FORMULAS

1° Thermodynamics law

ΔU = Q + W
Q = heat
W = work

Electric force field

E = F/q
F = force
q = charge

Electric field strength

E = kQ/r^2
Q = heat
r = radius
k = Coulomb's constant

Laplace's Law

T = Pr (cylindrical shape)
T = Pr/2 (spherical shape)

Illuminance

E = ɸ/A
ɸ = magnetic flux
A = area

Fluidity

ɸ = 1/η
η = viscosity

Van't Hoff coefficient

i = 1 + a (v - 1)
a = grade of electrolytes ionization
v = number of ions of a single molecule

Kelvin to Celsius

C = K - 273,15

Faraday's law

V = - N x dphi/dt
N = number of coil
dphi/dt = flux gradient
Absolute error

Δx = |Xm - Xa|
Xm = measured value
Xa = accepted value

Relative error

Er = Δx/Xa x 100%
Δx = absolute error
Xa = accepted value

Density

mass/volume

Weight

Mass x gravitational acceleration

Force

mass x acceleration

Velocity

displacement/time

Acceleration

velocity/time

Work

force x distance

Universal gravitation law

Fg = G m1 m2 / r^2

Universal gas law

PV = nRT
P = pressure
V = volume
n = number of mole
R = constant of perfect gas (8,31 J/mol)
T = temperature (kelvin scale)

Contuinity

A x V = const
Pressure

force/area

Hydrostatic pressure

P = pgh

Total Pressure

Ptot= Patm + Ph

Archimedes' Principle

Fb = pgV
p = density
g = gravity
V = volume

Pressure gradient

ΔP/l
l = length of the tube
ΔP = change of pressure

Volume flow rate

F = ΔP/R
R = resistance

Resistance to flow

R = 8ηl/πr^4

Poiseuille's Law

flow rate = ΔP(πr^4/ 8Lη)

Critical Velocity of a Fluid

Vc = Rη/⍴r
R = Reynold's number
η = viscosity
⍴ = density
r = radius

Ep per unit of volume

Ep/V = pgh + P

Etot per unit of volume

E/V = Ep + Ek
Heart power

P = Pb x F
Pb = average blood pressure
F = volume flow rate

Fick's Law (Diffusion equation)

Δm/Δt = -DA x ΔC/Δx

-D = coefficient of diffusion
A = area
ΔC/Δx = concentration gradient

Linear expansion equation

Δl/l = ⍺ x ΔT
Δl/l = linear expansion
⍺ = thermal expansion coefficient
ΔT = change of temperature

Latent heat of fusion

Q = hf x m
Q = heat
m = mass

Coulomb's Law

F = k q₁ q₂/r²
k = Coulomb's constant
q = charge
r = radius

Magnetic flux

ɸ=BxA
B = magnetic field
A = area

Joule's Law

Q = I^2Rt
Q = heat
I = electric current
R = resistance
t = time

Frequency

f = 1/T
T = period
General wave relationship

v=fxλ
f = frequency
λ = wavelength

Wavelength range (De Broglie)

λ = h/mv
h = Plank's contant
m = mass
v = velocity

Nernst equation

E = - RT/nF x ln x C1/C2
E = membrane potential
R = gas constant
T = temperature
n = number of electron
F = Faraday's number
C1 = concentration outside of membrane
C2 = concentration inside of membrane

Viscosity

η = F/A x Δy/ΔV
F/A = shear stress
Δy/ΔV = inverse of velocity gradient

Membrane capacitance

C = ε0 εr x A/d
ε0 = dielectric contant or permittivity of free space
εr = relative permittivity
A = area
d = membrane thickness

Magnetic dipole

μ=IxA
I = electric current
A = area

Cyclic frequency

w = 2π x f
f = frequency

Snell's Law
n1sinθ1 = n2sinθ2
or in another way
n1/n2 = sinθ2/sinθ1

n1 = incident index
n2 = refracted index
θ1 = incident angle
θ2 = refracted angle

Magnetic force field current

F=BxIxl
B = magnetic field
I = electric current
l = length

kinematic viscosity

ν (nu) = η/⍴
⍴ = density
η = viscosity

Fahrenheit to Celsius

C = (F - 32) x 5/9 [5/9 = 1.8]

Potential energy

Ep = mgh

Volume flow rate (blood)

F = V/t
V = volume
t = time

Latent heat of vaporisation

Q = hr x m

Magnetic force field on a charge

F = qvB
q = charge
v = velocity
B = magnetic field

Thermistor resistance

R = A x e^B/T
Wavelength

λ = v/f = v x T
v = velocity
f = frequency
T = period

Doppler effect

f0/fs = (v ∓ v0)/(v ∓ vs)

Index of refraction

n = speed of light in a vacuum/speed of light in a medium

Lens equation

1/v - 1/u = 1/f

1/u = object distance
1/v = image distance

Malus's law

I = I0cos^2θ
I = intensity after leaves the second polaroid
I0 = intensity before entering the second polaroid
θ = angle between the two polaroid

Terapeutic ratio

TR = number of cancer cells killed/number of normal cells killed

Einstein equation

E = mc^2
m = mass
c^2 = speed of light (3 x 10^8 m/s)

Heat

Q = mcΔT
m = mass
c = specific heat
ΔT = change in temperature

Coefficient of surface tension

T = F/l
F = force
l = length

electric potential
W = Ep/q
Ep = potential energy
q = charge

Stokes Law

F = 6πηrv
η = viscosity
r = radius
v = velocity

Ek per unit of volume

Ek/V = 1/2 x ⍴v^2

p = density
v = velocity

Fourier's Law

ΔQ/Δt = -kA x ΔT/Δx

k = constant
A = area
ΔT/Δx = thermal gradient

Heat loss of radiation

ΔQ/Δt = -σeA x (T2^4 - T1^4)

e = emissivity
A = area
σ = Stephan's constant

Relative humidity

R = e/e0 x 100%
e = absolute humidity
e0 = maximum absolute humidity

Electric current

I = Δq/Δt
Δq = change in charge
Δt = change in temperature

Electric potential gradient

Δɸ/Δq
Δɸ = change in magnetic flux
Δq = change in charge

Capacitance

F = q/V
q = charge
V = voltage

Power

P=IxV
I = electric current
V = voltage

Hooke's Law

F = kx
F = deforming force
k = constant
x = amount of stretch

Natural frequency

f = 1/2π x ⎷k/m
k = stiffness constant
m = mass

Wave power

I = 1/4πr^2 = P/A

Period motion

y(t) = Asin (ωt +ɸ)

A = amplitude
ω = cyclic frequency
t = time
ɸ=?

Relative intensity

n(dB) = 10log10 (I/I0)

Relative intensity difference

na - nb(dB) = 10log10 (Ia/Ib)

P [Dioptre] of lens
1/F
F = focal length

Electric dipole moment

p = qd
q = charge
d = distance

Magnification

M = image size/object size = - v/u

Magnification microscope

M = M(objective) x M(eyepiece)

Energy of a photon

E = hf
h = Plank's constant
f = frequency

Max kinetic energy

E = hf - W
h = Plank's law
f = frequency
W = minimum work

Energy of electron

E = QV
Q = Charge
V = Voltage
E = [eV] = [1.6 x 10^-19 J]

Critical angle Ic

sinIc/sin90° = n2/n1

Effective half-life

1/Teff = 1/Tp + 1/Tb

1/Tp = physical half-life
1/Tb = biological half-life

Frictional force

Ffr = η x ΔV/Δx x A
η = viscosity
A = area
Torque

τ=Fxr
F = force
r = radius

Intensity

I = P/A
P = power
A = area

Power of lens

P = 1/F
F = focal length

Intensity of sound

I = I0 log^n/10

Impedance

Z = ⎷R^2 x 1/ω^2C^2

Intensity of electromagnetic wave

I = P/4πr^2
I = intensity
P = power

SI UNITS

Distance------ m (meter)

Time-----s (second)

Mass------Kg (kilogram)

Power-------W (Watt)

Charge------C (Coulomb)

Resistance to flow-------kg/m^4s

Electric resistance-----Ω (Ohm)

Conductance------S (Siemens)
Inductance------H (Henry)

Capacitance----- farad (F) = C/V

C = Coulomb
V = voltage

Frequency-------Hz (Hertz)

Force------N (Newton)

Pressure------Pa

Coefficient of diffusion------m^2/s

Viscosity-----Pas (Pascal x second)

Dynamic viscosity------ Pas or Ns/m^2

N = newton

s = second
m = meter

Vapour density--------- g/m^3

g = gram
m = meter

Vapour pressure------ the main is torr

1 torr = 1 mmHg

Temperature-------K (Kelvin)

Internal energy------J (Joule)

Linea ⍺ coefficient-------1/°C

Resistivity-------Ω x m

Electric force------N (Newton)

Electric current--------A (Ampere)

Electric charge-------C (Coulomb)

Electric potential------Volt

Electric field-------N/C

Electric work-------J (Joule)

Electric charge density------C x m^-3

Electric displacement-------C x m^-2

Electric flux density-------C/m^2 or C x m^-2

Coulomb's constant-----N x m^2/C^2

Magnetic potential-------A (ampere)

Magnetic field strength------ A x m^-1

A = ampere

Magnetic flux------Wb (Weber)

Magnetic induction------T (Tesla)

Magnetic flux density------T (Tesla)

Magnetic moment-------A x m^2

Focal length of a lens------m

Power of a lens-----D (Dioptre)

Light intensity------Cd (Candela)

Resting potential-----mV

Impedance-------Ω (Ohms)

Specific heat------1) J/kg°C

2) J x kg^-1 x K^-1

Joule-----kg x m^2/s^2

Newton-----kg x m/s^2

Hertz----(cycles) s^-1

Watt-----J/s = kg x m^2/s^3

Coulomb-----A x s
A = ampere
s = second

Pascal------N/m^2

Wire cross-sectional area-----m^2

Permittivity of free space-----1/πm^2

Conductivity------Ω x m^-1

Potential gradient------Volt/meter

Amount of substance------mole (mol)

Plank's constant-----J x s
J = joule
s = second

Weight------N (Newton)

kinematic viscosity------kg x m^-1 x s^-1