EYE BLINK SENSOR & ACCIDENT PREVENTION

Abstract:
Description: The Objective of this project is to develop a system to keep the vehicle secure and protect it by the occupation of the intruders. Scope: We cant take care of ours while in running by less conscious. If we done all the vehicles with automated security system that provides high security to driver, also gives alarm. F nction: This project involves measure and controls the eye blink using I sensor. The I transmitter is used to transmit the infrared rays in our eye. The I receiver is used to receive the reflected infrared rays of eye. If the eye is closed means the output of I receiver is high otherwise the I receiver output is low. This to know the eye is closing or opening position. This output is give to logic circuit to indicate the alarm. This project involves controlling accident due to unconscious through !ye blink. "ere one eye blink sensor is fi#ed in vehicle where if anybody looses conscious and indicate through alarm.

CONTENTS $. Introduction %%....%%%%%%.%%%%%%%%%%%%..%%& '. (ystem )odel%%.%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%.%%.* '.$ +asic )odel of The (ystem %%.%..%%%%%%%%..%%.* '.' ,ircuit -iagram %%.%%%%%%%%%%%%%%..%%.... './ 0arts of The (ystem %%%%%%%%%%...%%%..%%%..1 './.$ I (ensing ,ircuit%%%..%%.%%%..%%%%%%.1 './.' 2larm ,ircuit%%..%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%$$ '././ 3)/4. ,omparator%%%%.%%%%%%%%%%.$/ /. "ardware -escription%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%..%%%.. $5 /.$ )icrocontroller 62T.1(4'7%%%%%%%%%%%..%%%..$& /.' 3i8uid ,rystal -isplay%.%%..%%%%%%%%%%%%.. $. /./ 0ower (upply%.%%%%%%%.%%%%%%%.%%%%.'9 5. (oftware%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%.%%%..'' 5. $ Introduction to :!I3%%%%%%%%%%%%%%.%%%. '' 5.' What is ;<I(IO=/>....................................................................'' 5./ (ource ,ode%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%..'/ 4. ,onclusion%%.%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%..%.'* &. eferences%%.%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%'*

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!"Intro# ction
Driving to save lives, time, and money in spite of the conditions around you and the actions of others.- This is the slogan for -efensive -riving. <ehicle accidents are most common if the driving is inade8uate. These happen on most factors if the driver is drowsy or if he is alcoholic. -river drowsiness is recogni?ed as an important factor in the vehicle accidents. It was demonstrated that driving performance deteriorates with increased drowsiness with resulting crashes constituting more than '9@ of all vehicle accidents. +ut the life lost once cannot be reA winded. 2dvanced technology offers some hope avoid these up to some e#tent. This project involves measure and controls the eye blink using I sensor. The I transmitter is used to transmit the infrared rays in our eye. The I receiver is used to receive the reflected infrared rays of eye. If the eye is closed means the output of I receiver is high otherwise the I receiver output is low. This to know the eye is closing or opening position. This output is give to logic circuit to indicate the alarm. This project involves controlling accident due to unconscious through !ye blink. "ere one eye blink sensor is fi#ed in vehicle where if anybody looses conscious and indicate through alarm. 2 car simulator study was designed to collect physiological data for validation of this technology. )ethodology for analysis of physiological data, independent assessment of driver drowsiness and development of drowsiness detection algorithm by means of se8uential fitting and selection of regression models is presented.

$"S%ste& 'o#e(: $"!" Basic 'o#e( o) t*e S%ste&:

The block diagram depicts the total blue print of the proposed project. The total essence and the functioning of the project is represented in a single block diagram. The block diagram mainly consists of 5 parts. They include 3)/4. ,omparator !ye +link (ensor 3,.94$ )icrocontroler +u??er

LCD

-/,! L'+,Co&parator E%e B(in. Sensor 'icrocontro((e r B 00er

$"$"Circ it Dia1ra&:

$"+"Parts O) T*e S%ste&: $"+"!"IR Sensin1 Circ it:

Infrared transmitter is one type of 3!- which emits infrared rays generally called as I Transmitter. (imilarly I straight line to each other. The transmitted signal is given to I transmitter whenever the signal is high, the I transmitter 3!- is conducting it passes the I rays to the receiver. The I receiver is connected with comparator. The comparator is constructed with 3) /4. operational amplifier. In the comparator circuit the reference voltage is given to inverting input & eceiver is used to receive the I rays transmitted by the I transmitter. One important point is both I transmitter and receiver should be placed

terminal. The non inverting input terminal is connected I

receiver. When interrupt the

I rays between the I transmitter and receiver, the I receiver is not conducting. (o the comparator non inverting input terminal voltage is higher then inverting input. =ow the comparator output is in the range of B4<. This voltage is given to microcontroller or 0, and led so led will glow. When I transmitter passes the rays to receiver, the I receiver is conducting due to that non inverting input voltage is lower than inverting input. =ow the comparator output is C=- so the output is given to microcontroller or 0,. This circuit is mainly used to for counting application, intruder detector etc.

$"+"$"A(ar& Circ it

$"+"$"!"B 00er: 2 b 00er or beeper is a signalling device, usually electronic, typically used in automobiles, household appliances such as a microwave oven, or game shows. It most commonly consists of a number of switches or sensors connected to a control unit that determines if and which button was pushed or a preset time has lapsed, and usually illuminates a light on the appropriate button or control panel, and sounds a warning in the form of a continuous or intermittent bu??ing or beeping sound. Initially this device was based on an electromechanical system which was identical to an electric bell without the metal gong 6which makes the ringing noise7. Often these units were anchored to a wall or ceiling and used the ceiling or wall as a sounding board. 2nother implementation with some 2,Aconnected devices was to implement a circuit to make the 2, current into a noise loud enough to drive a loudspeaker and hook this circuit up to a cheap .Aohm speaker. =owadays, it is more popular to use a ceramicAbased pie?oelectric sounder like a (onalert which makes a highA pitched tone. Dsually these were hooked up to EdriverE circuits which varied the pitch of the sound or pulsed the sound on and off. $"+"$"$Circ it #escription: The circuit is designed to control the bu??er. The bu??er O= and OFF is controlled by the pair of switching transistors 6+, 45*7. The bu??er is connected in the G' transistor collector terminal. When high pulse signal is given to base of the G$ transistors, the transistor is conducting and close the collector and emitter terminal so ?ero signals is given to base of the G' transistor. "ence G' transistor and bu??er is turned OFF state. When low pulse is given to base of transistor G$ transistor, the transistor is turned OFF. =ow $'v is given to base of G' transistor so the transistor is conducting and bu??er is energi?ed and produces the sound signal.

<oltage from ), or 0, $ 9

Transistor O$ O= OFF

Transistor G' OFF O=

Transistor O/ OFF O=

$"+"+"L'+,- Co&parator:

$"+"+"!"Description: The 3)/4. consist of two independent, high gain, internally fre8uency compensated operational amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate from a single power supply over a wide range of voltage. Operation from split power supplies is also possible and the low power supply current drain is independent of the magnitude of the power supply voltage. 2pplication areas include transducer amplifier, -, gain blocks and all the conventional O0A2)0 circuits which now can be easily implemented in single power supply systems.

$"+"+"$"Feat res:
H Internally

Fre8uency ,ompensated for Dnity Cain

H 3arge -, <oltage CainI $99d+ H Wide 0ower (upply angeI 3)/4. /<J/'< 6or K$.4<J $&<7 H Input ,ommon )ode <oltage ange Includes Cround H 3arge Output <oltage (wingI 9< -, to <cc A$.4< -, H 0ower -rain (uitable for +attery Operation.

$"+"+"+"Interna( B(oc. Dia1ra&: 1

+"2ar#3are Description:
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+"!"AT-4C,! 'icrocontro((er:
)icrocontroller is a general purpose device, which integrates a number of the components of a microprocessor system on to single chip. It has inbuilt ,0D, memory and peripherals to make it as a mini computer. 2 microcontroller combines on to the same microchipI The ,0D core )emory6both O) and 2)7 (ome parallel digital iLo )icrocontrollers will combine other devices such asI 2 timer module to allow the microcontroller to perform tasks for certain time periods. 2 serial ILO port to allow data to flow between the controller and other devices such as a 0I, or another microcontroller. 2n 2-, to allow the microcontroller to accept analogue input data for processing. )icrocontrollers areI (maller in si?e ,onsumes less power Ine#pensive )icro controller is a stand alone unit, which can perform functions on its own without any re8uirement for additional hardware like ILO ports and e#ternal memory. The heart of the microcontroller is the ,0D core. In the past, this has traditionally been based on a .Abit microprocessor unit. For e#ample )otorola uses a basic &.99 microprocessor core in their &.94L&.9. microcontroller devices. In the recent years, microcontrollers have been developed around specifically designed ,0D cores, for e#ample the microchip 0I, range of microcontrollers.

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2T.1,4$ is the 59 pins, . bit )icrocontroller manufactured by 2tmel group. It is the flash type reprogrammable memory. 2dvantage of this flash memory is we can erase the program with in few minutes. It has 5kb on chip O) and $'. bytes internal 2) and /' ILO pin as arranged as port 9 to port / each has . bit bin .0ort 9 contain . data line6-9A-*7 as well as low order address line62OA2*7. 0ort ' contain higher order address line 62.A2$47. 0ort / contains special purpose register such as serial input receiver register (+DF, interrupt I=T9,I=T$ and timers T9 , T$ many of the pins have multi functions which can be used as general purpose ILO pins 6or7 (pecial purpose function can be decided by the programmer itself. M +"!"!Feat res: 5: +ytes of InA(ystem eprogrammable Flash )emory !nduranceI $,999 WriteL!rase ,ycles Fully (tatic OperationI 9 "? to '5 )"? ThreeA3evel 0rogram )emory 3ock $'. # .A+it Internal 2) /' 0rogrammable ILO 3ines Two $&A+it TimerL,ounters (i# Interrupt (ources 0rogrammable (erial ,hannel 3ow 0ower Idle and 0ower -own )odes

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+"!"+ PIN DIA5RA' OF -4C,!:

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+"$"Li6 i# Cr%sta( Disp(a% 7LCD8:

2n 3,- consists of two glass panels, with the li8uid crystal material sand witched in between them. The inner surface of the glass plates are coated with transparent electrodes which define the character, symbols or patterns to be displayed polymeric layers are present in between the electrodes and the li8uid crystal, which makes the li8uid crystal molecules to maintain a defined orientation angle. One each polarisers are pasted outside the two glass panels. These polarisers would rotate the light rays passing through them to a definite angle, in a particular direction When the 3,- is in the off state, light rays are rotated by the two polarisers and the li8uid crystal, such that the light rays come out of the 3,- without any orientation, and hence the 3,- appears transparent. When sufficient voltage is applied to the electrodes, the li8uid crystal molecules would be aligned in a specific direction. The light rays passing through the 3,- would be rotated by the polarisers, which would result in activating L highlighting the desired characters. The 3,-s are lightweight with only a few millimeters thickness. (ince the 3,-s consume less power, they are compatible with low power electronic circuits, and can be powered for long durations. The 3,-s dont generate light and so light is needed to read the display. +y using backlighting, reading is possible in the dark. The 3,-s have long life and a wide operating temperature range. ,hanging the display si?e or the layout si?e is relatively simple which makes the 3,-s more customer friendly. $5

+"$"!"Intro# ction:

Fi1" LCD Disp(a% The 3,- display consists of two lines, '9 characters per line that is interfaced with the 0I,$&F*/.The protocol 6handshaking7 for the display is as shown in Fig. The display contains two internal byteAwide registers, one for commands 6 (N97 and the second for characters to be displayed 6 (N$7. It also contains a userAprogrammed 2) area 6the character 2)7 that can be programmed to generate any desired character that can be formed using a dot matri#. To distinguish between these two data areas, the he# command byte .9 will be used to signify that the display 2) address 99h will be chosen 0ort$ is used to furnish the command or data type, and ports /.' to /.5 furnish register select and readLwrite levels. +"$"+"Pin Dia1ra& The 0in diagram for 3,- is shown in the following fig 4.* and the pin
C= 4. B4 description is also e#plained in Table v

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The power supply circuits built using filters, rectifiers, and then voltage regulators. (tarting with an ac voltage, a steady dc voltage is obtained by rectifying the ac voltage, then filtering to a dc level, and finally, regulating to obtain a desired fi#ed dc voltage. The regulation is usually obtained from an I, voltage regulator unit, which takes a dc voltage and provides a somewhat lower dc voltage, which remains the same even if the input dc voltage varies, or the output load connected to the dc voltage changes. The block diagram of power supply is shown in fig below.

AC I?P Transformer ectifier " B(oc. #ia1ra& o) po3er s pp(% +"+"!"Trans)or&er The potential transformer will step down the power supply voltage 69A'/9<7 to 69A&<7 level. Then the secondary of the potential transformer will be connected to the precision rectifier, which is constructed with the help of opOamp. The advantages of using precision rectifier are it will give peak voltage output as -,, rest of the circuits will give only )( output. Filter egulator 3oad

+"+"$"Bri#1e recti)ier +ridge rectifier is used to maintain the proper -, polarity at the input to the circuit, irrespective of telephone line polarity. It comprises of four diodes connected to form a bridge. It uses the entire 2, wave 6both positive and negative sections7. $.5< is

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used up in the bridge rectifier because each diode uses 9.*< when conducting and there are always two diodes conducting, as shown in fig below. AC I?P

O?P Fi1: Bri#1e recti)ier +"+"+"IC Vo(ta1e Re1 (ators: <oltage regulators comprise a class of widely used I,s. egulator I, units contain the circuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier, control device, and overload protection all in a single I,. 2lthough the internal construction of the I, is somewhat different from that described for discrete voltage regulator circuits, the e#ternal operation is much the same. I, units provide regulation of either a fi#ed positive voltage, a fi#ed negative voltage, or an adjustably set voltage. +"+"<"T*ree ter&ina( Vo(ta1e Re1 (ators: Fig shows the basic connection of a threeAterminal voltage regulator I, to a load. The fi#ed voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input voltage, < in, applied to one input terminal, a regulated output dc voltage, < out, from a second terminal, with the third terminal connected to ground.

IN (econdary Vin

O:T =-/, $* 5ND

Fi1": Fi>e# Vo(ta1e Re1 (ator

Fi1": Circ it Dia1ra& o) Po3er S pp(%

<"So)t3are:
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Intro# ction to 'icro @ision Kei( 7IDE8

:eil is a cross compiler. (o first we have to understand the concept of compilers and cross compilers. 2fter then we shall learn how to work with keil.

<"!" Concept o) co&pi(er:

,ompilers are programs used to convert a "igh 3evel 3anguage to object code. -esktop compilers produce an output object code for the underlying microprocessor, but not for other microprocessors. I.! the programs written in one of the "33 like P, will compile the code to run on the system for a particular processor like #.& 6underlying microprocessor in the computer7. For e#ample compilers for -os platform is different from the ,ompilers for Dni# platform.

<"$" Kei( C cross co&pi(er:

:eil is a Cerman based (oftware development company. It provides several development tools like H I-! 6Integrated -evelopment environment7 H 0roject )anager H (imulator H -ebugger H , ,ross ,ompiler , ,ross 2ssembler, 3ocatorL3inker :eil (oftware provides you with software development tools for the .94$ family of microcontrollers. With these tools, you can generate embedded applications for the multitude of .94$ derivatives. :eil provides following tools for .94$ development $. ,4$ Optimi?ing , ,ross ,ompiler, '. 24$ )acro 2ssembler, /. .94$ Dtilities 6linker, object file converter, library manager7, 5. (ourceA3evel -ebuggerL(imulator, 4. ;<ision for Windows Integrated -evelopment !nvironment. The keil .94$ tool kit includes three main tools, assembler, compiler and linker. 2n assembler is used to assemble your .94$ assembly program 2 compiler is used to compile your , source code into an object file 2 linker is used to create an absolute object module suitable for your inAcircuit emulator. .94$ project development cycleI A these are the steps to develop .94$ project using keil $. ,reate source files in , or assembly. '. ,ompile or assemble source files. /. ,orrect errors in source files. 5. 3ink object files from compiler and assembler. 4. Test linked application.

<"+ So rce Co#e:

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!ye +linkI
Qinclude R2T.1S4'."T void lcdUread 6unsigned char7V void lcdUwrite6unsigned char7V void lcdUdisplay6unsigned char W,unsigned char7V void delay6unsigned int7V void lcdUinit67V sbit rs N 0'X*V sbit rw N 0'X&V sbit en N 0'X4V sbit bu??erN0$X'V sbit sensorN0$X$V LLbit fV unsigned int countV void main67 Y while6$7 Y lcdUinit67V lcdUread69#.97V LLlcdUread69#$.7V lcdUdisplay6Eeye blink senseE,$&7V delay6499997V lcdUread69#c97V LLlcdUread69#$.7V lcdUdisplay6Eaccident preventE,$&7V LWsensorN$V while6sensorNN$7 Y bu??erN9V delay64997V bu??erN$V delay64997V ZWL Z Z void lcdUread6unsigned char y7 Y '9

09NyV rsN9V enN$V rwN9V delay659997V enN9V Z void lcdUwrite6unsigned char y7 Y 09NyV rwN9V rsN$V enN$V delay6&997V enN9V Z void lcdUinit67 Y lcdUread69#/.7V lcdUread69#9&7V lcdUread69#9c7V Z void lcdUdisplay6unsigned char Wdis,unsigned char rr7 Y unsigned char mV for6mN9VmRrrVmBB7 Y lcdUwrite6dis[m\7V Z Z void delay6unsigned int count7 Y while6countAA7V Z

Interfacing with 3,-I

Qdefine FirstU3ine 9#.9 Qdefine (econdU3ine 9#c9 Qdefine ,urserUOn 9#9f '$

Qdefine ,urserUOff 9#9c Qdefine ,learU-isplay 9#9$ Qdefine -ataU0ort 09 pdata unsigned char porta UatU 9#$.V pdata unsigned char portc UatU 9#'9V void 3cd.UInit67V void 3cd.U,ommand6unsigned char7V void 3cd.UWrite6unsigned char,unsigned char7V void 3cd.U-isplay6unsigned char,const unsigned charW,unsigned int7V void 3cd.U-ecimal'6unsigned char,unsigned char7V void 3cd.U-ecimal/6unsigned char,unsigned char7V void 3cd.U-ecimal56unsigned char,unsigned int7V void -elay6unsigned int7V void 3cd.UInit67 Y 3cd.U,ommand69#/.7V 3cd.U,ommand69#9&7V 3cd.U,ommand69#9c7V 3cd.U,ommand69#9$7V Z

LLto select function set LLentry mode set LLdisplay on LLclear display

void 3cd.U,ommand6unsigned char com7 Y portaNcomV portcN9#95V -elay6$'47V portcN9#99V -elay6$'47V Z void 3cd.UWrite6unsigned char com,unsigned char lr7 Y 3cd.U,ommand6com7V portaNlrV portcN9#94V -elay6$'47V portcN9#9$V -elay6$'47V Z void 3cd.U-isplay6unsigned char com,const unsigned char Wword,unsigned int n7 Y ''

unsigned char 3cdUiV for63cdUiN9V3cdUiRnV3cdUiBB7 Y 3cd.UWrite6comB3cdUi,word[3cdUi\7V Z Z void 3cd.U-ecimal'6unsigned char com,unsigned char val7 Y unsigned int 3cdUhr,3cdUt,3cdUoV 3cdUhrNval@$99V 3cdUtN3cdUhrL$9V 3cdUoN3cdUhr@$9V 3cd.UWrite6com,3cdUtB9#/97V 3cd.UWrite6comB$,3cdUoB9#/97V Z void 3cd.U-ecimal/6unsigned char com,unsigned char val7 Y unsigned int 3cdUh,3cdUhr,3cdUt,3cdUoV 3cdUhNvalL$99V 3cdUhrNval@$99V 3cdUtN3cdUhrL$9V 3cdUoN3cdUhr@$9V 3cd.UWrite6com,3cdUhB9#/97V 3cd.UWrite6comB$,3cdUtB9#/97V 3cd.UWrite6comB',3cdUoB9#/97V Z void 3cd.U-ecimal56unsigned char com,unsigned int val7 Y unsigned int 3cdUth,3cdUthr,3cdUh,3cdUhr,3cdUt,3cdUoV val N val@$9999V 3cdUthNvalL$999V 3cdUthrNval@$999V 3cdUhN3cdUthrL$99V 3cdUhrN3cdUthr@$99V 3cdUtN3cdUhrL$9V 3cdUoN3cdUhr@$9V '/

3cd.UWrite6com,3cdUthB9#/97V 3cd.UWrite6comB$,3cdUhB9#/97V 3cd.UWrite6comB',3cdUtB9#/97V 3cd.UWrite6comB/,3cdUoB9#/97V Z void -elay6unsigned int del7 Y while6delAA7V Z

," Conc( sion:

This project is very used to provide the easy access to maintain the attendance. In this project FI- card is used as employee or student I- card. This project is very useful to the company and office in order to maintain the employee attendance. 2ttendance is maintained in the data base in 0,. (o we can easily cross verify the attendance. In this project we can maintain the employee I= and Out time. We can also use this project in school and college to maintain the attendance of the student. (o this project improves the security performance because we cannot make the duplicate FI- card.

;" Re)erences:
333"1oo1(e"co& 333"3i.ipe#ia"or1 -/,! 'icrocontro((er Co&p(ete Re)erenceA +r# E#ition 2an#boo. on #i))erent #isp(a%s" E(ectronic De@ice an# Circ itsA 'i((&an E(ectronic Circ it Ana(%sisA K"Srirni@asan

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