AE2135-I Structural Analysis & Design (2013-2014) - Formula Sheet C.

Kassapoglou
1 Stress transformation and yielding criterion
2-D Stress transformation (rotating axes by angle )

x
=
x
cos
2
+
y
sin
2
+ 2
xy
sin cos (1a)

y
=
x
sin
2
+
y
cos
2
2
xy
sin cos (1b)

xy
=
x
sin cos +
y
sin cos +
xy
_
cos
2
sin
2

_
(1c)
Condition for yielding: Von Mises stress equals the yield stress Y:
Y =
_
1
2
_
(
x

y
)
2
+ (
y

z
)
2
+ (
z

x
)
2
_
+ 3
2
xy
+ 3
2
yz
+ 3
2
xz
(2)
2 Bending
Normal stresses in beam bending

z
=
I
xx
M
y
I
xy
M
x
I
xx
I
yy
I
2
xy
x +
I
yy
M
x
I
xy
M
y
I
yy
I
xx
I
2
xy
y (3)
3 Buckling
Governing dierential equation for buckling:
d
2
v
dz
2
+
P
EI
v = 0 (4)
Buckling load for a beam with both ends simply supported:
P
cr
=
n
2

2
EI
L
2
(5)
Buckling load for a beam with both ends clamped:
P
cr
=
4
2
EI
L
2
(6)
Deection of beam which is initially bent:
v =

n=1
n
2
A
n
n
2

P
P
cr
sin
nz
L
(7)
Deection of beam with eccentricity e:
v = e
_
_
_1 + cos
_
P
EI
z +
_
1 cos
_
P
EI
L
_
sin
_
P
EI
L
sin
_
P
EI
z
_
_
_ (8)
4 Torsion
Stresses in a beam under pure torsion:

xz
=

y
(9a)

yz
=

x
(9b)
1
AE2135-I Structural Analysis & Design (2013-2014) - Formula Sheet C. Kassapoglou
where is the Prandtl stress function satisfying:

x
2
+

2

y
2
=
2
= F (for a constant) (10a)
= 0 on the outer boundary (10b)
Also:
T = 2
__
dxdy (11)
T = GJ
d
dz
(12)
d
dz
=
1
2A
_
q
s
tG
ds (13)
_

y
2
+

2

x
2
_
= 2G
d
dz
(14)
Closed section beams:
T = 2Aq (15)
Long rectangular section under torsion:

xz
= 0 (16a)

yz
= 2Gx
d
dz
(16b)
J =
st
3
3
(16c)

yz
max
=
3T
st
2
(16d)
5 Shear
Open section beams under shear:
q
s
=
I
xx
S
x
I
xy
S
y
I
xx
I
yy
I
2
xy
_
s
0
txds
I
yy
S
y
I
xy
S
x
I
yy
I
xx
I
2
xy
_
s
0
ty ds (17)
Closed section beams under shear:
q
s
= q
b
+q
s0
(18)
S
x

0
S
y

0
=
_
s
pq
b
ds + 2Aq
s0
(19)
Idealized open cross-section (with booms) under shear:
q
s
=
I
xx
S
x
I
xy
S
y
I
xx
I
yy
I
2
xy
_
_
s
0
t
D
xds +
n

r=1
B
r
x
r
_

I
yy
S
y
I
xy
S
x
I
yy
I
xx
I
2
xy
_
_
s
0
t
D
y ds +
n

r=1
B
r
y
r
_
(20)
2
AE2135-I Structural Analysis & Design (2013-2014) - Formula Sheet C. Kassapoglou
6 Castigliano
Castiglianos 1
st
theorem:
Q
i
=
U

i
(21)
For bar under tension or compression:
U =
EA
2
2L
(22)
Castiglianos 2
nd
theorem:

i
=
C
i
P
i
(23)
with:
C
i
=
_
F
0
F
k
dF =
F
2
2k
for a spring (24a)
C
i
=
F
2
L
2EA
for a bar under tension or compression (24b)
C
i
=
_
L
0
M
2
2EI
dz for a beam bending under a moment (24c)
C
i
=
S
2
L
3
6EI
for a beam bending under a shear force (24d)
7 trigonometry
Some trigonometry functions:
sin
2
=
1
2
(1 cos 2) (25a)
cos
2
=
1
2
(1 + cos 2) (25b)
sin ( +) = sin cos + cos sin (25c)
cos ( +) = cos cos sin sin (25d)
3