o can ban: [Hnh IV.2.1.a]
e khao sat gan ung, ta gia thiet cac ien ap, dong ien eu bien thien tuyen tnh, ieu
nay co the at c khi:
- Chu ky ong ngat T rat be vi chu ky cua mach cong hng LC ( bang LC 2 ).
- Tai la nguon dong I
o
, chnh la gia tr trung bnh cua dong tai khi bo qua cac nhap nho .
Cac gia thiet nay cung c s dung trong cac phan khao sat tiep theo.
Xem hnh IV.2.1 trnh bay cac dang ap, dong cua mach che o ta xac lap, khi cac tn
hieu thay oi co chu ky.
- Khi 0 < t < t
ON
: S1 ong.
L nap nang lng t nguon:
min
min
min
0
: ( )
( ) .2.1
la gia tr ban au, khi

L
L
b
on L on on
L L on on
di U
U L i t I
dt L
I t
U
t t i t t I
L
U
I I i t I t III
L
= = +
=
= = +
= = = < >

Diod D khong dan ien v phan cc
ngc: anod co ien the am trong khi catod
dng.
hinh v.2.2: 0ang a, dong BBB hinh v.2.1.a
C phong ien qua tai:

max max
max max
0
: ( ) ( )
IV.2.2
C o
C
o o
on C on on C C on on
du I
Io C u t U U t
dt C
I I
t t u t t U U U V u t t
C C
= = + =
= = + = = = < >

- Khi t > t
ON
: S1 ngat, dong qua cuon day khong the mat i v no bieu hien nang lng tch
tr trong cuon day, khep mach qua D, phong ien qua C va tai:
;
C L
L C L C
du di
i Io i Io C u u L
dt dt
= + = + = =
Goi la tr trung bnh dong qua L, tr trung bnh ap qua C, cung la tr trung bnh ap tren tai.
L C
I U
Lay trung bnh hai ve phng trnh tren: ;
C L
L C
U I
I Io C U L
t t

= + =

1
The cac gia tr , vao, e y , ta nhan c:
; IV.2.3
L C on
on
C L o
on on
I U t T t
t T
U U U I I
T t T t
=
= = = < >

Nh vay, dong qua cuon day i
L
thay oi tuyen tnh trong khoang
2 2
I
L
I
L
I , I

+ , ap u
C

tren tu C thay oi trong khoang
2 2
,
U U
C C
U U

+ . Ap ra co the ln hay be hn ap nguon phu thuoc
t
ON
/ T, nhap nho ap ra ch phu thuoc dong tai Io va tu loc C, nhap nho dong ra phu thuoc ap nguon
U va t cam cuon day L.
Trng hp dong gian oan:
Gia s ta gi t
on
khong oi khi giam Io. I khong oi trong khi
L
I giam theo Io. Dong i
L

khong oi dang nhng bien o thap dan. Khi
2
I
t T
T
L
Io I
on
= ta co trng hp dong qua L

gian oan (hnh IV.2.3):

Trong khoang t
on
, dong qua L c nap t 0
en gia tr cc ai. Khi S1 khoa, L phong ien qua tai
va C nhng dong se ve 0 trc khi S1 ong tr lai.
Goi t
x
la thi gian co dong qua L. Thi gian L
nap nang lng van nh cu:
U
on L
I t = , nhng thigian
tai s dung nang lng tch tr trong tu tang len, theo
hnh 3, bang (T t
x
+ t
on
) va nhap nho ap
( )
Io
x on C
U T t t = + .
Thi gian L phong nang lng thay oi, bang
t = (t
x
t
on
) lam cho cac quan he ien ap va dong
trung bnh thay oi. Neu xem C c nap nang lng
trong thi t
x
t
on
, ta van co:
;
C L
L C L C
du di
i Io i Io C u u L
dt dt
= + = + = =
hinh v.2.8: 0ang a, dong BBB hinh 4.8.a
dung de tinh toan hoat dong khi dong gian doan
hay
vi
L
C L
I
U L I
t
nh cu va =
x on
t t t . T do suy ra:

2
2 2
1 ;
khi dong gian oan,
on x
x on x on x on x on
x on
t T t ton
U T
C L t t t t t t t t
U L Io I T T
L on x on L t t U ton
U U I Io C Io Io
I t Io t t

= = + = + =
= = = +
( )
. .
( ) ( )
( )
<IV.2.4>
Nhan xet la khi dong gian oan, tr so trung bnh cua ap ra tang, theo ly thuyet se en vo
cung khi Io bang 0 (mach khong tai). Co the giai thch hien tng nay la do nang lng ch co the
truyen mot chieu: nguon cuon day tu ngo ra va ap tren tu se tang en vo cung theo nang
lng nap vao. Trong thc te, luon luon co ton hao trong mach, ton hao nay tang theo ien ap va
ngay khi khong tai, nang lng nap vao se can bang vi ton hao mot gia tr hu han cua ap ra.
Cach tnh nh tren ch co
gia tr gan ung khi a cho C
c nap trong suot thi gian L
phong ien. Thc te la khi
i
L
< I
o
tu ien C phai phong
ien, cung vi L cung cap nang
lng cho tai I
o
(so sanh hai hnh
IV.2.3 va IV.2.3b). Ap ngo ra se
be hn tr so tnh bi <IV.2.4>
kha nhieu. Cung t ly luan nay,
<IV.2.4> se chnh xac hn khi I
o

tien ve 0.
Phng phap khac tiep
can trng hp dong gian oan:
u
c
on
I
(a)
u
t
I
T
c
t
o
u
max
u
c1
c2
S o ng S nga t
t
x
Hnh IV.2.3b dang ap dong chnh xac hn hnh IV.2.3 khi dong gian
oan. (a) la ap tren tu hnh IV.2.3 ve lai e so sanh
Theo nguyen ly bao toan nang lng, trong che o ta xac lap, nang lng cung cap bang
nang lng tieu thu, Nang lng nap vao cuon day W bang nang lng tai tieu thu trong chu ky T:

2
2 max
max
. 1
. . .
2 2. .
o o o
o
L I
W L I U I T U
I T
= = => = hay
2 2
.
2. . .
on
o
o
U t
U
L I T
= <IV.2.4a>, v
max on
U
I t
L
= .
Cong thc tnh ap ra theo <IV.2.4a> chnh xac hn <IV.2.4>. T ay co the xac nh ieu
kien cua t
on
e dong bien lien tuc (t
x
= T) khi lu y en <IV.2.3>:

( )
2 2
. 2. . .
2. . .
on on o
on on
o on
U t t L I T
Uo U T t t
L I T T t U
= = => =
<+>
<+> la phng trnh bac 2 co 2 nghiem dng, ch nhan ket qua t
on
< T (gia tr be hn).
ieu ac biet la khi cho (t
x
= T) trong <IV.2.4>, ta cung co <+>.
e tnh nhap nho ap ra
C
u va t
x
, e y =
C
C
dv
i C
dt
hay
C
C
v
I C
t
trong tng giai oan
nap xa tu, t hnh IV.2.3b, ta co:

max
2 1
o C
I I u
C
t

=
vi
max
max
1 ( )

=
o
x on
I I
t t t
I
suy ra
max max
max
( )
2
o o
C x on
I I I I
u t t
C I

=

1
2 2
o C
I u
C
t
vi
max
2 ( ) =
o
x on
I
t t t
I
suy ra
1
max
( )
2
o o
C x on
I I
u t t
C I
=
Va
2
3
C
o
u
I C
t
vi 3 ( ) =
x on
t T t t suy ra
2
( )
o
C on x
I
u T t t
C
= +
V
1 2 C C C
u u u = + , ta co

2
max
max max
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 . 2
o o o o
C x on x on on x
I I I I I
u t t t t T t t
C I C I C
= = + + suy ra t
x
bang:

max
2
T+
o
x on
I
t t
I
= va
( )
2
max
2
max
T
o o
C
I I I
u
CI
= <IV.2.4b>
the gia tr I
max
vao:
2
2 2
. T+ T<0
o o
x on on on
on on
I L I L
t t T t Tt
Ut Ut
= < => +
Ta tm lai c bieu thc tnh t
x
va khi cho (t
x
= T), ta cung co lai <+>.
Mo phong BB flyback e kiem tra:
S dung PSIM e mo phong mach ien
hnh IV.2.1a vi cac thong so:U = 20V,
L = 30 uH, C = 50 uF, T = 50 us,
= 0.3 va Io lan lt bang 1.2A, 2A,
3.5A, 6A ta co c cac ket qua hnh
IV.2.3c. Dang ap tren tu giong hnh
IV.2.3b hn hnh IV.2.3a. Tu ch c
nap ien khi i
L
> Io.
Ta co che o bien gian oan
Io = 3.5A. Khi o ap ra cung co tr so
cua trng hp dong lien tuc (Io = 6A),
bang 8.57V. Khi dong khong lien tuc,
ap ra tang. Ap ra phu hp theo tnh
toan bang <IV.2.4a> (lan lt bang
25V, 15V).
Hnh IV.2.3c dang ap dong mo phong BB flyback dung PSIM
2. Cac s o khac:
a. S o hnh IV.2.1.b: Hoat ong hoan toan giong nh s o can ban hnh 1.(a) nhng ap ra
khong ao dau. S1 va S2 c ieu khien bang cung tn hieu, ong mach e nap nang lng vao
cuon day va khi ngat, cuon day se phong ien qua hai diod D1 va D2, cung cap dong nap tu va
cho tai Io.Cach noi nay con giam ien ap at vao ngat ien trang thai khoa so vi s o
IV.2.1(a).
b. S o hnh IV.2.1.c: La s o thng gap nhat trong cac bo nguon. Bien ap T co hai
nhiem vu: cach ly nguon va tai, lam cuon day tch tr nang lng cho bo bien oi. T la bien ap
khong bao hoa, t so vong day s/th la n, L1 va L2 lan lt la t cam cuon day s va th cap.
Vi cung gia thiet cua khao sat s o can ban, cac ket qua nhan c cung co dang tng
t. Ta co cac quan he cua bien ap:

2 1 2 1
2
1 2
L L L L
v n v I nI L L n = = = ; ;
- Khi S1 ong: 0 < t < t
ON
L1 c nap nang
lng, dong i
L1
tang; C xa qua tai,ap giam:

1
1
L on
U
I t
L
= ;
o
C on
I
U U t
C
= = <IV.2.5>
- Khi S1 ngat: t
ON
< t < T , lu y gia thiet
dong lien tuc:
i
L2
= Io + i
C
va u
L1
= n u
L2
= n u
C
,
the cac gia tr tng ng va lay trung bnh:

hinh v.2.4: 0ang a, dong BBB hinh v.2.1.b

1 1 1 1
2 1 1
2
1
2 2 1
2
( )
( )
C
L L L L
on
on L L L
C L C C
on
du U T
n i i Io C n I Io I Io
dt t n T t
t di di I L L
u u L U U U
dt n dt n t n T t
= = + = + =

= = = = =

<IV.2.6>
Bieu thc tnh gia tr trung bnh cac ap ra va dong qua cuon day giong nh trng hp can
ban nhng co them t so bien ap n.
Nhap nho dong t le nghch vi gia tr t cam cuon day, nhng can lu y la cac t cam
khong c ln qua e bien ap b bao hoa, khi ma dong nap cuon day chnh la dong t hoa cho
bien ap. Khao sat trng hp dong gian oan cung nhan c nhng ket qua tng t.
c. S o tang ap hnh IV.2.1.d:
Khi bien ap T noi dang t ngau, t so 1:n va noi tiep vi ap vao, ta nhan c s o tang
ap. Cac thong so:
2
1 2 1 2
2 1 ; ;
L L L L
L n L I nI n u u = = = . Chng minh tng t va e y khi S1
ngat, cuon day phong ien:

1
2
2 1 ta co: [ ( )]
L
C L C C
I ton
u U u U U nL U U n
t T ton
= + = + = +

<IV.2.7>
Ta cung co :
1 1
U
L on L
I t = ;
Io
C on C
U U t = =
va tr trung bnh dong ien cuon day trong pha nap ien Io n I
ton T
T
L

=
1

3. Khi bo bien oi co nhieu ngo ra: (hnh IV.2.5 )
Cac bo nguon xung thng can nhieu cap ien ap ngo ra, co the cach ien vi nhau nh
hnh IV.2.5. S o thng dung bien ap co nhieu cuon th cap.
Gia s bien ap co mot cuon s cap va n cuon th cap. Cac cuon day co thong so n, L; n
1
, L
2
; ;
n, L la thong so cua cuon s cap.
Cac t cam quan he vi nhau:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
1 2 3
1 2 3
..
L L L L
n n n n
= = = =
quan he cac ien ap cam ng:

1 2 3
1 2 3
...
U U U U
n n n n
= = = = ;
va dong ien tren cuon day
i i
i
nI n I =

T o, suy ra che o dong lien tuc vi
i la ch so cuon day:
- nhap nho ap moi cuon day th cap:

i
Ci on
i
I
U t
C
= ;
- nhap nho dong cuon s cap:

L on
U
I t
L
=
L2
L1
2
_
U
+
+
01
_
L
+
L
i
08
+
u
02
1
U2
S
C1
U3
8 C8
U1
C2
_ _
L8
L
hinh v.2.5: BBB Fly back nhieu ngo ra
- Trung bnh ap ra moi cuon day th cap:
i on
Ci
on
n t
U U
n T t

=

<IV.2.8>
- Trung bnh dong ien cua cuon s cap:
1
L i i
i
on
T
I n I
n T t

=

<IV.2.9>
e y la khi S1 ngat, dong ien ch can phong lien tuc tren mot cuon day th cap la am
bao he thong lam viec che o dong lien tuc.
Lu y: Mac du che o dong lien tuc la c s cua khao sat ly thuyet, cac bo nguon thc te
lam viec dong gian oan. e am bao on nh ap ra, can co co phan hoi ap e chnh t
ON
t ong.
Tuy nhien, cac bo nguon flyback eu van khong the lam viec che o khong tai, va nha san
xuat phai dung mot ien tr lam tai gia, e phong trng hp ngo ra khong tai hay tai qua be.
V du IV.2.1:
a. Cho s o hnh IV.2.5.(c), ap nguon U = 260 volt, tan so ong ngat f = 20 KHz, tai nh
mc Uo = 5 volt, Io = 5 ampe. Tnh cac thong so mach e nhap nho ap ra U = 20 mV, nhap nho
dong qua ngat ien I bang 50 % tr trung bnh.
T = 1/f = 50 micro giay, chon t
ON
= 0.6 T = 0.6/ 20000 = 30 micro giay.
<IV.2.2> suy ra C = Io*t
ON
/ U = 5*30 E -6 / 20 E -3 = 7.5 E 3 = 7500 uF
<IV.2.3> suy ra t so bien ap n =(U * t
ON
)/ [(T - t
ON
)* Vo] = 78 va tr trung bnh dong qua L
(trong khoang nap ien)
I
L
= (Io * T)/ [(T - t
ON
)* n] = ( 5 * 50) / [(50 30)*78] = 0.16 ampe
nhap nho dong I = 0.16 * 0.5 = 0.08 ampe.
<IV.2.2> => L = (260 * 30 E 6) / 0.08 = 0.0975 H.
Dong cc ai qua ngat ien S: Imax = I
L
+ I / 2 = 0.20 ampe
b. Vi he thong tnh c cau a., o rong xung tng oi be nhat cho phep t
ON
/T= 0.1,
tnh dong tai toi thieu e he thong co dong lien tuc luc nay:
t
ON
= 0.1 * 50 = 5 micro giay.
Nhap nho dong I = 260*5 E 6 / 0.0975 = 0.0133 ampe.
e co dong lien tuc, tr toi thieu Imin = 0 hay trung bnh dong qua s cap bien ap I
L
phai
ln hn mot na nhap nho dong I, bang 0.00667 ampe va dong tai tng ng :
<IV.2.3> => Io = I
L
* n *(T t
ON
) / T = 0.00667 * 78*(50 5)/50 = 0.468 ampe
Bai tap IV.2.1: Tnh toan chnh xac cho s o hnh 4.8.a (s o c ban): Khao sat chu ky ta
xac lap (khi cac dang song lap lai moi chu ky).
- Khi ngat ien S ong, cac bieu thc khong oi, co dang cua <IV.2.2>.

min min
min min
0
: ( ) ( )

L U
L L
U U
on L on on L L on on L L
di
U L i t I I t
dt
t t i t t I I I i t I t
= = + =
= = + = = =

max max
max max
0
: ( ) ( )
III.2.2
C o
C
o o
on C on on C C on on
du I
Io C u t U U t
dt C
I I
t t u t t U U U V u t t
C C
= = + =
= = + = = = < >

- Khi S ngat:
co cac phng trnh ;
C L
L C L C
du di
i Io i Io C u u L
dt dt
= + = + = = ieu kien ban au
( ) ( )
max min min max
0 ; 0 baitapII.5.1 baitapII.5.2
L C
i I I I u V U U = = + < > = = < >.
He phng trnh nay co the oi lai thanh phng trnh bac 2 theo v
C
nh sau:

2
2
0
C
C
d u
LC u
dt
+ = vi cac ieu kien au:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
0 0 0
min max
;
C
C C o
du
u U i I I
dt C C
= = =
nghiem v
C
co dang sin cos
C
u A wt B wt = + vi LC w / 1 = , A va B la hang so tch phan
phu thuoc hai ieu kien au. Co the tnh c:
( )
max min
sin cos
C o
u Z I I wt U wt = + vi
C
L
Z = la tong tr song mach cong hng LC.
va ( )
min
max
sin cos
L C o o o
U
i i I wt I I wt I
Z
= + = + +
Vi gia thiet dong lien tuc, the t = T t
ON
vao, ta co lai cac gia tr ap dong au chu ky
u
C
= U
max
va i
L
= I
min
nh sau:
( )
max max min o
U Z I I X U Y = + <baitapIV.2.3> va
( )
min
min max o o
U
I X I I Y I
Z
= + + <baitapIV.2.4> vi X = sinw(T t
ON
), Y = cosw(T t
ON
)
Bon phng trnh t <baitapIV.2.1> en <baitapIV.2.4> cho phep ta tnh c V
min
, V
b
,
I
max
, I
b
, viet c bieu thc mo ta dang song ap tren tu va dong qua cuon day:

( )
( )
2
2
1
1
1

min max min
;
o o
on on on
I I
U U wt X t Y U U t
C C
Y X

= = +

+

( )
( )
2
2
1
1
1

max min max
;
o on o on on
U U
I I t Y I wt X I I t
L L
Y X

= + =

+

Dang song ap tren tu va dong qua L co dang dao ong trong khoang L phong ien qua C
thay v ng thang nh trong khao sat gan ung. Trong thc te, do C thng rat ln, chu ky T cua
mach thng rat be so vi chu ky dao ong LC, do o cac ng cong co the xem la ng thang.
Cac cong thc gan ung co the suy ra tr la khi khai trien Taylor cac ham lng giac: sin x xap x
(x x
3
/3) cos x bang 1 x
2
/2.
Bai tap IV.2.1 cho thay s phc tap cua viec tnh toan chnh xac, se tang len khi khi khao sat
trng hp dong gian oan. Tnh toan gan ung luon c s dung trong thc te.
IV.3 MACH TAT SCR:
e thc hien cac ngat ien ban dan mot chieu, ngoai ho transistor hay GTO co the ong
ngat theo mach lai, ta co the s dung SCR cung vi mach phu, goi la mach tat SCR. Qua trnh tat
SCR con c goi la qua trnh ao lu hay chuyen mach v khi o dong tai c chuyen sang
mach ien khac do/e dong qua SCR bang khong.
Nguyen ly tong quat cua mach tat SCR la tao ra mot ng dan ien tam thi thay the
SCR, lam cho dong qua no ve khong trong thi gian am bao tat t
q
ln hn thi gian tat t
off c
ghi so tay s dung linh kien.

1. V du mach tat SCR: Mach hai trang thai ben dung SCR (hnh IV.3.1).
Tai t = 0, kch T1. T1 dan ien va C c nap qua T1 va R2 en ap nguon U vi cc tnh
nh hnh ve. T2 co ien ap phan cc la u
C
, bang ap nguon V khi dong nap tu tien ve 0 .
Khi kch T2, T2 dan ien
va tu ien C at ap am vao T1.
T1 khong the dan ien va phuc
hoi trang thai khoa. Tu ien C
c nap qua R1 en gia tr ap
nguon U vi dau ngc lai,
chuan b lam tat T2 khi T1 c
kch. Thi gian T1 b at ap am
c goi la t
q
- thi gian am
bao tat SCR, can phai ln hn
t
off
la thi gian can thiet cho
SCR phuc hoi kha nang khoa.
T1
R1
+
+
-
T2
_
U C
u
R2
C

hinh v.8.1: Mach hai trang thai ben dung SCR
Nh vay e tat SCR, ngi ta co the dung tu ien co tch ien vi dau thch hp, tao ng
dan ien tam thi lam cho dong qua SCR bang khong trong thi gian t
q
>

t
off
, u e SCR phuc
hoi kha nang khoa.
Bai tap: Tnh phng trnh mo ta dang ap tren tu C trong mot chu ky ta xac lap theo cac
thong so mach va chu ky T. Suy ra t
q
(thi gian am bao tat SCR) cua mach.
2. S o ao lu (chuyen mach) cng cac SCR.
Viec tat SCR bang cach dung tu ien at ap am vao AK nh v du tren c goi la chuyen
mach cng cac SCR.
e khao sat ta xem s o tong quat hnh IV.3.2 vi gia thiet dong tai I
o
khong oi trong
thi gian chuyen mach, U la ap tren tu ban au. Khi khoa K ong, ( ) 0
T C
u u U = = lam T tat,
dong tai I
o
chuyen qua mach C. Phng trnh cho u
C
khi chuyen mach:

( )
( )
; 0
C
o C
o
T C
dv
I C u U
dt
I
u u t t U
C
= =
= =

khi t = tq la thi gian am bao tat T1, ap tren tu
bang 0 :

( )
0 . .
C q o q
u t CU I t = =
Khi C nap en gia tr nguon, dong qua no ve 0,
T2 t tat, dong tai khep mach qua D
f
. Tu ien C a co
nang lng cho chu ky lam viec mi. Nh vay, ien
lng C.U tch tr trong C phai duy tr c dong tai
trong thi gian am bao chuyen mach t
q
hay
t
q
= U .C / I
O
<IV.3.1>
q
K
T
C
- U
I
u
o
t
u
T
c
T
u
t
0

hinh v.8.2 mach dien de khao sat dao luu
cung va dang a tren SCR T
3. Bo bien oi lam viec mot phan t dung SCR (hnh IV.3.3.a):
Trong mach hnh
IV.3.3.a, T1 la SCR chnh
dan dong ien tai, T2 la
SCR phu, ch lam nhiem
vu tat (chuyen mach) SCR
chnh. e khao sat mach,
ta co gia thuyet dong tai
khong thay oi:
i
O
= I
o
= hang so
trong thi gian mach tat
SCR hoat ong.
C
u
u
_
+
_
0
o
T1
i
U
o
C
0
T2
+
L
R

hinh v.8.8: (a)BBB mat hang tai dung SCR; (b) cac dang song
Nguon c noi vao u lau e C c nap en ap nguon U theo cc tnh nh hnh ve qua
ien tr R. R co gia tr rat ln, khong anh hng en hoat ong sau nay cua mach.
Tai t = 0, kch T1. T1 dan ien. dong qua no gom dong tai I
o
va dong phong ien cua tu C
qua T1, D
p
va L. ay la mach cong hng LC khong co ton hao khi ta xem cac linh kien la ly
tng. Dong phong ien cua C la hnh sin va ap qua no co dang cos.
Khi ien ap tren tu ien ao cc tnh (ngc vi dau tren hnh IV.3.3.a), diod D
p
khong
cho phep no xa theo chieu ngc lai va nh vay tu ien C a chuan b c ien tch co dau thch
hp e tat T1 khi T2 c kch, nh s o nguyen ly hnh IV.3.2. Thi gian ao cc tnh tu ien la
chu ky dao ong
2
T
LC = cung chnh la thi gian on toi thieu cua BB.
Khi kch T2, T2 dan v
T1
= v
C
< 0 : T1 tat v dong tai I
o
chuyen qua C. C c nap bang
dong tai I
o
,nh nguyen ly chuyen mach cng nh a khao sat. ieu kien e co s chuyen mach
thanh cong la
.
>
o q
I t
C
U
, t
q
> t
off
la thi gian tat cua SCR T1.
Khi C nap en gia tr nguon U, dong qua no ve 0, T2 t tat, dong tai khep mach qua D
f
.
Tu ien C a co nang lng cho
chu ky lam viec mi. Thi gian
off toi thieu cua BB la 2.t
q
, de
cho ap tren tu co the thay oi t
U en + U, am bao tat c
SCR chu ky tiep.
Nhc iem ln cua mach
nay la phai co pha ao cc tnh
ap tren tu ien, ieu nay lam
tang ton hao nang lng, giam
T1
(c)
T22
C
T8
+
_
+
_
T1
T4
T
T11
C
T2
u
C
u
T2
C
(b)
hinh v.8.8.b va c: Cac mJ rong cua mach tat hinh v.8.8.a
tan so lam viec cho phep cua mach. Cung ho chuyen mach cng con co cac mach tren hnh IV.3.3.b
va 5.3.3.c khong s dung cuon day va cung khong co pha ao cc tnh ap tren tu ien. Tu tat C nam
gia cau SCR, chung c kch theo chu trnh thch hp e cung cap ap am tat SCR chnh (s o
b). S o (c) co ieu khien phc tap hn khi dong tai lan lt chay qua cac nhanh cua cau SCR.
Trong thc te, trong mach con nhieu t cam noi tiep vi SCR, co the la t cam cua nguon
ien, day dan hay la cuon day c them vao e chong nhng ot bien dong lam anh hng ket qua
tnh toan tren.
M rong ao lu cng cho BB lam viec hai phan t:
Khi BB lam viec nhieu hn mot phan t, can co diod
phong ien song song ngc vi SCR. V du nh s o hnh
5.3.4. Mach nay hoat ong tng t nh s o 5.3.3.a nhng cac
tnh toan cho bo chuyen mach cng thay oi hoan toan.
e chuan b tat SCR chnh T, tu ien cung c nap vi
cc tnh nh hnh ve. Khi SCR phu Tp c kch, dong qua tu C
chia lam hai nhanh: cung cap dong tai I
O
thay cho SCR chnh T
(am bao T tat), khep mach qua D tao thanh mach dao ong
LC. Ta co the nhan xet nhiem vu cua L la han che toc o phong
ien cua C qua D. V dong tai I
O
ang chay qua L khi Tp c
kch, gia tr ban au cua dong qua C la I
O
lam thay oi thi gian
xa tu C.
+
T
u
L
I
+
_
T
0
L
C
C
0
o

hinh v.8.4 MJ rong cua mach tat
hinh v.8.8 cho BBB lam viec
nhieu hJn mat hang tai
L la cuon khang co tr so rat be, ch tham gia qua trnh chuyen mach ma khong anh hng
hoat ong cua tai.
Bai tap 5.4: Khao sat mach tat hnh IV.3.3.b.

hinh BT5.4 (a) Mach dong
luc (b) mach dieu khien va
a tren tu C
t
+
t
_
T8
U
T2. T3
T1
T1, T4
I
T4
o
C
0
C
u
T
T2
T
t
u
C
- U
+
_
U
Cac gia thiet:
- Tai t = 0, ap tren tu co cc tnh nh tren hnh, dong qua tai bang I
O
.
- Dong tai khong oi, phang trong suot thi gian khao sat (tai co L rat ln).
- Mach ong lc ay u va dang xung ieu khien ve tren hnh BT4.4.a.Mo ta hoat ong cua
mach, ve dang ap ra va dang dong qua cac phan t.
Hng dan: Dang ap tren tu nh tren hnh ve, C c nap bang nguon dong tai I
O
, co gia tr
thay oi t U en +U.
IV.4 MACH PHAT XUNG IEU KHIEN BB AP MOT CHIEU:
1.Nguyen ly ieu khien bo bien oi:
Co hai nguyen ly thng dung: ieu che o rong xung va so sanh co tre.
a. Nguyen ly ieu rong xung:
ieu che o rong xung (Pulse Width Modulation) hay goi tat ieu rong la phng phap
bieu dien thong tin bang o rong xung. Tn hieu tng t U
k
c bien oi thanh o rong xung
tng oi = t
ON
/ T cua song mang xung vuong co tan so khong oi f
C
= 1/ T. Khi s dung o
rong xung e ieu khien BB ap mot chieu, trung bnh ap ngo ra cua BB la tn hieu c giai
ieu che: U
o
= .U se t le vi U
k
au vao.

Uk
u
c
Dao o ng tam gia c

hinh v.4.1.a. hguyen ly dieu rong xung
Thc vay, hnh IV.4.1.a trnh
bay nguyen ly va IV.4.1.b cho ta cac
dang song mach PWM.
Hai tam giac Obd va Oca ong
dang cho ta
max
ON k
c
t U
T U
= =
Theo <IV.1.8>, trung bnh ap ra:
.
O k
CMax
U
U U U
U
= = , t le vi U
k
.
Nh vay thong tin ieu che a
c phuc hoi.
t
U
cmax
U
c
on
b
t
a
U
k
d
o
U
0
0
T

hinh v.4.1.b. Cac dang song
S o truyen tn hieu cua BB sung ieu che o rong xung:
U
k
--> ieu rong xung --> --> BB ap MC --> lay trung bnh (giai ieu che) --> U
O

Trong ien t cong suat, qua trnh giai ieu che thc hien do quan tnh cua tai, v tai
thng ch tac ong bi gia tr trung bnh cua ap cung cap. V du quan tnh cua ong c lam cho
toc o ch phu thuoc vao tr trung bnh ien ap, t cam cuon day lam dong ien kha phang
Neu ta muon lay ra ien ap U
o
t le vi U
k
ngo ra BB can co bo loc thong thap (cho
qua tan so thap) e loai ra thanh phan co tan so song mang va cac song hai. Neu U
k
thay oi, tan
so ieu rong xung f = 1/T phai u cao e mach loc co the cho qua cac thanh phan tan so cua
U
k
. ay chnh la nguyen ly cua mach khuech ai lp D, s dung BB ap mot chieu e khuech
ai vi hieu suat rat cao.
Hnh IV.4.1b cung cho thay s tng ng cua ieu rong xung (dien tch t
ON
.U ) va ieu
khien bien o (dien tch T.U
O
) khi thi gian T u nho so vi thi hang tai.
b. ieu khien dung bo so sanh co tre:
Khi s dung bo so sanh co tre (so sanh Smit), ta a
ket hp mach thay oi o rong va viec ieu khien he
thong. Bo so sanh co nhiem vu so sanh ac tnh ngo ra
(phan hoi) va tn hieu at e ong ngat ngat ien:
Khi at > Phan hoi + : HT tac ong ngat ien
e tang ngo ra.
at < Phan hoi : HT tac ong ngat ien
e giam ngo ra.
+
at
S1
C
+
i
u
o
o
01
U
Phan hoi
L
_
_
hinh v.4.2 So sanh co tre (Smit trigger)
vung tre xac nh thi gian ong ngat, c them vao e giam tan so lam viec cua ngat
ien. He thong K nay n gian, chat lng ngo ra c am bao nhng khong the rat cao v ngo
ra luon con sai so, tan so ong ngat thay oi theo tai. Nguyen ly nay con co cac ten: ieu khien
dung r le co tre, ieu khien theo ap (dong) ngo ra.
S o ieu khien vong kn BB xung ap mot chieu hoan toan giong vi chnh lu ieu
khien pha, cung co vong phan hoi dong ien va vong phan hoi ien ap (hay toc o khi oi tng
ieu khien la ong c). Nhng khi co s dung cac s o han dong cc ai, khoa tc thi cac ngat
ien khi dong vt qua gia tr gii han, ta co the bo qua vong dong ien. Trng hp nay hay gap
khi cong suat tai be.
2. Mach ieu rong xung loai dong ien:
S o nay cho phep cung luc thay oi o rong xung va kiem soat bien o dong qua ngat
ien, rat thch hp vi cac bo bien oi ap mot chieu dang flyback. Khi o, ta luon khong che
c gia tr dong nap cuon day, tranh qua dong qua ngat ien khi co qua tai hay ngan mach tai.
S o nay cung bao ve c trng hp bo ieu khien lam viec sai, dong qua ngat ien tang len
rat cao v ien tr cuon day rat be.

set set
pha n ho i
do ng
reset
a t do ng reset
Dao o ng
la i MosFET

Nguyen ly ieu khien c trnh bay
tren hnh IV.4.3. Mach dao ong
(thng la nap xa) xac nh o rong
xung toi a cua BB, tac ong vao ngo
Dao ong
Set
Reset
at dong
Phan hoi dong
ieu
khien ap
R-S F F
Q
S
Shunt

hinh v.4.8: Bo dieu rong xung loai dong dien
SET cua RS FF e ong ngat ien S au chu ky, tac ong vao RESET e khoa S khi o rong
xung tng oi at gia tr toi a. ieu nay thc hien c nh SET va RESET tac ong bang canh
len va xuong. Mot mach so sanh co the khoa ngat ien S khi dong qua no vut qua gia tr at dong
la ngo ra cua bo ieu khien ap. Bo ieu khien ap se tang tn hieu at dong qua S e co c ap ra
cao hn. e y dong ien nay co quan tnh, khong thay oi tc thi v la dong qua cuon day. Trong
hnh IV.4.3, cong OR e RESET Flip Flop t hai nguon.
Vi mach ho 38xx trong phan phu luc cho ta s o thc te cua bo ieu rong xung loai dong
ien.
GHi NH

- ieu rong xung loai dong ien la nguyen ly chu yeu cua cac vi mach ieu
khien bo nguon xung loai Flyback.
3. Mach lai na cau transistor:
Bo bien oi lam viec hai phan t hnh con goi la na cau (half bridge) khi xem no la mot
na cua s o cau hnh . Hai ngat ien S1, S2 co the la BJT, mosFET, IGBT thuoc ho transistor khi
cong suat khong qua ln hay linh kien ho thyristor khi dong tai u ln. Trong muc nay, ta ch xet
mach lai cac linh kien ho transistor, gii thieu chi tiet hn mach lai mosFET, IGBT la nhng ngat
ien thong dung hien nay.
Phng an chnh quy nhat la s dung hai mach lai hnh II.4.2.e cho tng transistor(hnh
IV.3.5). Cac optron dung e ghep noi va cach ly mach ieu khien va cac transistor cac mc ien
ap khac nhau. Tn hieu sau khi truyen qua optron c khuech ai e ieu khien ngat ien. Mach
khuech ai co s o thay oi theo loai transistor.
Yeu cau quan trong cua s phoi hp hai tn hieu ieu khien ngat ien la am bao chong
trung dan. ay la hien tng hai ngat ien noi tiep cung dan ien lam ngan mach nguon. Hien
tng nay xay ra khi mot transistor c lenh ngat khong kp ngat th transistor noi tiep co lenh
ong. Nguyen nhan la do thi gian tat t
off
cua transistor luon ln hn thi gian m t
on
. e chong
lai, ta can co thi gian chet (dead time) xen ke gia hai tn hieu ieu khien ong hai ngat ien.

+ -
V
+ -
Vn
Khue ch
a i
02 mosFET h
Khue ch
a i
0FT02
1
2
4
3
01 mosFET h
V
0FT01
1
2
4
3
V1
OUT
V2

hinh v.8.5 Mach lai nua cau dieu khien doc la
cac transistor

Q1
(c)
Q2
Q1 Q1
Q1 Q1 Q2
th i gian che t
Q2
(a)
Q2
Q1 (b)

hinh v.8.G Tin hieu dieu khien nua cau co chong
trung dan
(a) tin hieu dieu khien ly thuyen
(b), (c) tin hieu dieu khien thuc te ngat dien vJi
thJi gian chet tu 1 den vai chuc micro giay
mot so trng hp can mach n gian va ap thap, cac transistor c ieu khien t mot
mach chung. Mach nay phai giai quyet luon yeu cau thi gian chet. Khi o cac transistor la loai bo
phu (complementary). Hnh IV.3.7 la mot v du.
Q3 bao hoa lam tat Q1, phan cc cho Q2
dan ien, va ngc lai Q4 la tat Q2, phan cc
Q1. Q5 va lam nhiem vu oi mc logic, va
ieu khien ao pha Q3, Q4. Nhiem vu chong
trung dan do R5 phu trach. R4, R3 co tr so rat
be lam cho Q1 (Q2) tat nhanh khi Q3 (Q4) bao
hoa trong khi R5 co tr so kha ln (hang chuc
kohm) lam cho cac mosFET m cham. Chnh v
vay ma tan so lam viec cua mach khong cao va
viec ap cc cong thay oi cham cung lam tang
ton hao tren ngat ien.
R1, R2, R3, R4 ch co tac dung bao ve,
R6, R9 can thiet e lam Q3, Q4 tat.
R1
R4
R11
02
mosFET h
05
R5
01 mosFET F
RO
RG
R8
R1O
04
08
R2
OUT
R7
Vn
R8
IN

hinh v.8.7 Mach lai MosFET a tha (24v) va
tan so dong ngat khong cao
Mach lai dung vi mach: V cac na cau la phan t c s cho BB ap mot chieu, cac cong
ty san xuat linh kien ien t cong suat eu co che tao vi mach lai. ang chu y nhat la hang
International Rectifier va ho vi mach IR21xx. Ho vi mach nay dung cong nghe ong ngat tu ien
e oi iem chung cua tn hieu ieu khien mosFET, nh o co the ieu khien ca hai ngat ien
cung la kenh n ma khong can thiet b phu nang mc (hnh IV.3.8).

hinh v.8.8 Mach lai nua cau dung R2184
Hnh IV.3.8 va IV.3.9 gii thieu s o ng dung va nguyen ly cua IR2184 la mach tch hp
ieu khien na cau hoat ong en 600V (dung cho cac he thong s dung 220VAC mot pha) t mot
tn hieu ieu khien chung IN. IR2184 co san bo tao thi gian chet (la thi gian ca hai MosFET
khong co ap cc cong khi IN thay oi trang thai) bang 0.5 micro giay trong khi IR21844 co the
thay oi no bang mot ien tr ben ngoai e chong hai MosFET trung dan. SD (shut down) la tn
hieu cam (ngat xung ieu khien) dung mc thap. Vi mach dung nguon V
CC
t 10 en 20V nhng
ngo vao IN tng thch logic 3 en 5V. Khoi lai mosFET noi nguon dng Q1 co cap ien V
B
, V
S

co the lay t nguon V
CC
qua diod D1 khi Q2 dan ien. ieu nay yeu cau Q2 ong ngat thng
xuyen va Q1 khong the ong mach thi gian dai. Dong xung cc ai ngo ra moi kenh la
+1.8A/ 1.4A u e nap xa tu 0.1 uF trong 1 micro giay en ap lai nh mc.

Trong vi mach con co khoi bao ve ap nguon thap (UV detect) e tranh khong u ap lai
mosFET. Trong ho IR21xx co vi mach IR2101, IR2110 ieu khien na cau bang hai ngo vao oc
lap va viec x ly chong trung dan phai thc hien trong s o phat xung.

hinh v.8.O SJ do nguyen ly vi mach R2184
4. Mach lai s o cau:
Mot cach chnh quy, s o cau co the lai bang hai mach na cau va c khao sat. Ta
cung co cac s o lai phoi hp trong hnh IV.3.10. Cac mach nay kha n gian nen co gii han ve
cong suat, ien ap lam viec, tan so ong ngat va phng thc ieu khien. Y tng chnh ay la
dung mot tn hieu ieu khien cap ngat ien cheo e tao ra mot cc tnh ap ra.
V
1k
Q3
1k
VCC
12V
OPTO1
1
2
4
3
CHAY (Nghch)
OPTO3
1
2
4
3
12V
OPTO4
1
2
4
3
VCC
OPTO2
1
2
4
3
12V
Q4
Q12
(t 12 en 24V)
Q2
CHAY (Thuan)
A
- +
M
3k3
330
Q10
Q1
3k3
3k3
330
1k
3k3
12V
1k

04
12v
8k8
1k
08
(t 12 e n 24V)
1OO
8k8 8k8
02
8k8
01
0K1
1OO
Q1, Q3: IRF9540
Q2,Q4: IRF540
1k
V
BK2
12v
A
- +
M1

(a) (b)
hinh v.8.1O Mach lai cau h dJn gian
Hnh (a) s dung optron cach ly va oi mc logic cho mach lai mosFET. ieu khien thuan
(cap ap dng) va nghch (ap am) cho ong c bang cach ong mach ien noi tiep hai LED cua
optron lai cac ngat ien. Hnh (b) s dung hai mosFET di phan cc cho hai mosFET tren. Cac
diod on ap bao ve qua ap co the xay ra do mach lai cap ien t nguon ong lc.
IV.5. S O CAI THIEN HE SO CONG SUAT BB DUNG LI IEN:

v
C
i
C

Nguon
i
i
n
C
C

hinh v.5.1: A va dong tu loc nguon C cua mach chinh luu toan song tai C. i
C
= i
n

Vi cac bo bien oi dung ien li, viec s dung chnh lu diod ngo vao a cai thien rat nhieu
trang thai s dung li ien cua cac bo nguon mot chieu so vi khi dung chnh lu SCR. Tuy
nhien, tong tr vao cua cac bo cap ien ong ngat khong tng ng vi phan t ien tr v co tu
ien loc sau chnh lu iod. Khi o, ngoai dong xung ban au khi ong vao li ien rat ln,
dong nguon trang thai xac lap cung la nhng xung nap tu, nh c ve tren hnh II.4.14. Khi o,
he so cong suat khong bang n v v BB co s dung cong suat phan khang cho cac hai bac cao.
e he so cong suat bang 1, dong vao bo nguon can co dang hnh sin, cung pha vi ap (hnh
II.4.15). o la nhiem vu cua bo cai thien he so cong suat, co s o khoi nh sau:
Li AC --> Chnh lu D --> [tu be --> Mach cai thien HSCS -->] tu ln --> BB Ap DC
Phan trong ngoac vuong [ ] la phan bo sung vao bo nguon xung e cai thien he so cong
suat. Mach ien nay co nhiem vu nap tu ien ngo vao BB ap mot chieu bang mot dong hnh
sin, co bien o phu thuoc vao cong suat tieu thu ngo ra, S va L la mot bo nguon Flyback e nap
tu C2, s dung nguyen ly ieu rong xung loai dong ien. e dong qua L co tr trung bnh la hnh
sin cung pha vi li ien, tn hieu at dong cua bo ieu rong xung nay co dang hnh sin, bien o
the hien yeu cau ap tren tu C2.

v
C1
i = i
n L
i
Nguon
L
n
i
S
C1
L
C2

hinh v.5.2: A va dong tu loc nguon C i
L
= i
n
, C1 co gia tri rat be (dong qua no khong dang ke), C2 co
gia tri lJn, ca dien cho BBB a mot chieu. 0ach tren dau cac ky hieu dong cho biet day la gia tri trung binh
vi S dong ngat J tan so rat cao.
He so cong suat co the len en 0.997 theo tai lieu Switchmode Power Supply Reference Manual
(1999) cua hang ON Semiconductor (trc ay la mot bo phan cua Motorola) khi ng dung vi
mach MC34262 cua Motorola theo s o nguyen ly hnh II.4.16 sau.
Phan ieu rong xung loai dong ien tng t nh so o vi mach ho 384x, s khac biet nam phan
so sanh ap ra e tao tn hieu at dong: ngo ra cua bo ieu khien ap (khuech ai sai so Error
Amp.) c nhan vi hnh sin nguon e tao ra tn hieu at dong ien. ien dung tu ien nho C1
bang 1uF va ien dung tu loc nguon chnh C2 bang 220 uF e co c bo nguon DC 230 V/3.5 A
t li ien 92 135 V AC.

hinh v.5.8 Mach cai thien he so cong suat dung vi mach MC842G2.
IV.6 TOM TAT CHNG:
Chng 5 khao sat cac BB ien ap mot chieu, gom nhieu s o khac nhau. Bai giang ac
trong tam vao BB dang FORWARD, la dang pho bien trong cong nghiep. BB dang
FORWARD ong ngat nguon cung cap cho tai, ap ngo ra la nhng xung ap ch nhat co tr trung
bnh thay oi theo o rong xung tng oi . Dong qua tai co L la nhng xung tam giac ( lien tuc
hay gian oan ) khi tnh toan gan ung, nhap nho cc ai khi = .
Cac cong thc quan trong can nh la: tnh tr trung bnh, nhap nho cua ap (hay dong) ngo ra
(hay ngat ien). Viec khao sat he thong BB ap mot chieu tai luon luon da vao nguyen ly xep
chong nh a khao sat bo chnh lu. Che o dong gian oan luon luon c at ra khi BB ch cho
dong chay mot chieu, hau qua cua no la ap ra luon cao hn gia tr tnh toan. Khi thiet ke s bo hay
tnh toan gan ung ta thng gia thiet la dong tai lien tuc e bai toan c n gian.
Muc IV.3 gii thieu mach tat SCR gom hai nhom cng va mem. Muc IV.4 trnh bay cac
ng dung, can oi chieu vi ng dung cua chnh lu (chng 3) e thay s khac biet cua ac tnh
hai BB co ngo ra ien mot chieu.
BAI TAP VA CAU HOI:
1. Cho BB ap mot chieu va mach ieu khien a n gian hoa nh hnh BT1.a , trong o U1D la mach tao
xung tam giac tren tu C ( hnh BT1.b ), U1C la mach ao, U1A va U1B la hai mach so sanh dung khuech
ai thuat toan. Ve dang ap ra v
o
, tm quan he tr trung bnh ap ra Vo/ V theo UK / UB (UB la bien
o xung tam giac). Neu cac ac iem cua phng phap ieu khien nay .
e n gian, cho ap ra bao hoa cua Khuech ai thuat toan la ap nguon VCC va sut ap qua cac moi
noi transistor bang 0 .
VCC
VCC
_VCC
_VCC
v
o
UDK
u1C
10
9
8
u10
12
13
14
C
R2
R1
R8
R4
R4
u1B
5
6
7
u1A
3
2
1
4
11
01 08
02 04

u
B
+UB
-UB

hinh BT1.a hinh BT1.b
2. Cho mach chopper (bo bien oi xung ien ap mot chieu) lam viec mat phang tai (hnh IV.2.2a), co cac
thong so: R = 0.5 ohm, L = 0.02 henry, ap nguon V = 550 V, va tan so lam viec 5 kHz.
1. Tnh o rong xung tng oi e dong qua tai bang 200 A khi sc phan ien E la 120 V.
2. Cung vi dong trung bnh qua tai I
O
bang 200 A, tm L e nhap nho dong ien luon be hn 20%
cua dong trung bnh I
O
qua tai vi moi gia tr cua . ( khi o E se phai thay oi khi thay oi e I
O
luon bang
200 A )
Hng dan: cau 1: tnh trung bnh ap ra, suy ra ..
cau 2: nhap nho dong qua tai cc ai khi =
3. Cho ong c mot chieu kch t oc lap lam viec vi BB ap mot chieu lam viec 2 phan t mat phang
tai, tan so hoat ong 10 KHz, nguon cap ien 100VDC. ong c co ien tr trong R = 1 ohm, t cam L = 10
mH.
a. Cho o rong xung tng oi = 0.6 va ong c lam viec khong tai (Io = 0). Tnh sc ien ong E cua
ong c va ve dang dong tai i
O
cua BB.
u
B

UK
b. Vi = 0.6 va E = 50 VDC, tnh dong tai Io va cong suat c nhan c tren truc ong c. Gia s dong tai
khong oi (khong nhap nho, I = 0) tnh cong suat tieu thu t nguon va tr trung bnh dong qua cac ngat
ien ban dan.
c. e ham ong c, vi E = 70 VDC va dong tai tng ng la 10 A, tnh o rong xung tng oi va cong
suat nguon nhan c.
4. Cho BB ap mot chieu la viec hai phan t mat phang tai hnh IV.2.2b, ap nguon V bang 220 VDC, tai
E = 120V, R = 1 ohm, L = 1 mH, tan so lam viec 5 kHz.
a. Tnh va ve dang dong qua tai o rong xung tng oi = 0.75, s dung cong thc gan ung vi
gia s dong co dang tam giac, sut ap qua ngat ien khong ang ke.
b. Trong trng hp cau a., tnh cong suat tieu thu cua tai bang hai cach: tch phan trc tiep va tong
cong suat tieu thu bi R va E. Giai thch tai sao hai ket qua khong trung khp.
c. Lam lai cau b. vi gia thiet L tai rat ln (L = ) e dong tai phang. Giai thch tai sao hai ket qua
trung khp.
d. Tnh o rong xung tng oi va ve dang dong nguon e dong qua tai co tr trung bnh bang -
10A (dong tai ao chieu).
5. Cho BB ap mot chieu la viec mot phan t mat phang tai hnh IV.2.2a, ap nguon V bang 40 VDC, tai
R = 10 ohm, L = 10 mH, tan so lam viec 2 kHz. Mach ieu che o rong xung (PWM) dung ap rang ca mot
cc tnh (hnh IV.4.1b) co bien o Ucmax = 10V. Tnh tr trung bnh ap ra khi Uk = 4V. Ve dang dong ra
va tnh cong suat tieu thu cua R. o rong xung bang bao nhieu th dong tai gian oan?
6.
7. Cho bo pin mat tri (photo-voltaic) co ac tnh (e, i) hnh 2 che o roi sang nh mc (2b la
ac tnh thc te c ly tng hoa thanh 2a).
a. Ch tren hnh 2 vung lam viec (khoang thay oi cua e, i) toi u cua bo pin, giai thch.
+
L1 = 1 mh i
uo = 2Gv
i
e
0
S
r = O.2
o
_

Hnh 1 Hnh 2
b. Neu noi trc tiep ngo ra cua bo pin vao accu co s 13V, ien tr trong 0.05 ohm, nang lng
nap c trong 1 gi - tnh bang Wh (watt-gi) la bao nhieu.
c. S dung bo bien oi tang ap hnh 1 cho bo pin mat tri e nap accu co s 26V, ien tr trong
0.2 ohm nh hnh 2. Mach hoat ong nh sau:
- Pha 1: Ngat ien S ong e dong i qua L1 nap en 10A (khi o e van con bang 18V)
- Pha 2: S ngat, L1 phong qua D e nap cho accu va khi dong giam en 8A, S ong e tr
ve pha 1.
Nh vay, bo pin mat tri c ban van la viec tren phan nguon ap 18V, cha lam viec tren
phan nguon dong 10A. Hay khao sat chu ky ta xac lap cua he thong va tnh nang lng nap cho
accu trong 1 gi - tnh bang Wh (watt-gi).
Hay a ra thuat toan ieu khien he thong khi ac tnh bo pin mat tri la ng (b) cua
hnh 2.
8. Tnh toan bo nguon xung dung BB Forward.
Mach ong lc cua bo nguon xung c khao
sat co dang nh hnh ben, nguon E = 20 VDC,
tai R = 5 ohm. Gia s mach lam viec trong che
o dong lien tuc va S lam viec 20KHz.
a. Tnh o rong xung tng oi e ap ra u
o
co
tr trung bnh bang 5 V.

C u R
E
o
S
L
_
+
D

b. S dung cac bc tnh toan tng t nh v du cua muc III.5.6 (tnh toan song hai dong ap cua
chnh lu K pha) e tnh chon tr so cua L, C sao cho ap ra u
o
co nhap nho nh nh la 20 mV
vi co tr so cua cau a.
c. Kiem tra ket qua tnh toan cau b. bang cach mo phong mach ien tren PSIM.

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chuong 4 BBDA1C.

cho cac ham mu cua <BT3.1.1>:

= . The ket qua nay vao <IV.1.6>, e y phai

= ta co trng hp dong qua L

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