He Thong Thong Tin

H THNG THNG TIN QUANG V TUYN 1
I. H THNG THNG TIN QUANG

1.1 THNG TIN QUANG
Khc vi thng tin hu tuyn v v tuyn - cc loi thng tin s dng cc
mi trng truyn dn tng ng l dy dn v khng gian - thng tin
quang l mt h thng truyn tin thng qua si quang. iu c ngha
l thng tin c chuyn thnh nh sng v sau nh sng c truyn
qua si quang. Ti ni nhn, n li c bin i tr li thnh thng tin
ban u. Hnh 1.1. Gii thiu mt h thng truyn dn si quang digital
c s dng rng ri nht hin nay. Trong phn ny chng ta s xem xt
cc giai on pht trin ca h thng ny v so snh cc c tnh ca n
vi cc c tnh ca nhng h thng ang tn ti. Cui cng, chng ta s
gii thch cc tnh cht ca nh sng.
Hnh 1.1. H thng truyn dn si quang digital
1.1.1. S PHT TRIN CA THNG TIN QUANG
Cc phng tin s khai ca thng tin quang l kh nng nhn bit ca
con ngi v chuyn ng, hnh dng v mu sc ca s vt thng qua
i mt. Tip , mt h thng thng tin iu ch n gin xut hin
bng cch s dng cc n hi ng cc n hiu. Sau , nm 1791,
VC.Chape pht minh ra mt my in bo quang.
Thit b ny s dng kh quyn nh l mt mi trng truyn dn v do
chu nh hng ca cc iu kin v thi tit. gii quyt hn ch
ny, Marconi sng ch ra my in bo v tuyn c kh nng thc
hin thng tin gia nhng ngi gi v ngi nhn xa nhau.
u nm 1980, A.G.Bell - ngi pht sinh ra h thng in thoi -
ngh ra mt thit b quang thoi c kh nng bin i dao ng ca my
ht thnh nh sng. Tuy nhin, s pht trin tip theo ca h thng ny
b b b do s xut hin h thng v tuyn.
( Bng 1.1) Cc giai on pht trin ca thng tin cp si quang
Nm Ngun quang Cp si quang
1960 Trin khai my laser Ruby
(HUGHES)

1962 My laser Ga As
1965 My laser Co2 (BL)
1966 Kh nng s dng ng truyn
dn cp quang (ST, tn tht
1000dB/km)
1970 My laser GaAIAS to dao ng
lin tc (BL, Nga, NEC)
Trin khai thnh cng si sp
quang s dng abaston (Corning,
20 dB/km)
1973 Phng php sn xut si quang c
tn tht thp (MCVD, BL, 1
dB/km)
1976 My laser GalnAsP dao ng lin
tc (MIT, KDD, TIT, NTT)
xut kh nng sn xut si
quang florua (France, Lucas).
1977 My laser GaAIAs c tui th c
lng l 100 nm (BL, NTT)

1979 My laser GalnAsP 1,55 um
(KDD, BL, TIT) dao ng lin tc
Ch to si quang c Abastoes c
tn tht ti thiu (NTT, 0.18
dB/km (1.55um))
1980 Cu trc laser ging lng t c
ch to (Bell Lab).
Ch to si quang Flo (NRL)
tn tht 1000 dB/km
1981 GalnAsP LD (1.6 um) Continuous
Oscillation (TIT)

1982 LD Array High Power
(2.5 W Continuous
Osciltation)

1983 Single Mode, Single Frequency
LD
(KDD, Bel Lab.)
Si quang fluor c tn tht thp
(NRT, NTT) tn tht 10 dB/km
1986 Single Mode, Single Frequency Si quang fluor c tn tht thp,
LD
Commercialization (NEC,
Hitachi etc.)
tn tht 1dB/km (khong
2.5 um)
1989 GaAI/AIGa Laser Develoment
S nghin cu hin i v thng tin quang c bt u bng s pht
minh thnh cng ca Laser nm 1960 v bng khuyn ngh ca Kao v
Hockham nm 1966 v vic ch to si quang c tn tht thp. 4 nm
sau, Kapron c th ch to cc si quang trong sut c suy hao
truyn dn khong 20 dB/km. c c v bi thnh cng ny, cc nh
khoa hc v k s trn khp th gii bt u tin hnh cc hot ng
nghin cu v pht trin v kt qu l cc cng ngh mi v gim suy hao
truyn dn, v tng gii thng v cc Laser bn dn ... c pht trin
thnh cng trong nhng nm 70. Nh c ch ra trong <bng 1.1>,
tn tht ca si quang c gim n 0,18 dB/km. Hn na, trong
nhng nm 70 Laser bn dn c kh nng thc hin dao ng lin tc
nhit khai thc c ch to. Tui th ca n c c lng hn
100 nm. Da trn cc cng ngh si quang v Laser bn dn gi y
c th gi mt khi lng ln cc tn hiu m thanh / d liu n cc a
im cch xa hng 100 km bng mt si quang c dy nh mt si
tc, khng cn n cc b ti to. Hin nay, cc hot ng nghin cu
nghim chnh ang c tin hnh trong lnh vc c gi l photon hc
- l mt lnh vc ti quan trng i vi tt c cc h thng thng tin
quang, c kh nng pht hin, x l, trao i v truyn dn thng tin bng
phng tin nh sng. Photon hc c kh nng s c ng dng rng ri
trong lnh v in t v vin thng trong th k 21.
1.1.2. Cc c tnh ca thng tin quang
Trong thng tin si quang, cc u im sau ca si quang c s dng
mt cch hiu qu: suy hao truyn dn thp v bng thng ln. Thm
vo , chng c th s dng thit lp cc ng truyn dn nh v
mng (nh), khng c xuyn m vi cc ng si quang bn cnh v
khng chu nh hng ca nhim cm ng sng in t. Trong thc t si
quang l phng tin truyn dn thng tin hiu qu v kinh t nht ang
c hin nay
Trc ht, v c bng thng ln nn n c th truyn mt khi lng
thng tin ln nh cc tn hiu m thanh, d liu, v cc tn hiu hn hp
thng qua mt h thng c c ly n 100 GHz-km. Tng ng, bng cch
s dng si quang, mt khi lng ln cc tn hiu m thanh v hnh nh
c th c truyn n nhng a im cch xa hng 100 km m khng
cn n cc b ti to.
Th hai, si quang nh nh v khng c xuyn m. Do vy, chng c th
c lp t d dng cc thnh ph, tu thu, my bay v cc to nh
cao tng khng cn phi lp thm cc ng ng v cng cp.
Th ba, v si quang c ch to t cc cht in mi ph dn nn chng
khng chu nh hng bi can nhiu ca sng in t v ca xung in
t. V vy, chng c th s dng truyn dn m khng c ting n.
iu c ngha l n c th lp t cng vi cp in lc v c th s
dng trong mi trng phn ng ht nhn.
Th t, do nguyn liu ch yu sn xut si quang l ct v cht do -
l nhng th r hn ng nhiu - nn n kinh t hn cp ng trc nhiu.
Gi thnh ca si quang s gim nhanh mt khi cng ngh mi c a
ra. Ngoi ra, nh cp trn, do c trng l c tn tht thp gi
thnh lp t ban u cng nh gi thnh bo dng v sa cha thp bi
v chng cn t cc b ti to hn.
Ngoi nhng u im nu trn, si quang c an ton, bo mt cao,
tui th di v c kh nng khng mi trng ln. N cng d bo
dng, sa cha v c tin cy cao. Hn na, n khng b r r tn hiu
v d ko di khi cn v c th ch to vi gi thnh thp. Trong bng
1.2, chng ta tng hp cc u im trn. Nh nhng u im ny, si
quang c s dng cho cc mng li in thoi, s liu/ my tnh, v
pht thanh truyn hnh (dch v bng rng) v s c s dng cho
ISDN, in lc, cc ng dng y t v qun s, cng nh cc thit b o.
Bng 1.2 Cc u nhc im ca si quang
c tnh u im Nhc im
tn tht thp
C ly ti to xa chi
ph thit b ng
dy dn

Di thng ln Truyn dn dung lng
ln

Gim kch thc ng
truyn dn
D lp t v bo dng
Gim chi ph lp t
cng
Kh u ni
Phi dn Ngn nga xuyn m
Thng tin an ton
Cn c cc ng dy
Cp ngun cho tip
pht
Ngun - ct Nguyn liu phong ph Cn c cc phng thc
Chi ph sn xut r chnh li mi (cp)
nh gi Dng truyn dn tuyt
vi
C th gii quyt bng
cc tin b cng ngh
mi
1.2 CP SI QUANG
Si quang l nhng dy nh v do truyn cc nh sng nhn thy c
v cc tia hng ngoi. Nh c trnh by trong hnh 1.4, chng c li
gia v c phn bao bc xung quanh li. nh sng c th phn x
mt cch hon ton trong li th chit sut ca li ln hn chit sut ca
o mt cht.
V bc pha ngoi o bo v si quang khi b m v n mn, ng thi
chng xuyn m vi cc si i bn cnh v lm cho si quang d x l.
bc ngoi ta dng cc nguyn liu mm v tn tht nng lng
quang ln.
Hnh 1.4. Cu trc cp si quang
Li v o c lm bng thu tinh hay cht do (Silica), cht do, kim
loi, fluor, si quang kt tinh). Ngoi ra chng c phn loi thnh cc
loi si quang n mode v a mode tng ng vi s lng mode ca
nh sng truyn qua si quang. Ngoi ra chng cn c phn loi thnh
si qaung c ch s bc v ch s lp tu theo hnh dng v chit sut
ca cc phn ca li si quang. Cc vn ny s c trnh by t m
mc 1.2.2
1.3. H THNG CP QUANG
Nh kt qu ca cc hot ng nghn cu v pht trin cng cao
trong nhng nm 1970, hin nay cng ngh thng tin quang a mode
ang c s dng rng ri trn ton th gii. Cng ng nh vy i vi
h thng thng tin quang n mode. Da trn k thut c pht trin,
ngy cng nhiu cp quang c s dng trong nhiu lnh vc. Trong
phn ny, cc c tnh chung ca cp quang c gii thch v tip ,
chng ti s gii thiu vict hit k mt h thng s v tng t cng nh
cng ngh ghp knh phn chia bc sng.
1.3.1. Tng quan v h thng thng tin quang
1. Cu hnh ca h thng thng tin quang.
thit lp mt h thng truyn dn hp l, vic la chn mi trng
truyn dn, phng php truyn dn v phng php iu ch/ ghp knh
phi c xem xt trc tin. Cho n nay th khng gian c s dng
mt cch rng ri cho thng tin v tuyn, cn cp i xng v cp ng
trc cho thng tin hu tuyn. Trong phn di y, chng ti ch bn n
cc phng php truyn dn hin ang sn c da trn vic s dng cp
quang. S iu ch sng mang quang ca h thng truyn dn quang hin
nay c thc hin vi s iu ch theo mt v cc nguyn nhn sau:
(1) Sng mang quang, nhn c t cc phn t pht quang hin c,
khng d n nh pht thng tin sau khi c s thay i v pha v
khuych i v phn ln khng phi l cc sng mang n tn.
c bit cc it pht quang u khng phi l nht qun v v vy
c th coi nh sng i loi nh ting n thay v sng mang. Do ,
ch c nng lng l cng nh sng tc thi c s dng.
(2) Hin nay, cc Laser bn dn c ch to c tnh nht qun
tuyt vi v do c kh nng cung cp sng mang quang n nh.
Tuy nhin, cng ngh to phch - Mt cng ngh bin i tn s cn
thit iu ch pha - cn cha c pht trin y .
(3) Nu mt sng mang n tn c tn s cao c pht i theo cp
quang a mode - iu m c th x l mt cch d dng - th cc c
tnh truyn dn thay i tng i phc tp v cp quang b dao ng
do s giao thoa gy ra bi s bin i mode hoc do phn x trong
khi truyn dn v kt qu l rt kh sn xut mt h thng truyn dn
n nh. V vy, trong nhiu ng dng, vic s dng phng php
iu ch mt c kh nng s c tip tc.
i vi trng hp u ch quang theo mt (IM) c rt nhiu phng
php bin i tn hiu quang thng qua vic iu ch v ghp knh cc
tn hiu cn pht. Mt trong nhng v d in hnh c trnh by trong
hnh 1.19
Hnh 1.19. Qu trnh ghp knh in
Phng php phn chia theo thi gian (TDM) c s dng mt cch
rng ri khi ghp knh cc tn hiu nh s liu, m thanh iu ch xung
m PCM (64kb/s) v s liu video digital. Tuy nhin, trong truyn dn c
ly ngn, ca cc tn hiu video bng rng ri cng c th s dng phng
php truyn dn analog. Phng php iu ch mt s DIM - phng
php truyn cc knh tn hiu video bng IM - v phng php thc hin
iu ch tn s (FM) v iu ch tn s xung (PFM) sm tng c ly
truyn dn c th c s dng cho mc tiu ny.
Ngoi TDM v FDM, phng php phn chia theo bc sng (WDM) -
phng php iu ch mt s sng mang quang c cc bc sng khc
nhau thnh cc tn hiu in khc nhau v sau c th truyn chng qua
mt si cp quang - cng ang c s dng. Hn na, khi truyn nhiu
knh thng qua cp quang, mt s lng ln cc d liu c th c gi
i nh gia tng s li cp sau khi ghp cc knh trn. Phng php
ny c gi l ghp knh SDM. H thng truyn dn quang c th c
thit lp bng cch s dng hn hp TDM/FDM, WDM v SDM. Chng
ta c th thy rng h thng truyn dn quang cng tng t nh phng
php truyn dn cp i v cp ng trc truyn thng, ch c khc l n
bin i cc tn hiu in thnh tn hiu quang v ngc li ti u thu.
Hnh 1.20 trnh by cu hnh ca h thng truyn dn cp quang.
Hnh 1.20. Cu hnh ca h thng truyn dn cp quang
Phng php truyn dn analog c th c tin hnh ch vi mt b
khuych i to iu kin pha thu nhn c mc ra theo yu cu
bng cch bin i cc tn hiu in thnh cc tn hiu quang v ngc
li. Khi s dng phng php iu ch PCM th mi chc nng gii iu
ch tng ng vi n cn c gn cho pha thu. Cho ti y, chng ta
m t cc chc nng c bn ca h thng truyn dn quang. Ngoi
nhng phn trnh by trn h thng hot ng thc t cn c thm
mt mch n nh u ra ca cc tn hiu quang cn pht, mt mch AGC
duy tr tnh ng nht ca u ra tn hiu in pha thu v mt mch
gim st mi pha.
2. Nhng thnh phn c bn ca h thng truyn dn quang.
H thng truyn dn quang bao gm cc phn t pht x nh sng (ngun
sng), cc si quang (mi trng truyn dn) v cc phn t thu nhn
nh sng truyn qua si quang.
Cc phn t sau y c chn s dng:
1. Phn t pht x nh sng
a. it Laser (LD)
b. it pht quang (LED)
c. Laser bn dn
2. Si quang
a. Si quang a mode ch s bc
b. Si quang a mode ch s lp
c. Si quang n mode
3. Phn t thu nh sng
a. it quang kiu thc (APD)
b. it quang PIN (PIN - PD)
1.4. PHNG PHP TRUYN DN NG B E
1.4.1. C s ca tiu chun ho
Trc khi phng php truyn dn ng b c c dng thc cao cp
ca cc c trng n nht, Metrobus v SONET c nhng ng gp
to ln. Metrobus l h thng thng tin quang ng b ni ti m bell
Communications Research ca AT & T Hp chng quc Hoa K
nghin cu v pht trin. Cn SONET l tiu chun kt ni ca h thng
thng tin quang m sau Bell communications reseach (Bellcore)
xut v ri c u ban T1 chp nhn s dng v pht trin cho tiu
chun Bc M. Metrobus chng li quan im ca thng tin quang c
in, s dng s ghp tng u tin, chp nhn s dng khi nim
container (cng ten), s dng Overhead (mo u) mt cch hiu qu
v thit lp khi nim h thng thng tin quang ng b ni ti, h
thng ny coi tn hiu cp 150 Mbit/s lm cp tiu chun. Do vy, trn c
s cp 50 Mbit/s, SONET b sung quan nim v cu trc phn cp v
phng php ng b nh con tr h thng ho on mo u v sau
m ra chn tri mi cho thng tin ton cu. Da trn nhng ci ,
chnh phn cp ca ng b (SDH) hin nay ly tn hiu cp 150
Mbit/s lm tiu chun, k c phn cp s kiu Chu u, v c ph cp
ho m ra kh nng thng tin ton cu.
1. Metrobus
Metrobus l mt h thng thng tin quang do J.D.Spalink, mt nh
nghin cu ti Bellcore ca AT & T, xut nm 1982. N c trin
khai theo quy m y vo u nm 1984, c cng b vo thng chn
nm 1985 v c th nghim thng mi ho vo u nm 1987.
Chnh sch c bn ca Metrobus l pht trin h thng thng tin quang
ti u nht, c cn nhc n kha cnh tc cao, dung lng ln, vn l
c trng ca mt h thng thng tin quang, phng hng tin trin ca
mng thng tin, qu trnh pht trin ca cng ngh ct yu v xu hng
i mi dch v. Tn gi ca Metrobus c ngun gc t mc tiu ng
dng ca n nhm vo vng thnh ph ln (metropolitan). Trong qu
trnh R&D cho ng dng ni ln mt s khi nim. in hnh l
khi nim v mng thng tin quang im - a im, khi nim v h
thng ng b ni ti, tm nhn ca DS-O, khi nim ghp knh tng u
tin, iu chnh ng thi nhng tn hiu nhiu cp bng vic iu khin
s hiu cng ten, thit lp tn hiu tiu chun ni ti 150Mbit/s v s
dng mo u.
Do tt c cc h thng thng tin quang trc y u c xut
trong bi cnh ca cc h thng im - ni im, cho nn khi nim ca
thng tin quang c xem nh mt khi nim c tnh cht cch mng.
Nhng khi nim khc ng vai tr khng th thiu c th hin
khi nim ny. Vi vic cn nhc n di thng v hn m thng tin
quang cung cp, ta thy n bo m khong trng cho mo u, v
bng vic s dng n cng nh bng vic hnh thnh knh truyn thng
mo u, cho php ng dng lin kt ca ton b cc tuyn thng tin
quang. Tuy nhin, do t l ca mo u vt qu 4,5% ca ton b,
cho nn khi nim ny kh c th c chp nhn trong bi cnh .
Vic la chn 150 Mbit/s (c th l 146,432, Mbit/s) lm tn hiu ni b
ca mng thc s l mt quan im tin phong. S d nh vy l v
nhng iu sau y c d kin : khi c xem xt theo kha cnh phn
lp tn hiu digital, tc bt m tt c cc tn hiu c th bao gm l 150
Mbit/s; theo kha cnh dch v, tn hiu thoi, s liu v video (k c tn
hiu HDTV c nn) hin ti u c th c s dng trong cp 150Mbit/s
ny; v kha cnh cng ngh bn dn c bn, cng ngh CMOS c th
c s dng trong phm vi 150 Mbit/s chng kh khn g. Ngoi ra, v
kha cnh thu bao th cn c mt s li th: vi cp phn t 150 Mbit/s,
cc nh sng c th c s dng nh s kt hp vi it LED v PIN r
tin, v cp si quang c th to iu kin cho s kt hp hiu qu ny
nh vic s dng si quang a mode c ch s tng dn thay cho n
mode.
Khi nim ghp knh tng u tin cng l mt khi nim mang tnh cch
mng. N cho php ghp knh trc tip tn hiu DS -1 thnh tn hiu tiu
chun150 Mbit/s m khng cn chuyn qua tn hiu DS-2 hoc DS-3 iu
khng th c trong h thng ghp knh khng ng b trc y. N tr
thnh nn tng thc hin kt ni tch/nhp v ni kt cho l nhng
ni kt thng thy trong mng thng tin quang.
c gii thiu nh mt phng tin thc hin ghp knh tng th nht,
khi nim ny gip cho vic ghp knh tn hiu phn cp bng vic iu
khin s hiu ca cc cng ten. Ngha l, bng vic xc nh cc c
kch thc c nh, lm cho cc tn hiu DS -1. DS -1C, DS-2, DS-3
v.v...lp y vo cc tng ng ca cc khi 1, cc khi 2, cc khi 4,
cc khi 28 trong cng mt n v thi gian. Nh vy, kt ni tch nhp
v kt ni cho rt tin li, bi v tt c cc tn hiu u c x l vi
n v ca s hiu .
Tn hiu tiu chun ni b bao gm 13Wx88 (1W=16 bt) nh trong hnh
1.37. Tc bit l 146,432 Mbit/s (13x88x16x8 kbit/s). 88 n v ca t
m (thuc v 88 ) xut hin trong 125m s/13, trong d 4 n v c s
dng cho mo u v mi tn hiu DS-n chim s hiu tng ng ca .
Hnh 1.37. Cu trc khung ca Metrobus
Vic gii thiu khi nim ng b ni ti cng l mt tin cho
mng thng tin ng b. C ngha l, do phm vi mc tiu ch c
gii hn cho khu vc thnh ph, da trn tiu chun ni b ca mng,
bin php i ph trong trng hp vt qu gii hn cn ng b
khng c chun b cht no. Trong trng hp ny tn hiu nh thi s
s dng tn s chun ng b ho c bn BSRF v cng c th s dng
tn hiu nh thi c n nhn t b dao ng ni v t tn hiu thu
c.
nhn r ca tn hiu DS-O c to ra vi n v 125 m s. Khi vic
chuyn t mi tn hiu phn cp sang cng ten cng c thc hin vi
n v 125 m s, th cc tn hiu DS-O nhn c qua ly mu 8 kbit/s c
th xut hin mt cch trong sut ngay ti tn hiu phn cp mc cao.
Theo cch nh vy, vic phn tch knh DS-O 64 kbit/s khi tn hiu tiu
chun ni b 150 Mbit/s c th c thc hin mt cch d dng.
Hnh 1.38 biu din cu trc ca h thng Metrobus. Phn c trnh by
nh bus ni b trong hnh v tng ng vi tn hiu tiu chun ni b
146,432 Mbit/s. Tn hiu c to ra t DS-1 n DS-3 qua PMB (bng
ghp knh c th lp trnh). Thng tin quang 146 Mbit/s c th phi hp
trc tip vi tn hiu ny, v i qua thit b truyn dn sng quang LTE-
Lightwave Transmission Equipment). c th to nn thng tin quang 876
Mbit/s hoc 1,7 Gbit/s bng vic a 6 hoc 12 n v ca tn hiu ny
vo WIM (ghp knh xen t m - Word Interleaved Multiplexing), ri sau
a qua LTE. Nhng qu trnh ny c m t trong hnh v. Ngoi
ra, h thng PCCS (h thng kt ni cho c th lp trnh) thc hin chc
nng ni kt cho qua cc cng ten do tiu chun ca tc bit DS-1
to ra bng cch a vo tn hiu 146 Mbit/s.
Hnh 1.38. Cu trc ca h thng Metrobus
2. SONET
Sonet l mt t vit tt ca Synchronous Optical Network (mng quang
ng b). N c R.J.Boehm v Y.J.Ching vin nghin cu truyn
thng Bell trnh ln u ban T1- t chc tiu chun truyn thng ca
Bc M - vo cui nm 1984 nh mt n tiu chun v u ni h
thng thng tin quang. Vo thi gian , khung c xut c dng
3x8x33B nh trong hnh 1.39, v tc bit l 50,688 Mbit/s (=3x8x33x8
kbit/s). Tn hiu ny c gi l STS-1 (Synchronous Transport Signal -
1 - Tn hiu chuyn giao ng b - 1) v DS - 3 hoc SYNTRAN DS-3,
m n c chp nhn nh tn hiu phn cp c bn v c n nh
a vo qu trnh ghp knh xen byte qua STS-1.
Tng u tin ca SONET c ngh cho mc ch "gp g gia
chng" v quan im nghi ng v tnh kh thi ca n chim u th.
Kt qu l vic tiu chun ho n hu nh khng c tin hnh trong
khong mt nm, sau khi khi nim SONET c gii thiu. Tuy
nhin, vic tiu chun ho bng nhin c a ra cng vi thng bo
ca Metrobus vo thng chn nm 1985, v khi nim v h thng phn
cp v k thut ng b ho bng con tr c cc thnh vin ca u
ban T1 xut thm. Nhng ngi xut SONET pht trin v h
thng ho cu trc khung ca tng u tin v a ra cng thc (28+L)
(24+M) (8+N). iu ny d tnh tn mo u ca mc DS-3 ln kch
thc DS-1 ca L n v; mo u ca mc DS-1 ln kch thc DS-O
ca M n v v mo u ca mc DS-O ln Nbit. Tng gia ca khung
SONET c cu trc 26Bx30 v 49,92 Mbit/s (30x26x8x8 kbit/s) c
iu chnh vi L=2, M=2 N=0 da trn cng thc miu t trong hnh
1.39. Vo khong thi gian vin nghin cu truyn thng Bell ca
AT&T ngh rng tn hiu tiu chun ni b ca Metrobus (c cu trc
26x88W v 146,432 Mbit/s) cn c chp nhn l tn hiu tiu chun.
Tn hiu ny c biu th bng cng thc ca Vin Nghin cu truyn
thng Bell s l: J+K (28+L) (24+M), (8+N), J=1, K=3; L=1, M=2; N=0;
v L, M v N trong s c cng mt ngha nh c xc nh trc,
K c ngha l s hiu ca tn hiu mc DS-3, cn J l kch thc ca DS-
1 i din cho mo u gn vo ton b chng.
Hnh 1.39. Cu trc khung ca SONET
Mc d u ban T1 xem xt k nhng cuc tho lun lin quan n hai
d n ny, n vn khng th phn quyt c tnh u vit theo kt qu
i chiu v kim nghim. im bn ci si ni nht l trong nh gi
gia 150Mbit/s v 50 Mbit/s th tc bit no u vit hn.
Tuy nhin, do s cnh tranh v phn chia th trng vin thng v vai tr
gia cc cng ty, u nm 1986, u ban T1 i ti mt quyt nh l tn
hiu tiu chun STS -1 s l 49,92 Mbit/s. Trong khi ITU - T cng ang
hot ng nhm tiu chun ho bng knh rng vo cng thi gian th
u ban T1 quyt nh ngh ly 149,976 Mbit/s lm d n ca Bc M,
n gp ba ln 49,92 Mbit/s; c ngha l u ban T1, ngi quyt nh
chn cp 50 Mbit/s, tha nhn v mt k thut tnh thch hp ca 150
Mbit/s. Sau , nhng hot ng tiu chun ho SONRT c tin hnh
mt cch sun s, ch yu nh u ban ngang cp T1X1, v i n mt
tho thun v mt tiu chun thm ch kh chi tit. Mc d n tin
hnh hot ng phi hp ngay tc khc mang tnh cht b mgoi, vi
ITU-T v vn tiu chun kt ni NNI ca B-ISDN, song c rt
nhiu mt hn ch trong vic iu tit vi cc tn hiu digital kiu Chu
u, bi v 13Bx60 v 49,92 Mbit/s (hoc 146,976 Mbit/s) ch ch yu
ph hp vi cc tn hiu digital ca Bc M.
Do vy, cu trc 9Bx270 v tc 155,520 Mbit/s, ci c tng ln ba
ln cu trc khung v tc bt ca SONET chnh l phn cp ng b s
m n c quy nh nh khuyn ngh G.707-G.709 ca ITU-T.
3. Phn cp s ng b
ITU-T thit lp cc knh H1, H2, H3, H4 nh i vi knh tc cao
ca khch hng trong qu trnh tiu chun ho ISDN vo u nm 1980.
Trong s , knh H1, c tiu chun ho bng vic phn chia nh
thnh knh H11 ca 1,536 Mbit/s da trn c s tn hiu DS-1 kiu Bc
M, v knh H12 ca 1,920 Mbit/s da trn c s tn hiu DS-1 kiu
chu u. Mi ang ch c nhng nt i cng mang tnh cht khi nim
tng ng vi phn cp s hin c lin quan n cc knh H2, H3, H4, n
bt u cp n tiu chun ca mt knh bng rng da trn cc
knh . u tin n nghin cu cc tc bit 30-40, 45, 60-70 Mbit/s,
sau n 149,976 Mbit/s c a ra, da trn tiu chun SONET
ca u ban T1.
Trong khi , ITU-T bt u hot ng tiu chun ho phn cp ng
b s cho NNI (giao din nt mng) vo thng by nm 1986, khc bit
vi UNI (giao din khch hng - mng) ca ISDN. iu ny bt u
mt giai on tiu chun ho ch thc hng ti phn cp s ng b v
ITU-T cng u ban T1 duy tr mi quan h hp tc cht ch cho mc
ch , Hoa k chnh thc a ra cp 50 Mbit/s da trn tn hiu
STS-1 ang c s dng ca SONET ti hi ngh Brazin vo thng
Hai nm 1987 cn CEPT tm cch chng minh s cn thit ca cp tc
150Mbit/s v n c th thch hp vi c hai h phn cp s kiu Bc M
v kiu Chu u.
Kt qu l, n ca M c thay i thnh 149,976 Mbit/s ca cu
trc 13Bx180, da trn tn hiu STS-3, ti Hi ngh Hamburg vo thng
7 cng nm , cn CEPT xut tn hiu 155,520 Mbit/s ca 9Bx270
i lp vi ca M. Ngi ta tranh ci sut mt thi gian di v hai
cu trc ny v im tranh ci si ni nht l s chung ho gia tn hiu
DS-2 ca 8,448 Mbit/s v DS-3E ca 34,368 Mbit/s tho thun cui cng
qua hi ngh Seoul vo thng Hai nm 1988 l cu trc 9Bx270. Tiu
chun NNI c tho thun l tiu chun trong cc khuyn ngh G-707 -
G.709 ca ITU-T v phn cp s ng b, tp trung trn tn hiu STM-1
ca cu trc khung 9Bx270 v tc bt 155,520Mbit/s, c chnh
thc ho.
Ngay c sau khi khuyn ngh ca ITU-T c n nh th cc hot
ng nghin cu v i mi v phn cp s ng b vn c tip tc.
Vo thi im khi tiu chun phn cp s ng b ln u tin c quy
nh, h thng ghp knh ng b c mt cu trc hon chnh nh
hnh 1.40. Tuy nhin, khi nhng khuyn ngh G.781 - 784 v G.957 - 958
(u da trn c s phn cp s ng b) c tiu chun ho hon
chnh trong qu trnh nghin cu hai nm sau , th h thng ghp knh
ng b c n gin ho nh cu trc trong hnh 1.41. C th thy
c rng cc ng ghp knh phn cp kiu chu u tng ng mt
cch ng k vi cc ng ghp knh phn cp kiu M, v rng b
sung cc khi nim mi, chng hn nh AUG, TUG-3. Hiu theo ng
ngha ca n th phm vi m Metrobus ng gp cho vic tiu chun ho
SONET v SONET ng gp cho vic tiu chun ho phn cp s ng
b l cc k to ln. Rt nhiu c trng ca phn cp ng b c ngun
gc t tiu chun ca h thng Metrobus, chng hn nh quan im v
mng thng tin quang, khi nim v h thng ng b (mt cch ni ti),
r ca DS-O qua khung 125m s, khi nim v ghp knh tng th
nht, phi hp tn hiu tc ghp knh bng vic iu khin s hiu ca
cng ten, thit lp tn hiu cp 150 Mbit/s tiu chun, v nng cao
linh hot v tin cy ca h thng nh s dng mo u mt cch hiu
qu. Cng nh vy, cu trc h thng phn cp, h thng ho cu trc
mo u, ng b ho bng con tr, v kh nng cu trc mng thng tin
lin tc a, u xut pht t tiu chun kt ni ca SONET. Da trn
nhng c s , tiu chun phn cp s ng b l tiu chun cho php
cu trc nn mng thng tin ton cu qua vic iu chnh kt hp hai kiu
phn cp s ca Bc M v ca Chu u.
Hnh 1.40 Cu trc ghp knh ng b s giai on u tin
Hnh 1.41. Cu trc ghp knh ng b
Mt khc, phn cp s ng b vn c khi u v mc ch tiu chun
ho NNI ca B-ISDN, c nh hng rt ln n tiu chun UNI ca
B-ISDN. Trc ht, nh hng trc tip ca NNI ca B-ISDN l quy
nh 155,520 Mbit/s cho tc bt tiu chun ca NNI ca B-ISDN v
trong s quy nh tc bt trng tin thp hn 149,760 Mbt/s. Ngoi ra,
nh hng c tnh cht c bn khc na l n c cc t bo ATM c
nh x trong ng bao ca trng tin VC-4 pht i c s phn cp s
ng b ca UNI ca B-ISDN. Ni mt cch chnh xc, phn cp s ng
b ng mt vai tr ch cht trong vic hnh thnh khi nim B-ISDN
cng nh i ti mt phng php truyn dn ng b mi.
1.4.2. SHD v SONET
Nh trn gii thch v qu trnh tiu chun ho phng thc truyn
dn ng b, SDH v SONET, c mt mi quan h ht sc mt thit.
chnh l: hot ng tiu chun ho SONET to iu kin thun tin cho
tiu chun SDH v n cng m rng SONET SONET c s dng
cho thng tin hon cu. Do vy cn phi hiu rng gii thch SDH l
bao hm c vic gii thch SONET. Tuy nhin vn c mt s khc bit
nh gia SDH v SONET. Nu nhng s khc bit tiu biu gia chng
ta c th m trn u ngn tay th im bt u c bn ca SDH l cp
150Mbt/s, trong khi SONET l cp 50Mbt/s. C ngha l, trong khi
SDH kt hp DS-4E vi tn hiu mc thp thnh tn hiu cp cao nht th
SONET c DS-3 nh tn hiu cp cao nht. Do c mt khi nim v giao
din, cho nn, ng nhin, y chng phi l mt s khc bit ng k.
C ngha l nu ba ln ca tn hiu STS-1 (Tn hiu chuyn giao ng b
cp 1) l 51,840 Mbt/s tn hiu truyn dn c bn ca SONET - c
phi ghp to thnh STS-3C th n cng c th bng vi tn hiu STM-
1-155,520 Mbt/s ca SDH, SDH v SONET c s khc bit no v
cc loi tc truyn dn. STM (155,520 Mbt/s, l mt khi c bn,
STM - 4 (622,080 Mbt/s), gp bn ln ca STM-1 v STM-16
(2.488,320 Mbt/s), gp bn ln ca STM-4, l nhng i tng quan tm
chnh trong SDH. Trong khi , trng hp SONET, STS-1 (51,840
Mbt/s) l tc c bn, STS-3 (155,520 Mbt/s) STS-9, STS-12
(622,080 Mbt/s)STS-18, STS-24, STS-36, STS-36, STS-48 (2.488,320
Mbt/s) l cc i tng quan tm (tham kho bng 1.9); khi , ni
chung, tn hiu STM-n bng vi tn hiu STS-3n trong tc truyn dn :
Bng 1.9 Tc truyn dn ca SDH v ca SONET
SDH SONET
N STM - N N STS - N

1 51.840 Mbps
1 155.520 Mbps 3 155.520 Mbps

9 466.560 Mbps
4 622.080 Mbps 12 622.080 Mbps

18 933.120 Mbps

24 1,244.160 Mbps

36 1,866.240 Mbps
16 2,488.320 Mbps 48 2,488.320 Mbps
V mt cu trc khung, SONET gim i ba ln so vi SDH. Nu SDH l
STM-1, n c cu trc 9x270B v STS-1 ca SONET c cu trc 9x90B,
bng mt phn ba kch thc ca SDH. Cng nh vy, mo u on ca
STM-1 trong dng 9x9B c b tr hng u ca khung STM - 1, mo
u on ca STS-1 di dng 9x3B c b tr hng u ca khung
STS-1. Sau , trong c hai trng hp, hng th t c dnh ring cho
con tr (pointer). C th l, vic la chn hng th nht, th t v th by
ca mo u on trong STS-1 tng ng vi mo u on ca STS-1
v vic s dng cc thnh phn ny l nh nhau trong c hai trng hp.
SDH v SONET c mt s khc bit trong khi tn hiu cu thnh. Gc
gc ca vn nh vy l v STM-1 l cp 155Mbt/s v STS - 1 l cp
50Mbt/s. Do , trong trng hp STM - 1 cn phi ghp knh mt cch
c h thng tt c cc tn hiu phn cp t DS-1 n DS-4E, trong khi ,
trng hp STS-1 ch cn thit ghp knh c hiu qu nm loi tn hiu
phn cp l DS-1, DS-1E, DS-1C (3,152Mbt/s), DS-2 v DS-3. Do vy,
trong trng hp STM-1, cc khi tn hiu gia, chng hn nh C, VC,
TU, TUG, AU, AUG v.v.... s c thit lp v th tc ghp knh ng
b ton b h thng nh trong hnh 1.41 l cn thit. Ngc li, trong
trng hp STS-1 ch c mt khi tn hiu trung gian, gi l mt nhnh
o (VT-virtual tributary) l s c thit lp. VT nayf tng ng vi VC
ca SDH. Cc VT tng ng vi VC-11, VC-12 VC-2 c gi tng
ng l VT 1,5, VT2 v VT6, cn VT3 c b sung cho DS-1C.
V n v tn hiu trung gian lin quan c khc nhau, cho nn SDH v
SONET cng khc nhau v cu trc ghp knh. Trong trng hp SDH
cu trc thng k h thng nh trong hnh 1.41 l cn thit , trong n
ni kt C, VC, TU, TUG, AU, AUG ATM-n vi nhau, cn trong trng
hp SONET, ch cn n mt th tc ghp knh n gin l u ni DS-
m, VT v STS-1. Sau , phng php nh x cc tn hiu phn cp
thnh VT-1,5 VT 2 v VT 6 cng ging nh phng php nh x mi tn
hiu phn cp thnh VC-11, VC-12 v VC-2, v phng php nh x DS-
1C thnh VT3 s s dng php nh x tun theo cn chnh dng, khng
v m. Phng php dng ghp knh cc VT ny thnh ng bao
trng tin STS-1, tc l SPE (Synchronous Payload Envelope - ng
bao trng tin ng b) cng ging nh phng php ghp knh VC lin
quan thnh VC-3 qua TUG-2. Trong trng hp th hai, vic nh x DS-
3 thnh SPE cng ging nh phng php nh x DS-3 thanh VC-3,
nhng php nh x SYNTRAN DS-3 th c cung cp ph thm.
V phng din thut ng, khi mi quan h tng ng gia SONET v
STM c tm lc, th VT 1,5 VT2, VT6 ln lt tng ng vi VC-
11, VC-12, VC-2, STS-1SPE tng ng vi VC-3 v STS-3C vi STM-
1. Khi cc thut ng lin quan n phn cp cn i snh, phng tin vt
l, on ti to, on ghp knh v lp ng truyn c t ra trong
SDH s c gi l lp quang, lp on, lp ng dy v lp ng
truyn trong SONET. Cc thut ng xc nh khc lin quan n nh x,
ghp knh, mo u v ng b ho th hu nh ging nhau.
SONET cng nh SDH u da trn khi nim phn cp, s dng khung
125 m s, dng mo u h thng, v c tc truyn dn c bn ging
nhau. Nhng n c iu tit nh s lin kt tt c cc tn hiu phn cp
s Bc M k c tn hiu DS-1E kiu Chu u, v n cha ng c th
tc ghp knh tng th nht.
Ngoi ra, SONET s dng ng b ho lin quan ti phng php con
tr, ging nh ca SDH, cho nn c th kt ni ton b nc M bng
mng truyn dn ng b.
1.4.3 Phn cp s cn ng b so vi ng b
Lp (mc) s hin c bao gm cc tn hiu DS-1-DS-4 ca h thng
Chu u/ Bc M, c b phn tiu chun ho vin thng ca ITU
v Bell System quy nh. Trong s , cc tn hiu ca h thng Bc M
c u ban T1 ca Bc M tha nhn tr li nh tiu chun Bc M,
ng thi, tiu chun cng c bit n nh l tiu chun do Bell
System thit lp li.
phn bit lp s ny vi phn cp s ng b c thc thi gn y,
n c gi l phn cp s cn ng b.
Phn cp s cn ng b, mt h phn cp s tiu chun ang c s
dng, c phn loi thnh h thng Chu u v h thng Bc M nh
(a) v (b) trong Hnh 1.42 Phn cp s cn ng b ca Bc M c
hnh thnh t DS-1 (1,544 Mbt/s), DS-1C (3,152 Mbt/s), DS-2 (6,312
Mbt/s) v DS-3 (44,736 Mbt/s), DS-4E (139,264 Mbt/s). Phn cp s
cn ng b Chu u bao gm DS-1E (2,048 Mbt/s), DS-2E (8,448
Mbt/s), DS03E (34,368 Mbt/s) v DS-4E (139,264 Mbt/s), DS-5E
(564,992 Mbt/s).
Ghp knh theo mi giai on l ghp knh cn ng b v n c ng
b ho nh cn chnh dng - l mt loi nhi bt.
Phn cp s ng b, nh c trnh by trong (c) ca hnh 1.42, c
hnh thnh t cc tn hiu STM-n. ng thi, n l mt s nguyn ln, m
1,4 v 16 l cc s c quan tm ch yu. Cc tc bt tng ng vi
cc s ny l 155,520 Mbt/s, 622,080 Mbt/s v 2.488,320 Mbt/s. Mt
tn hiu STM-n c hnh thnh thng qua ghp knh ng b t cc tn
hiu phn cp DS-1, DS-2, DS-3 v DS-4E, DS3E, DS-2E, DS-1E. ng
thi, cc tn hiu DS-1C hoc DS-5E khng c s dng. Tn hiu
STM-n c cu thnh t n ln cc tn hiu STM-1 m n l s ghp
knh xen byte (BIM).
Tuy nhin, cu trc mo u ca n c tin hnh mt cch hi khc.
Khi so snh (a), (b) trong Hnh 1.42 vi (c) trong cng hnh chng ta
c th d dng nhn thy rng phn cp s ng b c mt cu trc n
gin hn nhiu so vi cu trc ca phn cp s cn ng b.
C ngha l, tt c cc tn hiu phn cp ca h thng Bc M v Chu
u ch c mt giai on ghp knh. Trong mt h thng phn cp s cu
ng b vic ghp knh khng ng b c thc hin khi tn hiu trong
mt cp c ghp knh thnh cp ca giai on k sau. Trong mt h
thng phn cp ng b, vic ghp knh ng b c thc hin khi tn
hiu phn cp c ghp thnh tn hiu STM-n. V li, trong phn cp s
cn ng b tn hiu DS-m thuc v cp ca giai on k sau ca tn hiu
DS-(m-1); nhng tt c cc tn hiu ny c mi quan h ngang bng trong
phn cp s ng b.
(a) Phn cp khng ng b (Bc M)
(b) Phn cp khng ng b (Chu u)
(c) Phn cp khng ng b
Hnh 1.42. Phn cp s
1.4.4. Khi nim phn cp v mo u
Ni chung, cc tn hiu s c gi i qua ng truyn, on ti to,
on ghp knh v mi trng vt l nh c minh ho trong hnh 1.43.
Khi p dng cc khi nim phn cp cho qu trnh truyn dn s th
ng truyn dn c th c phn chia thnh mt lp, ng truyn,
mt lp on ghp knh, mt lp on ti to v mt lp mi trng vt
l (hoc lp quang hc).
Cu trc ca ghp knh ng b c mt s sp xp theo khng gian c h
thng ph hp vi cc khi nim phn lp. Trong Hnh 1.44, khung
STM-n c phn loi theo chc nng; mo u ca on ghp knh
c p dng trn lp ca on ti to v trn lp ca on ghp knh.
Hn na, mo u ng truyn c p dng cho lp ng truyn v
cc mo u cho bt k cc ng c mc thp hn no khc th hin
din trong hnh bao trng tin bn trong STM.
Cc mo u c s dng trong ghp knh ng b c phn chia
thnh mo u on (SOH-Section overhead) v mo u ng truyn
(POH - Path Over-head), da trn nhng khi nim phn cp nh m t
trn. Trong s chng, SOH bao gm mt mo u on ng trc v
u on ghp knh.
Hnh 1.43. ng truyn dn (mt ng) v khi nim phn lp
ca tn hiu s
Mo u on ti to
Con tr
Mo u on ti to
Mo u ng truyn
ca lp c mc cao
Mo u ng truyn ca
lp c mc thp
Hnh 1.44. Cu trc khung v cc khi nim phn lp ca STM-n
SOH c chn vo trong giai on cui cng khi tn hiu STM-n c
hnh thnh cn POH c chn vo bt k khi no tn hiu cng ten o
c to thnh.
SOH c chn vo v c tch ra trong on ti to hoc on ghp
knh ch th hiu nng truyn dn cng nh hot ng v bo dng
tn hiu STM-n. Nh c minh ho trong hnh 1.44, cc SOH nm bn
trn v bn di ca con tr c s dng tng ng cho on ti to v
on ghp knh. C ngha l B1, SOH cho BIP-8 (Bit Interleaved Parity-
8) c b tr trn phn pha trn ca PTR v n c kim tra v tnh
ton li trong mi b ti to.
Tuy nhin, ba byte ca B2-SOH cho BIP-24- c b tr phn pha
di ca PTR v chng ch c kim tra cui ng dy. Nh
cp trn, POH c phn chia thnh POH ca lp c mc cao cho VC-
4 hoc VC-3 v POH ca lp c mc thp hn dng cho VC-11, VC-12
v VC-3. Trong bt k trng hp no POH cng c s dngcho
truyn thng u cui - ti - u cui gia nhng im, ni cc VC tng
ng c hnh thnh v gii to.
gii thch cu trc ca mo u on v mo u ng hy xem
khung STM-1 trong hnh 1.45, (a), (b). Vic s dng mi loi mo u
trong hnh ny nh sau: A1, A2 dng cho bt sp xp khung; B1, B2; B3
dng kim tra ngang bng chn l, C1, C2 dng cho s lng tn hiu
v D1-D12 dng cho knh truyn s liu, cn E1 v E2 dng cho knh
nghip v; F1, F2 dng cho knh khch hng; G1 l kim tra trng thi
ng truyn, H4 dng ch th a khung; J1 dng ghi du tch
ng truyn; K1, K2 dng cho chuyn mch bo v t ng; Z1~ Z5 l
cc mo u d phng cho cc mc ch khc.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 J1
1
A1* A1* A1* A2* A2* A2* C1* X* X* B3
2
B1 E1 F1 X X C2
3
D1 D2 D3 G1
4 con tr
F2
5
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2 H4
6
D4 D5 D6 Z3
7
D7 D8 D9 Z4
8
D10 D11 D12 Z5
9
Z1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 Z2 E2 X X

Hnh 1.45. Cu trc mo u
* Cc byte khng c pha trn
(a) Mo u on (b) Mo u ng truyn
1.4.5. Cu trc ca khung STM-n
Khung STM-n c mt cu hnh nh c trnh by trong hnh 1.46, da
trn c s cc khi nim phn lp nh ngha trong phn trc. Do cu
trc ny chim mt vng 9Bxnx270 (B=Byte) trong vng 125 m s, cho
nn n c mt tc bt l n x 155,520 Mbt/s (=9 x n x 270 x 8 x 8
kbit/s). Trong , 9B x n x 9 c phn b cho vng mo u SOH v
con tr AU (Khi qun l) v phn cn li ca 9B x n x 261 c phn
b cho ng bao trng tin ca STM-1.
Do vy, STM-1, mt tn hiu c bn ca phn cp s ng b, s c kch
thc l 9B x 270. Cng nh vy, 9B x 9 trong s l cng ca mo
u on v con tr AU, v cng chng y 9B x 261 l ng bao trng
tin, v tc bt tr thnh 155,520 Mbt/s.
Theo quan im cu trc khung STM-1, SOH c to thnh t hai khu
vc 3 x 9B v 5 x 9B, con tr AUPTR bao gm khu vc 1 x 9B v cu
hnh ca n nh c trnh by trong hnh 1.45. Mt VC-4 c nh x
trong vng cn li, hoc ba tn hiu VC-3 c th c nh x sang vng
cng vi mo u c nh (FOH-Fixed Overhead). Cc tn hiu VC-4
v VC-3 u bao gm hnh bao trng tin v vng POH c kch thc 9
x 1B c b tr trc mi hnh bao trng tin. ng thi, cu hnh bn
trong ca POH nh trong (b) ca hnh 1.45. VC-4 hoc VC-3 m c
gn con tr AUPTR th c gi l AU-4 hoc AU-3.
Hnh 1.46. Cu trc ca khung STM-n
Do vy, trong cu trc ca khung STM-1, AU-4 l t hp ca vng
trng tin STM-1 v vng con tr AU, v cu trc cui cng ca STM-1
c th t c khi cc vng SOH tng ng c t ln lt vo phn
pha trn/ pha di ca AU-4.
1.4.6 Cu trc ghp knh ng b
Nh c m t, qu trnh ghp knh ng b x l tt c cc tn hiu
phn cp s mt cch ngang bng v n s thit lp nn cc tn hiu
STM-n. Trong hnh 1.41, s tng th ca cu trc ghp knh ng b
trn cc tn hiu phn cp c a ra.
Trong hnh ny, cc con s nm trong ngoc ch r s lng tn hiu cn
thit cho qa trnh ghp knh tng ng. Qua trnh ghp knh ng b
nm trong hnh ch nht in chm (c ch th bng ch SM), trong khi
, hnh ch nht pha bn tri c ch th bng ch AM, biu th cho
qu trnh ghp knh khng ng b m trong cc tn hiu phn cp
c hn thnh.
Ti bc u tin ca qu trnh ghp knh ng b, cc tn hiu ca mi
cp c nh x sang cc cng ten tng ng. ng thi, phng php
chn dng/khng/m hoc ch chn dng trong khi bt c s dng
ng b ho. Mt VC (Cng ten) c hnh thnh nu a thm
POH vo cngten, v mt TU (khi phn nhnh) c hnh thnh nu
gn thm PTR vo n. Tuy nhin, nh trong trng hp VC-4, VC-3, TU
s tr thnh AU (Khi qun l) nu tn hiu c nh x thng sang
STM-1 m khng qua cc VC khc. Khi , s m (m=1, 2, 3, 4) gn cho
mi khi tn hiu s ch th rng mi tc bt ca khi tn hiu lin quan
s tng ng vi cp DS-m. Khi m=1, n c chia nh thnh 11 v 12
v chng biu th tng ng cho tc bt ca h thng Bc M DS-1 v
h thng Chu u DS-1E.
Hnh 1.47. Qa trnh ghp knh trn ng truyn
Tuy nhin, trong trng hp STM-n, tc bt gp n ln 155,520 Mbt/s
Trng hp TU-1 (TU - 11 hoc TU-12) n c ghp knh thnh VC-3
v VC-4 thnh kiu TUG (nhm ca khi phn nhnh) sau khi c gp
li thnh bn. TU-2 c th c xem nh tng ng vi TUG-2. Ngoi
ra, TU-3 c th c xem nh bng vi TUG-3. VC-3 c th c ghp
knh thnh VC-4 sau khi c nh tuyn vi TU-3, hoc n c th
c ghp thng vo AU (khi qun l - Administrative Unit) nh nh
tuyn cho AU-3. Nhm n v qun l AUG- Administrative Unit Group)
c th c xem nh tng ng vi AU-4. S t c tn hiu STM-n
khi gn mo u on (SOH) vo n nhm AUG c ghp knh.
Ghp knh ng b c a ra nh mt trong cc th d trong hnh 1.47
l qu trnh ghp knh trn cc ng truyn ca DS-1\C-11\VC-11\TU-
11\TUG-2\TUG-3\VC-4\TU-4\AUG\STM-n, c ch dn bng cc
ng k m trong Hnh 1.41. Nh c trnh by trong hnh 1.47, tn
hiu DS-1 c nh x trc ht thnh C-11 v sau VC-11 POH c
np vo bin i n thnh VC-11. t c TUG-2 khi TU-11 PTR
c gn ti VC-11, v sau n c ghp thnh bn. Ngay i vi cc
tn hiu TUG-2 chng ta c th thy rng cc con tr TU-11 PTR ca cc
TU-11 c gp li vi nhau v c a ra ngoi. Ngoi ra, TUG-3 t
c nh ghp knh mt TUG-2 thnh 7 TUG-2 v sau , gn FOH vo
u ca chng. TUG-3 li c ghp thnh 3 TUG-3 v cc FOH cng
cc VC-4 POH s c gn vo pha trc chng t c VC-4.
Theo b ngoi, tn hiu VC-4 cng ging nh tn hiu thu c nh ghp
TUG-2 thnh 21 TUG v sau gn VC-4 POH v FOH vo pha trc
chng.
Khi kim tra cc kt qu ghp knh chng ta c th bit rng mi mt
trong 84 tn hiu TU-11 c th c truy nhp trn VC-4. ng thi,
FOH ch c s dng nh mt mo u c in tm iu chnh
kch thc.
C th thu c AU-4 nh gn AU-4 PTR vo VC-4 v n cng ging
nh tn hiu AUG. Cui cng c th thu c tn hiu STM-n khi mt
AUG c ghp thnh n AUG v sau . mt mo u on c gn
trn chng.
1.4.7 Con tr v ng b ho
Trong SDH, k thut con tr c s dng ng b ho. Con tr ny
c s dng ch th s thay i mi quan h khi VC c ng chnh
theo tn hiu TU hoc AU v khi VC ch th a ch xut pht trong mt
khung TU hoc AU v im xut pht ca n b thay i.
Nh c trnh by trong hnh 1.41 cc loi con tr kh dng l AU-4
PTR, AU-3 PTR, TU-3 PTR, v TU-11 PTR, TU-2 PTR, TU-12 PTR
v.v.... Trong s AU-4 PTR, AU-3 PTR xut hin trn v tr ca AU
PTR c ch r trong hnh 1.46 v TU-3 PTR c b tr trn nh ca
hng u tin trong phm vi khung TU-3.
Cc con tr ca lp c mc cao ni trn c nh du vi H1, H2 v
H3. cc con tr ca lp c mc thp, chng hn nh TU-11 PTR, TU-2
PTR v TU-12 PTR c nh du bng V1, V2 v V3. Cc con tr ca
lp mc thp ny c cu trc nh sau: ba trong s cc byte u tin ca
mi on s t c nh phn chia TU tng ng thnh mt on 125
m s. Trong s , vic ng dng cc on m ba byte u tin ca chng
l cc con tr V1, V2 v V3, cn byte th t l V4, th cn cha c xc
nh. ng thi, vng trng tin ca mi TU s b tr cc a ch trn
byte ng ngay ng sau V2 v sau , theo trnh t 0, 1, 2 ....
Cc con tr H1, H2, H3 v V1, V2, V3 c cng mt chc nng nh nhau,
trong khi chng c dnh du mt cch khc nhau. Hnh 1.48 ch r
phi xc nh cch s dng ba byte ny nh th no. Bn bt ca c hiu
s liu mi (NDF-New Data Flag) ch th trng thi ca s liu mi, cn
bt SS c s dng phn nh loi ca TU hoc AU tng ng. a
ch bt u ca VC tng ng c ghi trn 10 bt sau . 10 bt ny
c phn chia thnh 5 bt I (Increment - gia tng) v 5 bt D (Decrement
- gim) nh c trnh by trong hnh. Trong s , bt I s b hu b mi
khi a ch ca im xut pht c gia tng v bt D b hu b mi khi
a ch ca im xut pht gim i. Cui cng, byte H3 (hoc V3) c
s dng np cc s liu hp l khi thc hin vic chn m.
Hnh 1.48. Cu hnh v chc nng ca con tr
Khi thc hin mt ghp chn dng, cc s liu hp l c pht i bng
cch np ti cho byte ng ngay ng sau H3 (V3). Khi xy ra s khc
nhau v tn s gia khung TU v AU hoc gia cc VC (l cc trng tin
ca chng) th cc byte con tr c th c s dng gii quyt cc vn
ny nh s dng php chn dng/ khng/m. Nu tn s ca VC
tng ng bt u ln hn so vi khung TU/AU th trng tin cn pht s
c gia tng. ng thi, i cho ti khi tng s cc d liu c tch t
do s khc bit tn s tr nn bng 1 byte (trong trng hp VC-4 l ba
byte), ri khi np chng cho mt byte H3 hoc V3 (trong trng hp
VC-4 l 3 byte), ng thi hu b cc bt D. Khi , trn khung k sau,
ghi li a ch mi m n c gim i 1 tng ng vi a ch
c ghi trc trn mt con tr 10 bt tin hnh chn m. S dng
cc phng php tng t tin hnh chn m khi tn s ca VC tng
ng bt u thp hn so vi khung TU/AU. Tuy nhin, khi cc bt I s
b hu b v cc s liu khng hp l s c np sang byte tip sau ca
H3 hoc V3 v a ch s c gia tng 1.
1.4.8 Cc c im ca Phng php Truyn dn ng b
Nh phn tch cho ti lc ny, khi c so snh vi truyn dn khng
ng b c mt s c im ni bt. Trong phn sau y s gii thch c
im ny.
1. Khung 125 s
C th thy c im u tin ca truyn dn ng b trong cu trc
khung ca n; l cu trc khung c hnh thnh bng cc khi 125.
c im ny khng c trong phn cp s khng ng b hin dng.
Trong phn cp s ng b n cho php vic truy nhp t cc tn hiu
phn cp mc cao ti cc tn hiu phn cp mc thp; c bit l xung
ti tn hiu DS-O c thc hin mt cch d dng. Bng c im ny,
ton b qu trnh x l s liu c th c thc hin nh mt n v byte.
Tuy nhin c im ny lm ny sinh vn trong phn cp s khng
ng b hin ti. Do m bin ng (jitter) thi gian i tr nn nng
n. C ngha l vic chn dng/khng/m l cn thit khi cc tn hiu C-
1 v C-2 c hnh thnh t cc tn hiu s DS-1 v DS-2. Nh , cc
vn lin quan n jitter c th c gii quyt.
2. S hp nht cc phn cp s
Cu trc ghp knh ng b c kh nng ho hp cc tn hiu s Bc M
v Chu u. C ngha l, cc tn hiu STM-n c cng hnh dng b ngoi
c th c hnh thnh qua th tc ghp knh ng b ngay c khi c
gn bt k tn hiu no trong s cc DS-1, DS-2, DS-3 ca Bc M v cc
DS-1E, DS-2E, DS-3E, v DS-4E ca Chu u. Ngoi ra, cc tn hiu
Bc M c th kt hp c vi cc tn hiu Chu u trong qu trnh
ghp knh ng b, v ngc li. Trc y, khng th thc hin c
iu ny. Ghp knh tt c cc ng l phi thc t v kh nng s dng
phng thc cn phi c xc nh chun b cho s lin kt mng
ton cu.
3. Cu trc phn lp
Mt trong nhng c im ni bt ca truyn dn ng b l n c th
tho hip cc khi nim phn lp khc nhau. Da trn khi nim ny, cc
mo u c phn loi thnh SOH v POH trong cu trc khung. C
ngha l mng thng tin ch yu c phn lp thnh cc ng v cc
on. Cc mo u cn thit cho cc ng s khng c x l ti cc
on m chng c truyn i mt cch trong sut. Cc SOH nm phn
pha trn hoc phn pha di ca con tr s c phn loi theo chc
nng - chng c gn tng ng vi chc nng on ti to v chc
nng on ghp knh. C ngha l cc on li c phn lp mt ln
na thnh cc on ghp knh mc cao v cc on ti to mc thp.
4. S dng mt cch h thng cc mo u
Trong cc tn hiu STM-1, mo u on v con tr chim mt khng
gian 9x9B. Mo u thc t s tng ln khi cc mo u v con tr ca
ng ang xt b vt qu trn mt s cc tng. Chng ta c th bit
rng cc mo u trong STM-1 vt qu 105 khi tc bo hiu DS-4E
l 139,264 Mbit/s. y l mt iu ci tin to ln so vi mng phn cp
s khng ng b hin nay. Cc mo u c s dng y sau khi
c phn loi thnh SOH, POH v PTR. Chng c s dng to
iu kin d dng cho cng tc qun l iu hnh v sa cha mng
thng tin.
5. ng b ho bng con tr.
Trong qu trnh ghp knh ng b, mng thng tin c ng b ho
nh vic thnh thong gi vo cc con tr. C ngha l s x dch tn s
gia ng h h thng v cc tn hiu thu c th c x l ph hp vi
con tr v chn dng/khng/m. Thng qua vic s dng b nh c
ng, phng php ng b ho kiu ny to iu kin kh thi cho ng
b ho bng rng nh vic a ra kh nng quan h vi mi trng cn
ng b. Phng php ng b ho bng con tr tng ng vi vic nhi
byte, nu chng ta nghin cu n trong bi cnh ca ng b ho nhi
bit. V l do , phng php ng b ho con tr to ra jitter tn s thp
v jitter bin cao. Mt trong nhng vn quan trng l phi gii
quyt jitter ny.
6. Ghp knh mt bc
Trong qu trnh ghp knh ng b, cc ng truyn trn cc tn hiu
TUG-2 c nh x trc tip thnh cc tn hiu VC-4, hoc cc tn hiu
AU-3 c nh x trc tip thnh cc tn hiu. Ci gi l ghp knh
mt bc; tng trung gian b b qua trong qu trnh ghp knh. Khi nim
ny khng h c ng dng i vi qu trnh ghp knh khng ng b
ang c s dng.
Ngoi ra, khi p dng trn mt mng thng tin, ni mt s lng ln cc
tn hiu c gi i nh tin hnh mt s qu trnh ghp knh, khi nim
ny to iu kin d dng v kinh t cho kt ni phn chia v kt ni
cho. Ghp knh mt bc tr nn kh thi nh da vo khi nim
cngten.
7. Khi nim Mng thng tin.
Phng php truyn dn ng b c thit lp da trn c s ca
khi nim mng thng tin. Do bi cc h thng thng tin quang hin nay
c thit k da trn quan nim truyn dn im ni im cho nn s
khng c hiu qu khi thc hin cc kt ni tch/nhp hoc ni kt cho
thng xuyn xy ra i vi cc tn hiu c to ra trn cc nt
gia, sau khi hnh thnh mng truyn thng. Tuy nhin, khi s lng cc
h thng thng tin quang c s dng ngy mt nhiu th cc h thng
v cc tiu chun da trn khi nim ca mng quang tr nn cn thit
v khi nim ghp knh mt bc c p dng. Hn na, v mt cc
mo u th cc SOH cn cho cc on v POhH cn cho cc ng
c phn loi v mt vi loi mo u trong s c gn cho vic
khai thc v bo dng mng thng tin c hiu qu.
8. Mng thng tin ton cu
Mt c im khc ca mng truyn dn ng b l n c da trn c
s khi nim thng tin ton cu. Vic ng b ho c tin hnh mt s
ln qua vic s dng cc con tr l yu t cho php mng truyn dn
ng b c ng b ho vi mng thng tin ton cu. V mc ch ,
phn cp s ca Bc M v ca Chu u kt ni vi nhau. Nu cc
mo u t bn ngoi v cu trc ghp knh c s dng u da trn
khi nim ny ca mng thng tin th mng thng tin ton cu c th tr
thnh hin thc.
1.6.6 Cc mch vng t hn gn (SHR)
1. Li ch ca vic s dng cc SHR
Cc mng hin ti vi cng ngh cp si quang ang s dng phng
php nh tuyn bo v phn tp t ng v tm hng kp bo v
mng trong nhng trng hp t cp hoc h hng cc trung tm
chnh. Nhng mng nh vy c th c pht trin thnh cc vng
SHR nu nh SHR chng t c l kinh t hn. Mt mng mch
vng l mt tp hp cc nt hnh thnh nn mt vng khp kn, trong
mi nt c kt ni qua mt phng tin truyn thng song
cng. Mt SHR l mt mng mch vng cung cp di thng v hoc
thit b mng d phng sao cho cc dch v b gin on c th c
phc hi mt cch t ng sau s c mng. Cc thit b ghp knh
dng trong cc cu trc vng l cc thit b ADM c nhim v xen v
r cc knh ti ch v chuyn tip xuyn sut cc knh qu giang.
Hnh 1.68 miu t mt th d v mt kch bn pht trin mng t
mng bo v phn tp sang mch vng. Hnh 1.68(a) miu t mt
mng cp quang hng tm vi ba CO v trung tm phc v ca
chng. Cc ng truyn thng gia mt CO v trung tm ca n
c i qua chng cp quang u tin im - ni - im, chng ny
c bo v nh chng cp quang phn tp vt l do h thng APS
iu khin. Cc b ghp knh u cui c s dng trong mng cp
quang hng tm ny c th c pht trin thnh mt h thng
ADMS tc cao, trong cc ADM ny bt u c hiu lc v khi
nim mch vng chng minh c l c hiu qu kinh t. Khi so snh
vi i tc hng tm ca n, mch vng c th s cn n cc ADM
tc cao hn, bi v n s dng chung khng ch cc phng tin
cp quang m cn thit b ghp knh.
Hnh 1.68 Pht trin ca cu trc mch vng
Nh c m t trong hnh 1.68, cu trc mch vng c nhng u
im sau y so vi cu trc hng tm 1:1/DP: (1) gim bt cc si
quang v cc thit b quang/in t v cc b ti to; v (2) kh nng
sinh tn y trong khi t cp quang v hng nt mng (tr nt b
hng). i vi th d trnh by trong hnh 1.68(a), mng hng tm
1:1/Dp yu cu 12 b OLTM, cn mng mch vng trnh by trong
hnh 1.68(b) ch i hi c 4 b ADM. Ph thuc vo cc tc
ng dy c dng, mt s ADM t hn cho mch vng c th
khng nht thit chng t rng cc chi ph u t l thp hn. Nu ta
nghin cu mt trng hp trong c hai mng vng v hng tm
u s dng cng mt tc ng dy, v chi ph ca mt OLTM
vo khong 80% chi ph ca mt ADM (ti cng mt tc ng
dy) th mng vng c th tit kim dc 58% chi ph u t so vi
i tc hng tm ca n. By gi chng ta nghin cu mt trng
hp khc, trong mng hng tm 1:1/DP s dng h thng 565
Mbit/s v mng vng s dng h thng 2,40 Gbit/s. Gi thit rng gi
thnh tng i ca mt thit b kt cui 565 - Mbit/s l 1 v chi ph
ca thit b 2,40 Gbit/s gp ba ln gi thnh ny. Mng vng ang
nghin cu y cn n bn b ADM 2,4 cobit/s, iu ny dn n
mt gi thnh tng i l 12 (1 x 3 x 4 = 12), trong khi mng
hng tm 1:1/DP cn n 12 b OLTM 565 Mbit/s, iu ny dn
n mt gi thnh tng i l 9,6 (1 x 0,8 x 12 = 9,6). Do vy, trong
th d c trng ny, mng hng tm 1:1/DP dng nh t t hn
mng vng. Tuy nhin, c th phi cn n cc b ti to cho cc
chng bo v phn tp di hn trong cc mng hng tm cp quang
rng hn v c th iu chnh nhng li th ca vic s dng cc
OLTM tc thp. Khi s lng cc nt trong mng vng tng ln
ti tm hoc ln hn, mng 1:1/DP s bt u t hp dn hn so vi
mch vng.
Lu rng tho lun y ch ch n gi thnh ca tht b ghp
knh, bi v n l yu t ni tri nht ca ton b gi thnh h thng
chuyn ti bng cp quang i vi cc mng "intra LATA".
Trong nhiu trng hp, mng vng c cc u im v kinh t so vi
i tc hng tm ca n, tuy nhin, n c th gp kh khn hn
hoc t hn nng cp h thng khi dung lng mch vng
cn kit. Mch vng cng c th cn n mt h thng iu khin
mng phc tp hn so vi i tc nh tm ca n, bi v rng tt c
cc nt s tng tc vi nhau khi cc tnh hung s c xy ra hoc c
yu cu ti cu hnh. Tuy nhin, vn cn kit ca dung lng mch
vng c th c gim bt hoc c gii quyt nh quy hoch mng
cn thn hoc trin khai ADM tc cao hn nhiu (chng hn, tnh
kh dng ca cc ADM 9,6 Gbit/s). V li (xem mc 4.5), h thng
iu khin dng cho mng vng c th c n gin ho khi thit b
SONET c trin khai. Bng 1.17 tng kt ho mt s so snh
tng i gia cc cu trc mng vng v nh tm vi mng bo v
phn tp (Hub/DP).
Bng 1.17. So snh gia nh tuyn bo v phn tp v cu trc SHR
Cc thuc tnh Hub/DP SHR/ADM
Kh nng nng cp D dng Kh khn - t
Tng s cp quang Nhiu hn t hn
Tng s u cui Nhiu hn t hn
Tc u cui Thp hn Cao hn
Kh nng sinh tn ca cp si quang 100% * 100%
Kh nng sinh tn ca trung tm ** Ngho Tt hn
* Ph thuc vo cp bo v 1:1 hay 1: N
** Gi thit ton b to nh trung tm b h hng.
2. SHR ca SONET
SHR l mt mng ng vng cung cp di thng hoc v thit b
mng d tha, sao cho cc dch v b gin on c th c khi
phc mt cch t ng. Gii php chung bo m mt kh nng t
hn gn l cung cp mt vng truyn thng th hai song song vi
vng lm vic th nht. Trong trng hp ny, mt s c trn vng
c th c b qua nh chuyn cc cuc truyn thng sang vng th
hai; ni chung n c coi nh mt chc nng chuyn mch ng
dy (hoc chuyn mch bo v). Hn na, nu vng th hai pht theo
hng ngc li so vi vng th nht th mt s ngt trong c hai
vng gia hai nt k lin nhau c th c cu vn nh cc nt trn
mt trong hai pha b ngt bng vic u vng cc cuc lin lc ngc
tr li sang vng th hai. N c gi mt cch thng dng l chc
nng u vng ngc. Hnh 1.69 miu t cc th d v chuyn mch
ng dy v mch vng ngc phc hi.
Ch rng mt s kt hp cc chc nng vng ngc v chuyn
mch ng dy (trn mt trong hai pha b ngt) c th c s
dng phc hi dch v b gin on. Do vy, mt thuc tnh quan
trng ca SHR l: nu vng b "gy" ti bt k mt im no , th
hng truyn dn i vi cc tn hiu c th c o li nhm trnh
vic mt dch v.
Cc SHR ca SONET c th c phn chia thnh hai loi ph bin
l n hng v song hng theo hng ca lung lu lng di
cc iu kin bnh thng. Cu trc ca SHR thuc v mt trong hai
loi ph bin ny c th khc nhau v c ch iu khin bo v cn
s dng phc hi cc dch v b gin on.
SHR n hng
Trong SHR n hng (USHR) lu lng lm vic c chuyn
quanh mng vng ch theo mt hng (chng hn ngc chiu kim
ng h). Hy tham kho hnh 1.70(a). Lu lng t bt k mt nt
no c nh tuyn theo cc ng truyn thng lm vic t Nt
1 ti Nt 3 (tc l ng 1-2-3). Lu lng quay v tip tc i theo
vng t Nt 3 quay v Nt 1 theo cng mt chiu nh t Nt 1 n
Nt 3, s dng phn cn li ca vng lm vic (tc l ng 3-4-1).
Do vy, lu lng i ti ti Nt 1 v Nt 3 theo cc con ng khc
nhau. Do qu trnh truyn dn ca lu lng lm vic bnh thng
trn USHR ny l ch i theo mt chiu cho nn dung lng ca vng
c xc nh bi tng nhu cu gia cc nt. Cc USHR i khi
c gi l "cc vng quay ngc" l bi v vng truyn thng th
hai (ch bo v) c pht i theo chiu ngc vi vng th nht
(vng lm vic).
Hnh 1.69. Chuyn mch ng dy so vi u vng ngc dung
phc hi ng vng.
V cc knh phc v c nh tuyn mt cch n hng, cho nn
cn phi c mt cp quang vn chuyn chng. USHR ny c th
c ci t theo khi nim bo v 1:1 hoc 1 + 1. USHR s dng
mt vng ring bit lm vng bo v m n khng vn chuyn nhu
cu dch v trong trng thi bnh thng v n trn (u vng) cc
knh b gin on sang vng bo v t pha vng lm vic khi thnh
phn ca mng b hng. Cu trc 1:1/USHR ny cng c gi l
mt SHR n hng trn (USHR/L). Tng phn li, USHR 1 + 1
phn chia cc tn hiu sang c hai vng lm vic v bo v ti nt
pha pht ny (c ngha l bc cu u cui), cn nt pha thu s la
chn tn hiu tt nht trong hai tn hiu nh nhau da trn tiu chun
chuyn mch bo v. Cu hnh USHR 1 + 1 ny i khi c gi l
mt ng n hng SHR (USHR/P). Lu rng cc USHR 1:1 c
th c cu hnh nh cc USHR 1:N, c ngha l mt vng truyn
thng bo v c cho N vng truyn thng lm vic dng chung:
tuy vy cc USHR 1:N khng phi l loi t hn gn c ton b.
Hnh 1.70. Cc nh ngha v cc SHR n hng v song hng
SHR song hng
Nh c trnh by trong hnh 1.70(b), trng hp SHR song
hng (BSHR), lu lng lm vic i theo c hai hng trn mt
ng duy nht; ng ny s dng hai ng truyn thng song
song vi nhau (hng hot ng v hng ngc li) gia cc nt
ca vng (chng hn gia Nt 1 v Nt 3). Th d, trong iu kin
bnh thng, cc tn hiu t Nt 1 n Nt 3 c nh tuyn qua
ng 1-2-3, cn cc tn hiu quay v t Nt 3 ti Nt 1 c nh
tuyn qua cng mt ng nh vy (ng 3-2-1). V lu lng c
nh tuyn trn mt ng duy nht gia cc nt m dung lng d
tha quanh mt vng c th c dng chung trn c s tng tuyn
kt ni v n khng c dnh ring cho tng yu cu trn vng
(nh i vi trng hp USHR). Do cc knh nghip v c nh
tuyn song hng ti hai nt, cho nn cn n hai cp quang vn
chuyn cc knh nghip v ny.
Mt BSHR c th dng hai hoc bn cp quang, tu thuc vo vic
b tr dung lng d tha. Trong trng hp BSHR bn cp quang
(hoc cu hnh 1:1) mt vng truyn thng th hai, c lp vi vng
th nht, s c cung cp bo v. Cc knh lm vic v bo v s
s dng cc vng truyn thng khc nhau. Cc BSHR 1:1 cng c th
c cu hnh nh cc BSHR 1:N, tc l mt vng truyn thng bo
v dng cho N vng truyn thng lm vic. Nh c cp trn,
cc BSHR 1:N khng phi l loi t hn gn y , v do vy, trong
mc ny s khng tho lun v chng. Trong trng hp ca BSHR
hai cp quang, cc knh lm vic v bo v s dng cng mt cp
quang vi mt phn di thng c d phng bo v. cung cp
mt chc nng t hn gn, thng mt na di thng s c d
phng bo v. Vic b tr mng vng nh vy c th bo m
chuyn mch bo v ng dy nh s dng phng php TSI
ho nhp cc knh lm vic trong cp quang b hng vi cc knh
bo v trong cp quang khng b nh hng. Cc USHR v BVSR
cn c th c phn loi tip thnh cc SHR chuyn mch bo v
ng dy v ng truyn ph hp vi mc ca SONET dng :
(1) vn chuyn cc tin bo gp s c v (2) xc pht hot ng
chuyn mch bo v cho php vng c phc hi mt cch t
ng khi s c.
SHR chuyn mch bo v ng dy
Mt cu trc SHR chuyn mch bo v ng dy s dng tiu
ng dy ca SONET (chng hn cc byte K1 v K2) vn
chuyn cc tin bo s c v xc pht ng tc chuyn mch bo
v. ng tc chuyn mch bo v ch c thc hin ti lp ng
dy phc hi khi s c v khng lin quan n lp ng truyn.
N phc hi yu cu ng dy khi mt phng tin b s c. Cc
cu trc chuyn mch bo v ng dy c xc nh cho c hai
loi USHR v BSHR, s dng nguyn tc u vng lu lng sang
ng bo v. Khi mt vng b t cn phi c iu khin ti chv
iu khin t xa thc hin vic u vng lu lng ti cc nt nm
trn hai pha ca ch t. H thng chuyn mch bo v ng dy l
mt s la chn t nhin i vi tt c cc BSHR bi v nh tuyn
yu cu BSHR s dng cng mt nguyn tc nh cc h thng im -
ni - im hin nay, l nhng h thng s dng h chuyn mch bo
v ng dy (tc l APS) phc hi cc yu cu nu mt cu kin
mng b h hng.
SHR chuyn mch bo v ng truyn
Mt cu trc SHR chuyn mch bo v ng truyn s dng tn
hiu ca lp ng truyn (chng hn, ng AIS) khi ng
chuyn mch bo v. Khc vi h thng chuyn mch bo v ng
dy, h thng chuyn mch bo v ng truyn s phc hi mt
knh STS hoc VT u cui - ti - u cui. Chuyn mch ng
truyn ca mt ng c trng no c lp vi trng thi ca cc
ng khc. Mc d mt nt no pht hin mt s c ng dy,
th chuyn mch vn c thc hin ti lp ng truyn cho cc
SHR chuyn mch ng truyn. Vi chuyn mch bo v ng
truyn, ngi ta xc nh r hai cp ca cc mc mch vng: VT v
STS. SHR chuyn mch bo v ng truyn VT c xc nh nh
mt vng, trong ng truyn VT c chuyn mch cho cc
cuc sp xp li mch vng, v SHR chuyn mch bo v ng STS
c xc nh nh mt mch vng trong cc ng truyn STS
c chuyn mch ti sp xp mch vng.
Cc vng chuyn mch ng truyn STS v VT tng ng c s
dng ch yu trong cc mng lin tng i v cc mng u vng.
Hnh 1.71 miu t cc yu cu k thut ca cu trc vng SONET
da trn c s nh truyn yu cu v c ch iu khin bo v.
Hnh 1.71.
1.7 S TIN TRIN SANG BISDN
B-ISDN c pht trin iu tit cc th loi khc nhau ca cc tn
hiu bng rng, da trn nhng khi nim v tiu chun ISDN v tiu
chun thng tin quang ng b, trong khi h thng thng tin ATM
c pht trin ci t B-ISDN. Mc tiu ch yu ca BISDN l lin
kt tt c cc tn hiu lin tc theo thi gian thc v cc tn hiu s liu
theo nhm c s phn b di tn rng (cn thit cung cp cc dch v
bng hp, pht hin t xa, chng hn nh gim st t xa, u cui s liu,
in thoi v fax, v cc dch v bng rng, chng hn nh in thoi
thy hnh, hi ngh truyn hnh, truyn tn hiu truyn hnh nt cao,
truyn s liu tc cao v.v). B-ISDN i hi mt phng php hiu qu
c th x l chung tt c cc dch v ni trn. H thng truyn thng
ATM (phng thc chuyn giao khng ng b) c xut nh l
mt gii php.
Cc khi nim v BISDN c pht trin p ng mt cch hiu
qu cc nhu cu ang cng ngy cng gia tng v cc th loi dch v
bng rng khc nhau. iu tit tt c cc loi tn hiu bng rng ny,
cc dch v thng tin, chng hn nh cc th loi in thoi video, cn
c lin kt vi cc loi dch v phn b, chng hn nh CATV. Ngoi
ra, phi c mt chc nng cung cp c cc dch v ch knh, c cc
dch v ch gi.
Mt khc, li tng c mt i hi v kh nng mng c kh nng cung
cp dch v gim st t xa hot ng ti mt tc truyn dn thp (bit/s)
cng nh dch v thoi/th tn hot ng tc truyn dn trung
bnh/cao (vi chc kbit/s cho thoi v vi trm Mbit/s cho video). Mt
gii php cho vic ny l xut tiu chun ho cc loi tn hiu khc
nhau ca cc dch v ng c cc hnh thc b ngoi nh nhau v sau
, tch tr chng li ghp knh. Cc t bo ATM c s dng
tiu chun ho cc hnh thc b ngoi ca cc tn hiu dch v v h
thng ATDM (ghp knh khng ng b phn chia theo thi gian)
c s dng ghp mt nhm cc t bo ATM; mt h thng truyn
thng da trn c s cc t bo ATM v ghp knh ATDM c gi l h
thng thng tin ATM.
H thng truyn thng ATM lin kt h thng thng tin digital ch
knh ang hot ng vi h thng thng tin ch gi. H thng thng
tin ATM ging nh h thng thng tin gi, trong n s dng cc t
bo ATM nh mt phng tin truyn dn c bn, trong khi n khc
vi chuyn mch gi ch n ng thi c th x l c cc tn hiu
thi gian thc v tng ng. Ngoi ra, cc h thng chuyn mch gi
ni chung c s dng mt cch cc b trong cc mng LAN, cn
i vi h thng ATM th do n c thit k s dng trn cc
mng cng cng nh c ln, cho nn n khc phc c nhng kh khn
trong vic gn a ch, iu khin kt ni v lu trnh, chuyn mch v
truyn dn. Mt khc, so vi h thng thng tin ch knh (phn b
knh cho mi dch v ri sau thng qua cc knh ny m chuyn cc
tn hiu thng tin i nh mt dy bt lin tc), ATM phn chia cc tn
hiu mang thng tin ri sau np chng vo cc t bo ATM chuyn
chng i qua cc knh o. Do vy, mt s vn mi lin quan n vic
thit lp ni kt, qu trnh bo hiu, n truyn dn v chuyn mch
pht sinh.
B-ISDSN hay h thng thng tin ATM c trin khai vo cui nm
1980, t n nay n vn c nghin cu v nng cp. Do vy trong
mc sau y s xem xt li cc vn lin quan n chng, da trn cc
iu khon thuc v BISDN ca ITU-T.
H thng thng tin ATM c pht trin ci t B-ISDN cho nn
i khi n c xem l "mng ATM".
1.7.1 Cc khi nim c bn ca B-ISDN
Khi x hi pht trin, khi cng ngy cng c nhiu cng ty mc ln, th
nhu cu v cc dch v a phng tin v cc dch v bng rng khc
nhau cng ang gia tng mt cch ng k. By gi cng ngy cng c
nhiu ngi s dng cc u cui s liu, cc my tnh c nhn, cc my
Fax v cc h thng hi ngh video, v s lng cc cng ty nhn tham
gia vo cc dch v CATV cng tng ln.
Ngoi ra, nhu cu v cc dch v nh in thoi thy hnh (video), truyn
hnh phn gii cao, truyn s liu tc cao, dch v gim st bng
video, truy tm bng video, video text bng rng cng ang tip tc gia
tng. Nhng dch v k trn bao gm cc dch v giao lu cng nh cc
dch v phn phi m mt s trong cc dch v c th cn n cc
mng ring ca mnh (do mt s trong cc dch v l cc dch v ch
knh, mt s l cc dch v ch gi). Song lm c iu cn
phi u t mnh v s lm cho thng tin tr nn km hiu qu. Do ,
hin ang c mt nhu cu lin kt cc dch v ni trn thnh mt mng
truyn thng chung cho tt c cc dch v lin kt.
BISDN - mt mng thng tin s, c kh nng cung cp cc loi hnh dch
v bng hp, chng hn nh in thoi, cc u cui s liu, gim st t
xa, facximin, teletext, cng nh cc dch v bng rng, chng hn nh
in thoi thy hnh, hi ngh truyn hnh, truyn dn hnh nh c
phn gii cao, truyn s liu tc cao, gim st bng video v CATV...
Do vy, B-ISDN c th c xem nh mt mng thng tin m n
c pht trin t mng ISDN bng hp hin ang c s dng.
1.7.2 Cc c trng tn hiu ca dch v B-ISDN
B-ISDN c nhng mc ch c bn l kt hp tt c cc dch v hin hu
vo mt mng truyn thng trong tng lai. Do vy, v c bn n cung
cp cc dch v bng hp, chng hn nh in thoi, u cui s liu,
fasimile, son tho vn bn t xa, c s o t xa, videotex, bu chnh
in t, teletex. Ngoi ra, n c kh nng cung cp cc dch v bng rng,
chng hn nh in thoi thy hnh, hi ngh truyn hnh v truyn s liu
tc cao, facsimile mu, CATV, phn phi HDTV, m thanh nhy cm
cao, th truyn hnh, gim st bng video, truyn chng trnh chiu
phim phn gii cao v videotex bng rng.
Nhng dch v BISDN ny bao gm tt c cc dch v c nhng c tnh
khc nhau. C ngha l, cc dch v tng tc chng hn nh in thoi
hoc in thoi thy hnh v cc dch v thng bo chng hn nh bu
chnh in t hoc bu chnh bng hnh nh v cc dch v truy tm tra
cu bn v v vn bn u c bao gm trong . Cc dch v ny l
cc dch v thng tin m tn hiu ca dch v c chuyn giao theo c
hai chiu, song bn cnh , chng cn c cc dch v phn phi mt
chiu, chng hn nh dch v CATV.
Nhng c trng ni bt nht ca cc tn hiu dch v B-ISDN l phm vi
phn b di thng ca n rt rng. Trong khi tn hiu cu hnh c bn ca
ISDN bng hp c phn b quanh tn hiu thoi th vic phn b tc
tn hiu ca B-ISDN bao gm cc lp digital khc, cc tn hiu video
khc nhau v cc tn hiu truyn s liu tc cao. Do , ng trn
quan im tc truyn dn, cc tn hiu ca dch v chim bng tn
rng t vi bit/s ca cc tn hiu gim st t xa ti cc tn hiu video vi
vi trm Mbit/s. Ngoi ra, thi gian s dng n trong phm vi t cc s
liu tc thp, c di vi giy, ti dch v video c di vi gi,
cc dch v thoi c di vi ba pht.
Nh m t, B-ISDN c kh nng cung cp dch v bng rng ti nhiu
Mbit/s, cn cc tn s m n s dng v phn b thi gian s dng th c
phm vi rt rng.
c tnh phn b khc ca tn hiu dch v B-ISDN l cc tn hiu lin
tc, chng hn nh ting ni v hnh nh, c th cng "sng chung" vi
cc tn hiu nhm, chng hn nh s liu u cui. Cc tn hiu ting ni
v hnh nh c th tr thnh cc tn hiu tc bt bng nhau nh phng
php s ho. Tuy nhin, cc tn hiu s liu khc nhau l cc tn hiu vi
tc bt bin i rt rng. Mt khc, cc tn hiu hnh nh v m thanh
i hi c x l theo thi gian thc, cn trong trng hp s liu th
khng cn nh vy.
Hnh 1.72. Phn b dch v ca B-ISDN
Do nhng s khc nhau nh vy, chuyn mch v truyn dn cc tn hiu
dch v B-ISDN tr nn kh m thc hin c. V l do , chuyn
mch gi l l tng i vi tc thp hoc s liu nhm, trong khi ,
i vi tn hiu ting ni v hnh nh th chuyn mch knh l thch hp
hn. Ngoi ra, i vi cc tn hiu thoi, chuyn mch phn chia thi gian
pht hin t lu l thch hp hn c, cn i vi cc tn hiu video tc
cao l chuyn mch knh phn chia theo khng gian.
V vy, tm c mt h thng truyn dn c kh nng trao i vi nhau
cc tn hiu tc thp/cao v cc tn hiu lin tc/ nhm l cc k kh
khn.
Tc s liu knh
1.7.3 Nn tng k thut ca B-ISDN
Nh cp trc y, v cc dch v do B-ISDN cung cp c nhng c
im khc nhau, cho nn mt s cng ngh c bn c i hi hin
thc ho B-ISDN. Th nht, x l tc cao v cng ngh mi trng,
truyn dn bng rng v cng ngh chuyn mch bng rng; chng c
yu cu l bi v cc tn hiu ca dch v bng rng v tc cao c s
dng rng ri. V li, vic ci thin cng ngh v thit b x l video l
cn thit bi v cc dch v chnh ca B-ISDN l cc loi dch v video
khc nhau. Hn na, cng ngh mng thng tin i vi nhng vn trn
y l cn thit, bi v cc dch v tc thp/tc cao c cung cp
v cc dch v ch gi ng tn ti.
Nhng cng ngh c bn ny c pht trin v c nng cp lin
tc nhm p ng mt cch y nhu cu v cc dch v bng rng
cng ngy cng tng. Th nht, cng ngh thng tin quang c nng
cao; suy hao ca cp si quang c gim xung thp hn 0,5 dB/Km
v gi c ca cc phn t bc x/thu nh sng st xung kh nhanh
chng; Hn na, cng ngh v mch tch hp v cng ngh ch to cc
cu kin cng rt tin tin. Cc phn t Silc lng cc hoc GaAs
c pht trin mt cch thnh cng c kh nng thc hin vic x l tc
cao (hng trm Mbit/s hoc Gbit/s) v CMOS c kh nng x l mc
150 Mbit/s. Ngoi ra, cng ngh phn mm v m p tin trin mt cch
thnh cng to iu kin iu khin tc cao, cng nh hot ng v
chuyn mch tc cao tr nn c th c.
Vic nn, chuyn i v ti to cc tn hiu dch v khc nhau tr nn
d dng do pht trin cng ngh x l tn hiu. V li, vic thu thp, thay
i v x l cc tn hiu dch v tr nn d dng hn nh pht trin
cng ngh my tnh. Qua vic s dng cng ngh ni trn, cng vi cng
ngh VLSI, cc thit b u cui khch hng hiu qu c pht trin.
Thm vo , cc thit b u cui B-ISDN c s dng cho cc thit b
video khc nhau c trin khai mt cch thnh cng v c s dng
vi cc monitor TV cht lng cao, cng vi cc camera video c
nhy cao.
Mt khc, cc hot ng tiu chun ho ca ISDN, theo sng kin ca
ITU-T trong nhng nm 1980, nh hng n rt nhiu hot ng
nghin cu v s lin kt cc loi tn hiu dch v khc nhau cng nh
vic s ho mng thng tin v ng gp vo s pht trin cng ngh
thng tin. Da vo nhng vn ni trn, h thng thng tin ATM c kh
nng cung cp dch v B-ISDN c nhng nt c trng khc nhau. iu
ny dn n s pht trin cng ngh lin kt dch v B-ISDN.
1.7.4 Nn tng ca tiu chun ho B-ISDN
Trong qu trnh tiu chun ho B-ISDN tin hnh vo u nhng nm 80,
ITU-T quy nh cc knh H1, H2, H3, H4 l cc knh tc cao ca
khch hng. Trong s , knh H1 c phi ghp vi nhm s cp ca
ISDN trong dng knh H11 1,536 Mbit/s v knh H12 1,920 Mbit/s, v v
vy hnh thnh c s ca ISDN cng vi giao din c bn 2B + D 144
kbit/s.
H2, H3 v H4 c quy nh l cc knh bng rng tng ng vi phn
cp s ang tn ti.
Bt u t nm 1985 ngi ta ch n cc knh bng rng v kt
qu l cc tc bit 30 - 40, 45 60 - 70 Mbit/s c xem l tiu chun
cho cc knh H2, H3 v H4. Mt khc, u ban T1 a ra mt d n s
dng 149,760 Mbit/s da trn c s SONET.
Sau , vo thng By nm 1986, ITU-T bt u tiu chun ho giao din
nt mng (NNI) mt cch c lp vi tiu chun ho giao din khch
hng - mng (UNI) ca BISDN.
Nhim v tiu chun ho NNI, vn c tin hnh di nhiu iu kin
kh khn, i n tho thun l s dng tiu chun tn hiu STM-1, c
cu trc 9B x 270 v c tc bit 155,520 Mbit/s, ti hi ngh Seoul
c t chc vo thng Hai nm 1988. Sau , n tr thnh phn cp s
ng b ca cc khuyn ngh G.707 - G.709. Mt khc, nhim v tiu
chun ho UNI ca B-ISDN do BBTG (Broad Band Task Group- Nhm
c trch bng rng) thc hin ho nhp vi khuyn ngh I.121 vo
nm 1988 ti cng hi ngh trn. l nhng vn kin u tin c t
khun kh c bn ca B-ISDN. Nhng vn kin ny quy nh rng B-
ISDN phi da vo ATM v cc dch v ca n, phi c phn chia
thnh cc dch v giao lu v cc dch v phn b, v rng cu trc chc
nng/tiu chun ca B-ISDN phi c thit lp ging nh ca ISDN.
Cc vn kin ny cng xc nh r m hnh giao thc cho ATM v
kch thc ca t bo ATM l 30 byte. Ngoi ra, cc vn kin ny phn
nh 32,768 Mbit/s cho H21, 43 - 45 Mbit/s cho H22 v 132 - 138, 240
Mbit/s cho H4. Thm na, n quy nh UNI l lp 150 Mbit/s v lp 600
Mbit/s.
Sau t lu, BBTG c ch nh l WP8 nhng cng vic tiu chun
ho UNI gp nhng kh khn lin quan n kch thc ca t bo
ATM, n tc bit v cu trc khung trn mt giao tip.
Ngoi ra, v kch thc ca t bo ATM, "4+32" byte (u t bo +
trng tin) do ngi chu u xut cnh tranh vi "5+64" byte do
ngi M a ra. Song cui cng quyt nh l "5+48" byte s c
s dng cho mc ch ny. Do b nh hng mnh ca SDH c tiu
chun ho trc , tc bt ca mt giao tip c quyt nh l
155,520 Mbit/s. Ngoi ra, cu trc khung ca lp vt l quyt nh
tun theo cu trc khung STM-1 hoc dng t bo ATM thun tu. Hn
na, cng c php b tr cc tn hiu khc ca G.702. WP8 xc
nh r nhng chi tit ca nhng iu khon cn c bn ci nh cc
khuyn ngh thuc Seri I ti Hi ngh Masyama, t chc Nht Bn vo
thng 11 nm 1990. Nh vy, khun kh tng th v BISDN c
hon chnh. Mt khc, khi ITU c t chc li vo nm 1993, nhm
nghin cu 13 (SG.13) ca ITU-T bt u m trch cc hot ng
nghin cu v tiu chun ho BISDN.
1.7.5 Nguyn tc c bn ca BISDN
Nh trnh by trc y, BISDN l mt khi nim c a ra tho
mn nhu cu v cc dch v bng rng ang cng ngy cng gia tng. Cc
mc ch c bn ca BISDN l thit lp mt mng s c kh nng lin
kt v cung cp cc hnh loi dch v bng rng khc nhau thng qua vic
s dng truyn dn tc cao, chuyn mch tc cao, x l tn hiu,
my tnh, phn mm v cng ngh cu kin. V li, thng qua BISDN,
cc dch v giao lu v phn phi cng nh cc dch v ch knh v
ch nhm cng c cung cp. Thm vo , cc dch v bng hp v
cc dch v bng rng c cung cp mt cch ng thi. t c
cc mc ch ni trn, BISDN phi c kh nng h tr cc ni kt truyn
thng bn c nh c nh cc ni kt im - ni - im a im - ni -
im v cc ni kt dnh dng cc du ring/c nh; Nh vy, BISDN
cn phi c kh nng thng minh m rng v ci tin cc dch v v
qun l hot ng, bo dng v iu khin mng mt cch hiu qu.
Cu trc ca B-ISDN phi nh th no sao cho n khng cn tr s
pht trin cng ngh hoc s pht trin phng php hin thc ho trong
tng lai. Ngoi ra, n phi c kh nng p ng cc nhu cu ca khch
hng hoc s pht trin mng m n c th pht sinh mt ln na. Hn
na, da trn cc khi nim ca ISDN, tiu chun giao din phi ghp v
giao thc cng cn phi c thit lp mt cch ph hp.
BISDN dng ATM thc hnh cc chc nng ca mnh. ATM l mt
h thng truyn thng phn chia u cc hnh loi dch v khc nhau, sp
xp chng vo cc t bo ATM c kch thc nh nhau v cui cng,
chuyn chng i nh cc ATDM. Hn na, n thit lp cc ng o v
cc knh o chuyn giao t bo ATM.
Do , thng qua vic s dng ATM, c th thc hin c kt ni mng
c linh hot cao v phn b di thng bin i. Cng vi nhng ci
, ATM c kh nng chuyn giao thng tin v s liu qua cc loi
phng tin vt l v cc mng chuyn ti khc nhau, bi v n c xc
nh mt cch c lp vi cc phng tin chuyn ti ca cc lp vt l.
1.7.6. So snh B-ISDN v ISDN
B-ISDN l mt khi nim xut pht t tiu chun ISDN. Do vy, cc
quan im v B-ISDN cng ging nh ca ISDN. Tuy nhin, vic thit
lp B-ISDN c thc hin khc vi thit lp ISDN.
Th nht, BISDN l mt mng s lin kt a dch v nh trong trng
hp ISDN, nhng n khc vi ISDN ch n bo m vic lin kt c
cc tn hiu bng rng na. V l do , m hnh cu trc c bn ca
BISDN cng ging nh ca ISDN, ngoi tr kh nng x l cc tn hiu
bng rng, ng thi vi cc chc nng ca ISDN bng hp. V mt thit
lp cu trc chc nng hay cu hnh tiu chun, BISDN cng ging nh
ca ISDN. Nhm chc nng ca n bao gm TE1, NT1, NT2 v TA,
cng cc im chun c hnh thnh t R, S v T.
Tuy nhin, chng ch tng t nhau v mt khi nim m khng tng
thch nhau v mt hot ng thc t. C ngha l BISDN khng th c
thc hin ch bng vic b sung cc thit b ca dch v bng rng vo
mng ISDN hoc TE ca ISDN khng th c u ni ti NT ca
BISDN. Do , cc nhm chc nng ca ISDN v cc im chun cng
ging nh cc phn t lin quan ca BISDN ch v mt khi nim. Tuy
nhin n c th phi ghp vi TE1 ca ISDN hoc vi TA qua vic s
dng TE2 ca BISDN. Trong hot ng thc t BISDN khc rt xa vi
ISDN; h thng thng tin ISDN c cc c trng kt hp cc h thng
thng tin chuyn mch knh s ang hot ng vi h thng chuyn
mch gi, trong khi BISDN dng h thng ATM hon ton khc vi
cc h thng ni trn ca ISDN.
C ngha l, trong khi ISDN ch yu iu tit h thng thng tin knh (h
thng thng tin gi cng c iu tit) th BISDN ch yu s dng h
thng thng tin gi, ng thi vn iu tit h thng thng tin knh). Do
nhng s khc nhau v h thng truyn thng , qu trnh truyn dn,
bo hiu v qun l mng ca BISDN cng c tin hnh khc vi
ISDN. Do vy, BISDN cn c coi l khc hn so vi ISDN.
1.7.7 H thng thng tin ATM
ATM l mt h thng truyn thng thc hin BISDN. ATM l mt h
thng chuyn giao kiu gi c hnh thc c bit, s dng ATDM. Trong
BISDN, thng tin c chuyn i nh mt lung lin tc ci gi c mt
kch thc khng i. Cc gi c kch thc c nh ny c gi l cc
t bo ATM. Do vy thng tin dch v cng c b tr vo t bo ATM,
sau c chuyn i theo nhng kch thc khng i. V sau , tn
hiu truyn dn ca BISDN c to nn nh ATDM vi cc t bo
ATM. ng thi ATDM l mt phng php ghp knh thng k, thc
hin vic phn chia theo thi gian ghp cc t bo ATM ca mt s
knh i ti mt cch khng ng b.
Nu s dng ATM, dung lng ca knh nghip v cng c tnh theo
s lng cc t bo ATM. Cho nn s vt qu dung lng truyn dn
ca thng tin c biu th bi s lng cc t bo ATM. Vic phn phi
dung lng truyn dn c xc nh theo dung lng yu cu v kh
nng phn phi c th c thng qua thng lng vi mng thng tin
trong qu trnh thit lp cuc gi.
ATM - mt h thng kiu lin kt - s thit lp cc knh o chuyn
giao thng tin dch v. Mi khi mt knh o c thit lp, s hiu nhn
dng ni kt c gn v khi ni kt c gii to, s hiu nhn dng ny
cng c hu b. Trnh t sp xp gia cc t bo ATM trong mt knh
o no do cc chc nng ca lp ATM d kin trc. Thng tin bo
hiu v thit lp ni kt c chuyn giao cc t bo ATM ring bit.
H thng ATM xc nh r m hnh chun ca giao thc phn lp
chuyn giao thng tin mt cch c h thng v c ng. Cc lp giao
thc c s dng l lp ATM, lp ng dng ATM (AAL) v lp mc
cao. Lp AAL nh x cc tn hiu dch v sang khu vc trng tin ca
cc t bo ATM, cn lp ATM thc hin chc nng to u ca t bo
ATM chuyn giao trng tin mt cch trong sut. Lp vt l thc hin
chc nng chuyn i cc t bo ATM thnh hng bt v sau , chuyn
chng i.
Kch thc ca t bo ATM l 53 byte. N c phn chia thnh mo
u 5 byte v ng bao trng tin 48 byte (hnh 1.73(a). Chc nng ch
yu ca mo u t bo l nhn dng cc t bo thuc v cng mt knh
o (trong s cc t bo ATM) hin din trong mt lung thng tin
ATDM.
l chc nng do VPI (phn t nhn dng ng o) v VCI (phn t
nhn dng knh o) ch r trong (b) v (c) ca hnh 1.73.
(a) Cu trc ca t bo
(b) Cu trc u trong UNI
(c) Cu trc u trong NNI
Hnh 1.73 Cu trc ca t bo ATM
ng thi, ng o c ngha l mt b cc knh o cng s dng chung
cc ng no v mo u t bo cng c phn loi thnh loi
trng tin (PT) v ch th thm quyn mt t bo v cung cp kh nng
iu khin sa sai ca mo u. N cn cung cp thm chc nng iu
khin lung chung cho mo u t bo trong giao din UNI.
1.7.8. Cu trc chc nng ca BISDN
M hnh cu trc chc nng chung ca ISDN bng rng v c bn ging
nh ISDN bng hp. C ngha l v mt cu hnh tiu chun, nhm chc
nng v im gc, c hai cu trc l nh nhau. N ch ra rng B-ISDN
c hnh thnh trn c s khi nim ca ISDN. M hnh cu trc c bn
ca B-ISDN nh c trnh by trong hnh 1.74. Cu trc ca ISDN bng
rng bao gm kh nng mc cao v kh nng mc thp.
Kh nng mc cao l chc nng lin quan n thit b u cui (TE) v
kh nng mc thp bao gm kh nng ISDN bng hp da trn kh nng
bng rng, 64 bit/s, v kh nng bo hiu lin tng i.
Hnh 1.74. M hnh cu trc c bn ca B-ISDN
Cu hnh tiu chun ca B-ISDN c trnh by trong hnh 1.75
Hnh 1.75. Cu hnh tiu chun ca B-ISDN
im gc l Sb v Tb, nhm chc nng bao gm B-TE1, B-TE2 v B-
TA, B-NT1, B-NT2. Trong hnh 1.75, cc thit b u cui (B-TE) c
cha B-TE1, B-TE2 v B-TA. Cng nh vy, B-NT2 v B-NT1 tng
ng nm trong mng B-IDN dnh ring v B-ISDN cng cng. ch th
im gc v nhm chc nng ca mnh, B c ngha l B-ISDN.
1.7.9. M hnh chun ca giao thc
M hnh chun giao thc (PRM) ca B-ISDN c hnh thnh t mt
bng qun l, mt bng iu khin, v mt bng khch hng nh c
trnh by trong hnh 1.76. Chc nng ca mt bng qun l c phn
chia thnh : qun l mt bng v qun l lp.
Hnh 1.76. Cu hnh chun ca B-ISDN
Qun l mt bng trong mt bng qun l ca PRM ca B-ISDN c ngha
l qun l tng th ton h thng. Cng nh vy, qun l lp hm l
qun l ngun tim nng v khch hng lun bin i, v qun l thng
tin OAM. Ngoi ra, trn mt bng iu khin, thng tin iu khin cuc
gi v iu khin kt ni s c qun l. Trn mt bng khch hng,
thng tin v khch hng c gim st. Cc giao thc ca mt bng iu
khin v mt bng khch hng c phn loi thnh lp mc cao, lp
ng dng ATM (AAL), cng lp ATM v lp vt l. Chc nng ca mi
lp nh trong bng 1.18.
Lp Lp con Chc nng
Lp mc cao Chc nng hi t
Lp ng dng Hi t Chc nng hi t

Phn on v
lp rp li
Chc nng phn on v chc nng lp rp li
Lp ATM AAL
Chc nng iu khin dng chung
Chc nng to ra v hu b mo u t bo
Chc nng thng dch VPI/NCI ca t bo
Chc nng ghp knh v tch knh cho t bo
Lp vt l
Hi t truyn
dn
Chc nng phn chia tc t bo
Chc nng to ra v khngdnh tn hiu HEC
Chc nng nhn dng t bo
Chc nng to ra v khi phc dn

Mi trng vt
l
Chc nng thng tin thi gian bit
Chc nng lin quan n mi trng vt l
Bng 1.18. Chc nng ca mi lp trong PRM ca B-ISDN
Lp AAL c hnh thnh t lp con hi t (CS), lp con phn on v
lp rp li (SAR). CS bin i thng tin dch v khch hng ca lp mc
cao thnh khi s liu giao thc (PDU) v SAR to nn phn thng tin
khch hng ca t bo ATM bng vic ngn chn PDU.
Lp ATM iu khin kt ni v dng thng tin trong UNI bng vic s
dng on GFC. Cng nh vy, n kt ni VPI/VCI vi cc im truy
nhp dch v sau khi thng dch v ghp knh/tch knh cho cc t bo.
Bn cnh , n x l cc on PT hoc CLP v thc hin chc nng l
to ra v hu b mo u t bo ATM.
Lp vt l bao gm lp con hi t truyn dn v lp con mi trng vt
l. Chc nng ca lp con hi t truyn dn bao gm vic phn chia tc
t bo, to ra v xc nhn byte sa sai u , pht hin im bin gii
t bo. Ngoi ra, trong trng hp pht theo phn cp s ng b n thc
hin chc nng to ra v khng nh khung truyn dn. Lp con mi
trng vt l c ngha l bc truyn dn cui cng qua cp si quang
hoc cp ng trc.
1.7.10. Giao din khch hng - mng ca B-ISDN
Cu hnh ca giao din khch hng - mng (UNI) ca B-ISDN c trnh
by trong hnh 1.77, trong trng hp ch th n bng vic s dng cc
im chc nng Tb, Sb v R v cc nhm chc nng B-NT1, B-NT2, B-
TE1, B-TE2, v B-TA. Trong hnh ny, cc trng hp (a), (b), (c), (d),
(e), (f), (i), (j) c cu hnh ging nh cu hnh trong ISDN. Cng nh
vy, cc trng hp (g), (h) ch cho thy rng B-NT c th dung cp cc
im gc S v Sb mt cch ng thi.
Cu hnh vt lca UNI kt ni im c trnh by trong hnh
1.78. Trong hnh ny, (a) ch th cu hnh chung ca loi tp trung ho,
cn (b) ch th cu hnh chung ca loi phn b. Cng nh vy, (c), (d),
(e) ch th ln lt cu trc bus hnh sao, cu trc bus v cu trc vng
ca loi phn b. MA trong hnh ny l b phi hp phng tin, cn W
ch ra im kt ni gia cc MA vi nhau. Ngoi ra, TE* ch th TE to ra
cu trc kiu bus v SSB ch th im kt ni gia cc TE* ny. MA l
thit b v B l im gc u thuc loi phi tiu chun. B-NT1 thc hin
chc nng ca lp 1, chng hn nh im cui ng dy truyn dn, x
l phi ghp truyn dn, vn hnh v bo dng. B-NT2 thc hin chc
nng ca lp 1 v lp c mc cao v n c th c cu hnh theo
phng php tp trung hoc phng php phn b. Cc chc nng lin
quan n B-NT2 l b phi hp phng tin (MA), tm kim bin gii t
bo, tp trung ho, nh m. ghp knh, tch knh, gn ngun, x l phi
ghp chc nng AAL v bo hiu, x l giao thc bo hiu v chuyn
mch kt ni bn trong. B-TE thc hin truyn thng gia khch hng -
vi - khch hng v gia khch hng - vi - my, kt cui phi ghp, x
l giao thc bo hiu, x l ni kt trn cc thit b khc, trn lp 1 v
lp c mc cao hn, k c OAM.
(a), (b) Trng hp giao din vt l l Sb, v Tb
(c), (d) Trng hp giao din vt l l Sb
(e), (f) Trng hp giao din vt l l Tb
(g), (h) Trng hp S, Sb, Tb l ng tn ti
(i), (j) Trng hp Sb, v Tb l ng nht
Hnh 1.77. Cu hnh vt l c bn ca UNI
(a) Cu hnh chung ca loi B-NT2 tp trung ho (Cu trc hnh sao)
(b) Cu hnh chung ca loi B-NT2 phn b
(c) Cu trc bus hnh sao
(d) Cu trc bus
(e) Cu trc vng
Hnh 1.78. Cu trc tng quan v vt l cho phng tin dng chung.
1.7.11 Giao din mng ca B-ISDN
Nu cn nhc rng BISDN l mng chuyn ti ca ATM, th c th a ra
khi nim phn lp ca mng. C ngha l, mng chuyn ti c phn
lp thnh mng lp ATM v mng lp vt l. Mng lp ATM li c
chia nh thnh lp con ca knh o v lp con ca ng o.
im cui ca lp con tng ng
im ni kt ca lp con tng ng
Hnh 1.79. Mi quan h gia cc mng phn lp ca B-ISDN
Cng nh vy, mng ca lp vt l c chia nh thnh lp con ca
ng truyn dn, lp con ca on digital v lp con ca on ti to.
Khi nim cc mng phn lp ny u c p dng trong trng hp
mng da trn t bo hoc mng da trn SDH. Mi quan h gia cc lp
mng ca B-ISDN c trnh by trn hnh 1.79. Trong lp con ca knh
o c cung cp kt ni knh o (VCC - Virtual Channel Connection)
chuyn giao thng tin gia khch hng - khch hng gia khch hng -
mng v gia mng - mng. Do vy VCC c thit lp gia cc im
chun Tb hoc Sb v cc t bo lin quan n cng mt kt ni VCC s
c chuyn giao qua cng mt knh.
Trong lp con ca ng o c cung cp ni kt ng o (VPC - Virtual
Path Connection) chuyn giao thng tin gia khch hng - khch hng,
gia khch hng - mng v gia mng - mng. Do vy, VPC c cu
hnh nh kt ni lin tc ca cc knh kt ni VP, cn VPC, gia khch
hng - khch hng c thit lp gia cc im chun Tb hoc Sb. Ngoi
ra, cc t bo lin quan n cng mt VPC s c chuyn giao trn cng
mt ng.
Mng ca lp vt l l mt mng truyn dn ng b, c kt hp vi
mng ca lp phng tin truyn dn: c ngha l lp con ca ng
truyn dn chnh l ng VC-4 trong trng hp phn lp da trn
SDH; lp con ca on digital v lp con ca on ti to tng ng l
on ghp knh v on ti to.
2. THNG TIN V TUYN
2.1 NN TNG CA THNG TIN V TUYN
Thng tin v tuyn s dng khong khng gian lm mi trng truyn
dn. Phng php thng tin l: pha pht bc x cc tn hiu thng tin
bng sng in t, pha thu nhn sng in t pha pht qua khng gian
v tch ly tn hiu gc. V lch s ca thng tin v tuyn, vo u th k
ny Marconi thnh cng trong vic lin lc v tuyn qua i Ty dng,
Kenelly v Heaviside pht hin mt yu t l tng in ly hin din
tng pha trn ca kh quyn c th dng lm vt phn x sng in t.
Nhng yu t m ra mt k nguyn thng tin v tuyn cao tn i
quy m. Gn 40 nm sau Marconi, thng tin v tuyn cao tn l phng
thc thng tin v tuyn duy nht s dng phn x ca tng i lu, nhng
n hu nh khng p ng ni nhu cu thng tin ngy cng gia tng.
Chin tranh Th gii ln th hai l mt bc ngot trong thng tin v
tuyn. Thng tin tm nhn thng - lnh vc thng tin s dng bng tn s
cc cao (VHF) v c nghin cu lin tc sau chin tranh th gii -
tr thnh hin thc nh s pht trin cc linh kin in t dng cho
HF v UHF, ch yu l pht trin ngnh Raa. Vi s gia tng khng
ngng ca lu lng truyn thng, tn s ca thng tin v tuyn vn
ti cc bng tn siu cao (SHF) v cc cao (EHF). Vo nhng nm 1960,
phng php chuyn tip qua v tinh c thc hin v phng php
chuyn tip bng tn x qua tng i lu ca kh quyn xut hin. Do
nhng c tnh u vit ca mnh, chng hn nh dung lng ln, phm vi
thu rng, hiu qu kinh t cao, thng tin v tuyn c s dng rt rng
ri trong pht thanh truyn hnh qung b, v tuyn o hng, hng
khng, qun s, quan st kh tng, lin lc sng ngn nghip d, thng
tin v tinh - v tr v.v... Tuy nhin, can nhiu vi lnh vc thng tin khc
l iu khng trnh khi, bi v thng tin v tuyn s dng chung phn
khng gian lm mi trng truyn dn.
i ph vi vn ny, mt lot cc cuc Hi ngh v tuyn Quc t
c t chc t nm 1906. Tn s v tuyn hin nay c n nh
theo "Quy ch thng tin v tuyn (RR) ti Hi ngh ITU Geneva nm
1959. Sau ln lt l Hi ngh v phn b li di tn s sng ngn
s dng vo nm 1967, Hi ngh v b sung quy ch tn s v tuyn cho
thng tin v tr vo nm 1971, v Hi ngh v phn b li tn s v tuyn
ca thng tin di ng hng hi cho mc ch kinh doanh vo nm 1974.
Ti Hi ngh ca ITU nm 1979, di tn s v tuyn phn b c m
rng ti 9kHz - 400 Ghz v xem xt li v b sung cho Quy ch thng
tin v tuyn in (RR). gim bt can nhiu ca thng tin v tuyn,
ITU tip tc nghin cu nhng vn sau y b sung vo s sp xp
chnh xc khong cch gia cc sng mang trong Quy ch thng tin v
tuyn:
- Dng cch che chn thch hp trong khi la chn trm.
- Ci thin hng tnh ca anten
- Nhn dng bng sng phn cc cho.
- Tng cng ghp knh.
- Chp nhn s dng phng php iu ch chng li can nhiu.
2.2 CC C TNH CA SNG V TUYN
Tn s s dng cho sng in t nh vai tr sng mng trong thng tin
v tuyn c gi ring l "tn s v tuyn" (RF). Tn s ny chim mt
di rt rng t VLF (tn s cc thp) ti sng milimt. Khng th l gii
y sng v tuyn theo l thuyt, bi v n khng ch b nh hng
bi tng i lu v tng in ly m cn bi cc thin th, k c mt tri.
Do vy, vic nh gi cc trng thi ca cc hnh tinh, ca tng i lu
v in ly v vic d bo ng truyn sng v tuyn cng nh kh nng
lin lc da trn nhiu d liu trong qu kh l ht sc quan trng. Phn
sau y ca chng trnh ny s gip bn c hiu c c ch truyn
sng v tuyn theo tn s thng tin v tuyn cng nhng vn khc,
lin quan n sng v tuyn.
2.2.1 Phn loi tn s v tuyn
Trong thng tin v tuyn, c ch truyn sng v tuyn v vic s dng
thit b truyn thng ph thuc vo tn s v tuyn s dng. Bng 2.1
trnh by bng tn s v tuyn c phn loi theo tiu chun quc t
hin hnh v theo c ch v phng thc s dng sng v tuyn.
Bng 2.1. Phn loi, c ch v s dng sng v tuyn
Tn s Phn loi
bng tn
C ch
truyn
sng v
tuyn
C ly thng tin v lnh vc s
dng
3KHz~30 KHz VLF Sng t-
in ly
Thng tin o hng qun s
khp th gii
30KHz~300KHz LF Sng t 1500Km o hng v tuyn
300KHz~3MHz MF Sng t
(C ly
ngn)
Sng
tri
(C ly
di)
Pht thanh c nh
Hng khng, o hng,
lin lc nghip d
3MHz~30MHz HF Sng tri 3~6MHz : Thng tin lin tc
a
6~30Mhz : Thng tin di
ng
Thng tin kinh doanh
v nghip d, dn s quc
t
30MHz~300MHz VHF Sng tri
Sng
i
lu
Thng tin trc thi, VHF, FM
a thng tin
300MHz~3GHz UHF Sng tri
Sng
i
lu
Raar, a thng tin
Thng tin di ng
3GHz~30GHz SHF, Viba Sng tri Thng tin v tinh, thng tin c
nh,
Raar
30GHz~300GH EHF,
Milimeter
Sng tri Thng tin cho tng lai
2.2.2 ng truyn lan sng v tuyn
Sng v tuyn khng truyn lan theo dng l tng khi chng trong
khng gian do nh hng ca mt t v tng i lu. Hnh 2.1 m t
ng truyn sng gia cc u pht T v u thu R v ch cho thy cn
c sng phn x t b mt t t ti trm thu, ngoi sng trc tip
theo ng thng.
(a) Trong tm trc thi
(b) Ngoi tm trc thi
Hnh 2.1. ng i ca Sng v tuyn
Khi khong cch gia trm pht v trm thu xa nhau hn, thng tin
bng sng i thng tr nn khng th c do cong ca b mt tri
t nh trnh by trong hnh 2.1(b) nhng vn c th c sng v
tuyn truyn lan xung mt t do c sng b mt v sng tri, nh
hin tng khc x (hnh 2.2). Ni chung, sng b mt, sng trc tip
v sng phn x, tr sng tri, u c gi l sng t. Sng tri l
sng in t b thay i hnh trnh ca mnh ti tng in ly v quay
tr v tri t; tng in ly l ni hi t ca v s in tch, nh hnh
ti cao 100-400Km. Ngoi sng b mt v sng tri cn c sng
tn x - l phn x do nhng s bin i mnh lit ca tng i lu
v in ly hoc do sng in t va chm vi cc vt cht, chng hn
nh cc sao bng, v b tn x ri t ti u thu. Sng tn x
c s dng trong phng php chuyn tip qua tn x i lu.
Hnh 2.2. Hnh trnh ca sng v tuyn i qua ng chn tri
1. S lan truyn ca bng tn s thp
S lan truyn ca bng tn s thp l nh vo sng t. N c thc
hin nh nhiu x sng in t. Do nhiu x t l nghch vi bc
sng cho nn tn s s dng cng cao, sng t cng yu ( truyn lan
tn s thp). Hin tng nhiu x c mi tng quan cht ch vi dn
in v hng s in mi ca t trong ng lan truyn. V c ly truyn
sng trn mt bin di hn so vi mt t cho nn tn s thp c s
dng rng ri trong thng tin v tuyn o hng. Trong trng hp tn s
cc thp, bc sng ln hn nhiu so vi chiu cao t b mt tri t ln
ti tng in ly. Cho nn, mt t v tng in ly ng vai tr nh hai bc
tng. N c gi l ch ng dn sng mt t - in ly m nh n,
c th thng tin ti ton th gii. Bng tn s cc thp c s dng ch
yu cho thng tin hng hi v thng tin o hng.
2. S truyn lan ca bng tn s cao
Thng tin c ly xa bng bng tn s cao c thc hin nh s phn x
ca sng tri trn tng in ly. Trong phng thc thng tin ny, mt
thu sng tri ph thuc vo tn s v tuyn v trng thi ca tng in ly,
trng thi ny thay i theo thi gian, theo ngy, theo ma v theo iu
kin thi tit. Cho nn vic d bo trng thi ca tng in ly l v cng
quan trng i vi thng tin lin lc s dng sng tri.
(1) Tng in ly
Tng in ly hnh thnh ti cao 100Km - 400Km l do kt qu ca
vic ion ho trng thi ca tng i lu bng cc tia cc tm v tia X do
mt tri bc x. Tng in ly c phn chia thnh mt vi lp c gi tr
mt in t cc i. Mi tng c phn chia thnh cc lp D, E, F
theo cao ca n. Lp F li c phn chia thnh lp F1, F2. Hnh 2.3
trnh by mt tnh theo cao ca cc lp ion in hnh.
Hnh 2.3. Mt in t /ion ca tng in ly - theo cao
(2) Truyn sng trong lp Ion
Trong khi tng in ly c th xem nh mt tm dn in phng trong vic
truyn lan cc tn s thp th lp ion ho ging nh mt tm in mi
khng l m h s khc x ca n bin i lin tc, v s bin i ca mt
ion theo bc sng l khng ng k trong bng tn s cao (bc sng
ngn hn). H s khc x hiu dng c xc nh nh sau:
Trong cng thc ny, N biu th cho s lng ion trong trng thi cc
in t t do hoc plasma, trn m3. Hnh 2.4 trnh by ng i ca sng
v tuyn trong tng in ly. Gc ti q i i c xc nh theo cng thc
sau:
Trong chiu ti thng ng (q i = 0), nu gi tr cc i ca mt in
t trong tng in ly l Nm, th tn s cc i phn x ti im ny l q
Nm, gi l tn s cc tr cho tng in ly ny.
Hnh 2.4.- C ch phn x ca tng in ly
Nu tn s cc tr cho bit trc th tn s ln nht c phn x i vi
gc kch thch c th c quyt nh. Tn s ny gi l Tn s kh dng
Cc i (MUF) v c biu th bng MUF = f.sec q i . Hnh trnh v
tuyn ca MUF l khong cch ti a m sng tri c th t ti v c
gi l khong nhy. Vng m c sng trc tip ln sng khng gian u
khng t ti c gi l vng nhy. Khi sng v tuyn i xuyn qua
tng in ly th n s b suy gim v va chm vi cc phn t. iu ny
ch yu xy ra lp D c mt in t cao hn so vi trong lp E v F.
suy hao t l thun vi 1/f2, do vy , v mt cht lng thng tin, iu
ng mong mun l chn c tn s cao nht c s dng nh sng
khng gian.
Bng vic nghin cu s bin i ca MUF theo ngy v theo thi gian,
ngi ta thng s dng tn s thp hn khong 15% so vi gi tr d
kin trung bnh ca MUF trong thng tin bng sng tri. Tn s thp hn
ny c gi l tn s lm vic ti u (OWF). OWF thp hn MUF trong
khong 90% t l chim thi gian.
3) Truyn sng ca VHF v UHF.
Tr mt vi trng hp c bit, gii hn trn m sng khng gian truyn
lan c l 30 MHz . Sng khng gian c s dng cho cc tn hiu ln
hn VHF. S thay i h s khc x theo cao ca kh quyn gy nh
hng n sng khng gian. Kh quyn tiu chun l mt kh quyn l
tng c mt t l bin i h s khc x theo cao mt cch u n,
bi v n c mt h s thay i c nh ca p sut kh quyn theo cao,
nhit v m. ITU-R quy nh ch s khc x ca kh quyn tiu
chun theo cao h Km nh sau:
V c s bin i h s khc x mt cch lin tc, cho nn ng i thc
t ca sng khng gian l khc vi ng trc tip (thng). b li s
khc nhau ny, c ly thng tin cc i thc t c tnh ton theo ng
trc tip da trn quy nh bn knh hiu qu ca tri t KR (K=4/3
trong kh quyn tiu chun) (tham kho Hnh 2.5).
a) iu kin thc t
b) iu kin tng ng ca bn knh tri t c tnh bng KR
(4=4/3)
Hnh 2.5. Khc x ca sng v tuyn trong kh quyn tiu chun
4) Sng tn x i lu.
Vic lan truyn cu sng v tuyn nh hiu ng tn x i lu ca khu
vc kh quyn rng ln trong tng i lu c dng cho bng tn trn
VHF. Phng php ny cho php thng tin lin lc c ly xa cc bng
tn VHF, UHF, v SHF v ph thuc rt nhiu vo thng tin trc thi
trc y. Phng php ny c nhiu u im ca thng tin bng rng v
ghp knh cng nh thng tin ng thi cho mt khu vc rng. Mt khc
n cng i hi cng sut pht ln v my thu c nhy cao.
2.5. H THNG THNG TIN DI NG
Gn y, thng tin di ng tr thnh mt ng dng trong lnh vc
thng tin v tuyn. S pht trin ca thng tin di ng c bt u bng
pht minh th nghim v sng in t ca Hertz v in bo v tuyn ca
Marconi v vo thi k u ca pht minh thng tin v tuyn, n c s
dng trong dch v vn ti an ton ng bin iu khin cc tu. i
vi thng tin v tuyn mt t, sau chin tranh th gii th nht, h thng
in thoi v tuyn di ng c lp t v khai thc trong ngnh cnh
st ca M. Trong dch v thng tin di ng hng khng - mt h thng
c khai thc cc di thng HF v VHF c thit lp kim sot
bay. Hin nay, h thng in thoi xe c t ng v h thng in thoi di
ng tu b c thit lp s dng trong thc t. Ngi ta s dng
chung b ti, in thoi khng y, di bng nghip d cc nhn
(CB_my b m... v cc dch v thng tin v tuyn di ng khc nhau
chng hn nh dch v v tinh hng hi, in thoi trn tu ho my bay
ang c cung cp. Tn s s dng ln n VHF v UHF v trong
tng lai khng xa tn s cn vi ba (quasi microwave) (1-2 GHz) cng s
c s dng. Trong mc ny, chng ta s xem xt cc dch v thng tin
di ng khc nhau, s pht trin ca chng trong tng lai, c bit,
thng tin di ng mt t s c cp n mt cch t m hn.
2.5.1 Cc loi v cc c tnh ca thng tin di ng mt t.
1/ Thng tin di ng mt t.
Thng tin di ng mt t thng c phn nhm thnh h thng cng
cng v dng ring... H thng cng cng c ngha l h thng thng tin
c th truy nhp ti mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng (PPTN) - c
in thoi xe c, in thoi khng dp, chung b ti... Trong h thng
dng ring c 2 loi h thng. H thng th nht l h thng dch v cng
cng chng hn nh cnh st, cu ho, cp cu, in lc v giao thng.
H thng th hai l dng cho cc c nhn hay cc cng ty. y, ngoi
dch v kinh doanh s dng sng v tuyn dnh ring, cn c h thng
MCA h thng kinh t trung nhp a knh, s dng cc knh v tuyn
trong thng tin v tuyn ni b cng ty v c nhn chng hn nh my b
m v v tuyn nghip d. Ngoi nhng dch v k trn cn c cc dch
v thng tin di ng mt t khc mi xut hin nh chung b ti c
mn hin hnh, u cui xa... Cc c tnh ca thng tin di ng c
trnh by trong bng 2.2.
Bng 2.2 Cc c tnh ca cc dch v thng tin di ng mt t.
H thng cng cng H thng dnh ring
m thanh D liu m thanh D liu

in thoi
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2/ Thng tin di ng hng hi
Thng tin di ng hng hi c phn thnh h thng thng tin tu
thuyn gia trm gc cng v tu i dc theo b bin v h thng thng
tin v tinh hng hi n vi cc tu ngoi khi xa.
Thng tin in thoi tu thuyn c pht trin t in bo v tuyn s
dng bng sng ngn trung bnh, cn h thng in thoi tu b thc s,
s dng bng tn VHF l h thng in thoi tu b ca Great Lakes
M nm 1952. Chu u, knh thng tin hai hng m rng c pht
trin theo cc kiu ca M. Cc nc vng bin Bc bt u khai thc
h thng ny nm 1956, nhng h thng ny thuc kiu truy nhp khai
thc nhn cng vi bng tn 150 MHz.
Sau , ITU-R khuyn ngh kiu truy nhp t ng v by gi h
thng 450 MHz NMT c khai thc pha Bc v kiu t ng bng tn
250 MHz c s dng Nht.
Trong thi k u ca thng tin v tinh hng hi, h thng MARISATA
c khai thc nh l mt h thng ni b cng ty v theo
INMARSAT c thit lp v khai thc vo nm 1979 v rt nhiu dch
v nh in thoi, telex, d liu, v cu h hng hi c cung cp.
H thng gii php tng th GMDSS (H thng cu nn v an ton hng
hi ton cu ang c pht trin v s c s dng.
3/ Thng tin di ng hng khng.
Trong thng tin di ng hng khng c dch v in thoi v tuyn sn
bay kim sot bay v h thng in thoi cng cng hng khng cho
hnh khch. Dch v in thoi cng cng hng khng kiu thng tin trc
tip gia i mt t v my bay - c s dng mt phn M, Nht v
mt s nc khc. Cc kiu ch yu ca n l ARINC v Airfone - l
nhng kiu c pht trin M. Bng tn l 800 - 900 MHz - dng
chung vi bng tn ca thng tin di ng mt t. iu ch y l SSB.
V truy nhp cuc gi, loi th nht l chuyn vng thng tin v loi sau
l kiu vng thng tin ph thuc.
Theo s pht trin ca k thut thng tin v tinh di ng hng khng
ang c xc tin mt cch tch cc vic s dng dch v in thoi
cng cng hng khng thc s s c m rng cho cc ng bay quc
t sau nhng nm 1990.
2.5.2 Cu hnh ca h thng thong tin di ng
Cu hnh ca h thng thng tin di ng c th khc nhau tu theo cc
dng dch v v thng bao gm tng i chuyn mch in thoi di
ng, trm gc di ng v cc u cui in thoi v tuyn. Cc mng c
bn tiu biu ca cc h thng in thoi xe c v tu b c m t
trong hnh 2.32.
Trong , vng bao ph ca mt trm gc l mt vng th nhiu vng to
nn mt trm chuyn mch v bin gii vo mt trm chuyn mch c
th x l s l mt vng lu lng... Ton b vng phc v c hnh
thnh bi vng lu lng ny.
Hnh 2.32 Cu hnh ca h thng vin thng xe c v tu b
1/ Trm chuyn mch vin thng.
Trm chuyn mch lin kt mng thng tin di ng vi PSTN v h
thng chuyn mch trm chuyn mch l dng t ng v iu khin
theo chng trnh lu tr. Cc chc nng chnh ca n l u ni cc thu
bao di ng vi nhau v vi cc thu bao ca PSTN. V vy MTX cn
phi c cc chc nng khc vi h thng chuyn mch PSTN, chng hn
nh chuyn vng tm kim v tr v ng k.
Chuyn vng ngha l trong qu trnh cui gi, nu my di ng di
chuyn khi vng phc v ca mt khu vc c th th h thng s chuyn
cuc gi ny sang mt knh tn s mi mt khu vc t bo mi m
khng lm gin on cuc gi. iu ny c thc hin bng mt h
thng tnh ton phc tp, mt h thng nhy cm v iu khin chnh xc.
Phng php chung y l bng vic gim st cht lng tn hiu (mc)
ca tng knh thu c t cc trm gc khc, khi cht lng tn hiu bt
u gim di mc quy nh th khu vc t bo hin ti s chuyn tn
hiu bo ng cho trm chuyn mch sau trm chuyn mch s yu
cu o cht lng tn hiu ca knh i ti trm gc bin cnh xc nh
xem vng no x l cuc gi v sau da vo kt qu ny chn ra vng
ti u. Vic ng k n v l khi thu bao di ng dch chuyn t nh
n vng lu lng khc, trm nh s lm cho trm dch chuyn pht
hin ra thu bao di ng v h thng nh s lu tr li cc thng tin
ng k u ni cuc gi. V trm chuyn mch cn phi c chc
nng l tt c cc thng tin dch v khc c lu tr trong h thng
chuyn mch u ni cc thu bao di ng vi nhau v cc thu bao
PSTN.
2/ Trm gc.
Trm gc dng ni trm chuyn mch vin thng di ng v mng di
ng v n bao gm thit b thu pht, ngten v thit b iu khin. Chc
nng chnh ca n l iu khin v qun l vng c phn nh bng
cch chuyn cc tn hiu gi n/gi i gn knh, gim st knh v t
chn sai. gim ti thiu can nhiu ca cc vng bn cnh th cc yu
t nh phn b tn s v phn b m vng rt quan trng. Nhng iu
ny c nhc n trong phn h thng in thoi di ng.
3/ My di ng ca in thoi v tuyn.
My t ng ngha l thit b thng tin c trang b di ng nh l xe
c, tu b, my bay v chng bao gm in thoi cm tay, chung b ti
v in thoi v tuyn xch tay.
2.5.3 Phng php truy nhp knh
Trong thng tin di ng, cn phi iu tit cng nhiu ngi s dng
cng tt trn cc ngun tn s gii hn. Truy nhp knh c phn loi
thnh kiu chim dng knh v phn chia knh. Kiu chim dng knh l
truy nhp tt i vi thng tin lin tc nh in thoi. C a truy nhp
phn chia theo tn s trong h thng t bo tng t, a truy nhp phn
chia theo thi gian s dng trong h thng t bo s, v a truy nhp
phn chia theo m.
Kiu chia knh c gi l truy nhp ngu nhin v n cho php c va
chm v ngi s dng c th chuyn mt cch c lp tn hiu gc mt
cch ngu nhin. C cc loi truy nhp ALOHA, ICMA (a truy nhp
chuyn tn hiu ri) v CSMA (a truy nhp nhy cm sng mang).
Trong h thng t bo, khi my di ng tin hnh cuc gi v chuyn tn
hiu iu khin yu cu knh ti trm gc th truy nhp ngu nhin
c s dng.
1/ FDMA,/TDMA/CDMA
(Hnh 2.3.3) miu t FDMA, TDMA v CDMA s dng thi gian v tn
s nh th no v thit b thu pht ca chng c cu to nh th no.
FDMA, khi yu cu mt cuc gi th mt knh a v tuyn c ch
nh. Trong TDMA th knh v tuyn c chia li theo nhng khe thi
gian tun hon v khi yu cu mt cuc gi th n s ch nh khe no ca
mt knh v tuyn no s c s dng.
Hnh 2.33. So snh v tn s, thi gian v cu hnh thu pht ca
FDMA, TDMA v CDMA
Trong cc kiu truy nhp ny th khng c va chm bi v mi mt knh
v tuyn v mt khe b him bi mt trm v tuyn.
Mt khc i vi CDMA th knh v tuyn bng rng c nhiu ngi
s dng chung, nhng mi ngi s dng th tin hnh thng tin nhn
dng m bng cch s dng m khuych tn trong trc giao.
<Hnh 2.34> Miu t s khi my thu pht trm gc. Trong FDMA
v CDMA th s my thu pht di ng ging nh trm gc nh c
trnh by hnh 2.33(b). Trong TDMA th trm di ng cn phi c chc
nng pht v thu tn hiu theo khe thi gian c gn bi v n khng c
cha chc nng a phn chia. Trong FDMA v TDMA. to ra tn s
knh bng hp c gc th phi s dng b tng hp nh c trnh by
trong phn (a), (b) ca hnh 2.34.
Hnh 2.34 Cu hnh ca h thng thu pht (trm gc)
Mt khc trong CDMA th sng c iu ch th nht ca s liu
pht c iu ch trc giao th hai bng m khuych tn. T l di
thng gia sng iu ch ln th hai v sng iu ch ln th nht gi l
hiu qu khuych tn. Nu khuych tn ngc bng m khuych tn ny
th chng ta li nhn c sng iu ch ln th nht.
Ngc li vi trng hp FDMA v TDMA trong tn hiu l trc giao
trong tng min tn s v tng min thi gian, trnh s va chm, cc
tn hiu gc ca khch hng trong CDMA im c trng ca n l tn
hiu c trc giao ho min m.
2/ Truy nhp ngu nhin.
Trong trng hp truyn thng gi m yu cu thng tin l ngu nhin v
kh nng to nhm cao, mc d mt knh v tuyn c dng chung cho
nhiu ngi s dng nhng xc sut va chm thp. Bng cch s dng
truyn thng gc theo thng k ny, vic truy nhp thc hin ghp
knh c gi l a trung nhp thng k.
Truy nhp ngu nhin n gin nht l ALOHA. T mi khi gc thng
tin cn pht c to ra my di ng gi gc thng tin ny ti trm gc.
Khi c xut hin li trong gc thng tin ny ti trm gc. Khi c xut
hin li trong gc thng tin thu c do va chm th trm gc yu cu
pht tr li cho my di ng. Chng ICMA pht hin c khi no ng
thng n trm gc khng b chim (ch c my di ng no pht, v khi
no ng thng n trm gc ang c s dng (mt my di ng
ang pht) v trnh c va chm trong knh v tuyn t trm gc xung
(t trm gc n my di ng).
3/ FDMA
Phng php n gin nht v truy nhp knh l a truy nhp phn chia
tn s. FDMA l th hin knh bng hp m n gin l bt k u cui
no cng c mt ng in thoi theo mi knh m n c th truy nhp
ti bt k tn s no. i khi h thng ny cn c gi l mi knh trn
mt sng mang. Phn chia tn s y l mi my di ng c th s
dng mt ng c to ra bng cch ny (xem hnh 2.35). a truy
nhp phn chia tn s c ngha l nhiu khch hng c th s dng di tn
c gn cho h m khng b trng nh vic chia ph tn ra thnh
nhiu on.
Ghp knh phn chia tn s l: tn hiu cn c pht ti mt s khch
hng t mt my pht s c pht i bng cch phn chia cc bng tn
v my thu s chn thng tin thuc bng tn ca n. FDMA l pht tn
hiu ti mt s my thu. Do vy, nu s dng FDMA trong h thng t
bo th FDMA phi l knh nghch (backward channal) FDM l knh
thun (Forward channel). N c gi l FDM/FDMA.
Hnh 2.35 (trunked). 1 mch trn mt mch RF
Nhng u im ca a truy nhp phn chia tn s l mt trong nhng vn
kh khn trong vic thc hin h thng t bo s l s khuych tn
tr do thi gian n b tr ca sng a ng trong knh t bo, n gy ra
nhiu k hiu (ISI - Intersymbol Interference) v i khi lm gim ch
tiu ca h thng t bo. V vy, i ph vi ISI, cn phi s dng b
cn bng song i khi rt kh thc hin. Tuy nhin nu chu k k hiu
ca d liu s cng ln - tc l rng bng tn ca knh cng nh th
ISI cng khng b nh hng ca khuych tn tr thng xuyn. Tng
ng, chng ta bit l FDMA khng cn n b cn bng trong knh t
bo bi v chu k ca d liu s ln hn a truy nhp phn chia thi gian.
V trong FDMA, khng cn n ng b mng ban u v vic hi phc
nh thi bit hay ng b khung rt d dng v phn cng n gin trong
vic thc hin modem. Nhng yu im ca a truy nhp phn chia tn
s l: Cn c b lc, b song cng (duplexer) - l b phn chia tn hiu
gi i v gi n ca u cui thng qua ngten khi thc hin u cui t
bo. Thng thng, do chnh lch v cng sut in gia u vo v u
ra qua ngten l ln hn 100dB nn rt kh phn chia tn hiu. V vy, b
song cng m hin nay ang dng kh thc hin chc nng ny v m
lng ln. V vy, chng ta phi a tn tht xen 3dB vo khi b song
cng cho tn hiu i qua. Nhiu cng knh l mt vn na c th pht
sinh do vic phn chia nh ph tn s v do cn c bng tn bo v
gia cc knh ti thiu ho nhiu ny.
4/ TDMA
Thng tin di ng s Chu u (GSM), Chu M (ADC) v Nht
(JDC) thng chp nhn s dng TDMA. S theo khi nim ca
TDMA c trnh by trong (Hnh 2.36). Trong thng tin di ng
TDMA, trm gc pht tn hiu TDM n my di ng trong t bo. My
di ng nhn mt khe thi gian ca mnh trong s cc tn hiu TDM v
gi tn hiu khi v trm gc mt cch tun t.
Cc s my di ng lin lc vi cc trm gc mt cch ng thi theo
mt knh v tuyn. Di y, chng ta miu t cc c tnh k thut ca
thng tin di ng TDMA.
Hnh 2.36 S khi nim ca thng tin di ng TDMA
(1) nh thi pht v thu
Hnh 2.37 Ch r vic nh thi pht v thu ti trm gc v ch nh
thi ti my di ng trong trng hp ba knh TDMA, chu k pht, thu,
trng c lp i lp li trong my di ng. Do vic nh pht v thu
khng trng nhau nn khng cn n b lc chn la thu pht trong my
di ng. Khong thi gian trng c s dng o mc thu ca cc
trm gc ln cn.
Hnh 2.37 nh thi pht thu trm gc
2/ Cu hnh ca khung
Cu hnh ca khung c trnh by trong (Hnh 2.38). Nhm ca tuyn
ln (t my di ng n trm gc) bao gm phn mo u, t m ng b
d liu iu khin, d liu ca ngi s dng v thi gian bo v. V
khung ca tuyn xung (t trm gc n my di ng) l tn hiu lin tc
nn khng cn thit phi c phn mo u v thi gian bo v. Phn mo
u l h thng m ca ng b sng mang v ng b ng h. Khi pht
hin tr th vic ti to sng mang l khng cn thit v m ng b sng
mang l m 1 bi v sng thu phi l sng chun pht hin bng cch
to ra thi gian tr m 1).
T m ng b ch r im bt u ca d liu iu khin v d liu
ngi s dng. D liu iu khin dng iu khin knh v tuyn
trong thng tin.
Hnh 2.38 Cu hnh ca khung
3/ iu chnh thi gian bo v v nh thi pht.
Khi mt my di ng gi chm tn hiu hng ln to nh thi cho
tn hiu TDMA hng xung, i khi chm ny b xung t bi v c ly
gia cc my di ng ti trm gc l khc nhau. Chng hn nh khi khe 1
c gn cho mt my di ng xa trm gc v my di ng gn nht
c gn khe 2 th phn cui ca tn hiu chm s va chm vi khe 2 bi
v chm tn hiu ca my di ng 1 n chm. iu ny nh c trnh
by trong hnh <hnh 2.38>, c th trnh c bng cch a vo s dng
thi gian bo v. Tnh hung m c th trnh c xung c trnh
by trong <Hnh 2.39>. Khi bn knh t bo l R th thi gian bo v (g)
in hnh l 2R/C (giy) trong C l vn tc nh sng. Khi R-3km th g
l 20s. Nu thi gian bo v qu di th hiu qu ca khung [( di ca
d liu iu khin + d liu ngi s dng) di khung] b gim.
Vic iu chnh ng thi pht l phng php iu chnh nh thi gian
pht ca my di ng theo c ly t trm gc nhn c tn hiu khi
ca tng my di ng m vic nh thi n c m t <Hnh 2.37>
vo khng gy ra xung t trm gc. Mc d hiu qu s dng khung
khng gim n vn cn phi o khong cch. N c chp nhn s dng
khi h thng c tc bt cao, ni khng th chp nhn gim hiu qu
khung d c thi gian bo v ging nh h thng t bo ln.
4/ Thu tn hiu nhm.
Tuy nhin, cc tn hiu nhm t cc my di ng khng xung t vi
nhau do iu khin nh thi pht v thi gian bo v v nh thi ng
h ca tn hiu nhm l nhp ng b. V vy, vic ti to li ng h
nhm ca mi my di ng l cn thit trm gc.
V tn hiu nhm c pht mt cch tun hon t my di ng trong
knh truyn thng cho nn vic ti to ng h m khng cn phi v
phn mo u c thc hin bng cch duy tr gia ca tn hiu ng h
c ti to cho n khi thu c tn hiu nhm tip theo v thc hin
phng thc ti to ng h thng thng khi nhn c tn hiu nhm.
Mt khc, knh iu khin chung l truy nhp ngu nhin v tn hiu
nhm c b sung phn mo u ti to ng h. khng lm gim
hiu qu khung th vic ng b ho ng h cn phi c chn vo 1
phn mo u ngn vi tc cao. N c th l ng b tc cao bng
cch ng b ho pha u tin ca ng h ti to vi tn hiu nhn c.
(5) Gim st mc thu trm gc bn cnh s iu khin chuyn vng
lm cho cuc gi c lin tc bng cch pht hin ra bo i dch
chuyn v chuyn t bo ny sang knh v tuyn khi my di ng ang
gi ti t bo di chuyn l mt k thut iu khin quan trng khi
cng trng ca tn hiu thu c ti trm gc b gim (trong h
thng t bo tng t) cc trm gc trong t bo bn cnh s o cng
tn hiu ca my di ng ngay lp tc. Cng tn hiu mnh nht ca
t bo trm gc c nhm vo t bo dch chuyn v knh v tuyn
ca trm gc ny c gn cho my di ng. Tuy nhin s pht hin t
bo dch chuyn ny c s dng trong FDMA. Nu s ngi s
dng tng ln th qu trnh iu khin chuyn vng s rt ln trm gc.
Trong TDMA ngoi khe pht v thu cn c mt khe trng. Nn n c
s dng th qu trnh iu khin ca trm gc s c n gin ho rt
nhiu bi v c th o cng tn hiu t trm gc gn v n c
nh gi l t bo dch chuyn.
5/ CDMA
Trc y rt lu, do nhng c tnh ca h thng thng tin tri ph l rt
mnh v mt chng nhiu v c li th cho thng tin b mt ng di,
cho nn n c s dng trong thng tin qun s. u nhng nm
1980 do cng ngh bn dn VLSI v nh s pht trin ca k thuyt
thng tin truy nhp phn chia theo mi trong n ghp knh bng
vic iu ch dy trc tip c thng mi ho trong cc h thng
thu GPS v Ommi-Tracs. Cng theo cch nh vy, CDMA ni ln nh
mt h thng thng tin di ng i knh t cui nhng nm 80.
Trong bi cnh ny trc ht, nguyn l c bn, c xut pht t l
thuyt ca Shannon, trong dung lng thng tin c th t rt ln theo
cng thc sau; mc du rng ca bng tn s dng (w) ln thay cho
vic t s tn hiu trn tp m (S/N) nh hn 1.
C = W log
2
(1+S/N) [bps] (2.40)
= 1.44W n(1+S/N)
Trong nu S/N nu 0,1 th C s l
C = 1.44 W (S/N) (2/41)
V vy, khi W>S/N th C c th ln v hn, nu nhiu ngi s dng pht
v thu da nhau theo mt m khc nhau th c th truy nhp la chn 1-1
gia tn s pht v thu.
Hnh 2.40 Nguyn l ca h thng CDMA
y, hiu mt cch n gin qu trnh m ho ph khuch tn gia
pht v thu ca h thng CDMA, nguyn l ca n c trnh by trong
hnh 2.40. C th l pha pht, th i tng m ho v chn d liu
m thanh c s ho (9,6 Kbps) c ghp knh thnh tn hiu iu
ch nh m gi tp m 1,2288Mbps (9,6kbps x 128) vi tn s sng mang
Fo. N c bc x qua ngten rng cch c ghim trong b lc bng
thng c ng bng l 1,25MHz. Mt khc, pha thu th tn hiu thu t
ngten i qua b lc bng thng c di thng l 1,25MHz v c
iu ch vi sng mang ging nh phn pht bng b m ho gi tp
m 1,2288 Mbps, cng vi b tng quan v sau s liu m thanh
nguyn thu v gi tp m c lc bng b lc s. V s liu m thanh
c th c ti to bng cch gii chn v gii m.
ng thi s liu m thanh ca cc knh khc cng nh tp m v nhiu
v s liu m thanh gc c th c phn chia v nhn c nh trong
hnh 2.40. iu c ngha l s liu m thanh ging nh (a) c bc
x cng vi (c) vi v mi tn hiu bng c khuch tn t b ghp
knh ging nh (b) c bc x t nten ra khng trung vi cng ch
khuych tn trong rng bng 1,25 MHz. nten thu c th thu c
tp m nn (g), nhiu bn ngoi (h), nhiu ca t bo khc (i), tp m t
ngi s dng khc (j) m n c pht ch khc, cng nh sng thu
mong i. Nhm sng v tuyn ny c lc trong b lc c rng
bng l fo+(1,25/x) MHz v c cng vo vi b tng quan c
fo=91,2288/x) Mbps ca c to ra pha thu.
Khi i qua b lc, (g), (h), (i), (j) s tr thnh bng khuch tn trong
phm vi 1,25MHz. Tn hiu khuch tn mong mun (b) b co li trong
phm vi di 10KHz, nhng n chia s vi tn hiu mong mun (d) v
tn hiu khuch tn khng cn thit s phn b cng ca chung (nng
lng in) vn gi nguyn nh l cng tp m rng bng
10KHz ging nh (d), v vy (C/I) ca tn hiu mong i (c) tr nn tt
nh l hiu qu khuch tn (128 ln).
hiu c th tu khuch tn ny mt cch d dng, cng thc n
gin c trnh by nh sau. u tin nu s liu m thanh 9,6kbps c
iu ch ln th nht phn pht l a(t), h thng PN l C(t), sng c
pht l y(t) th khi chng ta c th nhn c cng thc lin quan nh
sau:
Y(t) = a(t) x c(t) (2.42)
Nu tn hiu khng gim v khng c can nhiu hay tp m th y(t) th
hin tn hiu thu nh n vn c. Trong trng hp khuch tn ngc do
n c nhn vi cng mt trong ca phn pht nn u ra khuch tn
ngc z(t) l:
Z(t) = Y(t) x c(t) = a(t) x {c(t)}
2
(2.43)
Trong , mc d c(t) l s ngu nhin th gi tr ca n ch gii hn
trong 1 vi bnh phng ca c(t) bao gi cng = 1. Cho nn J(t) ging
nh c trnh by di y:
z(t) = a(t) (2.44)
Tng t nh vy ta c th bit rng sng hon ton ging nh vy c th
c to ra ti cng mt thi im pha thu. y nu h thng PN l 1
s ngu nhin bn trong th l mt trng hp tt. Nhng nu l nh
vy th khng th to ra c mt cch ng thi mt h thng hon ton
ging nh vy. V vy phi s dng s gi nh.
2.5.4. Cu hnh t bo
1/ Khi nim v h thng t bo.
Do ngun tn s gii hn ca thng tin v tuyn iu quan trng l cn
phi tn dng tn s mt cch tt nht. V vy khi chng ta thit lp mt
h thng vin thng di ng, vn ct li l phi s dng li cng 1 tn
s a im cch xa ni s dng cng tn s ny.
Hnh 2.41 Cu hnh vng
Trong s cc dng truyn thng ca thng tin di ng th c nhng dng
m cc my di ng lin lc vi nhau khng cn trm gc ging nh thit
b thu pht v c nhng dng m cc my di ng lin lc vi nhau thng
qua trm gc nh in thoi trn tc xi v trn xe c. i vi loi th I th
bn thn ngi s dng kim tra xem c nhiu khng, sau mi lin
lc. C th s dng li tn s nhng hiu qu th thp. Mt khc i vi
dng thng tin thng qua trm gc c th s dng k hoch tn s lp li
mt cch rt hiu qu bng cch phn b tn s trm gc. Tuy nhin
trong trng hp h thng vin thng di ng c trm gc th n c 2
loi: loi th I l trm bao ph khu vc phc v ging nh l lin lc v
tuyn tc xi, loi th II l a trm gc bao ph khu vc phc v nh l h
thng in thoi xe c. Vng l mt min m sng v tuyn c th n
c trm gc v loi th nht l loi vng n, loi th II l loi a
vng.
Vng n c gi l vng ln bi v 1 trm gc bao ph mt khu vc
phc v ln. C thng tin v tuyn tc xi, h thng nhn tin v MCA
(TRS). Dng ny c cu hnh n gin c ni vi my di ng, cc
thit b pht/thu trm gc, tng i hay h thng chuyn mch. Nhng
duy tr c vng phc v ln th cng sut pht ca my di ng ca
trm gc cn phi ln. V vy, nu c ly khng ln th khng th s
dng ng ten mt tn s. V nu so snh vi dng a vng th n vng
khng s dng li tn s theo a l v vy h s s dng tn s thp hn
i vi a vng. S d gi l vng nh bi v vng ca trm gc nh hn
so vi vng ca trm gc ca n vng trong vng phc v tng ng
vi vng ny. Vng nh c cc c tnh sau nu so snh vi vng ln.
1/ Hiu qu s dng tn s tt hn bi v mt tn s c th s dng
nhiu vng khc nhau c c ly tng i xa nhau n trnh nhiu
trong khu vc phc v. Trng cng nh th t l s dng li tn s
cng ln.
2/ Cht lng tt hn bi v vng phc v bao gm nhiu vng nh
lin tc. Tng i d p ng c yu cu v c ly khu vc phc
v, cu hnh v.v...
3/ Cng sut pht c th thp hn. Cn phi gim st trng thi v
iu khin trung nhp bng cch trao i thng tin gia nhiu trm
gc m bo hiu qu v tnh lin tc ca mt gc. Cu hnh ca
h thng th phc tp. Mc d cu hnh ca vng nh phc tp nhng
n c th bao ph 1 khu vc phc v rng ln v thc hin c mt
h thng ln c hiu qu tn s cao.
V vy n c s dng trong h thng in thoi, xe c v h thng in
thoi di ng. Trong cu hnh ca vng nh th khu vc phc v ging
nhiu vng v mi vng trng nh mt t bo v nu trm gc l li th
n c gi l h thng t ong (collular). Mi vng c gi l mt t
bo. Trong h thng t ong cn phi xc nh s lng v ln ca t
bo bng xem xt a hnh, s lan truyn sng v tuyn lu lng v.v...
c bit chng ta cn phi nghin cu nn b tr trm gc nh th no
loi tr nhng l hng ca khu vc phc v v cn nng cao hiu qu s
dng tn s nh th no. Vic nghin cu ny c gi l phn b t bo.
2/ Phn b t bo.
1/ Phn b t bo theo kiu tuyn tnh a theo kiu a hnh khi phn b
t bo c b tr theo kiu tuyn tnh do khu vc phc v nm trn b,
dc theo b bin hay dc theo ng trc gia cc thnh ph ln cch
nhau vi chc kilomt th t bo c b tr theo hng dc v s dng li
tn s sau mi vng. Chng hn, 3 t bo s dng li cuc gi trn tu
cng, cuc gi trn tu ho v cuc gi trn my bay. <Hnh 2.42> miu
t s lp li ca 3 t bo trn s phn b t bo kiu tuyn tnh.
Khi khu vc phc v c kiu a hnh (mt phng) ging nh cc cuc
gi ca cc xe c th rt nhiu t bo c phn b mt cch phc tp
theo m hnh t bo lp li trn khu vc phc v khng c ch h.
Phn b t bo theo a hnh nh sau:
Mc d hnh dng t bo thc t phc tp do s lan truyn v tuyn chu
nh hng ca cc yu t t nhin v a l, t bo s c m hnh ho
v cc v tr t bo c phn b u n trn vng phc v .
Hnh 2.42 V d kiu tuyn tnh lp li ba t bo
2/ H dng t bo
Nu ngten a hng pht sng v tuyn trn khu vc mt bng th vng
bao ph c dng hnh trn. Khu vc t bo c xc nh bng cc im
c cng v tr mc thu trung bnh gia cc v tr t bo trong khu vc lan
truyn sng v tuyn v c dng hnh a gic. C 3 phng php bao
ph kn khu vc bng cc t bo hnh dng a gic c kch thc nh
nhau (hnh 2.43).
Hnh 2.43 Hnh dng t bo
Bng 2.3 Khong cch tm gia cc t bo
Kiu t bo n v Khong cch tm gia cc t bo k nhau
Tam gic u (a) R
Hnh vung (b)
R
Lc gic u (c)
R

Hnh v
(a) Trng hp t bo hnh tam gic u
(b) Trng hp t bo hnh vung
(c) Trng hp t bo hnh lc gic
ng ni tm ca khu vc gc ln nhau s c hnh tam gic u, hnh
vung hay hnh lc gic u. Khng c bt k hnh dng t bo a gic
phn b u no khc ngoi cc hnh trn. Chng c gi l kiu t bo
tam gic u kiu t bo hnh vung v kiu t bo lc gic u. Mi kiu
t bo c nhng c tnh ring ca mnh.
a. C ly t bo: Khi bao ph khu vc vi mi dng t bo th khong cch
tm s nh trong <bng 2.3>. Khong cch tm ca dng lc gic u
l ln nht.
Bng 2.4 Khu vc t bo n v l khu vc gc ln nhau
Kiu t bo n v Khu vc t bo n v Khu vc chng ln
Tam gic u
3
R2 1.3R2
4
( 2 - 3
)R2 1.2R2
2
Hnh vung 2R2 ( 2 - 4 )R2 0.73R2
Lc gic u
3
R2 0.26R2
2
( 2 - 3 )R2 0.35R2
R: rng ca t bo chng ln
Hnh v
Bng 2.5 rng ca t bo chng ln
Kiu t bo n v rng ca t bo chng ln
Tam gic u R
Hnh vung
(2 - ) R 0.59R
Lc gic u
(2 - ) R 0.27R

R : Bn knh
Hnh v
b. Khu vc t bo v khu vc chng ln: Khi cc t bo phn chia khu
vc thnh cc t bo n v c cng kch thc v khu vc chng ln s
khc nhau tu theo tng kiu t bo nh <Bng 2.4>. Khu vc t bo n
v l mt khu vc c bao ph bi tam gic u ti thiu ho s lng t
bo bao ph mt khu vc. rng ca t bo chng ln c trnh
by trong <bng 2.5>.
c. S lng tn s cn thit ti thiu: Do khng th s dng cng mt tn
s v nhiu vi cc t bo bn cnh, cho nn s lng tn s cn thit ti
thiu c trnh by trong <bng 2.6>.
Bng 2.6 S lng tn s cn thit ti thiu.
Dng t bo n v S lng tn s cn thit ti thiu
Tam gic u 6
Hnh vung 4
Lc gic u 3
Mi dng c nhng c tnh ring ca n. Dng tam gic u l khng
thch hp tr trng hp c bit v dng t bo lc gic u l hiu qu
nht.

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H THNG THNG TIN QUANG V TUYN 1

I. H THNG THNG TIN QUANG

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