Control Systems Lab Viva Questions

Viva Questions: 1.What is Servo motor? 2.What are the features does Servo Motors possess? 3.What is the difference between AC servomotor and two phase induction motors? 4.Compare AC servo motor and DC servo motors? .Some App!ications where Servo motors are used? ".What is S#nchro? $.What is S#nchro pair? %.What are the app!ications of S#nchro pair? &.What is 'roportiona! Contro!!er? Advanta(es and Disadvanta(es? 1).What is *nte(ra! Contro!!er? Advanta(es and Disadvanta(es? 11.Wh# Derivative Contro!!er is not used in iso!ation !i+e 'roportiona! and *nte(ra!? 12.,or reducin( Stead# State error which t#pe of contro!!er is used? 13.What is -eset rate? 14.Which t#pe of contro!!er anticipates the error? 1 ../p!ain the behaviour of the s#stem when '*D contro!!er is used?

1.What is Order of the system? Answer: 0rder of the s#stem is defined as the order of the differentia! e1uation (overnin( the s#stem. 0rder of the s#stem can be determined from the transfer function of the s#stem. A!so the order of the s#stem he!ps in understandin( the number of po!es of the transfer function. ,or nth order s#stem for a particu!ar transfer function contains 2n2 number of po!es. 2.What is Time response of the control system? Answer: 3ime response of the contro! s#stem is defined as the output of the c!osed !oop s#stem as a function of time. 3ime response of the s#stem can be obtained b# so!vin( the differentia! e1uations (overnin( the s#stem or time response of the s#stem can a!so be obtained b# transfer function of the s#stem. 3.Ho Time response of the system is divided? Answer:3ime response of the s#stem consists of two parts4 1.3ransient state response 2. Stead# state response. 3ransient response of the s#stem e/p!ains about the response of the s#stem when the input chan(es from one state to the other. Stead# state response of the s#stem shows the response as the time t5 approaches infinit# !.What are Test si"nals and their si"nificance? Answer: 3he +now!ed(e of the input si(na! is re1uired to predict the response of the s#stem. *n most of the s#stems input si(na!s are not +nown ahead of the time and it is a!so difficu!t to e/press the input si(na!s mathematica!!# b# simp!e e1uations. *n such cases determinin( the performance of the s#stem is not possib!e.3est si(na!s he!ps in predictin( the performance of the s#stem as the input si(na!s which we (ive are +nown hence we can see the output response of the s#stem for a (iven input and can understand the behavior of the contro! s#stem. 3he common!# used test si(na!s are impu!se5 ramp5 step si(na!s and sinusoida! si(na!s. #.What is $ole of the system?

Answer: 'o!e of a function ,6s7 is the va!ue at which the function ,6s7 becomes infinite5 where ,6s7 is a function of the comp!e/ variab!e s. %.What is &ero of the system? Answer: 8ero of a function ,6s7 is a va!ue at which the function ,6s7 becomes 9ero5 where ,6s7 is a function of comp!e/ variab!e s. 'lectrical Question: What is (i"nal )lo *raph? Answer: A Si(na! ,!ow :raph is a dia(ram that represents a set of simu!taneous !inear a!(ebraic e1uations. ;# ta+in( <ap!ace transform the time domain differentia! e1uations (overnin( a contro! s#stem can be transferred to a set of a!(ebraic e1uations in s= domain. 3he si(na! ,!ow (raph of the s#stem can be constructed usin( these e1uations. 'lectrical Question: What is (+domain and its si"nificance? Answer: ;# ta+in( <ap!ace transform for differentia! e1uation in the time domain e1uations in S=domain can be obtained. <>,6t7?@,6s7 S domain is used for so!vin( the time domain differentia! e1uations easi!# b# app!#in( the <ap!ace for the differentia! e1uations. What is mathematical model of a control system? Answer: Contro! s#stem is a co!!ection of ph#sica! e!ements connected to(ether to serve an obAective. 3he output and input re!ations of various ph#sica! s#stem are (overned b# differentia! e1uations. Mathematica! mode! of a contro! s#stem constitutes set of differentia! e1uations. 3he response of the output of the s#stem can be studied b# so!vin( the differentia! e1uations for various input conditions.

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,- ($'', -O.T/O0 (1(T'2 1. What are the various wa#s of var#in( the speed of Dc motors? 2. What is edd# current brea+in( in Dc speed contro!? 3. Can a rotar# dimmer be used to contro! Dc motor speed? 4. What is AW:? . What are the various components used in Dc speed contro!? ". Compare Dc and Ac speed contro! s#stem. $. What are the advanta(es and disadvanta(es of aBdc motor? %. What are the advanta(es and disadvanta(es of an Ac motor? &. What are the observations of Dc speed contro! on open !oop s#stem? 1). What are the observations of Dc speed contro! on open !oop s#stem?

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,- 2OTO/ $O(3T3O. -O.T/O0 What is a servomotor? 1. What is the wor+in( princip!e of DC servomotor? 2. What is the purpose of DC servomotor? 3. What are the components of DC position contro!? 4. Cow is position contro! achieved? . What are the app!ications of DC servomotors? ". What is meant b# the d#namic response of DC servomotor? $. What is the difference between AC and DC servomotors? %. What are the advanta(es of AC servomotor over Dc servomotor? &. What are the different servo modes used? 4- 2OTO/ $O(3T3O. -O.T/O0 1. What is the wor+in( princip!e of AC servo motor? 2. What is the purpose of AC servomotor? 3. What are the components of AC position contro!? 4. Cow is position contro! achieved? . What are the app!ications of AC servomotors? ". What is meant b# the d#namic response of DC servomotor? $. What is the difference between AC and DC servomotors? %. What are the advanta(es of AC servomotor over Dc servomotor? &. What are the different servo modes used? 1). Wh# a revo!ver is used in Ac servo motor? 24*.'T3- 42$03)3'/ 1. Describe the basic operation of ma(netic amp!ifier. 2. State the common usa(e of ma(netic amp!ifier. 3. Describe the purpose of various components of ma(netic amp!ifier. 4. Describe various methods of chan(in( inductance. . Describe saturab!e core reactor. ". Describe in detai! the circuitr# of ma(netic amp!ifier. $. :ive the purpose of saturab!e reactor in ma(netic amp!ifier. %. ./p!ain wor+in( of ma(netic amp!ifier in saturab!e reactor mode. &. ./p!ain wor+in( of ma(netic amp!ifier in se!f saturab!e reactor mode. 1). Compare the input and output characteristics in both the modes.

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(1.-H/O T/4.(23TT'/ 5 /'-'3V'/ .1. Define the term Ds#nchroE. 2. State the primar# purpose of S#nchro.

3. Fame the two t#pes of s#nchro identification code. 4. Draw the five standard schematic s#mbo!s for s#nchro and identif# a!! connections. . <ist the basic components that compose a tor1ue s#nchro s#stem. ". Define the term DcorrespondenceE and e/p!ain how it is used in simp!e s#nchro s#stem. $. Write a brief note about S#nchro 3ransmitter. %. Write a brief note about S#nchro -eceiver. &. State the difference between S#nchro transmitter and s#nchro receiver. 1). ./p!ain what happens when the rotor !eads on S#nchro transmitter and s#nchro receiver are reversed. %. $3, -O.T/O00'/ .What is a contro!!er? 1. What is the difference between a compensator and contro!!er? 3. Write a brief note about 'roportiona! Contro!!er. 4. Write a brief note about Derivative Contro!!er. . Write a brief note about *nte(ra! Contro!!er ". Write a brief note about '*D Contro!!er. $. Compare the performance of '* and 'D contro!!er. %. Which contro!!er is used for improvin( the transient response of the s#stem? &. Which contro!!er is used for improvin( the stead# state response of the s#stem? 1). What is the purpose of '*D contro!!er ?. 6. 0'4, 04* -O2$'.(4TO/

1. Write a brief note about <a( Compensator. 2. Write a brief note about <ead Compensator. 3. Write a brief note about <a( <ead Compensator. 4 3he ma/. phase shift provided for !ead compensator with transfer function :6s7@61G"s7H61G2s7 . Which compensation is adopted for improvin( transient response of a ne(ative unit# feedbac+ s#stem? ". Which compensation is adopted for improvin( stead# response of a ne(ative unit# feedbac+ s#stem?

$. Which compensation is adopted for improvin( both stead# state and transient response of a ne(ative unit# feedbac+ s#stem? %. What happens to the (ain crossover fre1uenc# when phase !a( compensator is used? &. What happens to the (ain crossover fre1uenc# when phase !ead compensator is used? 1). What is the effect of phase !a( compensation on servo s#stem performance? 7. 03.'4/ (1(T'2 (32804TO/ 6a7 0pen !oop response 6i7 .rror detector with (ain5 6ii7 3ime constant5 6iii7 *nte(rator 6b7 C!ose !oop s#stem 6*7 ,irst order s#stem 6**7 Second order s#stem 6***7 3hird

LVDT Applications
Pill Making Machine In making tablets from medicinal powder, dual LVDTs control pill weight & thickness. Automotive Suspension System The low cost and ruggedness of an AC LVDT is ideal for a re olutionar! t!pe of acti e control suspension s!stem for large trucks and buses. Specific Gravity Sensor "luids used in the #C board wa e soldering industr! must be monitored b! their specific gra it!$ this is done b! linking an LVDT to the mechanical float assembl! of a %&' probe. Weighing Systems Load cells and other t!pes of weighing e(uipment, such as checkweighing s!stems, can benefit from the infinite resolution and high accurac! of an LVDT. Servo Valve Positioning LVDTs can be used to measure spool position in a wide range of ser o al e applications. T!picall!, the units are positioned o er an isolation tube, isolated from the pressuri)ed en ironment. y!raulic Cylin!er "isplacement LVDTs are used e*tensi el! to pro ide displacement feedback for h!draulic c!linders. %e eral mounting configurations, both internal and e*ternal Pill Making Machine In making tablets from medicinal powder, dual LVDTs control pill weight & thickness. #hat is lv!t$ The linear ariable differential transformer and it is also called as differential transformer. It is a t!pe of +lectrical transformer used for measuring linear displacement position. ,The LVDT con erts a position or linear displacement from a mechanical reference into a

proportional electrical signal containing phase and amplitude information. The LVDT operation does not re(uire an electrical contact between the mo ing part and the coil assembl!, but instead relies on electromagnetic coupling. ,The linear ariable differential transformer has three solenoidal coils placed end-to-end around a tube. The center coil is the primar!, and the two outer coils are the top and bottom secondaries. A c!lindrical ferromagnetic core, attached to the ob.ect whose position is to be measured, slides along the a*is of the tube. An alternating current dri es the primar! and causes a oltage to be induced in each secondar! proportional to the length of the core linking to the secondar!. The fre(uenc! is usuall! in the range / to /0 k1)... Principle of LV"%& LVDT works under the principle of mutual induction, and the displacement which is a nonelectrical energ! is con erted into an electrical energ!. And the wa! how the energ! is getting con erted is described in working of LVDT in a detailed manner. Working of LV"%& Let2s stud! the working of LVDT b! splitting the cases into 3 based on the iron core position inside the insulated former. Case '& 4n appl!ing an e*ternal force which is the displacement, if the core reminds in the null position itself without pro iding an! mo ement then the oltage induced in both the secondar! windings are e(ual which results in net output is e(ual to )ero i.e., +sec/-+sec560 Case (& 7hen an e*ternal force is appilied and if the steel iron core tends to mo e in the left hand side direction then the emf oltage induced in the secondar! coil is greater when compared to the emf induced in the secondar! coil 5. Therefore the net output will be +sec/-+sec5 Case )& 7hen an e*ternal force is applied and if the steel iron core mo es in the right hand side direction then the emf induced in the secondar! coil 5 is greater when compared to the emf oltage induced in the secondar! coil /. therefore the net output oltage will be +sec5-+sec/ A!vantages of LV"%& , Infinite resolution is present in LVDT , 1igh output , LVDT gi es 1igh sensiti it! , Ver! good linearit! , 8uggedness , LVDT #ro ides Less friction , Low h!steresis , LVDT gi es Low power consumption. "isa!vantages of LV"%& , Ver! high displacement is re(uired for generating high oltages. , %hielding is re(uired since it is sensiti e to magnetic field. , The performance of the transducer gets affected b! ibrations

, Its is greatl! affected b! temperature changes. Applications of LV"%& LVDT is used to measure displacement ranging from fraction millimeter to centimeter. Acting as a secondar! transducer, LVDT can be used as a de ice to measure force, weight and pressure, etc..

*esistance %emperature "etector +*%", Principle of .peration/ Materials/ Configuration an! 0enefits by 1nnovative Sensor %echnology
Overview
Inno ati e %ensor Technolog! is a world-class manufacturer of thin-film 8TD temperature sensors, capaciti e humidit! sensors, and mass flow sensors at the component le el. 7ith our state-of-the-art manufacturing technolog!, Inno ati e %ensor Technolog! offers both standard and custom sensors to satisf! uni(ue applications. Additionall!, our highl! (ualified staff is now offering 8&D consulting ser ices for industrial applications. 4ur sensors ha e applications in the automoti e, 1VAC, appliance, controls, and test & measurement industries.

Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) - Principle of Operation

An 8TD 9resistance temperature detector: is a temperature sensor that operates on the measurement principle that a material;s electrical resistance changes with temperature. The relationship between an 8TD;s resistance and the surrounding temperature is highl! predictable, allowing for accurate and consistent temperature measurement. <! suppl!ing an 8TD with a constant current and measuring the resulting oltage drop across the resistor, the 8TD;s resistance can be calculated, and the temperature can be determined.

RTD Materials
Different materials used in the construction of 8TDs offer a different relationship between resistance and temperature. Temperature sensiti e materials used in the construction of 8TDs include platinum, nickel, and copper$ platinum being the most commonl! used. Important characteristics of an 8TD include the temperature coefficient of resistance 9TC8:, the nominal resistance at 0 degrees Celsius, and the tolerance classes. The TC8 determines the relationship between the resistance and the temperature. There are no limits to the TC8 that is achie able, but the most common industr! standard is the platinum 3=>0 ppm&?. This means that the resistance of the sensor will increase 0.3=> ohms per one degree Celsius increase in temperature. The nominal resistance of the sensor is the resistance that the sensor will ha e at 0 degrees Celsius.

Although almost an! alue can be achie ed for nominal resistance, the most common is the platinum /00 ohm 9pt/00:. "inall!, the tolerance class determines the accurac! of the sensor, usuall! specified at the nominal point of 0 degrees Celsius. There are different industr! standards that ha e been set for accurac! including the A%T@ and the +uropean DIA. Bsing the alues of TC8, nominal resistance, and tolerance, the functional characteristics of the sensor are defined.

RTD Configurations
In addition to different materials, 8TDs are also offered in two ma.or configurationsC wire wound and thin film. 7ire wound configurations feature either an inner coil 8TD or an outer wound 8TD. An inner coil construction consists of a resisti e coil running through a hole in a ceramic insulator, whereas the outer wound construction in ol es the winding of the resisti e material around a ceramic or glass c!linder, which is then insulated. The thin film 8TD construction features a thin la!er of resisti e material deposited onto a ceramic substrate through a process called deposition. A resisti e meander is then etched onto the sensor, and laser trimming is used to achie e the appropriate nominal alues of the sensor. The resisti e material is then protected with a thin la!er of glass, and lead wires are welded to pads on the sensor and co ered with a glass dollop. Thin film 8TDs ha e ad antages o er the wire wound configurations. The main ad antages include that the! are less e*pensi e, are more rugged and ibration resistant, and ha e smaller dimensions that lead to better response times and packaging capabilities. "or a long time wire wound sensors featured much better accurac!. Thanks to recent de elopments, howe er, there is now thin film technolog! capable of achie ing the same le el of accurac!.

Operations of RTD
An 8TD takes a measurement when a small DC current is supplied to the sensor. The current e*periences the impedance of the resistor, and a oltage drop is e*perienced o er the resistor. Depending on the nominal resistance of the 8TD, different suppl! currents can be used. To reduce self-heating on the sensor the suppl! current should be kept low. In general, around /mA or less of current is used. An 8TD can be connected in a two, three, or four-wire configuration. The two-wire configuration is the simplest and also the most error prone. In this setup, the 8TD is connected b! two wires to a 7heatstone bridge circuit and the output oltage is measured. The disad antage of this circuit is that the two connecting lead wire resistances add directl! two the 8TD;s resistance and an error is incurred.

-!ire Configuration

The four-wire configuration consists of two current leads and two potential leads that measure the oltage drop across the 8TD. The two potential leads are high resistance to negate the effect of the oltage drop due to current flowing during the measurement. This configuration is ideal for canceling the lead wire resistances in the circuit as well as eliminating the effects of different lead resistances, which was a possible problem with the three-wire configuration. The four-wire configuration is commonl! used when a highl! accurate measurement is re(uired for the application.

"-!ire Configuration

The four-wire configuration consists of two current leads and two potential leads that measure the oltage drop across the 8TD. The two potential leads are high resistance to negate the effect of the oltage drop due to current flowing during the measurement. This configuration is ideal for canceling the lead wire resistances in the circuit as well as eliminating the effects of different lead resistances, which was a possible problem with the three-wire configuration. The four-wire

configuration is commonl! used when a highl! accurate measurement is re(uired for the application.

#-!ire Configuration

In combination with the wiring diagrams shown, a more comple* circuit is often emplo!ed. There are man! different options for circuits when working with an 8TD. The two most important features of this circuit are current generation and signal conditioning. "or purposes of linearit!, it is important that the current generation circuit supplies a stable e*citation to the 8TD. 4nce a stable e*citation current is applied to the 8TD, the signal conditioning path of the circuit cancels lead resistances, gains the signal and con erts the signal to digital using an ADC, which can then be read b! a controller.

$enefits of T%in &ilm RTD

There are man! options when considering contact temperature measurement, including thermocouples, thermistors, and 8TDs 9wire wound and thin film:. 7hile thermocouples can handle er! high temperatures and thermistors are ine*pensi e, there are man! ad antages of 8TDs. %ome of these ad antages include their accurac!, precision, long-term stabilit!, and good h!steresis characteristics. + en be!ond these, there are ad antages of thin film 8TDs o er wire wound, including smaller dimensions, better response times, ibration resistance, and relati e ine*pensi eness. Aew ad ancements has e en made thin film technolog! .ust as accurate as wire wound at higher temperatures ranges.