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where
vs g s dp Cd
The terminal settling velocity is derived by balancing drag, buoyant, and gravitational forces that act on the particle.
Reynolds Number
In fluid mechanics, the Reynolds Number, Re (or NR), is a dimensionless number that is the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces. It quantifies the relative importance of these two types of forces for a given set of flow conditions.
where:
v = mean velocity of an object relative to a fluid (m/s) L = characteristic dimension, (length of fluid; particle diameter) (m) = dynamic viscosity of fluid (kg/(ms)) = kinematic viscosity ( = /) (m/s) = fluid density (kg/m)
For a sphere:
Vh/V = (1 - Cv)4.65
where
Vh = hindered settling velocity V = free settling velocity Cv = volume fraction of solid particles
For Re > 1,000, the exponent is only 2.33
McGhee, T.J., 1991. Water Resources and Environmental Engineering. Sixth Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York.
McGhee, T.J., 1991. Water Resources and Environmental Engineering. Sixth Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York.
u = average (constant) velocity of fluid flowing across vessel vs = settling velocity of a particular particle vo = critical settling velocity of finest particle recovered at 100%
Retention Time
Average time spent in the vessel by an element of the suspension
So all particles with a settling velocity equal to or greater than v0 will be separated in the tank from the fluid
Note: this expression for vo has no H term. This defines the overflow rate or surface-loading rate - Key parameter to design ideal Type I settling clarifiers - Cross-sectional area A is calculated to get desired v0
For particles with a diameter dx (below do), the fractional removal is given by:
Sedimentation Thickener/Clarifier
Top view Side view
- Determine tu by drawing vertical line at point where horizontal line at Hu intersects the bisecting tangent line
- Compute the minimum area of the clarifying section using a particle settling velocity of the settling velocity at t = 0 in the column test.
where
A = cross-sectional area (m2) F = feed pulp liquid/solids ratio L = underflow pulp liquid/solid ratio s = solids density (g/cm3) Vm = settling velocity (m/hr) dw/dt = dry solids production rate (g/hr)
- Collision frequency proportional to level of turbulence (but too high an intensity will promote break-up) - Cumulative number of collisions increases with time
Diameter (m)
Bottom Slope Rotation Speed of rake arm
3 - 170 m
0.06 to 0.16 (3.5 to 10)