Dr. Hoselton & Mr.

Price
#3

Reference Guide & Formula Sheet for Physics

#20

Page 1 of 8

Components of a Vector if V = 34 m/sec 48

then

Vi = 34 m/sec(cos 48); and VJ = 34 m/sec(sin 48) #4 Weight = mg g = 9.81m/sec near the surface of the Earth = 9.795 m/sec in Fort Worth, TX Density = mass / volume

#21

Heating a Solid, Liquid or Gas Q = mcT (no phase changes!) Q = the heat added c = specific heat. T = temperature change, K Linear Momentum momentum = p = mv = mass velocity momentum is conserved in collisions Center of Mass point masses on a line xcm = (mx) / Mtotal Angular Speed vs. Linear Speed Linear speed = v = r = r angular speed Pressure under Water P = gh h = depth of water = density of water

#23

=
#7

m unit : kg / m 3 V

#25

Ave speed = distance / time = v = d/t Ave velocity = displacement / time = v = d/t Ave acceleration = change in velocity / time Friction Force FF = FN
If the object is not moving, you are dealing with static friction and it can have any value from zero up to s FN If the object is sliding, then you are dealing with kinetic friction and it will be constant and equal to K FN

#26

#8

#28

Universal Gravitation

F =G

m1 m2 r2
G = 6.67 E-11 N m / kg

#9

= FLsin Where is the angle between F and L; unit: Nm

Newton's Second Law Fnet = FExt = ma Work = FDcos Where D is the distance moved and is the angle between F and the direction of motion, unit : J Power = rate of work done #30

Torque

#29

Mechanical Energy PEGrav = P = mgh KELinear = K = mv Impulse = Change in Momentum Ft = (mv) Snell's Law n1sin 1 = n2sin 2 Index of Refraction n=c/v c = speed of light = 3 E+8 m/s Ideal Gas Law PV = nRT n = # of moles of gas R = gas law constant = 8.31 J / K mole.

#11

#31

#12

#32

#16

Power =

Work time

unit : watt #34 Periodic Waves v = f f=1/T

Efficiency = Workout / Energyin Mechanical Advantage = force out / force in M.A. = Fout / Fin #19 Constant-Acceleration Linear Motion v = v + at x (x-x) = vt + at v v = v + 2a (x - x) t (x-x) = ( v + v) t a (x-x) = vt - at v

T = period of wave

#35

Constant-Acceleration Circular Motion = + t = t + t 2 2 = + 2() t = ( + )t = t - t

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#36

Reference Guide & Formula Sheet for Physics

#53 Resistor Combinations SERIES Req = R1 + R2+ R3+. . . PARALLEL
1 1 1 1 = + +K + = R eq R1 R 2 Rn

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Buoyant Force - Buoyancy FB = Vg = mDisplaced fluidg = weightDisplaced fluid = density of the fluid V = volume of fluid displaced Ohm's Law V = IR V = voltage applied I = current R = resistance Resistance of a Wire R = L / Ax = resistivity of wire material L = length of the wire Ax = cross-sectional area of the wire #54

R
i =1

1
i

#37

Newton's Second Law and Rotational Inertia = torque = I I = moment of inertia = mr (for a point mass) (See table in Lesson 58 for I of 3D shapes.) Circular Unbanked Tracks

#55

mv 2 = mg r
#56 #58 Continuity of Fluid Flow Ainvin = Aoutvout Moment of Inertia I cylindrical hoop mr2 solid cylinder or disk mr2 2 solid sphere /5 mr2 hollow sphere mr2 1 thin rod (center) /12 mL2 thin rod (end) mL2 Capacitors Q = CV Q = charge on the capacitor C = capacitance of the capacitor V = voltage applied to the capacitor RC Circuits (Discharging) Vc = Voe Vc IR = 0 #60
t/RC

#39

Heat of a Phase Change Q = mL L = Latent Heat of phase change Hooke's Law F = kx Potential Energy of a spring W = kx = Work done on spring

A= Area v = velocity

#41

#42 #44

Electric Power P = IR = V / R = IV Speed of a Wave on a String

#59

T=

mv 2 L
T = tension in string m = mass of string L = length of string

#45

Projectile Motion Horizontal: x-x= vt + 0 Vertical: y-y = vt + at Centripetal Force

Thermal Expansion Linear: L = LoT Volume: V = VoT Bernoulli's Equation P + gh + v = constant QVolume Flow Rate = A1v1 = A2v2 = constant Rotational Kinetic Energy (See LEM, pg 8) 2 KErotational = I = I (v / r)2 2 KErolling w/o slipping = mv2 + I Angular Momentum = L = I = mvrsin Angular Impulse equals CHANGE IN Angular Momentum L = orquet = (I)

#46

#61

F=
#47

mv = m 2 r r
#62

Kirchhoffs Laws Loop Rule: Around any loop Vi = 0 Node Rule: at any node Ii = 0 Minimum Speed at the top of a Vertical Circular Loop

#51

v = rg

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#63
m k

Reference Guide & Formula Sheet for Physics

#75 Thin Lens Equation where k = spring constant f = 1 / T = 1 / period

Page 3 of 8
f = focal length

Period of Simple Harmonic Motion

T = 2

i = image distance 1 1 1 1 1 = + = + f D o D i o i o = object distance

Magnification M = D i / Do = i / o = H i / Ho Helpful reminders for mirrors and lenses
Focal Length of: mirror positive concave negative convex diverging

#64 #66

Banked Circular Tracks v2 = rgtan First Law of Thermodynamics U = QNet + WNet

Change in Internal Energy of a system = +Net Heat added to the system +Net Work done on the system

lens converging Object distance = o all objects Object height = Ho Image distance = i Image height = Hi Magnification all objects real virtual, upright virtual, upright virtual

Flow of Heat through a Solid Q / t = kAT / L k = thermal conductivity A = area of solid L = thickness of solid #68 Potential Energy stored in a Capacitor P = CV RC Circuit formula (Charging) t / RC Vc = Vcell(1 e ) RC = = time constant Vcell - Vcapacitor IR = 0 #71 Simple Pendulum L and f = 1/ T T = 2 g Sinusoidal motion x = Acos(t) = Acos(2f t) = angular frequency f = frequency Doppler Effect
f= f 343 343 m
Toward Away Toward Away

real, inverted real, inverted

#76

Coulomb's Law

F =k
k= 1

q1 q 2 r2

#77

N m2 4 o C2 Capacitor Combinations PARALLEL Ceq = C1 + C2+ C3 + SERIES = 9E9

1 1 1 1 = + +K + = C eq C1 C 2 Cn

C
i =1

1
i

#78 #80

Work done on a gas or by a gas W = PV Electric Field around a point charge

E=k q r2

#72

#73

vo vs

#82

vo = velocity of observer: vs = velocity of source #74 2nd Law of Thermodynamics

The change in internal energy of a system is U = QAdded + WDone On Qlost WDone By

N m2 4 o C2 Magnetic Field around a wire I B= o 2 r Magnetic Flux = BAcos k = 1 = 9E9

Maximum Efficiency of a Heat Engine (Carnot Cycle) (Temperatures in Kelvin)

Force caused by a magnetic field on a moving charge F = qvBsin #83 Entropy change at constant T S = Q / T (Phase changes only: melting, boiling, freezing, etc)

% Eff = (1

Tc ) 100% Th

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#84

Reference Guide & Formula Sheet for Physics

#95 Relativistic Time Dilation t = to /

Page 4 of 8

Capacitance of a Capacitor C = oA / d = dielectric constant A = area of plates d = distance between plates o = 8.85 E(-12) F/m Induced Voltage

#96

Relativistic Length Contraction x = xo Relativistic Mass Increase m = mo /

N = # of loops Emf = N t Lenzs Law induced current flows to create a B-field opposing the change in magnetic flux. #86 Inductors during an increase in current t / (L / R) VL = Vcelle I = (Vcell/R)[ 1 - e ] L / R = = time constant Transformers N 1 / N 2 = V 1 / V2 I1V1 = I2V2 Decibel Scale B (Decibel level of sound) = 10 log ( I / Io ) I = intensity of sound Io = intensity of softest audible sound Poiseuille's Law 4 P = 8LQ/(r ) = coefficient of viscosity L = length of pipe r = radius of pipe Q = flow rate of fluid Stress and Strain Y or S or B = stress / strain stress = F/A Three kinds of strain: unit-less ratios I. Linear: strain = L / L II. Shear: strain = x / L III. Volume: strain = V / V Postulates of Special Relativity 1. Absolute, uniform motion cannot be detected. 2. No energy or mass transfer can occur at speeds faster than the speed of light. Lorentz Transformation Factor v2 = 1 2 c
t / (L / R)

#85

#97

Energy of a Photon or a Particle E = hf = mc2 h = Planck's constant = 6.63 E(-34) J sec f = frequency of the photon Radioactive Decay Rate Law kt A = Aoe = (1/2n)A0 (after n half-lives) Where k = (ln 2) / half-life Blackbody Radiation and the Photoelectric Effect E= nhf where h = Planck's constant Early Quantum Physics Rutherford-Bohr Hydrogen-like Atoms

#98

#99

#88

#100

#89

1 1 = R 2 meters 1 2 ns n 1
or

#92

f =

R = Rydberg's Constant = 1.097373143 E7 m-1 ns = series integer (2 = Balmer) n = an integer > ns Mass-Energy Equivalence mv = mo / Total Energy = KE + moc2 = moc2 / Usually written simply as E = m c2 de Broglie Matter Waves For light: Ep = hf = hc / = pc Therefore, momentum: p = h / Similarly for particles, p = mv = h / , so the matter wave's wavelength must be =h/mv Energy Released by Nuclear Fission or Fusion Reaction E = moc2

1 1 = cR 2 2 Hz ns n c

#93

#94

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Reference Guide & Formula Sheet for Physics

Fundamental SI Units Unit Base Unit
Length Mass
2

Page 5 of 8

MISCELLANEOUS FORMULAS
Quadratic Formula if a x + b x + c = 0
then

Symbol

. meter m kilogram second ampere kelvin candela moles radian steradian kg s A K cd mol rad sr or str

x=

b b 4ac 2a

Trigonometric Definitions sin = opposite / hypotenuse cos = adjacent / hypotenuse tan = opposite / adjacent sec = 1 / cos = hyp / adj csc = 1 / sin = hyp / opp cot = 1 / tan = adj / opp Inverse Trigonometric Definitions = sin-1 (opp / hyp) = cos-1 (adj / hyp) = tan-1 (opp / adj) Law of Sines a / sin A = b / sin B = c / sin C or sin A / a = sin B / b = sin C / c Law of Cosines a = b + c2 - 2 b c cos A b2 = c2 + a2 - 2 c a cos B c = a + b - 2 a b cos C
2 2

Time Electric Current Thermodynamic Temperature Luminous Intensity Quantity of Substance Plane Angle Solid Angle

Some Derived SI Units Symbol/Unit Quantity

C coulomb F farad H henry Hz hertz J joule

Base Units

. Electric Charge As Capacitance Inductance Frequency A2s4/(kgm2) kgm2/(A2s2) s-1

Energy & Work kgm2/s2 = Nm Force kgm/s2

T-Pots For the functional form

N newton ohm Pa pascal T tesla V volt W watt

1 1 1 = + A B C
You may use "The Product over the Sum" rule.

Elec Resistance kgm2/(A2s2) Pressure Magnetic Field Elec Potential Power kg/(ms2) kg/(As2) kgm2/(As3) kgm2/s3

A=

B C B+C

For the Alternate Functional form

1 1 1 = A B C
You may substitute T-Pot-d

Non-SI Units
o

C degrees Celsius

Temperature Energy, Work

A=

B C B C = CB BC

eV electron-volt

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Reference Guide & Formula Sheet for Physics

Page 6 of 8

Aa acceleration, Area, Ax=Cross-sectional Area, Amperes, Amplitude of a Wave, Angle, Bb Magnetic Field, Decibel Level of Sound, Angle, Cc specific heat, speed of light, Capacitance, Angle, Coulombs, oCelsius, Celsius Degrees, candela, Dd displacement, differential change in a variable, Distance, Distance Moved, distance, Ee base of the natural logarithms, charge on the electron, Energy, Ff Force, frequency of a wave or periodic motion, Farads, Gg Universal Gravitational Constant, acceleration due to gravity, Gauss, grams, Giga-, Hh depth of a fluid, height, vertical distance, Henrys, Hz=Hertz, Ii Current, Moment of Inertia, image distance, Intensity of Sound, Jj Joules, Kk K or KE = Kinetic Energy, force constant of a spring, thermal conductivity, coulomb's law constant, kg=kilograms, Kelvins, kilo-, rate constant for Radioactive decay =1/=ln2 / half-life, Ll Length, Length of a wire, Latent Heat of Fusion or Vaporization, Angular Momentum, Thickness, Inductance, Mm mass, Total Mass, meters, milli-, Mega-, mo=rest mass, mol=moles, Nn index of refraction, moles of a gas, Newtons, Number of Loops, nano-, Oo Pp Power, Pressure of a Gas or Fluid, Potential Energy, momentum, Power, Pa=Pascal, Qq Heat gained or lost, Maximum Charge on a Capacitor, object distance, Flow Rate, Rr radius, Ideal Gas Law Constant, Resistance, magnitude or length of a vector, rad=radians Ss speed, seconds, Entropy, length along an arc, Tt time, Temperature, Period of a Wave, Tension, Teslas, t1/2=half-life, Uu Potential Energy, Internal Energy, Vv velocity, Velocity, Volume of a Gas, velocity of wave, Volume of Fluid Displaced, Voltage, Volts, Ww weight, Work, Watts, Wb=Weber, Xx distance, horizontal distance, x-coordinate east-and-west coordinate, Yy vertical distance, y-coordinate, north-and-south coordinate, Zz z-coordinate, up-and-down coordinate,

Alpha angular acceleration, coefficient of linear expansion, Beta coefficient of volume expansion, Lorentz transformation factor, Chi Delta =change in a variable, Epsilon = permittivity of free space, Phi Magnetic Flux, angle, Gamma surface tension = F / L, 1 / = Lorentz transformation factor, Eta Iota Theta and Phi lower case alternates. Kappa dielectric constant,

Lambda wavelength of a wave, rate constant for Radioactive decay =1/=ln2/half-life, Mu friction, o = permeability of free space, micro-, Nu alternate symbol for frequency, Omicron Pi 3.1425926536, Theta angle between two vectors, Rho density of a solid or liquid, resistivity, Sigma Summation, standard deviation, Tau torque, time constant for a exponential processes; eg =RC or =L/R or =1/k=1/, Upsilon Zeta and Omega lower case alternates Omega angular speed or angular velocity, Ohms Xi Psi Zeta

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Dr. Hoselton & Mr. Price Values of Trigonometric Functions for 1st Quadrant Angles
(simple mostly-rational approximations)

Reference Guide & Formula Sheet for Physics

Prefixes

Page 7 of 8

0 0 1 0 10o 1/6 65/66 11/65 15o 1/4 28/29 29/108 20o 1/3 16/17 17/47 29o 151/2/8 7/8 151/2/7 30o 1/2 31/2/2 1/31/2 o 37 3/5 4/5 3/4 42o 2/3 3/4 8/9 45o 21/2/2 21/2/2 1 o 49 3/4 2/3 9/8 53o 4/5 3/5 4/3 60 31/2/2 1/2 31/2 61o 7/8 151/2/8 7/151/2 o 70 16/17 1/3 47/17 o 75 28/29 1/4 108/29 80o 65/66 1/6 65/11 o 90 1 0 (Memorize the Bold rows for future reference.)

sin

cos

tan

Factor Prefix Symbol Example 1018 1015 1012 exapetateraE P T 0.3 TW (Peak power of a 1 ps pulse from a typical Nd-glass laser) 22 G$ (Size of Bill & Melissa Gates Trust) 6.37 Mm (The radius of the Earth) 1 kg (SI unit of mass) 10 cm 2.54 cm (=1 in) 1 mm (The smallest division on a meter stick) 38 Es (Age of the Universe in Seconds)

109

giga-

106

mega-

Derivatives of Polynomials
For polynomials, with individual terms of the form Axn, we define the derivative of each term as

103 10-1 10-2 10-3

kilodecicentimilli-

k d c m

d Ax n = nAx n 1 dx
To find the derivative of the polynomial, simply add the derivatives for the individual terms:

( )

d 3x 2 + 6 x 3 = 6 x + 6 dx

10-6 10-9

micronano-

n 510 nm (Wavelength of green light) 1 pg (Typical mass of a DNA sample used in genome studies) 600 as (Time duration of the shortest laser pulses)

Integrals of Polynomials
For polynomials, with individual terms of the form Axn, we define the indefinite integral of each term as

10-12

pico-

1 (Ax )dx = n + 1 Ax
n

n +1

To find the indefinite integral of the polynomial, simply add the integrals for the individual terms and the constant of integration, C.

10-15 10-18

femtoatto-

f a

(6 x + 6)dx = [3x

+ 6x + C

]
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Linear Equivalent Mass

Reference Guide & Formula Sheet for Physics

Page 8 of 8

Rotating systems can be handled using the linear forms of the equations of motion. To do so, however, you must use a mass equivalent to the mass of a non-rotating object. We call this the Linear Equivalent Mass (LEM). (See Example I) For objects that are both rotating and moving linearly, you must include them twice; once as a linearly moving object (using m) and once more as a rotating object (using LEM). (See Example II) The LEM of a rotating mass is easily defined in terms of its moment of inertia, I. LEM = I/r2 For example, using a standard table of Moments of Inertia, we can calculate the LEM of simple objects rotating on axes through their centers of mass: I Cylindrical hoop Solid disk Hollow sphere Solid sphere Example I A flywheel, M = 4.80 kg and r = 0.44 m, is wrapped with a string. A hanging mass, m, is attached to the end of the string. When the hanging mass is released, it accelerates downward at 1.00 m/s2. Find the hanging mass. To handle this problem using the linear form of Newtons Second Law of Motion, all we have to do is use the LEM of the flywheel. We will assume, here, that it can be treated as a uniform solid disk. mr2 mr2
2 mr2 5

The only external force on this system is the weight of the hanging mass. The mass of the system consists of the hanging mass plus the linear equivalent mass of the fly-wheel. From Newtons 2nd Law we have F = ma, therefore, mg = [m + (LEM=M)]a mg = [m + M] a (mg ma) = M a m(g a) = Ma m = Ma / (g a) m = 4.8 1.00 / (9.81 1) m = 0.27 kg If a = g/2 = 4.905 m/s2, If a = g = 7.3575 m/s2, m = 2.4 kg m = 7.2 kg

LEM m m
2

Note, too, that we do not need to know the radius unless the angular acceleration of the fly-wheel is requested. If you need , and you have r, then = a/r. Example II Find the kinetic energy of a disk, m = 6.7 kg, that is moving at 3.2 m/s while rolling without slipping along a flat, horizontal surface. (IDISK = mr2; LEM = m) The total kinetic energy consists of the linear kinetic energy, KL = mv2, plus the rotational kinetic energy, KR = (I)()2 = (I)(v/r)2 = (I/r2)v2 = (LEM)v2. KE = mv2 + (LEM=m)v2 KE = 6.73.22 + (6.7)3.22 KE = 34.304 + 17.152 = 51 J Final Note: This method of incorporating rotating objects into the linear equations of motion works in every situation Ive tried; even very complex problems. Work your problem the classic way and this way to compare the two. Once youve verified that the LEM method works for a particular type of problem, you can confidently use it for solving any other problem of the same type.

5m

mr2

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