Trng THPT chuyn Quang Trung

GV: Nguyn Vit Hi

K THUT CHN IM RI TRONG BT NG THC AM-GM (CAUCHY)

K thut chn im ri hay cn c gi k thut iu chnh v la chn tham s. i vi mt s BT ng dng khng i xng th du BT trong BT thng xy ra khi gi tr ca cc bin tng ng khng bng nhau. V vy, cn la chn k thut hp l gii cc bi ton BT (hay cc tr) dng khng i xng l rt cn thit. Mt trong nhng k thut c bn nht chnh l xy dng thut ton sp th t gn u. (k thut im ri). K thut ch yu y thng l cc gi tr trung gian c xc nh theo cch chn c bit tt c cc du ng thc ng thi xy ra. Tham s ph a vo mt cch hp l phng trnh xc nh chng c nghim.

Mot so bat ang thc c ban

Bat ang thc Cauchy n Cho so thc
n

khong

am

a1 , a2 ,..., an (n 2)

ta

luon

co

a1 a2 an n

a1a2 ...an . Dau = xay ra khi va ch khi a1

a2

an .

Mot vai he qua quan trong:

(a1 a2 an )

1 a1

1 1 a2 an

n2 vi ai

0, i 1, n

n2 vi ai 0, i 1, n a1 a2 an Cho 2n so dng ( n Z , n 2 ): a1 , a2 ,..., an , b1 , b2 ,..., bn ta co: 1 a1 1 1 a2 an

n

(a1 b1 )(a2 b2 )...(an bn )

a1a2 ...an

b1b2 ...bn

Bi ton m u: VD1. Cho . Ta c . Khi ta c h qu vi th

R rng vi bi ton trn l kt qu ca BT Cauchy. Nu thay iu kin bi

a

hay
1 a

hay

th li gii bi ton nh no??

Bi 1: Cho a 3 . Tm Min ca S

Chuyn BT cauchy

Trng THPT chuyn Quang Trung

Bnh lun v li gii : +Sai lm :
S a 1 a 2 a. 1 a 2 min S 2

GV: Nguyn Vit Hi

+Nguyn nhn :
min S 2 a 1 a 1

iu ny mu thun vi gi thit a 3 +Xc nh im ri : Ta thy rng khi a tng th S cng cng ln nn dn n d on khi a=3 th S nhn gi tr nh nht . V 10 min S a 3 . Do BT Cauchy xy ra du ng thc ti iu kin cc s tham gia phi bng nhau 3 a 1 nn ta a tham s sao cho ti im ri a = 3 th cp s v phi bng nhau. Vi a=3 cho cp s

a 1 a

3 3 1 3 1 3 9

+Li gii ng :

1 a

a 9

1 a
a

8a 9
3

a 1 . 9 a

8.3 9

10 3

MinS

10 3

ng thc xy ra Bi 2: Cho a

2 .Tm Min ca S

1 a2

+Xc nh im ri : a=2 cho cp s

Chuyn BT cauchy

Trng THPT chuyn Quang Trung

a 1 a2 2 2 1 4 1 4 8

GV: Nguyn Vit Hi

+Sai lm :

1 a2

a 8

1 a2

7a 8

a 1 . 8 a2

7a 8

2 8a

7a 8

2 8.2

7.2 8

9 4

Vi a=2 th min S

9 4

+Nguyn nhn : Li gii trn mc sai lm vic nh gi mu s : Nu a sai

2 th

2 8a

2 l nh gi 4

Ta phi lm sao khi s dng BT Cauchy s kh ht bin s a c mu s v t s +Li gii ng :

1 a2

a 8

a 8

1 a2

6a 8

33

a a 1 . . 8 8 a2

6.2 8

9 4

min S

9 4

ng thc xy ra

Bi 3: Cho

a, b 0 .Tm min ca S a b 1

ab

1 ab

+Sai lm :

Chuyn BT cauchy

Trng THPT chuyn Quang Trung

S ab 1 ab 2 min S 2

GV: Nguyn Vit Hi

+Nguyn nhn :
min S 2 ab 1 ab 1 ab a b 2 1 2 1 1 2

(v l ) +Li gii ng : t
t 1 ab t 1 ab 1 a b 2
2

iu ny dn n mt bi ton mi

Cho t Vi

4 .Tm min ca S

1 t

t t 4 1 t

4 4 1 4 1 4 16

Ta c :

1 t

t 1 16 t

15t 16

t 1 15.4 . 16 t 16

17 4

Vi t

4 hay a

1 th min S 2

17 4

Li gii bi 3: Do

Chuyn BT cauchy

Trng THPT chuyn Quang Trung

t 4 a b 1 2

GV: Nguyn Vit Hi

nn
S ab 1 ab ab 1 16ab 15 16ab 2 ab. 1 16ab 15 16 a b 2
2

17 4

min S

17 4

ng thc xy ra

1 2

Bi 4: Cho a,b,c>0 tho mn a b c

3 .Tm min 2

a2

1 b2

b2

1 c2

c2

1 a2

+Sai lm :

33

a2

1 . b2 2 b

1 . c2 2 c

1 a2

36 2 a 2 .

1 b2

2 b2.

1 c2

2 c2.

1 a2

3.6 8

3 2

min S

3 2

+Nguyn nhn :
min S 3 2 a b c 1 a 1 b 1 c 1 a b c 3 3 2

tri vi gi thit .

+Xc nh im ri :

Chuyn BT cauchy

Trng THPT chuyn Quang Trung

a2 1 a2 b2 c2 1 b2 1 4 1 c2

GV: Nguyn Vit Hi

1 2

1 4

16

+Li gii ng :

a2

1 1 ... 2 2 16 16 b b
16

b2

1 1 ... 2 2 16 16 c c
16

c2

1 1 ... 2 2 16 a 16 a
16

17.17

a2 1616 b 32 1 16 a 5 b 5 c 5
8

17.17

a2 1616 b 32 3 17

17.17

a2 1616 b 32 3 17

17

17

a 16 b16
8 15

17

b 16 c16
8

17

c 16 a 16
8

3 17.17

217 (2a.2b.2c)

217

2a 2b 2c 3

3 17 2

Vi a

1 th min S 2

3 17 . 2

Bi 5: Cho a,b,c>0 v a 2b 3c
S a b c 3 a 9 2b 4 c

20 .Tm min ca

Chuyn BT cauchy

Trng THPT chuyn Quang Trung

GV: Nguyn Vit Hi

Li gii : Ta d on c S=1 ti im ri a=2 , b=3 , c=4 .S dng BT Cauchy ta c :

a b c 4 a 9 b 16 c 2 a. 2 b. 4 a 4 6 8 3 a 4 1 b 2 4 a 9 b 3 3 2 3a 4 b 2 c 4 3 a 9 2b 4 c 8

9 b 16 c

2 c.

1 16 c 4 c

(1)

M
a 2b 3c 20 a 4 b 2 3c 4 5

(2)

Cng (1) v (2) v theo v c

S 13

min S 13
a 2, b 3, c 4

ng thc xy ra

* Bai tap tng t:

Bi 6: Cho

a, b, c 0 ab 12; bc 8
Chng minh rng:
S ( a b c) 2 1 ab 1 bc 1 ca 8 abc 121 2

Bi 7: Cho a,b,c>0 v a=max{a,b,c} . Tm min ca

a b

2 1

b c

33 1

c a

Chuyn BT cauchy

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Bi 8: Cho tam gic ABC .Tm min ca
T sin A sin B sin C 1 sin A 1 sin B 1 sin C

GV: Nguyn Vit Hi

Bi 9: Cho tam gic ABC nhn .Tm min ca

sin 2 A

1 cos2 B

sin 2 B

1 cos2 C

sin 2 C

1 cos2 A

x, y , z Bai 10. Cho 1 1 x y

Li gii Sai lm 1: Ta co P

0 1 z

. Tm GTLN cua P

1 2x y z

1 x 2y z

1 . y 2z

1 1 9 2x

1 y

1 z

1 1 9 x

1 2y

1 z

1 1 9 x

1 y

1 2z

5 1 18 x

1 y

1 z

10 9

MaxP
Sai lm 2:

10 9

33

1 2 xyz

33

1 x.2 yz

33

1 xy 2 z

11 1 3 3 2x

1 y

1 z

11 1 33 x

1 2y

1 z

11 1 33 x

1 y

1 2z

10 9

Nguyen nhan sai lam: Ca hai li giai tren eu a biet hng ch song cha biet chon iem

2x
ri. MaxP

y x x 1 y

z z y 1 z 4 (vn) , tc la khong ton tai ( x, y, z ) D : P

10 9

2y 2z 1 x

10 9

Li giai ung: T hai li giai tren vi d oan MaxP at c tai x so 2 x

4 nen tach cac 3

x x ra cho dau bang xay ra.

8

Chuyn BT cauchy

Trng THPT chuyn Quang Trung Cach 1: Ta co

1 16 2 x 1 y

GV: Nguyn Vit Hi

1 2x y z
1 z 1 x

1 x x
2 y 1 z

y z
1 x

1 1 16 x
1 y 2 z

1 x

1 y

1 , tng t va ta co: z

1 , vay MaxP 1 khi x

4 . 3

Cach 2: Ta co 2 x

y z

x x

y z

4 4 x.x. y.z

1 2x y z

1 4 x yz
4 2

, mat khac:

1 1 1 1 . . . x x y z 1 1 .4 16 x

1 1 4 x 1 y 1 z

1 x

1 y

1 z

1 2x y z

1 2 16 x

1 y

1 , tng t ta co: z

1 . Dau = xay ra khi x

1 , suy ra: 4

MaxP 1 khi x

1 . 4

Ta c th th m rng bi ton 10. Thnh bi ton tng qut sau.

x, y , z Cho 1 1 x y
Vi

0 1 z

. Tm GTLN cua P

1 y

1 y

1 y

, ,

Chuyn BT cauchy