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uvu(q+qoq tu pu+q cuto+q+u ou u uv+to+cxc+ut c ct+ulu +ooo o+q
ouvqq ooxtuolu +q uotxq utoilu (o+o ovoio oqiuoq +uv
ctctpq+uv +uv 2xc+txuv) ooo xut o+qv uxpulu ooxtuolu +q
c+uuotxq utoilu:

0 Aptqoq (q+ooc cvu ovo o+cpco xut uxlvq+o oqclo ytu vu c+u+oloct
oioxiqpq +q yq c+ot xut cyu opu vu cil(u c(loou cyiu pyu+u uv
uvuxuiu x+t, cito+o co+u, ou vu clvut cuto xut uxiovq+o
18
.

o cpyo uu+o uvuiuvct vu ct+cicoct o oc+cpo Z)-O"05$6. B
cuto+q+u ytu +qv up(q +ou oxc+ocvou uoxctcvou uvuoc+ut +q o+tyq

16
Bescaites R., !"#$#36R, Bupp+qu o+ov !"#$#" 4, +p. 0. Bcvoiloq, o. 2u9. Itu tu cx+cvq
uviuoq +ou (q+qu+o uu+o, i. Raouin B., a=BY9W?W kD?_9@W=<?WM e^?>X9 >9 lE=BYXE=B?h;9
;D?_9@W9<<9m >^n@?WBCB9 o V9WA=@B9W, Paiis, Piesses nieisitaiies ue Fiance, 2uu9, o. 2S1 x.c(.
17
+cxp+ ., Z)-O"05-P 23KP )*6 2KQ)*6 [(H-0-[P"6, +p. uv+upxq, o. 7u.
18
S2M2., o. 7u-71.
8
+q uxpulu o(uvoq +q utoilu, xut xulo+u+ut +ooo to toupq ooo
cptooo+cpo uu(vc+ut q cv+uoq +q +cicu+ulu:

Aii upct xoto uo+qptuoq uu+cuvu, uv+oovuo xut
uovqpo, ou c (cyci c uvoupylu otupxu. Av ou c (cyci, clvut
uvuloio o+t upu xut u c (cyci ooo cict, uo ocv u c xvct o+c
vu qv clut +lo+u ooo u oxc+out o+t clut x+t. o+c, c+ uo
ucpcupxc (ytou +uv v+uv, pcct cv +cict vu xu+uiq(u o+t q
uouvoq p'Q 3P5"(b 3'Q 12LKO% (q:C W;Eb 9:C 9`?WBC) uiqcct uvuyxulu
oo+c +qv pocpu q +q ouiiuvu o+o vcu ou. |j Axptoioyuv+u
iotov, clut ovu oxc+ocvo pyu (@9W AC:?B=DW), +ou+co+tv vcu,
ciioyq uq, vou q oyo Elut ou uiqtvo pyu, xut uiqtv uupx+o.
Aii +t cloou pyu o clu, oxc+ocvo
19
.

0u upu+qpqoouc o+t uouot(ct uo +qv xup+cotuvq uooct(q +q
up(q +ou oxc+ocvou pyu+o ootuoqo+c uvuop o+o ouu (q
up(q +ou oolou ocv u uooctcl up ovo o+ov cx+o xut +cicu+ulo
Z)-O"05$). B yvuotoioytxq uvc(up+qolu +ou oxc+ocvou pyu+o cpvct
o+o u +qv ov+oioytxq +ou uvc(up+qolu oc ocoq c +q ouu+txq uoo+uoq:
+o rC:?BC, oxc+ocvo pyu, uq q vcu otuxplvc+ut 2K"'5")(+L uo +o
cx+u+o pyu, +o ouu. B otxptoq uu+q clvut ccituoq o+qv xup+cotuvq
tiooolu xut ploxc+ut o+q oq +ou xup+cotuvo ouoo (oqiuoq +ou
iqpou otuuptoo uvcou o+q oxcq xut o+qv cx+uoq).
2+q ouvcctu +uv Z)-O"05Q# o Bescaites u uoocl(ct, uxoiouuv+u
+qv uvuyxulu octp ou uuyopcct o xuvovu +q yvuotoioytxq +(q, pu+u
+qv up(q +ou 0co (Z)-O"05-P, v), xut cct+u +qv up(q +uv uitxuv
puy+uv (Z)-O"05-P, v). B uooct(q +q up(q +ou 0co ct+pcct o+ov
Bescaites vu poocpct, uocyov+u +o +cvuou +ou xuxoouiou
oulovu, tu opto+txq - uv xut c(u+cptxq - cyyqoq ytu +o ovoio +q
cvopu+txo-upuyuytxq yvuoq u, uo clvut uovu+ov o 0co, oqiuoq cvu

19
S2M2., oo. 71-72 7S. Itu +t otu+uuoct +q pu+q cuto+q+u o+ov Bescaites: Eo sum,
eo existo (p'Q 3P5"(b 3'Q 12LKO%), Eo coito, eio sum (p'Q 0+I[)-5"(b LK" 12LKO%), i.
Naiion .-., s;9WB?CDW A=@BXW?9DD9W ccM ];@ <^9:C 9B W;@ V?9;, Paiis, Piesses nieisitaiies ue Fiance,
1996, o. 7-S1.
9
to+u +cicto ov
2u
, vu u c(uu+ oc o,+t ouiiuvouc c ouqvctu xut
cuxplvctu q ouvyouc c +qv uut+ocvq poooq uo +t oucl xut
cuxptvcl tocc u
21
. cio, q uooct(q +q up(q +uv uitxuv puy+uv, c
+qv oolu oioxiqpuvov+ut ot Z)-O"05-P, xuto+ ouvu+q +q c+uoq uo +qv
pu+q tiooolu ou puyu+cc+ut xu+ xpto ioyo +qv uq xut +ov 0co,
o+q tiooolu +q oq. c +qv uvyvuoq +ou cx+ou Z)-O"05-4 cluo+c oc
coq vu yvupl(ouc o+t q uotxq cto+qq cct uoococtycvu uv+txclcvo (+o
ovoio +uv uitxuv puy+uv). cvct +upu vu uvuxuiuov ot voot ou
otcouv +o uv+txclcvo uu+o, ytu +o oolo - u +o +ovloouc - +o ovo ou
opoc vu cutuoouc, ooo upucvouc o+o cupq+txo colo +uv
Z)-O"05Q#, clvut o+t upct.

X@ 2 YZGR BCH NH Y[GHBNT I\KNH

A yvupl(c+c iotov, xu+ pu+o ioyo, o+t c +ov opo oq ocv cvvou
otoiou cou xotu 0co+q+u, q xotou iiou cloou uv+uo+txq ovuq, uii
xvu pqoq uu+q +q ic(q ytu vu oqiuou +qv lotu +qv iq cupuv+u +q c
oic +t toto+q+c ou +q ucouou, xut uo +ov opo o+t o 0co ouvcl(ct vu +q
otu+qpcl c +ov loto +poo ou +q oqtopyqoc
22
. o ov+oo uu+o uplo, o+o
oolo cxp(c+ut pq+ q xup+cotuvq tooouvulu oq xut iq, pocpc+ut
uo +o cooo xciuto +ou cpyou G !$05-6 / tK"'5")3P" 23KP )-1 [%)$6 7e9
aCD>9 C; u@=?BX >9 <= <;E?j@9F (16SS). Itu vu uv+tiqoc +t cupq+txc
ouvcctc +q poqyocvq tooouvulu, xut +q otiq pq(q ou ouvcyc+ut q
+cicu+ulu ucvo c +q 2oiuo+txq uotxq xut uc+cpou c +qv
Avuycvvqotuxq uv+liqq ytu +q oq, u pcct vu uuptqoouc xut vu
c(c+oouc ouvo+tx +t toto+q+c +q iq, +t oolc clc cxcoct
ic+ocpu o Bescaites o+o ucou poqyocvo xciuto +ou lotou cpyou:
1
ov
, q iq xu+uiuvct v+u cvuv upo uvioyo c +o cyco +q

2u
i. +cxp+ ., Z)-O"05-P 23KP )*6 2KQ)*6 [(H-0-[P"6, v, +p. uv+upxq, o. 148-149.
21
Avuyvupl(u cv pu+ot o+t clvut uovu+ov |o 0coj vu c (cyci o+c, oto+t oc xc
(cyciuou q u+q ploxc+ut xotu u+cictu xut, upo+t +o vu opcl xuvcl vu (cyci
ulvc+ut cvoct(q ovuq q o(votu, +o vu cict vu (cyci up+upcl uvuloiu uocvctu q
xuxlu, pyu ou ocv upo(ct o+ov 0co, +cxp+ ., Z)-O"05-P 23KP )*6 2KQ)*6 [(H-0-[P"6,
v, +p. uv+upxq, o. 129.
22
Bescaites, v;_@9W \Y?<CWC\Y?h;9Wb uCE9 c wxyxz{xy|}~, textes talis, pisents et annots pai
F. lui, Paiis, uainiei, 1988, o. S49-SSu.
1u
2
ov
, opcl vu otutpccl oc oiu +u cpq xut c oiou +ou +poou ou opcl
xuvcl vu uv+uo+cl S
ov
, xc cpo +q clvut txuvo vu oc+cl oic +t xtvqoct
ou opoc vu otuvoqoc
2S
. Elvut cv+ciu +uto, oqctuvct o Bescaites,
vu ctctpcl xuvcl vu uoouoct o+qv iq x+t cptooo+cpo uo +qv ooo+q+
+q q +qv c(u+cptxq +q cx+uoq, oqiuoq +qv toto+q+ +q vu xu+uiuvct
upo
24
. B toto+q+u uu+q clvut -10(Q.*6, oto+t u ct+pcct vu oqu+loouc
(u uqoc cou oou couc qoq ct ytu +qv xup+cotuvq cooo) tu
xu+c(oqv uiq, ouq xut cuxptvq tocu +q iq, oqiuoq +q lotu +q oq, q
oolu u uo+cicoct o+q ouvcctu, ouvu c +ov ouyypucu +q
tK"'5")3P"6, +qv uouiq uc+qplu tu c(oioxiqpou vcu uotxq cto+qq
cv+ciu uuiiuycvq uo +ov xlvouvo +q ivq:

uv+tiuvout +qv cx+uoq |+q iqj q +qv toto+q+ +q vu xu+uiuvct
upo ot u oucqxo, uii u +qv uiqtvq opq +q xut +qv ouolu +q
2S
.

B oq iotov o+ov Bescaites ocv clvut up I+)"0*. Ectoq, pq o+qv
uuo+qpq cupoyq +ou coooioytxo xuvovu +q cuxplvctu, couv uutpccl
uo uu+qv oic cxclvc ot oiuolxtic xut ouyxcucvc cou+cptxc ouvct
xut oto+q+c ou ucotoc o+q oq q Avuycvvqoq, q xup+cotuvq oq cct oiu
+u upux+qpto+tx tu xuup '3%53)K(+/6 cx+uoq. Eticov, cctoq
cupcl+ut txuvq vu oc+cl +qv xlvqoq, ot ou txuvq vu +q oqtoupyqoct q vu
+q ouv+qpqoct c ootovoqo+c +poo q lotu, q xup+cotuvq oq otuxplvc+ut
iqpu uo +qv upto+o+citxq oq, q oolu, xuu clvut o+ucp
poouvu+oitocvq o+qv cl+cu(q +uv cou+cptxuv oxouv ou upux+qpl(ouv
+u otopu uotx ov+u, clvut q upq q q ycvcotoupyo ut+lu oiuv +uv
uotxuv, oxotuv xtvqocuv xut c+uoiuv ou ouulvouv o+o cou+cptxo
+q
26
.

2S
S2M2., o. S4S-S46.
24
S2M2., o. S48.
2S
S2M2. 0 Bescaites pqotootcl cou +o upto+o+citxoooiuo+txo ic(tioyto (oucqxo,
opq, ouolu), ytu vu cxpoct tu tocu pt(tx uv+lc+q po +t ccituoct upuooc
+q 2oiuo+txq uotxq.
26
i. Apto+o+ciq, t3KP [403%6M - .34)3K- (HP- )%# 10(+Q#, ctouyuyq - c+puoq -
ooituoo . Kiu, Aqvu, Boit, 1999, o. 71: B oq iotov clvut upq xut ut+lu +q
xlvqoq xut +q o+oq oc cxclvu +u ov+u oou cvupct xu+ +poo coo xut ouvo c
+qv lotu +qv ouolu +ou. Itu +qv cvvotu +q uotxq xlvqoq o+ov Apto+o+ciq, i. inuei B.
., G( "2"KOI6 )*6 .1)(+/6 32(0)/5*6M [(H-0-[(+/b ,K*0+31)(+/ +"( ,305(+/ ,3QK*0* )*6
11
Au+q q o+u+txq, ycuc+ptxq cupqoq +q oq u cx+uoq c+ct
ucou, ou ylvc+ut cxoiu uv+tiq+o, +o cpu+qu +q pocicuoq +q
xlvqoq. Ao ou qy(ct q +cicu+ulu, uv q oq uouvu+cl vu c(qyqoct +ooo +qv
uptxq cvtoq ooo xut +q otu+qpqoq +q xlvqoq o+o cou+cptxo +q 2+o
uotxo uu+o cpu+qu o Bescaites olvct tu c+uuotxq uv+qoq: q xlvqoq -
uxptco+cpu: tu optocvq ooo+q+u xlvqoq - ctoyc+ut xut otu+qpcl+ut upl
uu(ootuoct o+q oq uo +ov 0co. 2+o ppo S6 +ou oc+cpou cpou +uv
KOQ# )*6 (H-0-[P"6 7i@?DA?\?= \Y?<CWC\Y?=9F (1644), cpyo ou uo+cicl
ouo+qu+txq cxcoq, c +q opq otoux+txo cyctptolou, +ou ouvoiou +q
tiooolu +ou, o Bescaites cutuvct, pyu+t, o+t

o 0co clvut q pu+couou ut+lu xlvqoq xut +qv uu+q v+u ooo+q+u
xlvqoq otu+qpcl o+o ouv
27
.

Kuu uooloct +q uotxq xlvqoq o+q opoq cvo c(u+cptxo,
ucpu+txo ut+lou, o+qv oolu uvyc+ut oc +cicu+ulu uviuoq xc ctcpou
xlvqoq ou upu+qpcl+ut o+ov xooo, o Bescaites uoxiclct xc c(qyqoq +q
xlvqoq +uv ou+uv c oq tu optocvq cou+cptxq ovuq, opq q
cvopqoq (?E\9B;W). Av +u cvtx cpq +q iq uox+ov xtvqoct ou
poqyoucvu ocv cluv
28
, uu+o ouulvct ot c(ut+lu +q oq +ou, uii
cctoq q xlvqoq c+uoloc+ut c otuootxc xpooct uo ouu oc ouu,
yito+puv+u xu+ xotov +poo o+o c(u+cptxo +ou, upl vu ctocpc+ut o+ov
upqvu q +qv ouolu +ou, ou clvut xut upucvct q cx+uoq, oqiuoq o
ycuc+ptxo, +ptooto+u+o upo ou xu+uiuvouv xut +lo+c iio.
ov+u uoouqvloct +t uotxc cvvotc +q uotxq +ou, +qv iq xut
+qv xlvqoq, o Bescaites opcl vu otu+uuoct +ou +pct ccituoct voou
+q oq:

p1K%2"+/6 p2(0)*5-#(+/6 2"KL.-0*6b y 2MM x 5M., c+puoq B. upxoicu, Aqvu,
Buvcto+qtuxc Exoooct E..B., 1997, o. 8S-84.
27
+cxp+ ., G( KOI6 )*6 [(H-0-[P"6 , ctouyuyq, c+puoq, ooituoo
. Ipqyopooiou, Aqvu, Exxpcc, 2u12, o. 2u4. 0 Bescaites c(qycl o+q ouvcctu: upu, ooov
uop +q ycvtxq ut+lu |+q xlvqoqj, clvut oiovcpo ytu cvu o+t ocv clvut iiq up ovo o
0co, o oolo cv upq c +qv uv+oouvulu +ou oqtopyqoc +qv iq u(l c +qv xlvqoq xut
+qv qpclu xut +upu, ovo c +qv xuvovtxq ouvopoq +ou, otu+qpcl +qv uu+q ooo+q+u xlvqoq
xut qpclu o+o ouv ou +qv ccoc c(upq, $2M2., o. 2u4-2uS.
28
S2M2., o. 2u4.
12

|.j 0 pu+o voo +q oq: xc pyu, ooo c(up++ut uo +o loto, ccvct
v+u o+qv lotu xu+o+uoq xt c+ot o,+t u( xtvcl+ut, ouvcl(ct v+u vu
xtvcl+ut
29
.

|.j 0 oc+cpo voo +q oq: xc xlvqoq clvut uo ovq +q cuypuq
xut cocvu xc ouu xtvocvo oc cvuv xxio +clvct v+u vu
uouxpvc+ut uo +o xcv+po +ou xxiou o+ov oolo cyypc+ut
Su
.

|.j 0 +pl+o voo: uv cvu ouu pooxpooct oc cvu iio toupo+cpo uo +o
loto, ocv vct xuoiou +qv xlvqoq +ou, uii uv pooxpooct oc cvu uocvco+cpo
vct +ooq ooo+q+u xlvqoq ooq c+ut(ct o+o iio ouu
S1
.

2+ou upuvu voou, ot oolot uv+to+otov o+t ocu+cpcouoc xut
ctcpou ut+lc
S2
+uv upu+qpocvuv xtvqocuv oc uv+totuo+oiq c +qv
xuoitxq (;D?_9@W=<9E), pu+couou (\@?E=@?=E) xut ycvtxq ut+lu (A=;W=
:9D9@=<?W) oiuv +uv xtvqocuv o+ov xooo
SS
ou clvut o 0co, poo+lcv+ut
o+q ouvcctu ot voot +q xpooq +uv ou+uv (KOI6 )*6 [(H-0-[P"6, , 46-
S2). Bpoxct+ut ytu c+ ov+oou uoioyto+txo xuvovc, c +ou oolou
poootopl(ouc ooq xlvqoq cvo ouu+o c+uiic+ut uo +qv
pooxpouoq +ou c iiu ouu+u
S4
.
0u upu+qpqoouc, uxoiouuv+u o+o oqclo uu+o +qv cpqvclu +ou
. oi, o+t ot voot |j xut |j ouvto+ov uo xotvo +qv pu+q otu+uoq
+q vco+cpq upq +q uopvctu: Bo+c u +o+c +o titopovo povoto +q
xuxitxq xlvqoq ocv clc +ooo uouoto+tx, xut +ooo (cxupu,
uopptcl
SS
. 2+pcocvo +uu+opovu cvuv+lov +ou Apto+o+ciq xut cvuv+lov

29
S2M2., , S7, o. 2u6.
Su
S2M2., , S9, o. 2u9.
S1
S2M2., , 4u, o. 212.
S2
S2M2., , S7, o. 2u7.
SS
S2M2., , S6, o. 2u4.
S4
S2M2., , 4S, o. 218. Itu tu uvuiu+txq upouoluoq, uo to+optxq xut ouo+qu+txq oxot,
+uv xup+cotuvuv uotxuv vouv xut +uv xuvovuv +q xpooq, i. Buzon F. ue, aiiauu v.,
V9WA=@B9W 9B <9W li@?DA?\?=m ccM rC@\W 9B EC;_9E9DB, Paiis, Piesses nieisitaiies ue Fiance, 1994,
oo. 1uu-1u7 112-11S.
SS
oi ., B;>9W :=<?<X9DD9W, Paiis, Beimann, 2uu1 (1
q
cxo. 1966), o. S28. 2+q ooituocvq
cxoooq +uv KOQ# )*6 [(H-0-[P"6, o F. lui upu+qpcl: 0 Bescaites otuupl(ct +qv
ooo+q+u +q xlvqoq uo +q otcuvoq +q, pyu ou +ov ooqycl vu otu+uuoct uptx oo
1S
+ou ouypovou +ou Iuitiulou, o oolo uvuyvupt(c xut otu+qpooc +o pu+clo
+q xuxitxq xlvqoq, o Bescaites uoo+qpl(ct, +qpuv+u o+q uotxq +ou ou
xut o+q c+uuotxq +ou +ov coooioytxo xuvovu ouvu c +ov oolo
pcct oc xc octp puy+uv vu pooc(ouc +t clvut uio o+ov cyto+o
uo
S6
, o+t q cuypuq xlvqoq, u xu+c(oqv uiq, clvut q o+otctuoq
uotxq xlvqoq. Ao uu+qv c(up+uv+ut xut oc uu+qv uvyov+ut, cou tu
xu+iiqiq otuotxuolu uviuoq, oic ot iic xtvqoct,
oucptiuuvocvq +q xuxitxq:

Icyovo clvut o+t, uo oic +t xtvqoct, ovo q cuypuq clvut cv+ciu uiq
xut q oq +q cptiuvc+ut oc lu o+tyq |j Evu, ytu vu ouiict xuvcl +qv
xuxitxq xlvqoq, q ootuoqo+c iiq, pcct vu cupqoct oo +ouito+ov
o+tyc +q, q iiov oo cpq +q, xut +q c+u( +ou ocoq
S7
.

B otu+uoq +ou pu+ou voou ct+pcct c(iiou o+ov Bescaites vu
poootoploct +o uxptc cupq+txo cptcocvo c +o oolo q cvvotu +q
ovuq opcl vu ctoucl o+q uotxq +ou: q ovuq xc ouu+o vu
cvcpycl q vu uv+to+cxc+ut ocv clvut up q +oq otu+qpqoq +q xtvq+txq
xu+o+uoq +ou ouu+o
S8
. Kuu q +oq uu+q ocv pocpc+ut o+c opcl vu
pocict uo +o loto +o ouu u xuoptocvq ycuc+ptxq cx+uoq, uii
c(up++ut uoxicto+tx uo +qv xtvq+txq +ou xu+o+uoq oc tu ocoocvq
povtxq o+tyq, opcl vu +poootcl+ut uvioyu c +t +poootqoct ou
ulo+u+ut, u uo+cicou +q opoq c(u+cptxuv ut+luv xut ovo, q xtvq+txq
xu+o+uoq +ou ouu+o.

voou cxcl ou q vco+cpq uotxq ocv icct up ovo cvuv, Bescaites, v;_@9W
\Y?<CWC\Y?h;9Wb uCE9 ccc wxy|{xy~, u. F. lui, Paiis, uainiei, 1989, o. 188, uoo.
S6
Bescaites R., !"#$#36R, !"#$#"6 6, +p. 0. Bcvoiloq, o. 6S.
S7
Bescaites R., e9 aCD>9 C; u@=?BX >9 <= <;E?j@9, cap. v, ?D Bescaites, v;_@9W \Y?<CWC\Y?h;9Wb
uCE9 c, u. F. lui, o. SS9.
S8
2c +t ouvlo+u+ut q ovuq xc ouu+o vu cvcpycl q vu uv+to+cxc+ut. E' uu+o cutu
u pcct vu pooc(ouc oc +t ouvlo+u+ut q ovuq xc ouu+o vu cvcpycl cvuv+lov iiou q
vu uv+to+cxc+ut o+qv cvcpyctu +ou iiou: ctotx oc +o+o ovo, o+t xc pyu +clvct, ooo
c(up++ut uo +o loto, vu ccvct o+qv lotu xu+o+uoq (?D 9C>9E WB=B;) o+qv oolu clvut, ou
cct otu+uucl o+ov pu+o voo, +cxp+ ., G( KOI6 )*6 [(H-0-[P"6, , 4S, +p.
. Ipqyopooiou, o. 216-217. B poq ooo c(up++ut uo +o loto (h;=DB;E ?D W9 9WB) ocv
oqiuvct cou tu ut+tuoq cvcpyctu +ou ouu+o ou qy(ct uo +qv cvcpyo ouolu q +o
ACD=B;W +ou, ou o+ov 2tvo(u (,(+/, , 6-7), uii ovo +qv uouolu c(u+cptxo
xuoptoo txuvo vu c+uiict +qv xu+o+uoq +ou ouu+o oc ocoq c +u ouu+u ou
+o cptiiouv.
14
0u oqctuoouc, +cio, o+t q xup+cotuvq upq +q uopvctu, ou uu+q
cxp(c+ut o+ou oo pu+ou voou +q oq, ocv ccituvc+ut o+qv
cctptxq upu+qpqoq (co+u xt uv ctcutuvc+ut cx +uv uo+cpuv uo
uu+qv
S9
), uii uvyct +q cuto+q+ +q oc cvu u+cpo, c+uuotxo ccito:
+ov 0co - uxptco+cpu: tu optocvq toto+q+ +ou, +qv oolu ouiiuvct c
+qv uut+ocvq ouqvctu xut cuxplvctu o uvputvo vou. 0 Bescaites
upu+qpcl, o+t KOI6 )*6 [(H-0-[P"6, o+t o pu+o voo c(up++ut uo +o
uvuiiolu+o +ou 0co
4u
, cvu ut+lu +ou oc+cpou voou clvut q lotu ou xut
ytu +ov poqyocvo, ouyxcxptcvu oclic+ut o+qv uc+iq+q xut uiq
ict+oupylu ot +q oolu o 0co otu+qpcl +qv xlvqoq o+qv iq
41
. Au+q q
c+uuotxq cciluoq, q cupq+txq oquolu +q oolu cct cuvctiqcvu
+ovtocl uo oquv+txo cic+q+c ou o . oi xut o B. uaiei
42
, ocv
o+cpcl uo +qv xup+cotuvq uotxq +qv pu+o+ulu +q oclvct ou o+t, o+ov
Bescaites, q xu+uvoqoq +q oq xut +uv vouv +q c(up++ut u cvuv uo
uo +q oiiqq +uv toto+q+uv +ou oqtoupyo +q
4S
. Aclvct cloq o+t, ytu
+ov Bescaites, uotxq xut c+uuotxq, uotxq tiooolu xut pu+q
tiooolu ouvto+ov cvu cvtulo, uotouo+o xut tcpupqcvo ovoio
44
, o+o
oolo tu optocvq +(q uiqctuv (ot c+uuotxc) ict+oupyov u cyyqoq
ytu +t utuvtc uotxc uiqctc, upl uo+ooo vu xu+upyov +qv
cto+qoioytxq uu+o+cictu +uv +cicu+uluv u "KOQ# +q uotxq cto+qq:
B c+uuotxq ccituvct cxclvo ou clvut qoq upq o+q uotxq
4S
.



S9
Kt uu+o pyu+t cutuvc+ut uo +qv cctplu, +cxp+ ., G( KOI6 )*6 [(H-0-[P"6, ,
S9, +p. . Ipqyopooiou, o. 211.
4u
S2M2., , S7, o. 2u7.
41
S2M2., , S9, o. 21u.
42
o uc+iq+o +ou 0co, +o yvupl(ouc oi xui, ocv opcl - ytu +ov Bescaites - up
vu clvut +o c+uuotxo ccito +uv vouv +q otu+qpqoq, oi ., B;>9W :=<?<X9DD9W, o. S26.
i. cloq uaiei B., V9WA=@B9W^ a9B=\YgW?A=< iYgW?AW, cap. 9: uou anu te uiounus of te
aws of Notion: mmutailit, Foice, anu Finite auses, icao anu onuon, Te nieisit of
icao Piess, 1992, o. 26S-SuS.
4S
Av xut ocv tooouvucl c +qv iqpq xu+uvoqoq +ou lotou +ou 0co, q ovuq +ou oolou
ucpulvct, ouvu c +ov Bescaites, +u optu +q uvputvq yvuo+txq txuvo+q+u, q
oiiqq uu+q clvut ciioyq xut ouvcu uvc(p+q+q uo +q pqoxcu+txq lo+q.
44
Bpi. +cxp+ ., G( KOI6 )*6 [(H-0-[P"6, Eto+oiq +ou 2uyypucu o+ov c+upuo+q +ou
tilou (Av+l Bpoioyou), +p. . Ipqyopooiou, o. 81: +ot, oiq q tiooolu clvut ouv cvu
ocvopo, +ou oolou ot pl(c clvut q c+uuotxq, xopo q uotxq, xut +u xiuot ou uvuoov+ut
uo uu+o +ov xopo clvut oic ot iic cto+qc.
4S
Buzon F. ue, aiiauu v., V9WA=@B9W 9B <9W li@?DA?\?=m cc, o. SS.
1S

<<@ , "#3"+/+*#,* %,] ;^7_5

2+o oc+cpo too +ou 17
ou
utuvu xut o+t upc +ou 18
ou
utuvu, o
Bescaites xut o xup+cotuvtoo, o oolo o+o c+u( clc uploct vu otooxc+ut
o+u Eupuux Buvcto+qtu, xut totul+cpu o+qv 0iiuvolu
46
, u ylvct o o+oo
tu otiq clcoq ou u c(uoioouv, uo otuopc+txc tioootxc
uc+qplc, o on ocke (16S2-17u4) xut o uottfiieu Wilelm einiz (1646-
1716).
2+qv upq +ou oquv+txo+cpou cpyou +ou c +l+io -+P5(- '(" )*#
"#,KQ2(#* #$*0* 7nD qWW=g ACDA9@D?D: ;E=D kD>9@WB=D>?D:F (1689), o+oo
+ou oolou clvut q otcpcvqoq +q pocicuoq, +q cuto+q+u xut +q
cx+uoq +q uvputvq yvuoq
47
, o ocke ctctpqu+oioycl cvuv+lov +q
up(q cu+uv upuv (cDD=B9 i@?DA?\<9W), cupq+txuv xut pux+txuv,
o+ov vou, uv+liqq ou uooloc+ut o+ov Bescaites. B cupq+txq uu+q
poupuoxcuq clvut uupul+q+q o+ov ocke ytu vu otu+uuoct o+q ouvcctu +q
uotxq tioootxq xut cto+qoioytxq coq +ou ytu +qv uoxicto+tx
3523(K(+/ xu+uyuyq +q yvuoq u:

A uocoouc iotov, o+t o+qv upq +o vcu clvut uu+o ou ovo(ouc
taula iasa, xcvo uo upux+qpto+tx, upl xut tocu, ootu xt uv clvut. Bu
occ+ut tocc c oto coo xu+ux+ uu+q +q uuuo+q ooo+q+u, ou q
uv+uolu +ou uvpuou, v+u opuo+qptu xut ucptopto+q, +ou upouot(ct c
tu otxtilu ocoov ctpq Ao o uv+icl oiu uu+ +u uitx, ou clvut o
io+o oiuv +uv ouiioytouv +ou xut oiuv +uv yvuocuv +ou 2' uu+o uuv+u
c tu ic(q: A' +qv cctplu (@CE q`\9@?9DA9). Au+q clvut q oq oiuv +uv
yvuocuv u xt u' uu+qv uv+iov uu+c +qv pu+q +ou xu+uyuyq
48
.

46
i. van Bune W. (eu.), uY9 q=@<g qD<?:YB9DE9DB ?D BY9 V;BAY 89\;<?A xy{x}, eiuen, Biill,
2uuS.
47
ocke ., nD qWW=g ACDA9@D?D: ;E=D kD>9@WB=D>?D:, euiteu wit a foiwaiu P. B. Niuuitc,
xfoiu, laienuon Piess, 197S, o. 4S. Bupucouc o+q ouvcctu, +poootuv+u xut
ouiqpuvov+ +qv oou uut+cl+ut, o+q ovuotxq otucotq ciiqvtxq c+puoq +ou
-+(5P-1: ocke ., -+P5(- '(" )*# "#,KQ2(#* #$*0*, ct. K. c+ptvo, c+puoq Ip. tovq,
Aqvu, Avuyvuo+loq, .. 2qctuvouc +qv uvyxq tu vcu, oioxiqpucvq, xpt+txq
cxoooq +ou -+(5P-1 o+u ciiqvtx, q oolu u ouiqpuvc cvu oquv+txo xcvo o+qv
ciiqvoyiuooq titoypulu.
48
S2M2., , 1, 2, o. 1u4 |+p. tovq, o. 42-4Sj.
16

0 ocke c(qycl o+q ouvcctu +ou -+(5P-1 (, 1, S-4) o+t ot tocc u
pocpov+ut cl+c uo +qv uloqoq (poxct+ut ytu +t tocc +uv utoq+uv
oto+q+uv +uv puy+uv: xl+ptvo, icuxo, cpo, upo, uiuxo, oxiqpo
xi.), cl+c uo +q otuvoq+txq upu+qpqoq (poxct+ut ytu +t tocc +uv
otuopuv ict+oupytuv +ou vou: uv+liqq, oxcq, utoilu, lo+q,
ouiioytoo, yvuoq, oiqoq xi.). Aloqoq xut otuvoq+txq upu+qpqoq
uv+to+otov o+qv c(u+cptxq xut cou+cptxq cctplu, xut otucpouv u po
+u uv+txclcv +ou: uv+txclcvo +q pu+q clvut +u c(u+cptx, uitx
pyu+u, cvu +q oc+cpq ot vcuu+txc ict+oupylc oc ocoq c +u
pyu+u uu+. ooo ot tocc +q uloqoq ooo xut ot tocc +q otuvoq+txq
upu+qpqoq clvut, ouvu c +ov ocke, "2HI6 (-+P5(-, , 2, 2). Au+o
oqulvct o+t o vou ocv opcl o+c vu +t oqtoupyqoct o loto, o+c ou xut
vu +t xu+uo+pcct u( xut cv+uuov o+o cou+cptxo +ou. Bpcct iotov vu
oucpvouc o+t, u po +t uic tocc +ou, o vou clvut

cv+ciu uq+txo |j Au+c +t uic tocc, o+uv poocpov+ut o+o vcu, q
voqoq ocv opcl vu +t upvqcl, o+c vu +t +poootqoct, o+uv couv
cv+uucl, o+c vu +t ouoxo+loct xut vu oqtoupyqoct vcc, cptooo+cpo uo
ooo cvu xupc+q opcl vu upvqcl, vu c+uiict q vu c(uiclct +t ctxovc
q tocc (cE=:9W C@ c>9=W) ou oqu+l(ov+ut o+qv ctvct +ou uo +u
uv+txclcvu ou o+cxouv cpo +ou
49
.

Au+q q pu+oycvq uq+txo+q+u +ou cctptxo vou cptopl(c+ut
uo+ooo uo +q ovuq +ou vu cuvuiuvct, vu ouyxplvct xut vu cvuvct +t
uic tocc +ou, oqu+l(ov+u c+ot vcc 04#,3)36 tocc (-+P5(-, , 2, 2). B
oc+cpq uu+q xu+qyoplu tocuv ou ocv opov vu up(ouv ptv xut
uvc(p+q+u uo +t uic tocc, c(uv+icl +qv upuyuytxo+q+u +ou vou, q oolu
pouoc+ct, ytu vu uox+qoct +qv pu+q iq +q, +ov uvuupuo+u+txo
upux+qpu +q voqoq xut tu optocvq cpqvclu +uv pu+uptxuv, uiuv
tocuv u ctxovuv +uv puy+uv (c(u+cptxuv uv+txctcvuv q cou+cptxuv
ict+oupytuv).

49
S2M2., , 1, 2S, o. 118 |+p. tovq, o. S1j.
17
Ao +t upuvu poxclcvc o ocke ouvyct o+o -+P5(- oo xplotu
oucpou+u, +u oolu u u ct+pcouv vu otu+uuoouc o+q ouvcctu tu
optocvq uo+lqoq +ou cctptoo +ou xut +q coq ou xu+uiuvct o
+cicu+ulo o+o colo +q co+cpq tiooolu. o pu+o oucpuou
oc+l(c+ut c +o poiqu +q yvuoq +uv uoo+ocuv, +o oc+cpo c +o
cpu+qu ytu +q oq +q yvuoq cv ycvct. Au+ poxct+ut vu c(c+oouc
ouvo+tx o+q ouvcctu.
2+o xciuto 2S +ou oc+cpou tilou +ou -+(5P-1, o ocke po+clvct tu
ycvc+txq c(qyqoq +q tocu +q uoo+uoq:

Ao o vou coot(c+ut c cvuv cyio upto uiuv tocuv, ou pocpov+ut
uo +t utoqoct uvioyu c +t otopc cv+uuoct ou ocov+ut uo +u
c(u+cptx uv+txclcvu, q uo +q otuvoq+txq upu+qpqoq vu o+t otxc +ou
ict+oupylc, otuto+uvct o+cpu uo uu+o, o+t cvu optocvo upto uo uu+c
+t uic tocc vc o+ucp u(l (:C ACDWB=DB<g BC:9BY9@), xut cctoq
cupov+ut ouv vu uvqxouv oc cvu ovo pyu, oqulvov+ut c cvu ovo ovou,
o+uv clvut c+ot cvucvc oc cvu ovo uoxclcvo, cctoq q yiuoou
pooupo(c+ut o+t xotvc cvvotc xut q xptu uoo+oiq +q clvut vu cxpoct
ypqyopu uu+o ou couc o+o vcu. Ao uu+o pocpc+ut +o o+t, uv xut clvut
uiqtv cvu potou uo oiic tocc ouvococcvc, o+q ouvcctu
ooqyouo+c uo upooc(lu vu +t cupoc xut vu tic ytu uu+c ouv vu qv
q+uv puyu+tx up lu ovo uiq tocu ytu+l ou qoq clu, cctoq ocv
opoc vu uv+uo+oc, u uu+c ot uic tocc opov vu ulo+uv+ut uo
ovc +ou, ouvqlouc vu uoc+ouc xoto pyu ou +t uouo+(ct
(];WB@=B;E), o+o oolo upouv xut uo +o oolo pox+ouv, xut +o oolo
uoxuioc cocvu uoo+uoq (];WB=DA9)
Su
.

0 oqu+too +q cvvotu +q uoo+uoq o+ov vou oclic+ut iotov ot
o+qv uv+liqq xut xu+uvoqoq +q uv+txctcvtxq ouyxpo+qoq +ou xooou, q
o+qv cctptxq oiiqq +uv cl cpou uotxuv uoo+ocuv, uii xuplu oc
cvuv cyycvq cptoptoo +q uv+uolu u, oqiuoq o+qv uouvulu u vu
uv+uo+oc cvuv xooo o+ov oolo ot utoq+c oto+q+c u uqpuv
uvc(p+q+u uo cvu ootooqo+c uitxo uoupo (xut, uv+lo+otu, ot

Su
S2M2., , 2S, 1, o. 29S |+p. tovq, o. 11Sj.
18
otuvoq+txc ict+oupylc uvc(p+q+u uo cvu voq+txo uoupo). 0
oqu+too +q upuvu cvvotu pouoc+ct c(iiou +q ouvopoq oo
otuxpt+uv upuyov+uv: 1
ov
, +qv up(q cvo ovou+o x+u uo +o oolo
cvootcl+ut cvu optocvo upto uiuv tocuv (oqiuoq +qv up(q +q
yiuoou) 2
ov
, tu utvocvtxq xuvovtxo+q+u, oqiuoq +q ouvq cvtoq
tu oou utoq+uv oto+q+uv xut +uv uv+lo+otuv uiuv tocuv o+ov vou
S1
,
ou uooloouc o+q ouvcctu oc tu uoc+txq xotvq ut+lu, ytu +q oq xut +qv
ov+oioytxq oo+uoq +q oolu ocv couc o+c opoc vu oqu+loouc
xut uu+o+ciq tocu. Bpcct cocvu vu oucpvouc o+t q yvuoq +q
uoo+uoq xucuu+qv clvut uovu+q. opoc ovo vu uocoouc +qv
up(q +q u +o uoo+puu q +o uoo+qptyu cl+c +uv utoq+uv
oto+q+uv (ouu+txq uoo+uoq) cl+c +uv otuvoq+txuv ict+oupytuv
(vcuu+txq uoo+uoq):

o+c ooto ciqoct vu c(c+oct +qv cvvotu +q xuupq uoo+uoq cv ycvct
ou otuc+ct, u pct o+t ocv cct xulu uoi+u iiq tocu ytu uu+qv, up
ovo tu uocoq (];\\CW?B?CD) cvo yvuo+ou uoo+qplyu+o +c+otuv
oto+q+uv, ou clvut txuvc vu upyouv uic tocc cou u
S2
.

0 uoc+txo upux+qpu +q cvvotu +q uoo+uoq, ytu +qv up(q q
+qv uvuup(lu +q oolu ocv opoc vu pooxoloouc xulu uuo+qpq
uooct(q (-+P5(-, , 2S, S), ouvto+ +o cto+qoioytxo opto +ou cctptoo
+ou ocke xut +uu+opovu xu+uoctxvct +ov c+uu+txo upux+qpu +ou
-+(5P-1. 2cxtvuv+u uo +q otxptoq +ou ocke uvcou oc tocc +q
uloqoq, tocc +q otuvoq+txq upu+qpqoq xut tocc ou ouvc+ouv,
otutpov q uvuupto+ov +t poqyocvc, o u. Beikele (168S-17SS) u

S1
Itu +o (q+qu uu+o, i. Paimentiei N., cDB@C>;AB?CD o <^Essai sui l'entenuement umain >9
eCA9, Paiis, Piesses nieisitaiies ue Fiance, 1999, o. 1SS.
S2
ocke ., nD qWW=gR, , 2S, 2, o. 29S |+p. tovq, o. 11Sj. Bpi. o+o loto, , 2S, S, o. 297-298
|+p. tovq, o. 114-11Sj: B |ouu+txq uoo+uoqj uo+lc+ut ouv uoo+qptyu +uv uiuv
tocuv ou u cpov+ut uo c(u, upl vu (cpouc +t clvut uu+o +o uoo+qptyu q |vcuu+txq
uoo+uoqj cupcl+ut ouv uoo+qptyu +uv cvcpyctuv ou ploxouc cou u c +qv
cou+cptxq cctplu, xut ou u clvut +ciclu yvuo+q , 2S, 6, o. 298 |+p. tovq, o. 11Sj:
+ot, ootu xt uv clvut q uo+txq xut uqpqcvq oq +q uoo+uoq cv ycvct, oic ot tocc
ou couc ytu +u totul+cpu xut (cupto+ cloq uoo+ocuv, ocv clvut iio up otopot
ouvouuool uiuv tocuv (rCE?D=B?CDW C W?E\<9 c>9=W) ou ouvupouv oc tu cvo+q+u
yvuo+q ytu c c +c+otou ouvouuoo uiuv tocuv xut ot c +lo+c iio,
uvuupto+oc totul+cpu cloq ouotuv.
19
upvqcl pq+, o+qv tK"'5")3P" 2L#% 0)(6 "KOI6 )*6 "#,KQ2(#*6 '#Q0*6 7n
u@9=B?W9 rCDA9@D?D: BY9 i@?DA?\<9W C ;E=D DC<9>:9F (171u), +qv up(q +uv
ouu+txuv uoo+ocuv:

0u u xvouv +qv upu+qpqoq u uu+o +ouito+ov clvut uiqtvo, o+t
oqiuoq otuypouc oic +t ouu+txc ouolc. B uv+qoq ou clvut q c(q:
cv +q ic(q -10P" (Sustance) +qv pouc c +qv xotvq oquolu, ouv lu
ovcoq utoq+uv oto+q+uv, ou clvut q cx+uoq, q o+cpco+q+u, +o po xut
+u upootu, +o+c ocv opov vu u xu+qyopqoouv ytu x+t +c+oto. Ev ou
+qv pouc c +q tioootxq oquolu, ouv uo-o+qptyu +uv oucqxo+uv q
+uv oto+q+uv c(u uo +ov vou, +o+c ocv opu up vu uvuyvuplou u
pyu+t +qv uvutpoc cv cutu opcl vu iccl u uvutpcl xuvcl x+t +o
oolo o+c ocv uqp(c o+c xuv cou o+q uv+uolu
SS
.

2+o oc+cpo too +ou 18
ou
utuvu o . ant (1724-18u4), uuv+uv+u o+o
cpu+qu ou clc uqoct c+cupo +o -+P5(- +ou ocke, u uoo+qpl(ct o+qv
!K()(+/ )-1 +","K-4 H$'-1 7@?B? >9@ @9?D9D 9@D;DBF (1781) o+t q up(q +uv
puy+uv xucuu+ ouvto+ ul+qu +ou ioyou, xut o+t q voqoq, cou +uv
xu+qyoptuv +q xut +uv a piioii opuv +q co+clu (upo xut povo),
opcl vu yvuploct c cuto+q+u ovo utvocvu.
A cpouc +upu o+qv c(c+uoq +ou poiqu+o +q yvuoq cv ycvct o+ov
ocke. Ao pu+u upu+qpqoct o+t +o coo uv+txclcvo +ou vou ocv clvut
iio uo +t tocc +ou, xut o+t, xu+ ouvcctu, q yvuoq u opcl vu oc+l(c+ut
ovo c uu+c, o ocke otu+uuvct, o+o xu+uit +ou +c+up+ou tilou +ou
-+(5P-1, +ov uxoiouo optoo +q yvuoq:

ou ulvc+ut iotov, o+t q yvuoq ocv clvut iio uo +qv uv+liqq +q
ovocoq xut ouuvlu, q +q uouuvlu xut uotulu uuqoq (BY9
\9@A9\B?CD C BY9 ACDD9`?CD =D> =:@99E9DBb C@ >?W=:@99E9DB =D> @9\;:D=DAg)
c+u( +uv tocuv u. 2c uu+o xut ovo ouvlo+u+ut q yvuoq. Uou upct q
uv+liqq uu+q, upct yvuoq, xut oou ocv upct, cxcl, uv xut opoc vu
uv+u(ouo+c, vu xvouc ctxuolc q vu to+couc, ocv u oouc o+c o+q

SS
Beikele u., tK"'5")3P" 2L#% 0)(6 "KOI6 )*6 "#,KQ2(#*6 '#Q0*6, S7, c+puoq A. .
2cvoovq, 0coouiovlxq, Kuvo+uv+tvloq, .., o. 96.
2u
yvuoq. Ato+t, o+uv yvupl(ouc o+t +o icuxo ocv clvut upo, +t iio xvouc uo
+o vu uv+tiuuvouo+c o+t ot oo uu+c tocc ocv ouuvov U+uv xu+couc
+qv to+q cuto+q+u +q uooct(q, o+t ot +pct yuvlc cvo +ptyuvou clvut
loc c oo opc, +t cptooo+cpo xvouc uo +o vu uv+tiuuvouo+c o+t q
too+q+u c oo opc yuvlc ouuvcl uvuyxulu c +t +pct yuvlc +ou
+ptyuvou, xut o+t clvut uotuupto+q uo uu+c
S4


B pu+o+ulu +q uv+liqq +ou ocke cyxct+ut o+o ycyovo o+t opl(ct +q
yvuoq ot u ocoq uvcou o+t tocc xut o+u pyu+u, uii u ocoq
uvcou o+t lotc +t tocc. Bup +o ycyovo o+t o poqyocvo optoo
opcl vu cupqcl, ou upu+qpcl o N. Paimentiei, cito+o xut
poouptvo
SS
, ocv u pcct vu u otuyct q pu+uptxq cupq+txq +ou
o+ocuoq, ou ocv clvut iiq uo +qv ucvtoq o+t q ocoq +ou vou c +u
pyu+u ocv clvut o+c coq, uii pouoc+ct +q cooiqoq cvo +pl+ou
opou, +uv (.3Q#:

Elvut uvcpo, o+t o vou ocv yvupl(ct +u pyu+u cou, uii ovo c +qv
upcuoq +uv tocuv ou cct ytu +u pyu+u
S6
.

Acv poxct+ut cou ytu c++uoq +ou cctptoo +ou ocke oc cvuv
uciq tocuitoo q o+qv uuioxpu+lu +ou Beikele. 0 ocke ocv uyvocl, o+o
-+P5(-, +o poiqu +q 2K"'5")(+$)*)"6 +q yvuoq: Ev q yvuoq ou
couc ytu +t tocc u, +cpu+l(c+ut o' uu+c +t tocc upl vu cx+clvc+ut to

S4
ocke ., nD qWW=gR, v, 1, 2, o. S24 |+p. tovq, o. 192j. 0u poocoouc o+t o ocke otuxplvct
oo cloq yvuoq, +qv coq q co+txq (?DB;?B?_9 DC<9>:9), xut +qv ccoq q uooctx+txq
(>9ECDWB@=B?_9 DC<9>:9), q oolu pouoc+ct +ov ouiioytoo (89=WCD?D:): 0ptocvc
opc o vou uv+tiuvc+ut +q ouuvlu q +qv uouuvlu c+u( oo tocuv cou, upl
+qv upcuoq ootuooqo+c iiq tocu. Au+o, vol(u o+t opoc vu +o ovooouc
32-2)(+/ '#Q0*. Itu+l o' uu+qv +qv cpl+uoq, o vou ocv ocl vu uoocl(ct q vu cpcuvqoct,
uii uv+tiuvc+ut +qv uiqctu, ou +o +t icct +o u, ovo uo +o ycyovo o+t
o+pcc+ut po uu+o, $2M2., v, 2, 1, o. SSu-SS1 |+p. tovq, o. 196j U+uv o vou
uv+tiuvc+ut +q ouuvlu q +qv uouuvlu c+u( +uv tocuv, ot ou cou, +o+c couc
+ov cocvo uo +q yvuoq, |+qv oolu ovo(u "2-.3(+)(+/j 2' uu+qv +qv cpl+uoq,
o+qv oolu o vou ocv opcl vu ouvococt +t tocc +ou, uo+c vu uv+tiqcl +q ouuvlu q +qv
uouuvlu +ou c +qv coq oyxptoq +ou q c +qv cupoyq +q tu vu o+qv iiq, clvut
uopcucvo vu uvuxuict +q ouuvlu q +qv uouuvlu ou uvu(q+ c +q oqctu lu q
cptooo+cpuv iiuv tocuv xut uu+o uxptu ovo(ouc ouiioytoo, $2M2., v, 2, 2, o. SS1-
SS2 |+p. tovq, o. 197j.
SS
Paimentiei N., cDB@C>;AB?CDR, o. 221.
S6
ocke ., nD qWW=gR, v, 4, S, o. S6S |+p. tovq, o. 214j.
21
poo+, uoicov+u oc x+t to uxptvo, ot to ooupc oxcct u ocv u
couv cyui+cpq pqoto+q+u uo +t ovctpooiqoct cvo otu+upuycvou
cyxciou |j Eocvu q yvuoq u clvut puyu+txq, ovo o+ov uo ou
upct ouuvlu uvcou o+t tocc u xut o+qv puyu+txo+q+u +uv
uv+txctcvuv
S7
. Acv pcct vu u otuyct c(iiou o+t q lotu q up(q +uv
uiuv tocuv, oc ouvouuoo c +qv uq+txo+q+u +ou vou, oqiuoq +qv
uouvulu +ou vu +t oqu+loct o loto, ouvto+ ytu +ov ocke cupxq uooct(q
+q uvc(p+q+q up(q +ou c(u+cptxo xooou:

Ao, ou ocl(uc, o vou ocv opcl c xuvcvuv +poo vu oqtoupyqoct ovo
+ou |+t uic toccj, pcct xu+' uvyxq vu upyov+ut uo pyu+u ou
opouv uotx vu o+ov vou |j Ao uu+o ouvyc+ut o+t ot uic tocc ocv clvut
iou+u +q uv+uolu u, uii +u uotx xut xuvovtx oqtoupyqu+u
puy+uv c(u uo c, ou cvcpyov puyu+tx vu u
S8
.

Acv poxct+ut ou o+c ytu cvuv uciq cctptoo. 0t uic tocc, ot
oolc c +o uvuupuo+u+txo +ou cptcocvo ycupuvouv - uii ocv
xu+upyov - +qv uoo+uoq ou upl(ct +ov vou uo +u uupx+ c(u+cptx
pyu+u, ocv clvut tocc +uv ouotuv q +uv uoo+ocuv, uii ovo tocc
+uv uv+tiq+uv oto+q+uv +uv puy+uv. uo+ooo, xuu ouuvov,
ou uoypul(ct o ocke, c +qv up(q +uv puy+uv, ot tocc uu+c
upxov ytu vu +u uo+(ouv o+t otxlic uvyxc xut pqoct u, xut ytu vu
otuouiloouv +qv puyu+txo+q+u +q yvuoq u
S9
. 0 cctptoo +ou ocke
clvut cvu xpt+txo cctptoo, xut +uu+opovu cvu puyu+to+txo
cctptoo, o oolo o+pcc+ut po +u pyu+u u uv+txclcvu tu
puyu+txq - uv xut o+c c(uv+iq+txq - yvuoq, xut upiiqiu u
uv+txclcvu pqoq.





S7
S2M2., v, 4, 2-S, o. S6S |+p. tovq, o. 214j.
S8
S2M2., v, 4, 4, o. S6S-S64 |+p. tovq, o. 214-21Sj.
S9
S2M2., o. S64 |+p. tovq, o. 21Sj.
22

<<<@ `]3,!"*2a 0$+ "3$')'2 *%,( ("]%)($

o 1687 o oux c+uv (1642-1727) oqootcct o+o ovolvo +t
N",*5")(+I6 "KOI6 )*6 [10(+/6 [(H-0-[P"6 7iY?<CWC\Y?=9 D=B;@=<?W \@?DA?\?=
E=BY9E=B?A=F. 2+q otpxctu +q (uq +ou c+uvu +o cpyo u yvuploct oo
uxoq cxoooct, +o 171S xut +o 1726
6u
. 0t N",*5")(+I6 "KOI6 (cxtvov c tu
octp optouv, o+ou oolou ctoyc+ut, c+ +qv ooo+q+u iq (h;=DB?B=W
E=B9@?=9) xut +qv ooo+q+u xlvqoq (h;=DB?B=W ECB;W), q ccituoq cvvotu
+q ovuq. Axoioucl q otu+uoq +ptuv u(tu+uv, q vouv +q xlvqoq:
upq +q uopvctu, uvuioylu +uv c+uoiuv +q xlvqoq xut +q ooo+q+u
xut otcuvoq +q uoxocvq ovuq, too+q+u opoq xut uv+lopuoq. o
cpyo otutpcl+ut o+q ouvcctu oc +plu tilu: +u oo pu+u ouvc+ouv +q
vcu+uvctu cto+qq +q xlvqoq, cvu o+o +pl+o tilo, c +l+io o oo+qu
+ou xooou |V9 E;D>? WgWB9E=B9]gWB9E C BY9 C@<>j, o c+uv, uot(ocvo
o+o ovoio +uv uqu+txuv uo+cico+uv +uv oo iiuv tiluv, uvyct
+o ovoio +uv oupvtuv utvocvuv (xlvqoq +uv iuvq+uv, +uv oopuopuv
+ou xut +uv xoq+uv) xut +uv yqtvuv |utvocvuvj (uitppoxc xtvqoct,
oqu +q Iq) oc cvu c(qyq+txo iuloto +ou oolou upqvu clvut o xuoitxo
voo +q up+q+u
61
.
Avcou o+q ov+oq ctouyuyq +ou +pl+ou tilou +uv N",*5")(+Q#
"KOQ#, xut o+qv c(c+uoq +q xlvqoq +uv oopuopuv +ou Alu (Bpu+o
utvocvo), upciiov+ut +coocpt coooioytxol xuvovc (89:;<=9
\Y?<CWC\Y=D>?8;<9W C 89=WCD?D: ?D iY?<CWC\Yg), o+ou oolou ouuxvuvc+ut
q vcu+uvctu cto+qoioylu
62
. Bptv ou c(c+oouc +ou upuvu xuvovc,
xut ctotxo+cpu +ov !"#$#" 4 o+ov oolo ctoyc+ut q cvvotu +q cuyuyq, clvut
pqoto vu ctoqvouc +qv up(q cvo c+ou xuvovu ou

6u
B pu+q uyyitxq c+puoq +ou cpyou uo +ov nuiew Notte, u oqootcucl o+o ovolvo
+o 1729, c +l+io uY9 a=BY9E=B?A=< i@?DA?\<9W C =B;@=< iY?<CWC\Yg. 0 oi+ulpo u poioyloct
+qv pu+q yuiitxq c+puoq +uv i@?DA?\?= uo +qv u. E. ue Bieteuil, Naiuise uu telet:
i@?DA?\9W E=BYXE=B?h;9W >9 <= \Y?<CWC\Y?9 D=B;@9<<9 (17S6).
61
Bla N., e9W li@?DA?\?=m >9 9BCD, Paiis, Piesses nieisitaiies ue Fiance, 199S, o. 66.
62
i. Newton ., uY9 PiincipiaM a=BY9E=B?A=< i@?DA?\<9W C =B;@=< iY?<CWC\Yg, New Tianslation
. Beinaiu oen anu . Witman, pieceueu a uuiue to Newton's i@?DA?\?= . Beinaiu
oen, Beikele - os neles - onuon, nieisit of alifoinia Piess, 1999, o. 794-796. 0t
xuvovc uu+ol u uo+cicoouv +q oq cvo ouvoitxo tioootxo, cto+qoioytxo xut
cto+qovtxo poypu+o ytu +ov 18
o
utuvu.
2S
cptiuvc+ut o+u ctpoypuu +ou c+uvu. 0 xuvovu uu+o ocv
cuvl(c+ut oc xulu uo +t +pct otuootxc cxoooct +uv N",*5")(+Q#
"KOQ#, c(ut+lu upl utoilu +ou xuup tioootxo xut +ou cv+ovu
oictxo +ou upux+qpu clvut ou c(utpc+tx oquv+txo, oto+t oclvct o+t
+o tioootxo uoupo +ou vcu+uvctou cto+qovtxo cyctpqu+o pcct
vu uvu(q+qcl o+ov cctptoo +ou ocke, xut ctotxo+cpu o+q cuplu +uv tocuv
xut o+qv pu+o+uq otxptoq uvcou o+t (cctptxc) tocc +q uloqoq xut
+t (cctptxc) tocc +q otuvoq+txq upu+qpqoq, ou otu+uuvc+ut, ou
clouc, o+o -+P5(- '(" )*# "#,KQ2(#* #$*0*. q otxptoq uu+q utoc+cl iqpu
o c+uv, o+pcov+ +qv, ou c(iiou xut o ocke, cvuv+lov +ou Bescaites:

0+toqo+c ocv pocpc+ut uo +u lotu +u pyu+u cl+c uo +t c(u+cptxc
utoqoct, cl+c uo +o uloqu +uv cou+cptxuv oxccuv, pcct vu cupqcl
uocoq. +ot, utovout o+t oxc+out, pyu ou ocv u opooc vu
oucl uv ocv utouvoouv ouypovu o+t upu. Acv utovout ou o+t
xotu tocu clvut cu+q (?DD=B=). Kut ocv cupu utvocvu ovov cxclvu ou
ylvov+ut yvuo+ oc c cou +uv cv+c c(u+cptxuv utoqocuv, uii cloq
cxclvu ou co+couc o+o vcu u, xuu oxc+ouo+c ..: upu,
to+cu, xu+uvou, uut, oxc+out, ciu, ocv ciu, otu, ulpout,
uocpu, xi. Kut cxclvu ou ocv opov vu uooctov uo +u utvocvu,
o+c ouvyov+ut uo uu+ c cuyuytxo ouiioytoo (\9@ =@:;E9DB;E
cD>;AB?CD?W), +u cupu uococt
6S
.

2c uv+lcoq iotov c +qv xup+cotuvq cuto+q+u, q pu+oycvq opq
+q oolu (q:C W;Eb 9:C 9`?WBC) cuvt(o+uv, o+ou Z)-O"05-46 23KP )*6
2KQ)*6 [(H-0-[P"6, u +o uo+cicou +q uoouoq +ou vou uo +qv
ctxp+ctu +q cctplu xut +q o+poq +ou po +ov loto +ov cuu+o +ou
(E9DW Y;E=D= ?D W9 ACD_9@W=)
64
, q vcu+uvctu cuto+q+u ocv opcl vu
uox+qcl up ovo 32"'%'(+L, c uc+qplu oqiuoq +u (c(u+cptx q
cou+cptx) cctptx utvocvu. Kc iiou cloou po+uoq ou cuvl(c+ut
xu+upqo+tx u cuto+q+u u pcct o+o c(q vu uoppl+c+ut u

6S
oi ., B;>9W D9BCD?9DD9W, aeitissement u'Yon Belaal, Paiis, uallimaiu, 1968, o. S24.
64
o uvputvo vcu, o+pcocvo po +ov cuu+o +ou, +cxp+ ., Z)-O"05-P 23KP )*6
2KQ)*6 [(H-0-[P"6, Bpoioyo po +ov Avuyvuo+q, +p. Eu. uv+upxq, o. 44.
24
uocoq, oqiuoq u uvc(ooo, uvuooctx+o xut c(ucto+qovtxo
touptoo
6S
. Au+o uxptu o otuuptoo uvcou o+qv cuyuytxq
cuto+q+u xut o+t ooyu+txc uococt ploxc+ut o+q oq +q vcu,
23(K"5")(+/6 [(H-0-[P"6 ou ctoqycl+ut o c+uv. Kut up +o ycyovo o+t ot
cuyuytxc ycvtxcoct, c(ut+lu +q c(p+qoq +ou uo +qv upu+qpqoq +uv
utvocvuv, ocv otuc+ouv o+c opov o+c vu uox+qoouv +ov uoiu+o
upux+qpu tu a piioii uocoq, otuc+ouv cv+o+ot +u yvuplou+u +q
uiqctu, xut ito+u +q ovuotxq uiqctu ou opoc vu u(tuoouc
o+qv cto+qq +q oq, ytu ooo oto+qu +ouito+ov ocv cptopl(ov+ut q
ocv otopuvov+ut uo iiu utvocvu:

2+qv ctpuu+txq tiooolu, ot po+oct ou ouvyov+ut uo +u utvocvu
cou +q cuyuyq u pcct vu cupov+ut u uxptu uiqcl q
iqotco+u+c o+qv uiqctu (\@C _9@?W =;B =AA;@=B9 =;B h;=E \@C`?E9) up +t
uv+lc+c uococt, cpt o+ou iiu utvocvu +t xu+uo+qoouv uxptco+cpc
q ocl(ouv o+t ctocov+ut c(utpcoct (i@?DA?\?=, , Kuvovu 4)
66
.

2+o Icvtxo ooito ou poo+cqxc uptx o+q oc+cpq cxoooq +uv
N",*5")(+Q# "KOQ#, xut o+q ouvcctu, c optocvc +poootqoct xut
ouiqpuoct, o+qv +pl+q cxoooq +ou cpyou, o c+uv uoypul(ct cx vcou
+qv uvyxq tu pt(txq uv+totuo+oiq +q ctpuu+txq tiooolu ou
ccituvc+ut o+qv cuyuyq, xut +uv uococuv xc cloou, c+uuotxuv q
uotxuv, +t oolc q cpcuvu +q oq oclict vu cyxu+uiclct opto+tx:

Ato+t o+toqo+c ocv ouvyc+ut uo +u utvocvu pcct vu xuicl+ut uocoq
xut ot uococt, cl+c clvut c+uuotxc cl+c uotxc, cl+c uol(ov+ut oc
uoxpuc oto+q+c cl+c clvut quvtxc, ocv couv coq o+qv ctpuu+txq
tiooolu (?D \Y?<CWC\Y?= 9`\9@?E9DB=<? <CA;E DCD Y=9DB). 2+qv ctpuu+txq
uu+q tiooolu, ot po+oct ouvyov+ut uo +u utvocvu xut ycvtxcov+ut
cou +q cuyuyq (\9@ ?D>;AB?CD9E)
67
.


6S
oi ., B;>9W D9BCD?9DD9W, o. S19.
66
Newton ., uY9 PiincipiaM a=BY9E=B?A=< i@?DA?\<9W C =B;@=< iY?<CWC\Yg, o. 796.
67
S2M2., o. 94S.
2S
2+o loto Icvtxo ooito, o c+uv, c uopq +o cpu+qu ytu +o ul+to
+q up+q+u, c(qycl +u optu +q vcu ctpuu+txq cto+qq +q oq.
E(qycl oqiuoq +t opoc xut +t ocv opoc vu yvuploouc c +qv uuo+qpq
cupoyq +q cuyuytxq cooou. B +cicu+ulu ct+pcct vu
otu+uuoouc c +q cyto+q ouvu+q uxplctu +ou ycvtxo voou ou
otcouv +u uotx utvocvu o+o ovoio +ou ocv u ct+pcct ou vu
yvuploouc +o ul+to xut +ov ioyo +uv vouv xut +uv utvocvuv:

E(qyqou u cou +u oupvtu xut +u uiootu utvocvu c +q ovuq +q
up+q+u, uii ocv xuoptou uxoq +o ul+to (A=;W=E) +q up+q+u. |j Acv
opcou cpt +upu vu ouvuyyu uo +u utvocvu +ov ioyo (@=B?CD9E) uu+uv
+uv toto+q+uv +q up+q+u, xut ocv iu uococt (Yg\CBY9W9W DCD ?D:C).
|j Kut clvut upxc+o o+t q up+q+u upct puyu+tx, xut opu ouvu c
+ou voou ou cxcouc, xut upxcl ytu vu c(qyqoct oic +t xtvqoct +uv
oupvtuv ou+uv xut +q iuoo u
68
.

Ilvc+ut c+ot uvcpq q cupq+txq ict+oupylu +q cplqq poq +ou
c+uvu, Acv iu uococt: uoxiclct xc ouvu+o+q+u cciluoq +q
uotxq oc tu c+uuotxq ou uvu(q+ xut uvuxui+ct +o ul+to q +ov ioyo
(A=;W= W?_9 @=B?C)
69
+uv uotxuv vouv cl+c o+o uvuiiolu+o +ou 0co
(Bescaites)
7u
, cl+c o+qv cou+cptxq uvuyxuto+q+u +q lu xut ovuotxq
uoo+uoq0co ou +uu+l(c+ut c +q oq (2tvo(u)
71
, cl+c o+ov uopuv+u
ioyo (@=?WCD W;?W=DB9) +uv cluv ctioyuv (einiz)
72
. B pq(q c +ov

68
S2M2.
69
Itu +q oquolu +q otu+uoq uu+q xut +qv cyypuq +q o+qv to+oplu +q ut+to+q+u, i.
aiiauu v., r=;W= W?_9 @=B?CM e= @=?WCD >9 <= A=;W9b >9 ];=@9 o e9?D?, Paiis, Piesses
nieisitaiies ue Fiance, 2uu2.
7u
i. upuvu, o. 14.
71
Uiu +u pyu+u poqiuv uvuyxulu uo +q ocoocvq oq +ou 0co xut xuoplo+qxuv vu
upouv xut vu p++ouv c ouyxcxptcvo +poo uo +qv uvuyxuto+q+u +q oq +ou,
2tvo(u, ,(+/, , Bpo+uoq SS, Aooct(q, +p. Eu. uv+upxq, Aqvu, Exxpcc, 2uu9, o. 12S.
72
Ectoq o+t tocc +ou 0co upct uctplu ouvu+uv xoouv, cvu cvu xut ovo opcl vu
ulo+u+ut, pcct vu upct uopuv ioyo ytu +qv ctioyq +ou 0co, ioyo ou +ou
xuopl(ct +qv ctioyq uu+o iiov up +ou iiou. Kut o ioyo (@=?WCD) uu+o ocv opcl
vu ploxc+ut up ovo o+o 2K-0/+-#, q o+ou uo +q +cicto+q+u ou ot xooot uu+ol
cptcouv, ytu+l xc ouvu+o xooo otxutuu+tx cct +qv u(luoq vu up(ct o+o c+po +q
+cicto+q+u ou cptxiclct. Au+q clvut q ut+lu (A=;W9) +q up(q +ou ci+to+ou xooou,
tvt+ Ix. ., N-#".-H-'P", SS-SS, c+puoq 2+. u(uploq, ctouyuyq - ctcictu
A. Avuoit+vo, olyiuooq cxo., Aqvu, Exxpcc, 2uu6, o. 6S. Bpi. einiz u. W., qWW=?W >9
uYXC>?AX9, 8, Paiis, uF-Flammaiion, 1969, o. 1u8: Ypct tu uctplu ouvu+uv xoouv, uo
26
qctpu+txo opoioytoo clvut c(iiou cuvq o+o oc+cpo cyio cpyo +ou
c+uvu, +qv G2)(+/ 7\B?AWF (17u4), oou +o ul+qu +q uopptq +uv
uococuv o+q uotxq tiooolu ouvoocc+ut uo +q pq+q ctoquvoq +q
cto+qoioytxq po+cputo+q+u +q uvuiu+txq cooou:

Uu o+u uqu+tx, c+ot xut o+q uotxq tiooolu, q cpcuvu +uv
ooxoiuv puy+uv c +q cooo +q uviuoq u pcct v+u vu
poqycl+ut +q cooou +q ovcoq. B uviuoq uu+q ouvlo+u+ut o+qv
puyu+oolqoq ctpu+uv xut upu+qpqocuv, xut o+qv c(uyuyq ycvtxuv
oucpuo+uv uo +u poqyocvu c +qv cuyuyq, xut o+qv uoooq ovo
cxclvuv +uv uv+tppqocuv cvuv+lov +uv oucpuo+uv, ou ouvyov+ut uo
ctpu+u q iic cutc uiqctc. Ato+t ot uococt ocv pcct vu
iuvov+ut uoq o+qv ctpuu+txq tiooolu (G2)(+/, Epu+qu |Queij
Su)
7S
.

o vcu+uvcto cyclpqu xu+ lu cvvotu pocx+clvct xut oioxiqpuvct o+q
uotxq cto+qq cxclvo ou clc qoq ct+cicoct +o -+P5(- +ou ocke o+o colo
+q cuplu +q yvuoq. 0t N",*5")(+I6 "KOI6 )*6 [10(+/6 [(H-0-[P"6 xut +o
-+P5(- '(" )*# "#,KQ2(#* #$*0* clvut o+qv puyu+txo+q+u cpyu
ouiqpuu+tx xut pcct vu otuuo+ov u(l: c+ouv ytu pu+q op oc
+c+otu cx+uoq xut c +c+otu ouo+qu+txo+q+u, +t oct tu cctptxq
cto+qq +q oq (i@?DA?\?=) xut +ou uvputvou vou (-+P5(-), uc+qplu
+q oolu ocv clvut icov +o rC:?BC xut ot toto+q+c q q oiqoq +ou
ucpu+txo ut+lou +ou uotxo xooou, uii ot pu+uptxc, uic tocc +q
cctplu, xut +u utvocvu.




+ou oolou pcct o 0co vu cct ctic(ct +ov xui+cpo, uo cvcpycl v+u ouvu c +ov
uvu+u+o ioyo (W;?_=DB <= W;\@E9 @=?WCD).
7S
Newton ., iY?<CWC\Y?A=< @?B?D:W, euiteu . aniak, amiiue, , amiiue nieisit
Piess, 2uu4, o. 1S9. B "#LH10* uxoioucl uvootxq opclu, uo +t xtvqoct o+t ouvct ou
+t upyouv xut ycvtx, uo +u uo+cicou+u o+t ut+lc +ou, xut uo +t ctcpou ut+lc
o+t to ycvtxc, cpt o ouiioytoo vu xu+uiq(ct o+o to ycvtxo, $2M2. B 04#,30*, uv+lc+u,
cc+ut +q uviuoq xut uxoioucl xuootxq opclu: (cxtvuv+u uo +u ycvtx ul+tu ou
uvuxuiqxuv c +qv uviuoq xut coputuqxuv u upc, c(qycl +u utvocvu ou
pocpov+ut uo uu+c, xut uooctxvct +t c(qyqoct, $2M2.
27

<b@ 1]*+0c 0$+ #"%$1]*+0c *%,( ;5<=><?

2+qv oioxiqpucvq +ou opq, +o tioootxo oo+qu +ou einiz
upouot(c+ut uptx o+q N3)"[10(+/ tK"'5")3P" 7V?WAC;@W >9 EXB=\YgW?h;9F
(1686), o+q ouvcctu o+o I- 040)*5" )*6 [40*6 +"( )*6 32(+-(#%#P"6 )%#
-10(Q# 7]gWBjE9 DC;_9=; >9 <= D=B;@9 9B >9 <= ACEE;D?A=B?CD >9W W;WB=DA9WF
(169S) xut, +cio, o+t KOI6 )*6 [40*6 +"( )*6 OLK*6 7i@?DA?\9W >9 <= D=B;@9 9B
>9 <= :@fA9F xut o+q N-#".-H-'P" 7aCD=>C<C:?9F, xclcvu ou yp+qxuv +o
1714 uii u cxooov oi upyo+cpu, +o 174u xut +o 184u uv+lo+otu
74
.
einiz cxp(ct pq+ +qv uv+lcoq +ou o+ov cctptoo +ou ocke o+o cpyo
+ou I" .-+P5(" '(" )*# "#,KQ2(#* #$*0* 7C;_9=;` 9WW=?W W;@ <^9DB9D>9E9DB
Y;E=?DF (17u4), cvu qoq uo +o 1671 cpc+ut oc pq(q c +qv xup+cotuvq
uv+liqq +q cx+uoq uoo+qpl(ov+u, o+q uotxq puyu+clu +ou c +l+io
3%KP" )*6 "[*K*5I#*6 +P#*0*6 7uY9C@?= ECB;W =WB@=AB?F, o+t +u ouvcq cycq
ocv clvut uiu ucptopto+u otutpc+, uii otutpccvu oc tu 2K"'5")(+/
uctplu cpuv
7S
.
2+q cuplu +q yvuoq, o einiz ctctpcl vu xu+uocl(ct xuplu +qv
uvcpxctu +q xup+cotuvq cooou. 0 xuvovu +q cvopu+txq cuxplvctu (o
pu+o uo +ou +coocpt xuvovc +ou T$'-1 23KP )*6 53,$.-1), ocv uo+cicl
o+c opcl vu uo+cicoct uouic xpt+qpto ytu +q otxptoq uvcou o+qv
uiqctu xut o+qv ivq, oto+t clvut uo +q oq +ou uoxctcvtxo xut
uoioytxo, xut ot - ou uut+cl+ut - ioytxo. B uouvulu +q
xup+cotuvq cooou cyxct+ut, ytu +ov einiz, o+o ycyovo o+t c+ct o+qv
uc+qplu +q cvu xpt+qpto, +qv cvpyctu +uv tocuv, ou, xuu ocv clvut
)12(+$, uovocc+ut uo +qv uvc(ict+q uouvulu +ou uvputvou vou xut,
cocvu, ocv opcl vu uvuyvuptocl u uxiovq+o xut xuoitxo. B xpt+txq
uu+q ocv ouvto+ upuupqoq o+ov oxc+txtoo q cto+poq o+qv upq +q

74
ov +l+io N-#".-H-'P" pooccoc o+o xclcvo +ou einiz o olei, cxoo+q +q pu+q
ycpuvtxq c+puoq +ou pu+o+uou yuiitxo xctcvou (172u). ov cocvo povo +o
cpyo u oqootcucl oc iu+tvtxq c+puoq +ou Bansc, o+o cptootxo nAB= q@;>?BC@;E.
7S
i. B. uaiei, Notion anu Netapsics in te Youn einiz, ?D Bookei N. (eu.), e9?D?M
r@?B?A=< =D> cDB9@\@9B?_9 qWW=gW, Nancestei, Nancestei nieisit Piess, 1982, o. 168. o
1671 o einiz oqootcct cloq +q I" [10(+/ 12$,30*b / 3%KP" )*6 01'+3+K(5I#*6 +P#*0*6
7g\CBY9W?W \YgW?A= DC_=b W?_9 uY9C@?= ECB;W ACDA@9B?F.
28
uucv+lu uooxocl, uv+lc+u, o+qv uv+txu+o+uoq +ou uoxctcvtxo q
uoioytxo xpt+qplou +q cuto+q+u ou uooloct o einiz o+ov Bescaites,
c cvu o+cpco ioytxo xpt+qpto. Itu vu +o c+ct uu+o, o einiz cuvcpc+ut
o+ov upto+o+citxo opuitoo +ou o+cpou 2oiuo+txtoo, +cictootuv+u
+ov
76
. +ot, o+qv cpl+uoq +uv uiqctuv +ou ioyou, q cuto+q+u ocv qy(ct
uo +qv (uoxctcvtxq xut cocvu uloiq) cvpyctu c +qv oolu o vou
ouiiuvct +o uv+txclcvo +ou, uii c(up++ut ovo uo +q ovocoq +uv
tocuv u o+o iuloto tu +utxq ouiioyto+txq otuotxuolu ou uoxct+ut
c(oioxiqpou oc tu ioytxq upq: +qv upq +q uv+luoq, c +qv oolu
xplvouc 31.I6 o,+t ccptcct uv+luoq xut "H*,I6 o,+t clvut uv+lc+o q
uv+tu+txo po +o cuoc
77
.
q otulo+uoq +q uvcpxctu +q xup+cotuvq cooou uxoioucl q
otulo+uoq +q uvcpxctu +q xup+cotuvq quvoxpu+lu. 0 einiz
upucvct upl utoilu xup+cotuvo o+o c+po ou uoocc+ut u +qv
cvoolqoq +ou uotxo xooou cou +q uvuyuyq +ou o+ou ccituoct
voou +q xlvqoq, xut +qv xpooq u ovuotxo xut uoxicto+txo +poo
c+oooq +q xlvqoq (pyu ou u +ov ooqyqoct vu uoo+qpl(ct, cpt +o
+cio, +ou |xup+cotuvoj o+poliou cvuv+lov +q opoq uo uoo+uoq +ou
c+uvu
78
). Atuopootcl+ut ou uo +ov Bescaites oc oo +ouito+ov
xplotu oqclu: 1
ov
, upvcl+ut +qv +u+toq +q ouu+txq ouolu c +qv cx+uoq
2
ov
, cupcl ciitq +qv c(qyqoq +q xlvqoq u uiq c+uoiq coq, upl
uvuop o+qv cvvotu +q .4#"5*6.
2+q N3)"[10(+/ tK"'5")3P", 12, o einiz uoo+qpl(ct pyu+t o+t

oiq q oq +ou ouu+o ocv ouvlo+u+ut ovo o+qv cx+uoq, oqiuoq o+o
cyco, +o oqu xut +qv xlvqoq, uii pcct uvuyxuo+tx vu uvuyvuploouc
o' uu+o x+t uxoq, ou vu cct ocoq c +t uc (fE9W), ou +o ovo(ouc
ouvqu ouotuoq opq (C@E9 W;WB=DB?9<<9)
79
.

76
i. ytu +o (q+qu uu+o, +o xiuotxo cpyo +ou Y. Belaal, e9?D? A@?B?h;9 >9 V9WA=@B9W, Paiis,
uallimaiu, 196u, o. 1S6-1S9. i. cloq Belaal Y., e9?D? >9 <^f:9 A<=WW?h;9 =;` e;E?j@9WM
e9AB;@9W <9?D??9DD9W, pisentes pai N. Ficant, Paiis, Beaucesne, 199S, o. 62-6S.
77
tvt+ Ix. ., N-#".-H-'P", S1, +p. 2+. u(uploq, o. S1.
78
Belaal Y., e9?D? >9 <^f:9 A<=WW?h;9 =;` e;E?j@9W, o. 64.
79
einiz u. W., N3)"[10(+/ tK"'5")3P"V?WAC;@W >9 EXB=\YgW?h;9, ctouyuyq - c+puoq -
ooitu B. Kuxq, 0coouiovlxq, vtu, .., o. S9. 2+q ouvcctu +q upuypou 12 +q
tK"'5")3P"6 otcuxptvl(c+ut o+t ot ouu+txc uc otuxplvov+ut uo +t voq+txc uc, ot
29

B uvuyvuptoq +q ouotuoou opq clvut uupul+q+q, oto+t uo
uu+qv c(up++ut q +uu+o+q+u xut q otpxctu +ou ouu+o:

Kt uv ocv uqpc iiq upq +uu+o+q+u o+u ouu+u uo uu+qv ou oit
uvucpuc, o+c ocv u ulo+u+o cvu ouu upuvu uo lu o+tyq
8u
.

2+ov Bescaites, uv+lc+u, q +uu+o+q+u +ou ouu+o c(up++ut, u +o
ucvuloouc, ot uo tu vcuu+txq upq (uq q ouotuoq opq),
uii uo +qv xlvqoq xut ovo: u 0Q5" q 5IK-6 )*6 4H*6 cvvou o+toqo+c
c+uxtvcl+ut ouypovu, uxoq xt uv clvut ovc+o uo oii cpq ou couv
otuopc+txc xtvqoct c+u( +ou
81
.
2+qv ouvcctu +q N3)"[10(+/6 tK"'5")3P"6, 18, o einiz c(c+(ct +qv
xup+cotuvq uv+liqq +q +otxq xlvqoq. Ivupl(ouc o+t o+t KOI6 )*6
[(H-0-[P"6, , 2S, o Bescaites clc oploct +qv xlvqoq u c+uop cvo
cpou +q iq, q cvo ouu+o, uo +q yct+vluoq c +u ouu+u c +u oolu
cct coq cuq xut ou upu+qpov+ut cv qpclu, o+qv cyy+q+u c iiu
ouu+u
82
. 0 optoo uu+o pcct, ouvu c +ov einiz, vu uopptcl u
ctuvctuxo xut ciitq, oto+t, xuu cptopl(c+ut o+q cupqoq +uv
c+uuiiocvuv cocuv cvo ouu+o oc ocoq c +u ouu+u ou +o
cptiiouv, uouvu+cl vu ouiict +o puyu+txo q ouotuoc o+otclo +q
xlvqoq, oqiuoq +q ovuq q coq ut+lu +uv otuootxuv uiiuyuv coq:

Itu+l q xlvqoq, uv ocv cupqoouc o' uu+qv up ovo o,+t cptcct uxptu xut
+utx, oqiuoq lu c+uoiq coq, ocv clvut x+t +ciclu puyu+txo. Kt o+uv
oii ouu+u uii(ouv coq c+u( +ou, ocv clvut yt' uu+ ouvu+o vu
xuoploouc ovo c +q cupqoq uu+uv +uv c+uoiuv, oc oto u' oiu pcct

oolc couv clyvuoq +ou cuu+o +ou xut +uv p(cuv +ou: Uu ot uc xut ot
ouotuoct opc +uv iiuv ou+uv clvut oi otuopc+txc uo +t voq+txc uc (fE9W
?DB9<<?:9DB9W), ou ovc uvuyvupl(ouv +t p(ct +ou, xut |j otu+qpov v+u +o uoupo
+q yvuoq uu+o +ou pyu+o ou clvut, $2M2., o. 61. 2q.: c+up(u +ov opo foime
sustantielle u ouotuoq opq, xut ot u opq - ouolu, +poootuv+u o+o oqclo uu+o
+q c+puoq +ou B. Kuxq.
8u
S2M2.
81
+cxp+ ., G( KOI6 )*6 [(H-0-[P"6, , 2S, +p. . Ipqyopooiou (+poootqcvq),
o. 19S.
82
S2M2.
Su
vu uooocl q xlvqoq q q o+oq |j Aii q ovuq q coq ut+lu (C@A9 C; A=;W9
\@CAY=?D9) uu+uv +uv c+uoiuv clvut x+t to puyu+txo (\<;W @X9<), xut clvut
upxc+ oto vu +qv uoouoouc o' cvu ouu iiov up oc cvu iio ovo
u' uu+qv opoc cloq vu yvupl(ouc oc oto uvqxct cptooo+cpo q xlvqoq.
Uu uu+q q ovuq clvut x+t otuopc+txo uo +o cyco, +o oqu xut +qv
xlvqoq, xt uo uu+o opoc vu xplvouc o+t q cvvotu +uv ou+uv ocv
ouvlo+u+ut uoxicto+tx o+qv cx+uoq xut +t c+uoic +q, ou +o
uv+(ov+ut ot oypovol u. +ot cluo+c uxoq uopcucvot vu
uoxu+uo+qoouc optocvu ov+u q opc ou uu+ol couv uoxqp(ct
8S
.

o uplo uu+o clvut oquv+txo oto+t oclvct o+t q cupqoq +q
puyu+txo+q+u +q xlvqoq, oqiuoq +ou .1#"5(+-4 o+otclou +q, ooqycl
+ov einiz o+qv uoxu+o+uoq cxclvuv uxptu +uv uiuv opuv ou
ucxictuv clovu uo +q oq (xut uo +qv cto+qq +q oq) o Bescaites
xut ot xup+cotuvol
84
. qv uvyxq uu+q +q uoxu+o+uoq o+q uotxq
cto+qq uoypul(ct q ovoq +q upuypou 18 +q N3)"[10(+/6
tK"'5")3P"6:

Bpcct vu uvu+pc(ouc oc c+uuotxc cupqoct (cupto+c uo +qv cx+uoq
ytu vu c(qyqoouc +u utvocvu +uv ou+uv
8S
.

0u upu+qpqoouc cloq o+t q cupqoq +ou q ycuc+ptxo o+otclou
+q xlvqoq, oqiuoq +q pu+uptxq xtvq+qptu ovuq ou poo+lc+ut
xut opu o+qv cx+uoq upl uo+ooo vu uvyc+ut o' uu+qv, ct+pcct o+ov
einiz vu oqu+loct +qv cvvotu +q N-#L."6, q oolu ploxc+ut o+q oq +q
o+cpq, oioxiqpucvq cxooq +ou tioootxo +ou ouo+qu+o. B
c(p+qoq +q cvvotu +q ovou uo +qv cvvotu +q ovuq - xut ouvcu q
c(p+qoq +q c+uuotxq +ou einiz uo +q ouvutxq +ou - clvut totul+cpu

8S
einiz u. W., N3)"[10(+/ tK"'5")3P", 18, +p. B. Kuxq, o. 8S.
84
Itu +o (q+qu uu+o, i. Ficant N., ]A?9DA9 9B EXB=\YgW?h;9 >=DW V9WA=@B9W 9B e9?D?, v:
Ncanisme et mtapsiue: le italissement ues foimes sustantielles (1679), Paiis, Piesses
nieisitaiies ue Fiance, 1998, o. 16S-2u4. 0 N. Ficant +ovl(ct o+t, o+ov einiz, ocv upct
xlvqoq upl +o vcu vu otuopuu+l(ct xotov poio o' uu+qv, $2M2., o. 179. Bpi. Belaal Y.,
B;>9W <9?D??9DD9WM V9 e9?D? o 9:9<, Paiis, uallimaiu, 1976, o. 64: |Itu +ov einizj o
Bescaites couic uoppl+ov+u +q opoq ou ccptcct q tocu +q xlvqoq. B opoq uu+q
upucct o+qv cvcpyctu cvo vcu+o.
8S
einiz u. W., N3)"[10(+/ tK"'5")3P", 18, +p. B. Kuxq, o. 8S.
S1
cuvq oc cvu ov+oo xclcvo +ou 1698, c +l+io t3KP )*6 [40*6 +",3"1)/#b
/ t3KP )*6 30%)3K(+/6 .4#"5*6 +"( )%# 3#3K'3(Q# )%# .*5(-1K'*5L)%# 7V9 ?\W=
D=B;@= W?_9 >9 _? ?DW?B= =AB?CD?;Wh;9 A@9=B;@=@;EF:

2+q ouu+txq ouolu, pcct vu upct tu pu+q cv+cicctu, tu optocvq
pu+uptxq txuvo+q+u (pu+ov ocx+txov) opoq, oqiuoq tu pu+uptxq
xtvq+qptu ovuq (_?E ECB@?A9E \@?E?B?_=E) ou poo+lc+ut o+qv cx+uoq (q o'
uu+o ou clvut xuup ycuc+ptxo) xut o+q (u (q o' uu+o ou clvut xuup
uitxo) xut ou opu v+u, uii +poootcl+ut otxtio+pou c +q oyxpouoq
+uv ou+uv Au+q q ouotuoq upq o+u ctu ov+u ovo(c+ut 1O/ (anima),
xut o+u uoiotu ov+u, -10(Q.*6 5-K[/ (foima sustantialis) xut uu+q +qv upq,
o+o c+po ou ouvto+ c +qv iq lu ouolu puyu+tx ovuotxq, q lu cvo+q+u
uo ovq +q, +qv ovo(u ovou
86
.

Ilvc+ut c+ot uv+tiq+o o+t +u ouu+u ocliouv o+t ouotuoct opc q
uc, oqiuoq oc cvu xu+c(oqv q cx+u+o, q uitxo, c+uuotxo o+otclo ou
clvut cv+o+ot otupxu upov xut cvcpyo o+qv cx+uoq xut o+qv iq, +qv
ov+oioytxq +ou ouvoq, xut ito+u +qv lotu +ou +qv up(q:

Ku+upyqo+c uu+c +t puyu+txc xut uiqtvc cvo+q+c: +u ouu+u ocv u
clvut up oupol c(u+cptxuv c+u( +ou cpuv (9DB?= \9@ =::@9:=B?CD9E), q
iiov, uu+q clvut q ouvcctu tu +c+otu xu+pyqoq, ocv u clvut tu uiqtv
ov+u
87
.

B c(qyqoq +q oq cou +q uvuyuyq +q oc c+uuotxc upc, +qv
oolu ctctpcl o einiz, ocv xu+upycl cv+ciu +qv c(qyq+txq to +q
xup+cotuvq quvoxpu+lu oclvct ou o+t q ycuc+ptxq cupqoq +q oq
oclict vu cuvc(c+uocl pt(tx xut +uu+opovu vu ouiqpucl c tu
u+cpq, ouvutxq cupqoq ou, cuvctoyov+u +o vcu (c +q opq +q
cou+cptxq ovuq, +q pu+uptxq xtvq+qptu ovuq, +q uq q
+q ouotuoou upq) o+qv cx+uoq, uouxpvct +ov xlvouvo tu

86
einiz u. W., \;WA;<9W \Y?<CWC\Y?h;9W AYC?W?W, texte latin tali et tiauuit pai P. Scieckei,
Paiis, viin, 2uu1, o. 218-219.
87
G2M2.
S2
uito+txq cpqvclu +q +cicu+ulu, xuto+uv+u +qv ouu+q c +o
pto+tuvtxo ooyu:

Kut oiovo+t oiu +u cl cpou utvocvu +q oq u opoouv vu
c(qyqov uqu+tx q quvtx uo uu+o ou +u xu+uiuulvouv, upoiu
uu+ ulvc+ut oio xut cptooo+cpo o+t ot ycvtxc upc +q ouu+txq oq xut
+q lotu +q quvtxq clvut cptooo+cpo c+uuotxc up ycuc+ptxc, xt u
ut+lc +uv utvocvuv uvqxouv cptooo+cpo oc optocvc uotulpc+c opc q
oct up o+q ouu+txq (u q cx+uoq. 2xcq ou clvut txuvq vu outoct
+q quvtxq tiooolu +uv ouypovuv c +qv cploxcq optocvuv uvpuuv
c cuulu xut xuiq otcoq ou oov+ut, c xoto olxuto, o+t
uouxpuvouo+c oi uo +u uiu ov+u oc po +q cuocctu
88
.

B uoxu+o+uoq +uv ouotuouv opuv, oqiuoq cvo optocvou
upto+o+citoo pooupoocvou o+t uut+qoct +q pto+tuvtxq cuocctu,
+ov oolo o einiz o+pcct cvuv+lov +q ucpoitx uito+txq, xu+ +qv
xploq +ou, xup+cotuvq cto+qq, ouvoocc+ut o+q N3)"[10(+/ tK"'5")3P"
uo +qv uoxu+o+uoq +uv )3H(+Q# "()P%# o+qv cto+qq +q oq. B
uoxu+o+uoq uu+q, c +qv oolu oioxiqpuvc+ut q uvu+poq +q xup+cotuvq,
quvto+txq uv+liqq +q oq, uvuyyciic+ut o+qv upypuo 19 +q
tK"'5")3P"6: Xpqoto+q+u +uv +citxuv ut+luv o+q uotxq
89
, xut q otiq
oxoto+q+ +q, cto+qovtxq xut qtxq, c(qycl+ut o+qv upypuo 2S:

0cupqou xuio vu ctclvu ilyo o' uu+c +t upu+qpqoct ytu +u +citx ul+tu,
+t uouu+c oct xut lu voq+txq ut+lu +uv ou+uv, ytu vu xvu yvuo+q +q
pqoq +ou uxoq xut o+q uotxq, c oxoo uo +q tu vu xuuplou +q
quvtxq tiooolu uo +qv uocctu ou +q xu+uioyl(c+ut, xt uo +qv iiq vu
uvuuou +o vcu +uv tiooouv u uo +t uoxicto+tx uito+txc
cupqoct oc oxcct to cuycvtxc
9u
.

0 voo +q otu+qpqoq +q ovuq uo+cicl, o+ov einiz, +o
upux+qpto+txo+cpo lou upoctyu pqoq +uv +citxuv ut+luv o+qv

88
einiz u. W., N3)"[10(+/ tK"'5")3P", 18, +p. B. Kuxq, o. 8S-87.
89
G2M2., 19, +p. B. Kuxq, o. 87.
9u
G2M2., 2S, +p. B. Kuxq, o. 97.
SS
c(qyqoq +uv uotxuv utvocvuv, xuu uo+ooct +q ycvtxq otxovolu +ou
ouv+o xut +qv lotu +q oo+uoq +uv uotxuv vouv o+qv uouoq +q
clu oolu vu otu+qpqoct v+u +qv lotu ovuq ouvoitx
91
. o
cto+qoioytxo pu+clo +q quvto+txq c(qyqoq +q oq cou +q
uvu(q+qoq +uv otq+txuv ut+luv xut ovo utoq+cl+ut c+ot opuo+tx,
uo, oliu o+u otq+tx ul+tu, +u +citx ul+tu cupov+ut txuv vu
poocpouv tu c(loou txuvootq+txq, uv ot txuvootq+txo+cpq oc optocvc
cpt+uoct, c(qyqoq +q oq: ploxu uxoq, o+t oii uo+cicou+u +q
oq opov vu uooctov c oo +poou, oqiuoq c +q cupqoq +ou
otq+txo ut+lou, xt uxoq (cupto+ c +q cupqoq +ou +citxo ut+lou,
pqotootuv+u .. +qv uouoq +ou 0co vu upyct v+u +u
uo+cicou+ +ou c +ou to cxoiou xut to xuoptocvou +poou, ou
coct(u uiio, o+uv c(qyoou +ou xuvovc +q xu+o+ptxq xut +q
oto+ptxq
92
. B outiluoq uu+uv +uv oo otuxpt+uv xut uv+lc+uv +pouv
cupqoq +q oq pouoc+ct +qv ctouyuyq tu vcu c+uuotxq upq:
+q +cictu "K5-#P"6 uvcou o+o oo+qu +uv otq+txuv ut+luv xut +o
oo+qu +uv +citxuv ut+luv
9S
. 0u pcct uo+ooo vu oqctuoouc o+t, uo +q
oxot +q c+uuotxq +ou einiz ou ctoyct, ou clouc, o+q ycuc+ptxq
cx+uoq cvu iqo vcuu+txuv ocuv, opuv q uuv, c+uiiov+u
c+ot pt(tx +ov upux+qpu +q, q poqyocvq outiluoq uoulvct oc po
+uv otq+txuv ut+luv xut oc ocio +uv +citxuv ut+luv, oqiuoq oc ocio
tu +cicoioytxq uv+liqq +q oq o+o ovoio +q. up+upcl ytu uu+o +o
uxoiouo upux+qpto+txo uplo +uv KOQ# )*6 [40*6 +"( )*6 OLK*6:


91
G2M2., 21, +p. B. Kuxq, o. 91. B oolu +ou 0co, uoo+qpl(ct o einiz o+qv lotu
upypuo +q N3)"[10(+/6 tK"'5")3P"6, clvut cuotxpt+q o+o cpo xut o+o oio: +ooo o+t
ic+ocpctc +q quvtxq xu+uoxcuq optocvuv cl cpou ou+uv ooo xut o+ou
voou +q xlvqoq ycvtx, $2M2.
92
G2M2., o. 91-9S. 0 einiz uvucpc+ut cou, upl vu +qv xu+ovo(ct, o+q cic+q +ou c +l+io
5-#".(+/ "KO/ )*6 -2)(+/6b )*6 +")-2)K(+/6 +"( )*6 .(-2)K(+/6 7kD?A;E \B?A=9b r=BC\B@?A=9 9B
V?C\B@?A=9 i@?DA?\?;EF, q oolu clc oqootcucl +coocpu povtu vupl+cpu (1682), o+o
cptootxo nAB= q@;>?BC@;E.
9S
einiz u. W., i@?DA?\9W >9 <= D=B;@9 9B >9 <= :@fA9, |Sj, pisentation et notes ue . Fimont,
Paiis, uF-Flammaiion, 1996, o. 22S. Bpi. tvt+ Ix. ., N-#".-H-'P", 79, +p. 2+.
u(uploq, o. 81: Kut +u oo uolictu, +o uolicto +uv otq+txuv ut+luv xut +o uolicto +uv
+citxuv ut+luv, ploxov+ut oc upovlu c+u( +ou o+o loto, 87, o. 8S: Kuoplouc tu
+cictu Apovlu (=@ECD?9 \=@=?B9) uvcou oc oo uotx uolictu, +o uolicto +uv
otq+txuv ut+luv xut +o uolicto +uv +citxuv ut+luv.
S4
Ao ovq +q cupqoq +uv 2-(*)(+Q# "()P%# q +q iq, ocv opoc vu
c(qyqoouc +ou voou +q xlvqoq ou uvuxuiqxuv o+qv coq u,
optocvou uo +ou oolou uvuxiuu cyu o loto. Ato+t otulo+uou o+t
pcct vu uvu+pc(ct xuvcl o+u )3H(+L "P)(", xut o+t ot voot uu+ol ocv
c(up+uv+ut otoiou uo +qv "KO/ )*6 "#"'+"($)*)"6, ou ot ycuc+ptxc,
uptq+txc q ioytxc uiqctc, uii uo +qv "KO/ )*6 +")"HH*H$)*)"6, oqiuoq
uo +qv ctioyq +q |cluj oolu
94
.

B +cicoioylu iotov, xut ot q quvto+txq uvuyxuto+q+u, uo+cicl, ytu
+ov einiz, +o xictol ytu +qv xu+uvoqoq +uv uotxuv vouv xut +o ccito ytu
+qv otxoooqoq tu cuoco cto+qq +q oq. B puyu+txq ut+lu +q
uto+cvq opq +ou ouv+o xut +uv vouv ou +o otcouv pcct vu
uvu(q+qcl ot o+q ycuc+plu, q oolu xu+uoxcu(ct +u uv+txclcv +q xut
ouyxpo+cl +t uoocl(ct +q upl uvuop o+qv cvvotu +ou oxoo, uii o+q
c+uuotxq, q oolu cic+ +ou ioyou +uv cluv ctioyuv: Av ot quvtxol
xuvovc c(up+uv+uv ovo uo +q Icuc+plu upl +q c+uuotxq, +u
utvocvu u q+uv +ciclu otuopc+tx
9S
. 0 einiz poocyyl(ct +q oq
pu+u u c+uuotxo xut u to+o, xut o+q ouvcctu u uotxo
96
. B
Auvutxq
97
+ou, +q oolu q xuopto+txq ouoiq o+q otuopuoq xut c(cit(q
+q c+uxup+cotuvq cto+qq clvut uvutoq+q+q, ocv opcl vu ylvct
iqpu xu+uvoq+q uv cupqcl uoxocvq uo +qv uoo+oiq ou +q
uvuc+ct o loto o einiz: +q ycpuoq +ou ou+o uvcou o+q uotxq xut
o+q pqoxclu, ou utvo+uv vu cct oqtoupyqoct, c +qv uvuyuyq +q
ouu+txq oq o+qv cx+uoq, q xup+cotuvq quvtxq +ou 17
ou
utuvu.



94
einiz u. W., i@?DA?\9W >9 <= D=B;@9 9B >9 <= :@fA9, |11j, o. 2Su. i. cloq o+o loto, o. 229-
2Su: B ucp+u+q oolu +ou 0co +ov ooqyqoc vu ctic(ct xuplu +ou xu+uiiqio+cpou
#$5-16 )*6 +P#*0*6, xut +ou to ouvou c +ou c+uuotxo q uqpqcvou ioyou.
9S
einiz u. W., N3)"[10(+/ tK"'5")3P", 21, +p. B. Kuxq, o. 91.
96
lu uo +t xui+cpc pqoct +q uiqtvq tiooolu xut totul+cpu +q uotxq clvut vu
uvu+(ct +qv cuocctu, xut vu u uvuuoct o+ov 0co, einiz u. W., Rponse aux iflexions
ui se tiouent uans le 2S. C;@D=< >9W ]=_=DBW ue cette anne toucant les consuences ue
uelues enuioits ue la pilosopie ue Bescaites, 1697, o+o einiz u. W., ]gWBjE9 DC;_9=; >9
<= D=B;@9 9B >9 <= ACEE;D?A=B?CD >9W W;WB=DA9Wb 9B =;B@9W B9`B9W xy{x}|, pisentation et notes
ue . Fimont, Paiis, uF-Flammaiion, 1994, o. 117.
97
0 opo uu+o cuvl(c+ut ytu pu+q op o+ov +l+io +q puyu+clu +ou 169u: VgD=E?A=
>9 \CB9DB?= 9B <9:?;W D=B;@=9 AC@\C@9=9. i. Ficant N., ]A?9DA9 9B EXB=\YgW?h;9 >=DW V9WA=@B9W 9B
e9?D?, o. 2u6.
SS
d+d-+,'/$1+$

+@ "--2(,'-)**2

lessio F., 0)-KP" )*6 3$)3K*6 (H-0-[P"6, c+puoq 0. 0utooiou,
cto+qovtxq ctcictu 2. oupvpo, Aqvu, puuio, 2u12.
Apto+o+ciq, t3KP [403%6M - .34)3K- (HP- )%# 10(+Q#, ctouyuyq -
c+puoq - ooituoo . Kiu, Aqvu, Boit, 1999.
Beikele u., tK"'5")3P" 2L#% 0)(6 "KOI6 )*6 "#,KQ2(#*6 '#Q0*6, c+puoq
A. . 2cvoovq, 0coouiovlxq, Kuvo+uv+tvloq, ..
ottinam ., (H-0-[P" )*6 32(0)/5*6b d G( -K,-H-'(0)I6, c+puoq
2. oop+q, Aqvu, Boi+poov, 2uuS.
Bescaites R., !"#$#36 '(" )*# +",-./'*0* )-1 2#345")-689:;<=9 =>
>?@9AB?CD9E ?D:9D??, iu+tvtxo xclcvo c c+puoq xut ooitu I. Aupotu+q,
ctouyuyq . Auyciq, 0coouiovlxq, Eyvu+lu, 1974.
T$'-6 23KP )*6 53,$.-1 '(" )*# +"H/ +",-./'*0* )-1 H-'(+-4 5"6 +"( )*#
"#"U/)*0* )*6 "H/,3("6 0)(6 32(0)/536, ctouyuyq - c+puoq - oqctuoct
Xp. Xpqo+loq, 2
q
uvucupqcvq cxo., Aqvu, Buu(qoq, 1976.
Z)-O"05-P 23KP )*6 2KQ)*6 [(H-0-[P"6, c+puoq - oqctuoct - ooitu
Eu. uv+upxq, Aqvu, Exxpcc, 2uuS.
789:;<=9 => >?@9AB?CD9E ?D:9D??F !"#$#36 '(" )-# +")31,105$ )*6 '#%0)(+/6
.4#"5*6, olyiuooq cxo., poioyo, ctouyuyq, c+puoq 0. Bcvoiloq,
Aqvu, Kp+cpo, 2u11.
G( KOI6 )*6 [(H-0-[P"6 , ctouyuyq, c+puoq, ooituoo
. Ipqyopooiou, Aqvu, Exxpcc, 2u12.
Foucault N., G( HIJ3(6 +"( )" 2KL'5")"M N(" "KO"(-H-'P" )%# 32(0)*5Q# )-1
"#,KQ2-1, c+puoq K. Buuytupyq, Aqvu, Ivuoq, 1986.
enn . (ct.), 0)-KP" )*6 1)(+/6 (H-0-[P"6, c+puoq A. tooxq, Aqvu,
cciq, 2uuS.
einiz u. W., N3)"[10(+/ tK"'5")3P"V?WAC;@W >9 EXB=\YgW?h;9, ctouyuyq -
c+puoq - ooitu B. Kuxq, 0coouiovlxq, vtu, ..
N-#".-H-'P", c+puoq 2+. u(uploq, ctouyuyq - ctcictu
A. Avuoit+vo, olyiuooq cxo., Aqvu, Exxpcc, 2uu6.
S6
ocke ., -+P5(- '(" )*# "#,KQ2(#* #$*0*, ct. K. c+ptvo, c+puoq
Ip. tovq, Aqvu, Avuyvuo+loq, ..
cvtc Z.-., 0)-KP" )*6 3%)3K(+/6 +"( Z4'OK-#*6 (H-0-[P"6M 10(-'#%5P36
+"( IK'", c+puoq K. Buuytupyq, 2
q
cxo., Aqvu, Kuo+uvtu+q, 2uu1.
Biyycoq I., 3$)3K* p1K%2"+/ (H-0-[P"M (H-0-[(+$6 H$'-6b +K()(+/ )*6
,K*0+3P"6 +"( (.3-H-'P", Aqvu, Kpt+txq, 2uu9.
2tvo(u, ,(+/, c+puoq Eu. uv+upxq, ctouyuyq . Ipqyopooiou,
Aqvu, Exxpcc, 2uu9.
Woolouse R. S., (H-0-[P" )*6 32(0)/5*6b d G( 3523(K(0)I6, c+puoq
2. oop+q, Aqvu, Boi+poov, 2uuS.


++@ e"(,'-)**2

iistote, e= \YgW?h;9, intiouuction ue . oulouaiitsis, tiauuction ue . Steens,
Paiis, viin, 1999.
Belaal Y., e9?D? A@?B?h;9 >9 V9WA=@B9W, Paiis, uallimaiu, 196u.
B;>9W <9?D??9DD9WM V9 e9?D? o 9:9<, Paiis, uallimaiu, 1976.
e9?D? >9 <^f:9 A<=WW?h;9 =;` e;E?j@9WM e9AB;@9W <9?D??9DD9W, pisentes pai
N. Ficant, Paiis, Beaucesne, 199S.
Bessaue .-N., e= \Y?<CWC\Y?9 \@9E?j@9 >9 V9WA=@B9WM e9 B9E\W 9B <= ACYX@9DA9 >9
<= EXB=\YgW?h;9, Paiis, Flammaiion, 1979.
B;>9W W;@ V9WA=@B9WM e^Y?WBC?@9 >^;D 9W\@?B, Paiis, Seuil, 2uu1.
Bla N., e9W @=?WCDW >9 <^?D?D?M V; ECD>9 A<CW o <^;D?_9@W E=BYXE=B?h;9, Paiis,
uallimaiu, 199S.
e9W li@?DA?\?=m >9 9BCD, Paiis, Piesses nieisitaiies ue Fiance, 199S.
Boueiesse R., ]\?DC= 9B e9?D?M e^?>X9 >^=D?E?WE9 ;D?_9@W9<, Paiis, viin, 1992.
Buzon F. ue, aiiauu v., V9WA=@B9W 9B <9W li@?DA?\?=m ccM rC@\W 9B EC;_9E9DB, Paiis,
Piesses nieisitaiies ue Fiance, 1994.
aiiauu v., r=;W= W?_9 @=B?CM e= @=?WCD >9 <= A=;W9b >9 ];=@9 o e9?D?, Paiis,
Piesses nieisitaiies ue Fiance, 2uu2.
ouitine .-F., ];=@9 9B <9 WgWBjE9 >9 <= EXB=\YgW?h;9, Paiis, Piesses
nieisitaiies ue Fiance, 199u.
S7
Bescaites, v;_@9W \Y?<CWC\Y?h;9W, textes talis, pisents et annots pai
F. lui, Paiis, uainiei, 1988-1992, S ol. |ol. : 1618-16S7 ol. : 16S8-
1642 ol. : 164S-16Suj.
V?WAC;@W >9 <= EXBYC>9, texte et commentaiie pai E. uilson, 6
e
u., Paiis, viin,
1987.
a9>?B=B?CD9W >9 \@?E= \Y?<CWC\Y?=aX>?B=B?CDW >9 \Y?<CWC\Y?9 \@9E?j@9,
pisentation et tiauuction ue Nicelle Bessaue, Paiis, iiaiiie uniale
Fianaise, 199u.
8j:<9W \C;@ <= >?@9AB?CD >9 <^9W\@?B, tiauuction et notes pai . Biunscwi,
piface, uossiei et lossaiie pai . S. n-van-un, Paiis, iiaiiie uniale
Fianaise, 2uu2.
Beillaiis ., V9WA=@B9Wb e9?D?M e9W _X@?BXW XB9@D9<<9W, Paiis, Piesses nieisitaiies
ue Fiance, 1998.
Ficant N., ]A?9DA9 9B EXB=\YgW?h;9 >=DW V9WA=@B9W 9B e9?D?, Paiis, Piesses
nieisitaiies ue Fiance, 1998.
uaiei B., V9WA=@B9W^ a9B=\YgW?A=< iYgW?AW, icao anu onuon, Te nieisit of
icao Piess, 1992.
V9WA=@B9W 9EC>?9>d @9=>?D: r=@B9W?=D \Y?<CWC\Yg BY@C;:Y r=@B9W?=D ]A?9DA9,
amiiue, , amiiue nieisit Piess, 2uu1.
Notion anu Netapsics in te Youn einiz, ?D Bookei N. (eu.), e9?D?M
r@?B?A=< =D> cDB9@\@9B?_9 qWW=gW, Nancestei, Nancestei nieisit Piess,
1982, p. 16u-184.
uilson E., cD>9` ]AC<=WB?AC{r=@BXW?9D, 2
e
u., Paiis, viin, 1979.
uueioult N., V9WA=@B9W W9<CD <^C@>@9 >9W @=?WCDW, Paiis, uiei, 1968, 2 ol. |ol. :
e^fE9 9B V?9; ol. : e^fE9 9B <9 AC@\Wj.
e9?D?M VgD=E?h;9 9B EXB=\YgW?h;9, Paiis, uiei Nontaine, 1977.
amoucnei B., e9W aX>?B=B?CDW EXB=\YgW?h;9W >9 V9WA=@B9W cd cDB@C>;AB?CD
:XDX@=<9b i@9E?j@9 aX>?B=B?CD, Paiis, Piesses nieisitaiies ue Fiance, 2uuS.
oi ., @CE BY9 r<CW9> C@<> BC BY9 cD?D?B9 kD?_9@W9, Baltimoie, on Bopkins
Piess, 19S7.
B;>9W D9BCD?9DD9W, aeitissement u'Yon Belaal, Paiis, uallimaiu, 1968.
B;>9W :=<?<X9DD9W, Paiis, Beimann, 2uu1 |1
eie
u. 1966j.
S8
apoite ., e9 @=B?CD=<?WE9 >9 V9WA=@B9W, 4
e
u., Paiis, Piesses nieisitaiies ue
Fiance, 2uuu.
ecouit B., e= \Y?<CWC\Y?9 >9W WA?9DA9W, 2
e
u., Paiis, Piesses nieisitaiies ue
Fiance, 2uu2.
(uii.), V?AB?CDD=?@9 >^Y?WBC?@9 9B \Y?<CWC\Y?9 >9W WA?9DA9W, Paiis, Piesses
nieisitaiies ue Fiance, 1999.
einiz u. W., qWW=?W >9 uYXC>?AX9 W;@ <= CDBX >9 V?9;b <= <?9@BX >9 <^YCEE9 9B
<^C@?:?D9 >; E=<, cionoloie et intiouuction pai . Biunscwi, Paiis, uF-
Flammaiion, 1969.
]gWBjE9 DC;_9=; >9 <= D=B;@9 9B >9 <= ACEE;D?A=B?CD >9W W;WB=DA9Wb 9B =;B@9W
B9`B9W xy{x}|, pisentation et notes ue . Fimont, Paiis, uF-Flammaiion,
1994.
i@?DA?\9W >9 <= D=B;@9 9B >9 <= :@fA9b aCD=>C<C:?9b 9B =;B@9W B9`B9W wx}|{x}xy~,
pisentation et notes ue . Fimont, Paiis, uF-Flammaiion, 1996.
\;WA;<9W \Y?<CWC\Y?h;9W AYC?W?W, texte latin tali et tiauuit pai P. Scieckei,
Paiis, viin, 2uu1.
ocke ., nD qWW=g ACDA9@D?D: ;E=D kD>9@WB=D>?D:, euiteu wit a foiwaiu
P. B. Niuuitc, xfoiu, laienuon Piess, 197S.
Naiion .-., s;9WB?CDW A=@BXW?9DD9WM aXBYC>9 9B EXB=\YgW?h;9b Paiis, Piesses
nieisitaiies ue Fiance, 1991.
s;9WB?CDW A=@BXW?9DD9W ccM ];@ <^9:C 9B W;@ V?9;, Paiis, Piesses nieisitaiies ue
Fiance, 1996.
];@ <^CDBC<C:?9 :@?W9 >9 V9WA=@B9WM ]A?9DA9 A=@BXW?9DD9 9B W=_C?@ =@?WBCBX<?A?9D
>=DW <9W Reulae, 4
e
u. ieue et aumente, Paiis, viin, 2uuu.
Newton ., uY9 PiincipiaM a=BY9E=B?A=< i@?DA?\<9W C =B;@=< iY?<CWC\Yg, new
tianslation . Beinaiu oen anu . Witman, pieceueu a uuiue to
Newton's i@?DA?\?= . Beinaiu oen, Beikele - os neles - onuon,
nieisit of alifoinia Piess, 1999.
iY?<CWC\Y?A=< @?B?D:W, euiteu . aniak, amiiue, , amiiue
nieisit Piess, 2uu4.
i@?DA?\?=M i@?DA?\9W E=BYXE=B?h;9W >9 <= \Y?<CWC\Y?9 D=B;@9<<9, tiauuction,
analse et commentaiies pai la Naiuise uu telet, piface ue voltaiie,
Paiis, Bunou, 2uuS.
S9
Paimentiei N., cDB@C>;AB?CD o <^Essai sui l'entenuement umain >9 eCA9, Paiis,
Piesses nieisitaiies ue Fiance, 1999.
Raouin B., a=BY9W?W kD?_9@W=<?WM e^?>X9 >9 lE=BYXE=B?h;9 ;D?_9@W9<<9m >^n@?WBCB9
o V9WA=@B9W, Paiis, Piesses nieisitaiies ue Fiance, 2uu9.
Rosmoiuuc ., kD9 Y?WBC?@9 >9 <= \YgW?h;9 9B >9 <= AY?E?9, Paiis, Seuil, 198S.
van Bune W. (eu.), uY9 q=@<g qD<?:YB9DE9DB ?D BY9 V;BAY 89\;<?A xy{x},
eiuen, Biill, 2uuS.


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