ti thc tp chuyn ngnh:

MC LC

THIT K TEST-CASE TRONG KIM TH PHN MM

Sinh vin thc hin : Phm Th Trang Lp : HCQ K4A

Gio vin hng dn : Nguy n H!ng T"n B mn : C#ng ngh$ ph%n mm

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#Nnh 4.4 SO PQ cc cRp P SiTm thU...............................................................4A #Nnh 2.4 Mt chOng tVNnh nhW PT SiTm thU ..................................................2& #Nnh 2.2 MX mY cho chOng tVNnh tVong #Nnh 2.4........................................2= #Nnh 2.A Mt mZ cho vic [it S cc [p tOng POng................................A2 #Nnh 2.& Cc S\ hiZ PQ th] ngZYn nh^n @ S_t `Za cO ban............................AM #Nnh 2.- Cc S\ hiZ Vcng bZc......................................................................A= #Nnh 2.1 "hdng efm egt Phc iU djng Shi dk thfo PQ th]..............................Al #Nnh A.4 *Q th] ngZYn nh^n @ S_t `Za:..........................................................&1 #Nnh A.2 Bang `ZY_t P]nh...............................................................................&M

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.Vong ngcnh Sm ngh phnn momp nqm 4lMlp cr mt `ZY tsc nti ti_ng [c: u.Vong mt d n [vp tVNnh PiTn hNnhp thN eRp ew -xy thzi gi{n vc hOn -xy ttng chi ph| Phc iU djng tVong SiTm thU cc chOng tVNnh h{Y h th}ng PX Phc pht tViTn~. 7c cho P_n n{Yp i{Z gnn mt phnn A th_ Sp `ZY tsc Pr vn ckn Png. *X cr VRt nhioZ ngn ngdp h th}ng pht tViTn mi vi cc cng cj t|ch hhp cho cc [vp tVNnh vin iU djng pht tViTn ngcY ccng [inh Png. "hng SiTm thU vn Prng v{i tVk h_t ic `Z{n tVng tVong bRt S d n pht tViTn phnn mom nco. Rt nhioZ cc gio ip giang vin PX tng th{n phion Vng: u Sinh vin c{ chng t{ t}t nghip vc Pi [cm mc Shng cr Phc nhdng Si_n thc thc t_ cnn thi_t vo cch PT SiTm thU mt chOng tVNnh. #On nd{p chng t{ hi_m Shi cr Phc nhdng [zi ShZYn bt |ch PT cZng cRp tVong cc Shr{ hc m PnZ vo cch mt iinh vin nn [cm vo SiTm thU vc g [i cc bci tvp c{ h~. Cc tc gia c{ cZ}n ich nti ti_ng The Art of Software Testing Ngh thut kim th phn mmp G[fnoVd . MYfVip .om B{dgfttp .odd M. .hom{ip CoVfY S{nd[fV PX Shng P]nh tVong cZ}n ich c{ mNnh Vng: u #nZ h_t cc thcnh phnn `Z{n tVng tVong cc th thZvt c{ mt nhc SiTm thU chOng tVNnh [c Si_n thc vo cch PT vi_t cc c{ SiTm thU cr hiZ `Za~. 7ic e^Y dng cc tfit @ c{if [c mt nhim vj VRt Shr Shqn. *T cr thT e^Y dng Phc tvp cc tfit @ c{if hdZ |ch cho SiTm thUp chng t{ cnn VRt nhioZ Si_n thc vc Sinh nghim. *r [c nhdng [\ do thc PY fm thc hin Po tci ncY. Mjc P|ch c{ Po tci [c tNm hiTZ nhdng Si_n thc ttng `Z{n nhRt vo SiTm thUp vc cch thi_t S_ tfit @ c{if tVong SiTm thU phnn mom. 7ic thc hin Po tci i gip fm tNm hiTZ i^Z hOn vc [nh vc VRt hRp dn ncYp vvn djng Phc cc Si_n thc PX hc PT cr thT thi_t S_ Phc cc tfit @ c{if mt cch cr hiZ `Za vc p djng vco nhdng bci ton thc t_. Ban bo co Phc hocn thcnh di i chw bao tvn tNnh c{ thnY giop .hS "gZYn #Qng .^np i gip P nhit tNnh c{ cc thnY c tVong b mn Cng ngh -

phnn momp vc tRt ca cc bn. ?m hi vng i nhvn Phc i Prng grp \ Si_n c{ cc thnY c vc cc bn PT ban bo co Phc hocn thin hOn. "hdng Prng grp Pr i [c Sinh nghim `Z\ bZ cho fm. 7c t Prp fm cr thT ti_p tjc pht tViTn Po tci ncY cho Pht thc tvp t}t nghip vc PQ n t}t nghip isp tip cng nh cho cng vic tVong tOng [{i. &m 'in ch"n thnh c(m )n* Sinh vin Phm Th Trang

TM T T N!I DUNG
Ban bo co Phc chi{ thcnh A chOng vi ni dZng nh i{Z: Ch+)ng ,: T-ng .uan / 0i1m th2 ph%n mm* ChOng ncY [c ci nhNn ttng `Z{n vo SiTm thU phnn mom: cc Shi nim cO ban vo SiTm thU phnn momp cc `ZY tsc tVong SiTm thUp vc cc phOng php SiTm thU phnn mom tiZ biTZ. Ch+)ng 3: Thi4t 04 t56t 7 ca65 tr8ng 0i1m th2 ph%n mm* .Vong chOng ncYp fm Pi tNm hiTZ cc phOng php thi_t S_ tfit @ c{if cr hiZ `Za. . Pr Vt V{ nhvn egt vo Z nhhc PiTm c{ tng phOng php. Ch+)ng 9: :p ;<ng* . nhdng phOng php thi_t S_ tfit @ c{if PX tNm hiTZ tVong ChOng 2p fm p djng PT e^Y dng tvp cc tfit @ c{if 1

cho mt bci ton cj thT : .hi_t S_ cc tfit @ c{if cho chOng tVNnh Tam gi .

CH"#NG $%

T&NG 'UAN ( KIM TH PHN MM

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Ki1m th2 ph%n mm = .u( tr>nh 0h?8 6(t m@t h$ thAng hay thnh ph%n

;+Bi nhCng Diu 0i$n '(c DnhE .uan 6(t / ghi =i c(c 04t .u?E / D(nh gi( m@t 0hFa cnh n8 DG cHa h$ thAng hay thnh ph%n DG . .hfo !"ng h# gi"i thut ng$ hu%n &''' (a Thut ng$ k) ngh phn mm* &''' Stan+ar+ ,-ossar. of Software 'ngineering Termino-og.. Ki1m th2 ph%n mm = .u( tr>nh thc thi m@t ch+)ng tr>nh /Bi m<c DFch t>m =Ii* .hfo The Art of Software Testing Ngh thut kim th phn mm. Ki1m th2 ph%n mm = h8t D@ng 0h?8 6(t thc ti n 6?n phJm hay ;ch /< ph%n mm tr8ng DKng m#i tr+Lng chKng ; Dnh 6M D+Nc tri1n 0hai nhOm cung cPp ch8 ng+Li cG =Ni Fch =in .uan nhCng th#ng tin / chPt =+Nng cHa 6?n phJm hay ;ch /< ph%n mm Py* Q<c DFch cHa 0i1m th2 ph%n mm = t>m ra c(c =Ii hay 0hi4m 0huy4t ph%n mm nhOm D?m R?8 hi$u .u? h8t D@ng tAi +u cHa ph%n mm tr8ng nhiu ngnh 0h(c nhau* .hfo ! h khoa to/n th0 m1 2ikipe+ia. Cr thT P]nh ngh{ mt cch d hiTZ nh i{Z: Ki1m th2 ph%n mm = m@t ti4n tr>nh hay m@t tp hNp c(c ti4n tr>nh D+Nc thi4t 04 D1 D?m R?8 mS hGa m(y tFnh thc hi$n th58 c(i m chKng DS D+Nc thi4t 04 D1 =mE / 0h#ng thc hi$n RPt cT thT g> 0h#ng m8ng muAn* "y = m@t pha .uan trUng tr8ng .u( tr>nh ph(t tri1n h$ thAngE giKp ch8 ng+Li '"y ;ng h$ thAng / 0h(ch hng thPy D+Nc h$ thAng mBi DS D(p Tng yu c%u DVt ra hay ch+aW

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,*,*3*,

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Lc phOng php thU phnn mom Pki hWi phai dZYt [i cc YZ cnZ vc cc Pc ta bng t{Yp thng `Z{ vic iU djng giRYp bt PT SiTm tV{ [ogicp [nn tng chi ti_t mc Shng cnn chY chOng tVNnh. 9iTZ SiTm thU ncY thzng Phc iU djng bi chZYn vin thi_t S_ ngzi mc vi_t mX [nh mt mNnh. 9iTm thU tnh cng cr thT Phc t Png hr{. "r i thc hin SiTm tV{ tocn b b{o gQm cc chOng tVNnh Phc ph^n t|ch bi mt tVNnh thng d]ch hoc bin d]ch mc ec nhvn t|nh hhp [ vo c php c{ chOng tVNnh.

,*,*3*3

Ki1m th2 D@ng 7 Zynamic t56ting

Lc phOng php thU phnn mom thng `Z{ vic dng mY chY chOng tVNnh PT PioZ tV{ tVng thi tc Png c{ chOng tVNnh. *r [c SiTm thU d{ tVn cc c{ SiTm thU ec P]nh bng i thc hin c{ P}i thng SiTm thU h{Y chY cc chOng tVNnh. 9iTm thU Png SiTm tV{ cch thc hot Png Png c{ mX [nhp tc [c SiTm tV{ i phan ng vvt [\ t h th}ng ti cc bi_n [Zn th{Y Pti thfo thzi gi{n. .Vong SiTm thU Pngp phnn mom phai thc i Phc bin d]ch vc chY. 9iTm thU Png thc i b{o gQm [cm vic vi phnn momp nhvp cc gi tV] PnZ vco vc SiTm tV{ efm [iZ PnZ V{ cr nh mong mZ}n h{Y Shng. Cc phOng php SiTm thU Png gQm cr SiTm thU ,nit @ 3nit Tests4 9iTm thU t|ch hhp @ &ntergration Testsp 9iTm thU h th}ng @ S.stem Testsp vc 9iTm thU chRp nhvn ian phm @ A eptan e Tests5

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,*,*9*3

Ki1m th2 h@p trjng 7 khit5 R8' t56ting

Lc mt chi_n [hc SiTm thU Shcp tVi nghc hocn tocn vi SiTm thU hp Pfnp SiTm thU hp tVsng h{Y SiTm thU hng [ogic cho phgp bn Shao it cRZ tVc bn tVong c{ chOng tVNnh. Chi_n [hc ncY eZRt pht t dd [iZ SiTm thU bng i SiTm thU t|nh [ogic c{ chOng tVNnh. 9iTm thU vin i tVZY cvp vco cRZ tVc dd [iZ vc giai thZvt bn tVong chOng tVNnh vc ca mX [nh thc hin chng.

C(c ph+)ng ph(p 0i1m th2 h@p trjng

44

 Ki1m th2 gia8 ;i$n =p tr>nh Tng ;<ng f AP_ t56ting lapp=icati8n pr8gramming int5rmac5n: [c phOng php SiTm thU c{ ng djng iU djng cc !<( cng Sh{i vc Ving t. [a8 phH mS =$nh 7 C8;5 c8/5rag5: to cc SiTm tV{ PT Pp ng mt i} tiZ chZn vo b{o ph mX [nh. C(c ph+)ng ph(p g(n =Ii 7 gau=t ino5cti8n* C(c ph+)ng ph(p 0i1m th2 h8(n chuy1n 7 Qutati8n t56ting m5th8;6* Ki1m th2 tXnh 7 Ytatic t56ting: SiTm thU hp tVsng b{o gQm mi SiTm thU tnh. <hOng php SiTm thU hp tVsng cng cr thT Phc iU djng PT Pnh gi i hocn thcnh c{ mt b SiTm thU mc Phc to cng vi cc phOng php SiTm thU hp Pfn. *ioZ ncY cho phgp cc nhrm phnn mom Shao it cc phnn c{ 4 h th}ng |t Shi Phc SiTm tV{ vc Pam bao Vng nhdng PiTm chc nqng `Z{n tVng nhRt PX Phc SiTm tV{.

,*,*9*9

Ki1m th2 h@p '(m 7 `ray R8' t56ting

9iTm thU hp em Pki hWi phai cr i tVZY cvp ti cRZ tVc dd [iZ vc giai thZvt bn tVong cho nhdng mjc P|ch thi_t S_ cc c{ SiTm thUp nhng [c SiTm thU mc ngzi iU djng h{Y mc hp Pfn. 7ic th{o tc ti dd [iZ PnZ vco vc P]nh dng dd [iZ PnZ V{ [c Shng V Vcngp gi}ng nh mt chi_c h7p @m4 bi vN PnZ vco vc PnZ V{ V Vcng [c bn ngoci h7p 8en mc chng t{ vn gi vo h th}ng Phc SiTm tV{. S Shc bit ncY Pc bit `Z{n tVng Shi `Zan [\ SiTm thU t|ch hhp @ &ntergartion testing gid{ 2 modZn mX [nh Phc vi_t bi h{i chZYn vin thi_t S_ Shc nh{Zp tVong Pr chw gi{o din [c Phc P{ V{ PT SiTm thU. 9iTm thU hp em cr thT cng b{o gQm ca thi_t S_ P}i chi_Z PT `ZY_t P]nhp v| djp gi tV] bin h{Y thng bo [i.

42

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,*,*4*,

Ki1m th2 D)n / 7 bnit t56t

Mt POn v] [c mt thcnh phnn phnn mom nhW nhRt mc t{ cr thT SiTm thU Phc. 7| djp cc hcm ABun tionCp th tjc ADro e+ureC4 [p A<-assC h{Y phOng thc AEetho+C PoZ cr thT Phc efm [c ,nit. 7N ,nit Phc chn PT SiTm tV{ thzng cr S|ch thc nhW vc chc nqng hot Png POn gianp chng t{ Shng Shr Shqn gN tVong vic tt chc SiTm thUp ghi nhvn vc ph^n t|ch S_t `Za SiTm thU. "_Z pht hin [ip vic ec P]nh ngZYn nh^n vc Shsc phjc cng tOng P}i d dcng vN chw Sho{nh vng tVong mt POn thT ,nit P{ng 4A

SiTm tV{. Mt ngZYn [\ Pc S_t t thc tin: thzi gi{n t}n cho ,nit .fit i Phc Pon b bng vic ti_t Sim VRt nhioZ thzi gi{n vc chi ph| cho vic SiTm thU vc iU{ [i cc mc SiTm thU i{Z Pr. ,nit .fit thzng do [vp tVNnh vin thc hin. Cng Pon ncY cnn Phc thc hin ccng im ccng t}t tVong gi{i Pon vi_t codf vc eZYn iZ}t chZ S pht tViTn phnn mom. .hng thzngp ,nit .fit Pki hWi SiTm thU vin cr Si_n thc vo thi_t S_ vc codf c{ chOng tVNnh. Mjc P|ch c{ ,nit .fit [c bao Pam thng tin Phc eU [\ vc eZRt ShWi ,nit [c ch|nh ecp tVong m}i tOng `Z{n vi dd [iZ nhvp vc chc nqng c{ ,nit. *ioZ ncY thzng Pki hWi tRt ca cc nhnh bn tVong ,nit PoZ phai Phc SiTm tV{ PT pht hin nhnh pht iinh [i. Mt nhnh thzng [c mt chZi cc [nh Phc thc thi tVong mt ,nit. 7| dj: chZi cc [nh i{Z PioZ Sin ( vc nm gid{ thfn ... f[if [c mt nhnh. .hc t_ vic chn [{ cc nhnh PT POn gian hr{ vic SiTm thU vc `Zgt h_t ,nit Pki hWi phai cr Sm thZvtp Pi Shi phai dng thZvt ton PT chn [{. Cng vi cc mjc SiTm thU Shcp ,nit .fit cng Pki hWi phai chZn b] tVc cc c{ SiTm thU Test ase hoc S]ch ban SiTm thU Test s riptp tVong Pr chw P]nh V dd [iZ PnZ vcop cc bc thc hin vc dd [iZ PnZ V{ mong mZ}n. Cc .fit c{if vc .fit icVipt ncY nn Phc gid [i PT ti iU djng.

,*,*4*3

Ki1m th2 tFch hNp 7 _nt5rgrati8n T56t

(ntfgV{tion tfit S_t hhp cc thcnh phnn c{ mt ng djng vc SiTm thU nh mt ng djng PX hocn thcnh. .Vong Shi ,nit .fit SiTm tV{ cc thcnh phnn vc ,nit Ving [ thN (ntgV{tion .fit S_t hhp chng [i vi nh{Z vc SiTm tV{ i gi{o ti_p gid{ chng. #{i mjc tiZ ch|nh c{ (ntfgV{tion .fit: <ht hin [i gi{o ti_p eaY V{ gid{ cc ,nit. .|ch hhp cc ,nit POn [ thcnh cc h th}ng nhW SuFs.stem vc cZ}i cng [c ngZYn h th}ng hocn chwnh S.stem chZn b] cho SiTm thU mc h th}ng S.stem Test. 4&

.Vong ,nit .fitp [vp tVNnh vin c} gsng pht hin [i [in `Z{n P_n chc nqng vc cRZ tVc ni ti c{ ,nit. Cr mt i} phgp SiTm thU POn gian tVn gi{o ti_p gid{ ,nit vi cc thcnh phnn [in `Z{n Shcp tZY nhin mi gi{o ti_p [in `Z{n P_n ,nit chw thvt i Phc SiTm tV{ PnY P Shi cc ,nit t|ch hhp vi nh{Z tVong Shi thc hin (ntfgV{tion .fit. .V mt i} |t ngoi [p (ntfgV{tion .fit chw nn thc hin tVn nhdng ,nit PX Phc SiTm tV{ cn thvn tVc Pr bng ,nit .fitp vc tRt ca cc [i mc ,nit PX Phc iU{ chd{. Mt i} ngzi hiTZ i{i Vng ,nit mt Shi PX `Z{ gi{i Pon ,nit .fit vi cc gi{o ti_p gia [vp thN Shng cnn phai thc hin (ntfgV{tion .fit nd{. .hc t_ vic t|ch hhp gid{ cc ,nit dn P_n nhdng tNnh hZ}ng hocn tocn Shc. Mt chi_n [hc cnn `Z{n t^m tVong (ntfgV{tion .fit [c nn t|ch hhp dnn tng ,nit. Mt ,nit ti mt thzi PiTm Phc t|ch hhp vco mt nhrm cc ,nit Shc PX t|ch hhp tVc Pr vc PX hocn tRt cc Pht (ntfgV{tion .fit tVc Pr. Lc ncYp t{ chw cnn SiTm thU gi{o ti_p c{ ,nit mi thm vco vi h th}ng cc ,nit PX t|ch hhp tVc Prp PioZ ncY i [cm cho i} [hng c{n SiTm thU giam Pi VRt nhioZp vc i{i irt i giam Png ST. Cr & [oi SiTm thU tVong (ntfgV{tion .fit: Ki1m th2 cPu trKc lYtructur5 T56tn: .Ong t hitf Boe .fitp SiTm thU cRZ tVc nhm bao Pam cc thcnh phnn bn tVong c{ mt chOng tVNnh chY Png vc ch tVng P_n hot Png c{ cc thcnh phnn cRZ tVc ni ti c{ chOng tVNnh chng hn cc c^Z [nh vc nhnh bn tVong. Ki1m th2 chTc npng lguncti8na= T56tn: .Ong t B[{cS Boe .fitp SiTm thU chc nqng chw ch tVng P_n chc nqng c{ chOng tVNnhp mc Shng `Z{n t^m P_n cRZ tVc bn tVongp chw Shao it chc nqng c{ chOng tVNnh thfo YZ cnZ Sm thZvt. Ki1m th2 hi$u npng lP5rm8rmanc5 T56tn: 9iTm thU vic vvn hcnh c{ h th}ng. Ki1m th2 0h? npng chu t?i lYtr566 T56tn: 9iTm thU cc gii hn c{ h th}ng. 4-

,*,*4*9

Ki1m th2 h$ thAng 7 Yy6t5m T56t

Mjc P|ch SYitfm .fit [c SiTm thU thi_t S_ vc tocn b h th}ng i{Z Shi t|ch hhp cr thW{ mXn YZ cnZ Pt V{ h{Y Shng. SYitfm .fit bst PnZ Shi tRt ca cc b phvn c{ phnn mom PX Phc t|ch hhp thcnh cng. .hng thzng [oi SiTm thU ncY t}n VRt nhioZ cng ic vc thzi gi{n. .Vong nhioZ tVzng hhpp vic SiTm thU Pki hWi mt i} thi_t b] phj tVhp phnn mom hoc phnn cng Pc thp Pc bit [c cc ng djng thzi gi{n thcp h th}ng ph^n b}p hoc h th}ng nhng. mc P h th}ngp ngzi SiTm thU cng tNm Si_m cc [ip nhng tVng t^m [c Pnh gi vo hot Pngp th{o tcp i tin cvY vc cc YZ cnZ Shc [in `Z{n P_n chRt [hng c{ tocn h th}ng. *iTm Shc nh{Z thfn ch}t gid{ (ntfgV{tion .fit vc SYitfm .fit [c SYitfm .fit ch tVng cc hcnh vi vc [i tVn tocn h th}ngp ckn (ntfgV{tion .fit ch tVng i gi{o ti_p gid{ cc POn thT hoc P}i thng Shi chng [cm vic cng nh{Z. .hng thzng t{ phai thc hin ,nit .fit vc (ntfgV{tion .fit PT bao Pam mi ,nit vc i tOng tc gid{ chng hot Png ch|nh ec tVc Shi thc hin SYitfm .fit. S{Z Shi hocn thcnh (ntfgV{tion .fitp mt h th}ng phnn mom PX Phc hNnh thcnh cng vi cc thcnh phnn PX Phc SiTm tV{ PnY P. .i thzi PiTm ncYp [vp tVNnh vin hoc SiTm thU vin bst PnZ SiTm thU phnn mom nh mt h th}ng hocn chwnh. 7ic [vp S_ hoch cho SYitfm .fit nn bst PnZ t gi{i Pon hNnh thcnh vc ph^n t|ch cc YZ cnZ. SYitfm .fit SiTm thU ca cc hcnh vi chc nqng c{ phnn mom [n cc YZ cnZ vo chRt [hng nh P tin cvYp t|nh tin [hi Shi iU djngp hiZ nqng vc bao mvt. Mc SiTm thU ncY Pc bit th|ch hhp cho vic pht hin [i gi{o ti_p vi phnn mom hoc phnn cng bn ngocip chng hn cc [i tsc nghn df{d[ocS hoc chi_m djng b nh. S{Z gi{i Pon SYitfm .fitp phnn mom thzng PX in icng cho Shch hcng hoc ngzi dng cZ}i cng SiTm thU chRp nhvn ian phm A eptan e Test hoc dng thU A-pha;!eta Test.

41

*ki hWi nhioZ cng icp thzi gi{n vc t|nh ch|nh ecp Shch `Z{np SYitfm .fit thzng Phc thc hin bi mt nhrm SiTm thU vin hocn tocn Pc [vp vi nhrm pht tViTn d n. Ban th^n SYitfm .fit [i gQm nhioZ [oi SiTm thU Shc nh{Zp pht bi_n nhRt gQm: Ki1m th2 chTc npng lguncti8na= T56tn: Bao Pam cc hcnh vi c{ h th}ng thW{ mXn Png YZ cnZ thi_t S_. Ki1m th2 hi$u npng lP5rm8rmanc5 T56tn: Bao Pam t}i Z vic ph^n bt tci ngZYn h th}ng v| dj b nh nhm Pt cc chw tiZ nh thzi gi{n eU [\ h{Y Pp ng c^Z tVZY vRn... Ki1m th2 0h? npng chu t?i lYtr566 T56t hay \8a; T56tn: Bao Pam h th}ng vvn hcnh Png di p [c c{o v| dj nhioZ ngzi tVZY eZRt cng [c. StVfii .fit tvp tVZng vco cc tVng thi ti hnp cc PiTm ch_tp cc tNnh hZ}ng bRt thzng nh P{ng gi{o d]ch thN ngst S_t n}i eZRt hin nhioZ tVong SiTm tV{ thi_t b] nh <FSp !.M...... Ki1m th2 cPu h>nh lC8nmigurati8n T56tn* Ki1m th2 R?8 mt lY5curity T56tn: Bao Pam t|nh tocn vnp bao mvt c{ dd [iZ vc c{ h th}ng. Ki1m th2 0h? npng ph<c h!i ld5c8/5ry T56tn: Bao Pam h th}ng cr Sha nqng Shi phjc tVng thi tn P]nh tVc Pr tVong tNnh hZ}ng mRt tci ngZYn hoc dd [iZ Pc bit `Z{n tVng P}i vi cc h th}ng gi{o d]ch nh ng^n hcng tVc tZY_n... "hNn t `Z{n PiTm ngzi dngp cc cRp P SiTm thU tVn VRt `Z{n tVng: Chng bao Pam h th}ng P Sha nqng [cm vic tVong mi tVzng thc. LZ \ [c Shng nhRt thi_t phai thc hin tRt ca cc [oi SiTm thU nZ tVn. .Y YZ cnZ vc Pc tVng c{ tng h th}ngp tZ Sha nqng vc thzi gi{n cho phgp c{ d np Shi [vp S_ hochp ngzi 6Zan [\ d n i `ZY_t P]nh p djng nhdng [oi SiTm thU nco.

4M

,*,*4*4

Ki1m th2 chPp nhn 6?n phJm 7 Acc5ptanc5 T56t

.hng thzngp i{Z gi{i Pon SYitfm .fit [c !ccfpt{ncf .fitp Phc Shch hcng thc hin hoc Y `ZYon cho mt nhrm th b{ thc hin. Mjc P|ch c{ !ccfpt{ncf .fit [c PT chng minh phnn mom thW{ mXn tRt ca YZ cnZ c{ Shch hcng vc Shch hcng chRp nhvn ian phm vc tVa tion th{nh ton hhp PQng. !ccfpt{ncf .fit cr \ ngh{ h_t ic `Z{n tVngp mc d tVong hnZ h_t mi tVzng hhpp cc phgp SiTm thU c{ SYitfm .fit vc !ccfpt{ncf .fit gnn nh tOng tp nhng ban chRt vc cch thc thc hin [i VRt Shc bit. *}i vi nhdng ian phm dcnh bn Vng VXi tVn th] tVzng cho nhioZ ngzi iU djngp thng thzng i thng `Z{ h{i [oi SiTm thU gi [c SiTm thU ![ph{ @ A=pha T56t vc SiTm thU Bft{ @ [5ta T56t. 7i ![ph{ .fitp ngzi dng SiTm thU phnn mom ng{Y ti nOi pht tViTn phnn momp [vp tVNnh vin i ghi nhvn cc [i hoc phan hQip vc [n S_ hoch iU{ chd{. 7i Bft{ .fitp phnn mom i Phc gUi ti cho ngzi dng PT SiTm thU ng{Y tVong mi tVzng thcp [i hoc phan hQi cng i gUi nghc [i cho [vp tVNnh vin PT iU{ chd{. .hc t_ cho thRYp n_Z Shch hcng Shng `Z{n t^m vc Shng th{m gi{ vco `Z tVNnh pht tViTn phnn mom thN S_t `Za !ccfpt{ncf .fit i i{i [ch VRt [np mc d phnn mom PX tVai `Z{ tRt ca cc SiTm thU tVc Pr. S i{i [ch ncY [in `Z{n P_n vic hiTZ i{i YZ cnZ cng nh i mong chz c{ Shch hcng. 7| dj Pi Shi mt phnn mom eZRt isc vht `Z{ cc phgp SiTm thU vo chc nqng thc hin bi nhrm thc hin d np nhng Shch hcng Shi SiTm thU i{Z cng vn thRt vng vN b} cjc mcn hNnh ngh o ncnp th{o tc Shng t nhinp Shng thfo tvp `Zn iU djng c{ Shch hcng v.v... Gsn [ion vi gi{i Pon !ccfpt{ncf .fit thzng [c mt nhrm nhdng d]ch vj vc tci [iZ Pi S mp pht bi_n nh hng dn cci Ptp iU djng v.v... .Rt ca tci [iZ Pi S m phai Phc cvp nhvt vc SiTm thU cht ch.

4=

,*,*4*q

Q@t 6A cPp D@ 0i1m th2 0h(c

"goci cc cRp P tVnp ckn mt i} cRp P SiTm thU Shc nh:

Ki1m th2 h!i .uy 7 d5gr566i8n T56ting:

.hfo chZn (???14x.42lxp SiTm thU hQi `ZY [c ui SiTm tV{ [i cr [{ chn c{ mt h th}ng h{Y thcnh phnn PT ec minh [c nhdng i th{Y Pti Shng g^Y V{ nhdng hvZ `Za Shng mong mZ}n~. .Vn thc t_p `Z{n nim ncY [c chw V{ Vng phnn mom mc PX `Z{ Phc cc SiTm tV{ tVc Pr vn cr thT Phc SiTm tV{ [i. BfifV P]nh ngh{ Pr [c i [p [i cc SiTm tV{ PT chw V{ Vng cch hot Png c{ phnn mom Shng b] th{Y Ptip ngoi tV ti mc nh YZ cnZ. #iTn nhin [c i thW{ hip phai Phc thc hin gid{ i Pam bao Phc P{ V{ bi SiTm thU hQi `ZY mi [nn thc hin mt i th{Y Pti vc nhdng tci ngZYn Phc YZ cnZ thc hin PioZ Pr.

Ki1m th2 tFnh DKng 7 C8rr5ctn566 t56ting:

.|nh Png Psn [c YZ cnZ t}i thiTZ c{ phnn momp [c mjc P|ch ch Y_Z c{ SiTm thU. 9iTm thU t|nh Png i cnn mt SiTZ ngzi Png tin nco Prp PT chw V{ cch hot Png Png Psn t cch hot Png i{i [nm. 9iTm thU vin cr thT bi_t hoc Shng bi_t cc chi ti_t bn tVong c{ cc modZn phnn mom Phc SiTm thUp v| dj [ZQng PioZ ShiTnp [Zng dd [iZp v.v . o Prp hoc [c `Z{n PiTm hp tVsngp hoc [c `Z{n PiTm hp Pfn cr thT Phc thc hin tVong SiTm thU phnn mom.

$%$%v

C)* 9,A1.= 9,)9 +-60 7,8 *w. .=Ax#{i phOng php SiTm thU con ngzi ch Y_Z [c <o+e &nspe tions vc

2a-kthroughs. #{i phOng php ncY b{o gQm mt nhrm ngzi Pc vc SiTm tV{ thfo mX [nh c{ chOng tVNnh. Mjc tiZ c{ chng [c PT tNm V{ [i mc Shng g [i. Mt &nspe tion h{Y 2a-kthrough [c 4 i cai ti_n c{ phOng php SiTm tV{ mc [vp tVNnh vin Pc chOng tVNnh c{ h tVc Shi SiTm thU nr. &nspe tions vc 4l

2a-kthroughs hiZ `Za hOn [c bi vN nhdng ngzi Shc i SiTm thU chOng tVNnh t}t hOn ch|nh tc gia c{ chOng tVNnh Pr. &nspe tions;2a-kthroughs vc SiTm thU bng mY t|nh bt iZng cho nh{Z. #iZ `Za tNm [i i Sgm Pi n_Z thi_Z Pi 4 tVong 2 phOng php. 7c P}i vi vic iU{ Pti chOng tVNnh cng nn iU djng cc phOng php SiTm thU ncY cng nh cc Sm thZvt SiTm thU hQi `ZY.

,*,*q*,

T-ng ;uy$t 7 ka=0thr8ugh

2a-kthrough [c mt thZvt ngd m ta i efm egt Sm [ng c{ mt `Z tVNnh mc tVZ thng tVong Pr nhc thi_t S_ h{Y [vp tVNnh vin [Xnh Po cc thcnh vin tVong nhrm vc nhdng ngzi cr `Z{n t^m Shc thng `Z{ mt ian phm phnn momp vc nhdng ngzi th{m gi{ Pt c^Z hWip vc ghi ch nhdng [i cr thT crp i vi phm cc chZn pht tViTn vc cc vRn Po Shc. {[SthVoZgh mX [nh [c 4 tvp cc th tjc vc cc cng ngh dk [i cho vic Pc nhrm mX [nh. .Vong mt 2a-kthrough4 nhrm cc nhc pht tViTn @ vi A hoc & thcnh vin [c t}t nhRt @ thc hin egt dZYt [i. Chw 4 tVong cc thcnh vin [c tc gia c{ chOng tVNnh. Mt Z PiTm Shc c{ wa-kthroughsp hiZ `Za tVong chi ph| g [ip [c 4 thc t_ mc Shi mt [i Phc tNm thRYp nr thzng Phc P]nh v] ch|nh ec tVong mX [nh. .hm vco Prp phOng php ncY thzng tNm V{ 4 tvp cc [ip cho phgp i{Z Pr cc [i Pr Phc iU{ tRt ca vi nh{Z. Mt Shcp SiTm thU d{ tVn mY t|nhpchw tNm V{ tViZ chng c{ [i chOng tVNnh Shng S_t thc hoc P{ V{ S_t `Za v ngh{p vc cc [i thzng Phc tNm V{ vc iU{ [nn [ht tng [i mt.

,*,*q*3

Thanh tra mS ngu!n 7 C8;5 _n6p5cti8n

.h{nh tV{ mX ngZQn [c 4 tvp hhp cc th tjc vc cc Sm thZvt dk [i cho vic Pc cc nhrm mX [nh. Mt nhrm SiTm dZYt thzng gQm & ngzi. Mt tVong i} Pr Prng v{i tVk [c ngzi PioZ ti_t @ mt [vp tVNnh vin [Xo [ZYn vc Shng Phc [c tc gia c{ chOng tVNnh vc phai Shng `Zfn vi cc chi ti_t c{ chOng tVNnh. 2x

"gzi PioZ ti_t cr nhim vj: ph^n ph}i ngZYn [iZ vc [vp []ch cho cc bZti SiTm dZYtp chw Po phin [cm vicp ghi [i tRt ca cc [i Phc tNm thRY vc Pam bao [c cc [i i{Z Pr Phc iU{. .hcnh vin th h{i [c mt [vp tVNnh vin. Cc thcnh vin ckn [i tVong nhrm thzng [c nhc thi_t S_ c{ chOng tVNnh n_Z nhc thi_t S_ Shc [vp tVNnh vin vc mt chZYn vin SiTm thU.

$%@

N=yz{. 7|* +-60 7,8 9,:. 050

*T SiTm thU Pt hiZ `Za thN Shi ti_n hcnh SiTm thU phnn mom cnn phai tZ^n

th mt i} `ZY tsc i{Z: Quy tjc ,: Q@t ph%n .uan trUng cHa , ca 0i1m th2 = Dnh nghXa cHa D%u ra hay 04t .u? m8ng muAn* Quy tjc 3: \p tr>nh /in nn tr(nh t 0i1m tra ch+)ng tr>nh cHa m>nh* Quy tjc 9: NhGm =p tr>nh 0h#ng nn 0i1m th2 ch+)ng tr>nh cHa chFnh hU* Quy tjc 4: Ki1m tra thPu D(8 mUi 04t .u? cHa mIi 0i1m tra* Quy tjc q: C(c ca 0i1m th2 ph?i D+Nc /i4t ch8 c(c trng th(i D%u /8 0h#ng hNp =$ / 0h#ng m8ng muAnE crng nh+ ch8 c(c D%u /8 hNp =$ / m8ng muAn* Quy tjc s: Kh?8 6(t , ch+)ng tr>nh D1 '5m =i$u ch+)ng tr>nh cG thc hi$n c(i m nG c%n thc hi$n cht = , ph%nE ph%n cun =i = '5m =i$u ch+)ng tr>nh cG thc hi$n c(i m nG 0h#ng c%n ph?i thc hi$n hay 0h#ng* Quy tjc v: Tr(nh c(c ca 0i1m th2 R"ng .u) trw 0hi ch+)ng tr>nh thc 6 = , ch+)ng tr>nh R"ng .u)* Quy tjc x: Kh#ng ; 0i4n 04t .u? cHa 0i1m th2 th58 gi? thi4t ng%m = 0h#ng t>m thPy =Ii* Quy tjc y: ^(c 6uPt t!n ti =Ii tr8ng , D8n ch+)ng tr>nh = t+)ng Tng /Bi 6A =Ii DS t>m thPy tr8ng D8n DG* Quy tjc ,z: Ki1m th2 = , nhi$m /< cc 0{ 6(ng t8 / cG tFnh th2 th(ch trF tu$* 24

CH"#NG @%
@%$ K,)- .-/0

THIT K TEST } CASE

.hi_t S_ tfit @ c{if tVong SiTm thU phnn mom [c `Z tVNnh e^Y dng cc phOng php SiTm thU cr thT pht hin [ip i{i irtp ShZY_t PiTm c{ phnn mom PT e^Y dng phnn mom Pt tiZ chZn.

@%@

(~- 7 *~ 7,-7 + 77 } *~
.o V{ cc c{ SiTm thU t}t nhRt cr Sha nqng pht hin V{ [ip i{i irt c{ phnn mom mt cch nhioZ nhRt. .o V{ cc c{ SiTm thU cr chi ph| V nhRtp PQng thzi t}n |t thzi gi{n vc cng ic nhRt.

@%B

'yz 7>., 7,-7 + 77 } *~

Mt tVong nhdng [\ do `Z{n tVng nhRt tVong SiTm thU chOng tVNnh [c thi_t S_

vc to V{ cc c{ SiTm thU cc .fit c{if cr hiZ `Za. 7i nhdng Vcng bZc vo thzi gi{n vc chi ph| PX chop thN vRn Po thfn ch}t c{ SiTm thU tV thcnh: Tp c8n n8 cHa tPt c? ca 0i1m th2 cG th1 cG 0h? npng t>m ra nhiu =Ii nhPtW .hng thzngp phOng php Sgm hiZ `Za nhRt [c SiTm tV{ tRt ca PnZ vco ngZ nhin @ `Z tVNnh SiTm thU mt chOng tVNnh bng vic chn ngZ nhin mt tvp con cc gi tV] PnZ vco cr thT. 7o mt Sha nqng tNm V{ nhioZ [i nhRtp tvp hhp cc c{ SiTm thU Phc chn ngZ nhin cr VRt |t cO hi [c tvp hhp t}i Z h{Y gnn t}i Z. S{Z P^Y [c mt i} phOng php PT chn V{ mt tvp dd [iZ SiTm thU mt cch thng minh.

22

*T SiTm thU hp Pfn vc SiTm thU hp tVsng mt cch thRZ Po [c Shng thT. o Prp mt chi_n [hc SiTm thU hhp [\ [c chi_n [hc cr thT S_t hhp ic mnh c{ ca h{i phOng php tVn: <ht tViTn 4 cZc SiTm thU nghim ngt v{ bng vic iU djng cc phOng php thi_t S_ c{ SiTm thU hng hp Pfn nco Pr vc i{Z Pr bt iZng thm nhdng c{ SiTm thU ncY bng vic Shao it t|nh [ogic c{ chOng tVNnhp iU djng phOng php hp tVsng. "hdng chi_n [hc S_t hhp Pr b{o gQm: H@p D5n 4. <h^n [p tOng POng 2. <h^n t|ch gi tV] bin A. *Q th] ngZYn nh^n @ S_t `Za &. *on [i H@p trjng 4. B{o ph c^Z [nh 2. B{o ph `ZY_t P]nh A. B{o ph PioZ Sin &. B{o ph PioZ Sin @ `ZY_t P]nh -. B{o ph P{ PioZ Sin. Mi phOng php cr nhdng Z PiTm cng nh ShZY_t PiTm Vingp do Pr PT cr Phc tvp cc c{ SiTm thU t}i Zp chng t{ cnn S_t hhp hnZ h_t cc phOng php. 6ZY tVNnh thi_t S_ cc c{ SiTm thU i bst PnZ bng vic pht tViTn cc c{ SiTm thU iU djng phOng php hp Pfn vc i{Z Pr pht tViTn bt iZng cc c{ SiTm thU cnn thi_t vi phOng php hp tVsng.

@%B%$

K-60 7,8 ,u9 7|.= - K-60 7,8 2~w 9, ;w=-*

9iTm thU hp tVsng cr [in `Z{n ti mc P mc cc c{ SiTm thU thc hin h{Y

b{o ph t|nh [ogic mX ngZQn c{ chOng tVNnh. 9iTm thU hp tVsng cO ban [c vic thc hin mi Pzng Pi tVong chOng tVNnhp nhng vic SiTm thU PnY P Pzng Pi [c mt mjc P|ch Shng thc t_ cho mt chOng tVNnh vi cc vkng [p. Cc tiZ chZn tVong SiTm thU b{o ph [ogic gQm cr:

2A

3*9*,*,

[a8 phH c"u =$nh 7 Ytat5m5nt C8/5rag5

T+ t+|ng: .hc hin mi c^Z [nh tVong chOng tVNnh |t nhRt 4 [nn. Ggt v| dj vi Pon mX [nh !7! i{Z: puF-i :oi+ foo Aint a4 int F4 int @CG if AaHI JJ FKKLC G @K@;aMN if AaKKOPP@HICG @K@QIM N N H>nh 3*, Q@t ch+)ng tr>nh nh} D1 0i1m th2

2&

Bn cr thT thc hin mi c^Z [nh bng vic vi_t 4 c{ SiTm thU POn Pi `Z{ Pzng a e. .c [cp bng vic Pt !2p Bx vc GA ti PiTm {p mi c^Z [nh i Phc thc hin 4 [nn thc t_p G cr thT Phc gn bRt S gi tV] nco. .hzng tiZ chZn ncY Sh Sgm. 7| djp cr [ n_Z `ZY_t P]nh PnZ tin [c phgp or ch Shng phai phgp an+ thN [i ncY i Shng Phc pht hin. #{Y n_Z `ZY_t P]nh th h{i mc bst PnZ vi @HLp [i ncY cng i Shng Phc tNm V{. Cng vvYp cr 4 Pzng Pi `Z{ chOng tVNnh mc Pr @ Shng th{Y Pti Pzng Pi aF+. "_Z P^Y [c 4 [ip thN [i ncY cr thT Shng tNm V{. #{Y nri cch Shcp tiZ chZn b{o ph c^Z [nh `Z Y_Z P_n ni mc nr thzng [c v |ch.

3*9*,*3

[a8 phH .uy4t Dnh 7 Z5ci6i8n c8/5rag5

T+ t+|ng: 7i_t P cc c{ SiTm thU mc mi `ZY_t P]nh cr S_t [Zvn Png h{Y i{i |t nhRt 4 [nn. "ri cch Shcp mi hng ph^n nhnh phai Phc efm egt Sm [ng |t nhRt 4 [nn. Cc v| dj vo c^Z [nh V nhnh h{Y `ZY_t P]nh [c cc c^Z [nh iitchp do hi[fp vc if[if. Cc c^Z [nh P{ Pzng GF.F thzng iU djng tVong mt i} ngn ngd [vp tVNnh nh F.!". B{o ph `ZY_t P]nh thzng thW{ mXn b{o ph c^Z [nh. 7N mi c^Z [nh [c tVn i bst ngZQn mt Pzng Pi phj nco Pr hoc [c t 4 c^Z [nh V nhnh hoc [c t PiTm vco c{ chOng tVNnhp mi c^Z [nh phai Phc thc hin n_Z mi `ZY_t P]nh V nhnh Phc thc hin. .ZY nhinp cr |t nhRt A ngoi [: "hdng chOng tVNnh Shng cr `ZY_t P]nh. "hdng chOng tVNnh h{Y thzng tVNnh conphOng thc vi nhioZ PiTm vco. Mt c^Z [nh PX cho cr thT Phc thc hin n_Z vc chw n_Z chOng tVNnh Phc nhvp vco ti 4 PiTm PnZ vco Ving. Cc c^Z [nh bn tVong cc F"Znit. 7ic Pi `Z{ mi hng V nhnh i [c Shng nhRt thi_t [cm cho tRt ca cc F"Znit Phc thc thi.

2-

7N chng t{ PX thRY Vng b{o ph c^Z [nh [c PioZ Sin cnn thi_tp nn mt chi_n [hc t}t hOn [c b{o ph `ZY_t P]nh nn Phc P]nh ngh{ b{o hcm ca b{o ph c^Z [nh. o Prp b{o ph `ZY_t P]nh YZ cnZ mi `ZY_t P]nh phai cr S_t [Zvn Png hoc i{ip vc mi c^Z [nh Pr phai Phc thc hin |t nhRt 4 [nn. <hOng php ncY chw efm egt nhdng `ZY_t P]nh h{Y nhdng i ph^n nhnh 2 Pzng vc phai Phc iU{ Pti cho nhdng chOng tVNnh cr ch{ nhdng `ZY_t P]nh P{ Pzng. 7| djp cc chOng tVNnh !7! cr ch{ cc [nh se-e t A aseCp cc chOng tVNnh F.!" ch{ cc [nh i} hc b{ Pzng if hoc cc [nh t|nh ton h{Y i} hc ,RTRp vc cc chOng tVNnh CFBFL ch{ cc [nh ,RTR bi_n Pti h{Y cc [nh ,R*TR*S'D'NS&N,*RN cc [nh goto phj thZc. 7i nhdng chOng tVNnh nh vvYp tiZ chZn ncY P{ng iU djng mi S_t [Zvn cr thT c{ tRt ca cc `ZY_t P]nh |t nhRt 4 [nn vc gi mi PiTm vco ti chOng tVNnh h{Y thzng tVNnh con |t nhRt 4 [nn. .Vong hNnh 2.4p b{o ph `ZY_t P]nh cr thT Pt Phc bi |t nhRt 2 c{ SiTm thU b{o ph cc Pzng a e vc aF+ hoc a + vc aFe. "_Z chng t{ chn Sha nqng th h{ip thN 2 PnZ vco tfitc{if [c AKT4 !KL4 UKT vc AKO4 !KI4 UKI. B{o ph `ZY_t P]nh [c 4 tiZ chZn mnh hOn b{o ph c^Z [nhp nhng vn Sh Y_Z. 7| djp chw cr -xy cO hi [c chng t{ i tNm V{ con Pzng tVong Pr @ Shng b] th{Y Pti v| djp chw Shi bn chn Sha nqng th nhRt. "_Z `ZY_t P]nh th h{i b] [i n_Z nh Png [ phai nri [c @VI th{Y vN @HIp [i ncY i Shng Phc pht hin bng 2 c{ SiTm thU tVong v| dj tVc.

3*9*,*9

[a8 phH Diu 0i$n 7 C8n;iti8n c8/5rag5

T+ t+|ng: 7i_t P cc c{ SiTm thU PT Pam bao Vng mi PioZ Sin tVong mt `ZY_t P]nh Pam nhvn tRt ca cc S_t `Za cr thT |t nhRt mt [nn. 7N vvYp nh vi b{o ph `ZY_t P]nhp thN b{o ph PioZ Sin Shng phai [Zn [Zn dn ti vic thc thi mi c^Z [nh. .hm vco Prp tVong tiZ chZn b{o ph PioZ 21

Sinp mi PiTm vco chOng tVNnh h{Y thzng tVNnh conp cng nh cc F"Znitp Phc gi |t nhRt 4 [nn. 7| djp c^Z [nh V nhnh do Sx to -x hi[f S`Zfit cr ch{ 2 PioZ Sin [c S-xp vc S`Zfit. o Prp cc c{ SiTm thU i Phc YZ cnZ cho nhdng tNnh hZ}ng S-xp S-x PT P_n [nn [p cZ}i cng c{ vkng [pp S`Zfitp vc S`Zfit. #Nnh 2.4 cr & PioZ Sin: AHI4 !KL4 AKO4 UHI5 o Pr cc c{ SiTm thU PnY P

[c cnn thi_t PT thc PY nhdng tVng thi mc AHI4 AVKI4 !KL vc !VHL cr mt ti PiTm a vc AKO4 AVHO4 UHI4 UVKI cr mt ti PiTm F. S} [hng PnY P cc c{ SiTm thU thW{ mXn tiZ chZn vc nhdng Pzng Pi mc Phc Pi `Z{ bi mi c{ SiTm thU [c: I5 AKO4 !KL4 UKW O5 AKI4 !KI4 UKI a e aF+

Ch \ [cp mc d cng i} [hng cc c{ SiTm thU Phc to V{ cho v| dj ncYp nhng b{o ph PioZ Sin thzng t}t hOn b{o ph `ZY_t P]nh [c vN nr cr thT nhng Shng [Zn [Zn g^Y V{ mi PioZ Sin Ving tVong 4 `ZY_t P]nh PT thc hin vi ca h{i S_t `Zap tVong Shi b{o ph `ZY_t P]nh [i Shng. 7| dj tVong cng c^Z [nh V nhnh: SR 6KL TR XL 2Y&Z' A[Q6V\3'STC [c 4 nhnh 2 Pzng thc hin th^n vkng [p h{Y bW `Z{ nr. "_Z bn P{ng iU djng SiTm thU `ZY_t P]nhp thN tiZ chZn ncY cr thT Phc thW{ mXn bng cch cho vkng [p chY t 6KL ti XIp mc ch{ tng SiTm tV{ tVzng hhp tVong Pr mnh Po 2Y&Z' b] i{i. .ZY nhinp vi tiZ chZn b{o ph PioZ Sinp 4 c{ SiTm thU i cnn phai cho V{ 4 S_t `Za i{i cho nhdng PioZ Sin [Q6V\3'ST. Mc d n_Z mi nhNn thong `Z{p tiZ chZn b{o ph PioZ Sin efm V{ thW{ mXn tiZ chZn b{o ph `ZY_t P]nhp nhng Shng phai [c nco cng vvY. "_Z `ZY_t P]nh &B AAJ!C Phc SiTm tV{p thN tiZ chZn b{o ph PioZ Sin i cho phgp bn vi_t 2 c{ SiTm thU ! Pngp B i{ip vc ! i{ip B Png @ nhng PioZ ncY i Shng [cm cho mnh Po TY'N c{ c^Z [nh &B Phc thc hin. 7| djp 2 c{ SiTm thU Shc: I5 AKI4 !KL4 UKT 2M

O5 AKO4 !KI4 UKI b{o ph tRt ca cc S_t `Za PioZ Sinp nhng chng chw b{o ph 2 tVong & S_t `Za `ZY_t P]nh ca 2 PoZ b{o ph Pzng Pi aF+ vc do Prp Shng iU djng S_t `Za true c{ `ZY_t P]nh PnZ tin vc S_t `Za fa-se c{ `ZY_t P]nh th h{i.

3*9*,*4

[a8 phH .uy4t Dnh~Diu 0i$n 7 Z5ci6i8n~c8n;iti8n c8/5rag5

T+ t+|ng: .hc hin P cc c{ SiTm thU mc mi PioZ Sin tVong 4 `ZY_t P]nh thc hin tVn tRt ca cc S_t `Za cr thT |t nhRt 4 [nnp vc mi PiTm vco Phc gi |t nhRt 4 [nn. *iTm Y_Z c{ b{o ph `ZY_t P]nhPioZ Sin [c mc d efm V{ nr cr thT iU djng tRt ca cc S_t `Za c{ tRt ca cc PioZ Sinp nhng thzng Shng phai vvY vN nhdng PioZ Sin chsc chsn PX can cc PioZ Sin Shc. H>nh 3*3 QS m(y ch8 ch+)ng tr>nh tr8ng H>nh 3*,

BiTZ PQ ti_n tVNnh tVong hNnh 2.2 [c cch 4 tVNnh bin dich to V{ mX mY cho chOng tVNnh tVong #Nnh 2.4. Cc `ZY_t P]nh P{ PioZ Sin tVong chOng tVNnh ngZQn 2=

PX b] chi{ thcnh cc `ZY_t P]nh vc cc nhnh Ving vN hnZ h_t cc mY Shng Phc ch_ to PT cr thT thc hin cc `ZY_t P]nh P{ PioZ Sin. 9hi Pr 4 b{o ph SiTm thU tw mw hOn eZRt hin [c vic iU djng tRt ca cc S_t `Za cr thT c{ mi `ZY_t P]nh g}c. #{i c{ SiTm thU b{o ph `ZY_t P]nh tVc Shng [cm Phc PioZ ncY chng Shng thT iU djng S_t `Za fa-se c{ `ZY_t P]nh # vc S_t `Za true c{ `ZY_t P]nh 9. L| dop nh PX Phc chw V{ tVong hNnh 2.2p [c nhdng S_t `Za c{ cc PioZ Sin tVong cc biTZ thc an+ vc or cr thT can tV h{Y ngqn chn vic c [hng cc `ZY_t P]nh Shc. 7| djp n_Z 4 PioZ Sin an+ [c i{ip Shng cnn SiTm tV{ cc PioZ Sin ti_p thfo tVong biTZ thc. .Ong t nh vvYp n_Z 4 PioZ Sin or [c Png thN cng Shng cnn SiTm tV{ cc PioZ Sin ckn [i. o Prp cc [i tVong biTZ thc [ogic Shng phai [c nco cng Phc pht hin bng cc tiZ chZn b{o ph PioZ Sin vc b{o ph `ZY_t P]nhPioZ Sin.

3*9*,*q

[a8 phH Da Diu 0i$n 7 Qu=tip=5 c8n;iti8n c8/5rag5

T+ t+|ng: 7i_t P cc c{ SiTm thU mc tRt ca nhdng i S_t hhp c{ cc S_t `Za PioZ Sin cr thT tVong mi `ZY_t P]nhp vc tRt ca cc PiTm vco phai Phc gi |t nhRt 4 [nn. 7| djp egt chZi mX [nh i{Z: NRTBR3NS K T]3'M SR &KI TR TA!S&^' 2Y&Z' ANRTBR3NSCM ;_S'A]<Y TA!Z'_; `sear hing -ogi `M 'NSM B}n tNnh hZ}ng PT SiTm thU [c: 4. &VK TA!S&^' vc NRTBR3NS cr gi tV] Png P{ng dZYt 2. &VK TA!S&^' vc NRTBR3NS cr gi tV] i{i tNm thRY mjc vco tVc Shi gp cZ}i bang.

2l

A. &HTA!S&^' vc NRTBR3NS cr gi tV] Png gp cZ}i bang mc Shng tNm thRY mjc vco. &. &HTA!S&^' vc NRTBR3NS cr gi tV] i{i mjc vco [c ci cZ}i cng tVong bang. nhvn thRY [c tvp hhp cc c{ SiTm thU thW{ mXn tiZ chZn P{ PioZ Sin cng thW{ mXn cc tiZ chZn b{o ph `ZY_t P]nhp b{o ph PioZ Sin vc b{o ph `ZY_t P]nhPioZ Sin. 6Z{Y [i hNnh 2.4p cc c{ SiTm thU phai b{o ph = i S_t hhp: I5 AHI4 !K L O5 AHI4 !VHL T5 AVKI4 !KL W5 AVKI4 !VHL X5 AKO4 UHI a5 AKO4 UVKI b5 AVHO4 UHI c5 AVHO4 UVKI 7N [c c{ SiTm thU im hOnp nn cnn ch \ [c cc tVzng hhp t - P_n = biTZ din cc gi tV] ti v] tV| c^Z [nh &B th h{i. 7N U cr thT th{Y Pti tVn c^Z [nh &B ncYp nn gi tV] cnn ti c^Z [nh &B ncY phai Phc i{o d phkng thng `Z{ t|nh [ogic PT tNm V{ cc gi tV] PnZ vco tOng ng. "hdng i S_t hhp PT Phc SiTm tV{ ncY Shng nhRt thi_t ngj \ Vng cnn thc hin ca = c{ SiTm thU. .Vn thc t_p chng cr thT Phc b{o ph bi & c{ SiTm thU. Cc gi tV] PnZ vco SiTm thUp vc i S_t hhp mc chng b{o php [c nh i{Z: AKO4 !KL4 UKW AKO4 !KI4 UKI AKI4 !KL4 UKO AKI4 !KI4 UKI B{o ph tVzng hhp 4p B{o ph tVzng hhp 2p 1 B{o ph tVzng hhp Ap M B{o ph tVzng hhp &p =

Ax

.hc t_ [c vic cr & c{ SiTm thU vc & Pzng Pi Ving bit tVong hNnh 2.4 chw [c i tVng hhp ngZ nhin. .Vn thc t_p & c{ SiTm thU ncY Shng b{o ph mi Pzng Pip chng bW `Z{ Pzng Pi a +5 7| djp bn i cnn = c{ SiTm thU cho `ZY_t P]nh i{Z mc d nr chw ch{ 2 Pzng Pi: &f A@KK.JJ-engthAdCKKLJJBZA,C G [KIMN '-se G &KIMN .Vong tVzng hhp cc vkng [pp i} [hng cc c{ SiTm thU Phc YZ cnZ bi tiZ chZn P{ PioZ Sin thzng |t hOn nhioZ i} [hng Pzng Pi. .rm [ip P}i vi nhdng chOng tVNnh chw ch{ 4 PioZ Sin tVn 4 `ZY_t P]nhp thN 4 tiZ chZn SiTm thU nhW nhRt [c mt i} [hng P cc c{ SiTm thU PT 4 gi tRt ca cc S_t `Za c{ mi `ZY_t P]nh |t nhRt 4 [nn vc 2 gi mi PiTm c{ mjc vco nh [c PiTm vco h{Y F"Znit |t nhRt 4 [nnp PT Pam bao [c tRt ca cc c^Z [nh Phc thc hin |t nhRt 4 [nn. *}i vi nhdng chOng tVNnh ch{ cc `ZY_t P]nh cr P{ PioZ Sin thN tiZ chZn t}i thiTZ [c i} [hng P cc c{ SiTm thU PT gi tRt ca nhdng i S_t hhp cr thT c{ cc S_t `Za PioZ Sin tVong mi `ZY_t P]nhp vc tRt ca cc PiTm vco c{ chOng tVNnh |t nhRt 4 [nn.

@%B%@ 3*9*3*,

K-60 7,8 ,u9 t. Ph"n =Bp t+)ng D+)ng 7 &.ui/a=5nc5 Patiti8ning

<h^n [p tOng POng [c mt phOng php SiTm thU hp Pfn chi{ mion PnZ vco c{ mt chOng tVNnh thcnh cc [p dd [iZp t Pr iZY dn V{ cc c{ SiTm thU. <hOng php ncY c} gsng ec P]nh V{ mt c{ SiTm thU mc [cm [ V{ mt [p [ip do Pr [cm giam ttng i} cc tVzng hhp SiTm thU phai Phc e^Y dng.

A4

.hi_t S_ c{ SiTm thU cho ph^n [p tOng POng d{ tVn i Pnh gi vo cc [p tOng POng vi mt PioZ Sin vco. Lp tOng POng biTZ th] cho tvp cc tVng thi hhp [ h{Y Shng hhp [ P}i vi PioZ Sin vco. Mt cch ec P]nh tvp con ncY [c PT nhvn V{ Vng 4 c{ SiTm thU Phc [{ chn t}t cng nn cr 2 Pc t|nh Shc: 4. Giam thiTZ i} [hng cc c{ SiTm thU Shc mc phai Phc pht tViTn PT hocn thcnh mjc tiZ PX P]nh c{ SiTm thU uhhp [\~. 2. B{o ph mt tvp VRt [n cc c{ SiTm thU cr thT Shc. .c [cp nr nri cho chng t{ mt th gN Pr vo i cr mt h{Y vsng mt c{ nhdng [i `Z{ tvp gi tV] PnZ vco cj thT. .hi_t S_ .fitc{if bng ph^n [p tOng POng ti_n hcnh thfo 2 bc: 4. Gc P]nh cc [p tOng POng vc 2. Gc P]nh cc c{ SiTm thU.

^(c Dnh c(c =Bp t+)ng D+)ng

Cc [p tOng POng Phc ec P]nh bng bng cch [RY mi tVng thi PnZ vco thzng [c 4 c^Z h{Y 4 cjm t tVong Pc ta vc ph^n chi{ nr thcnh 2 h{Y nhioZ nhrm cr thT iU djng bang 2.A PT [it S cc [p tOng POng. H>nh 3*9 Q@t mu ch8 /i$c =i$t 0 c(c =Bp t+)ng D+)ng Cc [p tOng POng hhp [ Cc [p tOng POng Shng hhp [

*ioZ Sin bn ngoci

Ch \ [c h{i SiTZ [p tOng POng Phc ec P]nh: [p tOng POng hhp [ m ta cc PnZ vco hhp [ c{ chOng tVNnhp vc [p tOng POng Shng hhp [ m ta tRt ca cc tVng thi cr thT Shc c{ PioZ Sin v| djp cc gi tV] PnZ vco Shng Png.

A2

7i 4 PnZ vco h{Y PioZ Sin bn ngoci PX chop vic ec P]nh cc [p tOng POng hnZ nh [c 4 `ZY tVNnh m{ng t|nh Sinh nghim. *T ec P]nh cc [p tOng POng c cr thT p djng tvp cc ngZYn tsc di P^Y: 4. "_Z 4 tVng thi PnZ vco P]nh V gii hn c{ cc gi tV]p ec P]nh 4 [p tOng POng hhp [ vc 2 [p tOng POng Shng hhp [. 2. "_Z 4 tVng thi PnZ vco ec P]nh i} gi tV]p ec P]nh 4 [p tOng POng hhp [ vc 2 [p tOng POng bRt hhp [. A. "_Z 4 tVng thi PnZ vco chw P]nh tvp cc gi tV] PnZ vco vc chOng tVNnh iU djng mi gi tV] [c Shc nh{Zp ec P]nh 4 [p tOng POng hhp [ cho mi [oi vc 4 [p tOng POng Shng hhp [. &. "_Z 4 tVng thi PnZ vco chw P]nh mt tNnh hZ}ng uchsc chsn @ mZit bf~p ec P]nh 4 [p tOng POng hhp [ vc 4 [p tOng POng Shng hhp [. "_Z cr bRt S [\ do nco PT tin Vng chOng tVNnh Shng eU [\ cc phnn tU tVong cng 4 [p [c nh nh{Zp thN hXY chi{ [p tOng POng Pr thcnh cc [p tOng POng nhW hOn.

^(c Dnh c(c ca 0i1m th2

7i cc [p tOng POng ec P]nh Phc bc tVnp bc th h{i [c iU djng cc [p tOng POng Pr PT ec P]nh cc c{ SiTm thU. 6Z tVNnh ncY nh i{Z: 4. Gn 4 i} dZY nhRt cho mi [p tOng POng. 2. Cho P_n Shi tRt ca cc [p tOng POng hhp [ Phc b{o ph bi hhp nhRt thcnh cc c{ SiTm thUp vi_t 4 c{ SiTm thU mi b{o ph ccng nhioZ cc [p tOng POng Pr ch{ Phc b{o ph ccng t}t. A. Cho P_n Shi cc c{ SiTm thU c{ bn PX b{o ph tRt ca cc [p tOng POng Shng hhp [p vi_t 4 c{ SiTm thU mc b{o ph mt vc chw mt tVong cc [p tOng POng Shng hhp [ ch{ Phc b{o ph.

AA

&. L\ do mc mi c{ SiTm thU Ving b{o ph cc tVzng hhp Shng hhp [ [c vN cc SiTm tV{ PnZ vco Shng Png nco Pr chf giRZ hoc th{Y th_ cc SiTm tV{ PnZ vco Shng Png Shc. Mc d vic ph^n [p tOng POng [c VRt t}t Shi [{ chn ngZ nhin cc c{ SiTm thUp nhng nr vn cr nhdng thi_Z irt. 7| djp nr bW `Z{ cc SiTZ tfit @ c{if cr [hi nco Pr. #{i phOng php ti_p thfop ph^n t|ch gi tV] bin vc PQ th] ngZYn nh^n @ S_t `Za p b{o ph Phc nhioZ nhdng thi_Z irt ncY.

3*9*3*3

Ph"n tFch gi( tr Rin 7 [8un;ary ca=u5 Ana=y6i6

9inh nghim cho thRY cc c{ SiTm thU mc Shao it t m cc PioZ Sin bin cr t [ phnn tVqm c{o hOn cc c{ SiTm thU Shc. Cc PioZ Sin bin [c nhdng PioZ Sin mc cc tNnh hZ}ng ng{Y tip tVn vc di cc cnh c{ cc [p tOng POng PnZ vco vc cc [p tOng POng PnZ V{. <h^n t|ch cc gi tV] bin [c phOng php thi_t S_ c{ SiTm thU bt iZng thm cho ph^n [p tOng POngp nhng Shc vi ph^n [p tOng POng 2 Sh|{ cnh: 4. <h^n t|ch gi tV] bin Shng [{ chn phnn tU bRt S nco tVong 4 [p tOng POng [c PiTn hNnhp mc nr YZ cnZ [c 4 h{Y nhioZ phnn tU Phc [{ chn nh vvY mc mi cnh c{ [p tOng POng Pr ch|nh [c P}i thng SiTm tV{. 2. "goci vic chw tvp tVZng ch \ vco cc tVng thi PnZ vco Shng gi{n PnZ vcop cc c{ SiTm thU cng nhvn Phc bng vic efm egt Shng gi{n S_t `Za cc [p tOng POng PnZ V{. <h^n t|ch gi tV] bin YZ cnZ rc ing to vc [hng chZYn mn hr{ nhRt P]nh vc nr [c mt `Z tVNnh m{ng t|nh Sinh nghim VRt c{o. .ZY nhinp cr mt i} `ZY tsc chZng nh i{Z: 4. "_Z 4 tVng thi PnZ vco P]nh V gii hn c{ cc gi tV]p hXY vi_t cc c{ SiTm thU cho cc gi tV] cZ}i c{ gii hnp vc cc c{ SiTm thU PnZ vco Shng hhp [ cho cc tVzng hhp v{ V{ ngoci phm vi. A&

2. "_Z 4 tVng thi PnZ vco P]nh V i} [hng gi tV]p hXY vi_t cc c{ SiTm thU cho con i} [n nhRt vc nhW nhRt c{ cc gi tV] vc mt gi tV] tVnp mt gi tV] di nhdng gi tV] ncY. A. SU djng `ZY tsc 4 cho mi tVng thi PnZ vco. 7| djp n_Z 4 chOng tVNnh t|nh ton i ShRZ tV (C! hcng thng vc n_Z mc t}i thiTZ [c x.xxp vc t}i P{ [c 4p41-.2-p hXY vi_t cc c{ SiTm thU mc ShRZ tV x.xx vc 4p41-.2-p ShRZ tV ^m vc ShRZ tV [n hOn 4p41-.2-. Ch \ [c vic efm egt gii hn c{ Shng gi{n S_t `Za [c `Z{n tVng vN Shng phai [c nco cc bin c{ mion PnZ vco cng m ta cng mt tvp i Sin nh bin c{ gii hn PnZ V{ v| djp egt chOng tVNnh con t|nh S(". "goci V{p Shng phai [c nco cng cr thT to V{ 4 S_t `Za bn ngoci gii hn PnZ V{p nhng tZY nhin VRt Png PT efm egt tiom n Pr. &. SU djng ngZYn tsc 2 cho mi tVng thi PnZ V{. -. "_Z PnZ vco h{Y PnZ V{ c{ 4 chOng tVNnh [c tvp Phc isp th t v| djp4 i[f tZnn t h{Y 4 d{nh ich P]nh tZY_n h{Y 4 bang tvp tVZng ch \ vco cc phnn tU PnZ tin vc cZ}i cng c{ tvp hhp. 1. SU djng i Shgo [go c{ bn PT tNm cc PioZ Sin bin.

3*9*3*9

! th nguyn nh"n 7 04t .u? f Cau65 &mm5ct `raphing

Mt Y_Z PiTm c{ ph^n t|ch gi tV] bin vc ph^n [p tOng POng [c chng Shng Shao it i S_t hhp c{ cc tVzng hhp PnZ vco. 7ic SiTm tV{ i S_t hhp PnZ vco Shng phai [c mt nhim vj POn gian bi vN n_Z bn ph^n [p tOng POng cc tVng thi PnZ vcop thN i} [hng i S_t hhp thzng [c VRt [n. "_Z bn Shng cr cch [{ chn cr h th}ng mt tvp con cc tVng thi PnZ vcop cr [ bn i chn V{ mt tvp tY hng cc PioZ Sinp PioZ ncY cr thT dn ti vic SiTm thU Shng cr hiZ `Za.

A-

*Q th] ngZYn nh^n @ S_t `Za h tVh tVong vic [{ chn mt cch cr h th}ng tvp cc c{ SiTm thU cr hiZ `Za c{o. "r cr tc Png cr [hi anh hng ti vic chw V{ tNnh tVng ch{ PnY P vc nhvp nhng tVong Pc ta. "r cZng cRp ca cch biTZ din ch|nh ec cho cc PioZ Sin [ogic vc hcnh Png tOng ng 6Z tVNnh di P^Y Phc iU djng PT e^Y dng Phc cc tfit @ c{if: 4. *c ta Phc chi{ thcnh cc phnn cr thT thc hin Phc. *ioZ ncY [c cnn thi_t bi vN PQ th] ngZYn nh^n @ S_t `Za tV nn Shr iU djng Shi Phc iU djng tVn nhdng Pc ta [n. 2. "gZYn nh^n vc S_t `Za tVong cc Pc ta Phc nhvn bi_t. Mt ngZYn nh^n [c mt tVng thi PnZ vco nhRt P]nh h{Y mt [p tOng POng c{ cc tVng thi PnZ vco. Mt S_t `Za [c mt tVng thi PnZ V{ h{Y 4 i bi_n Pti h th}ng S_t `Za ckn [i mc 4 PnZ vco cr tVng thi c{ 4 chOng tVNnh h{Y h th}ng. Bn nhvn bi_t ngZYn nh^n vc S_t `Za bng vic Pc tng t c{ Pc ta vc gch ch^n cc t hoc cjm t m ta ngZYn nh^n vc S_t `Za. 9hi Phc nhvn bi_tp mi ngZYn nh^n vc S_t `Za Phc gn cho 4 i} dZY nhRt. A. G^Y dng PQ th] ngZYn nh^n @ S_t `Za bng cch pht tViTn vc bi_n Pti ni dZng ngd ngh{ c{ Pc ta thcnh PQ th] Boo[f{n n}i gid{ ngZYn nh^n vc S_t `Za. &. *Q th] Phc Phc din giai vi cc Vcng bZc m ta nhdng i S_t hhp c{ ngZYn nh^n vchoc S_t `Za [c Shng thT vN cc Vcng bZc ngd ngh{ vc mi tVzng. -. Bng vic dk thfo cc PioZ Sin tVng thi tVong PQ th] mt cch cn thvnp bn chZYTn Pti PQ th] thcnh mt bang `ZY_t P]nh mjc vco gii hn. Mi ct tVong bang m ta mt c{ SiTm thU. 1. Cc ct tVong bang `ZY_t P]nh Phc chZYTn thcnh cc c{ SiTm thU. 9\ hiZ cO ban cho PQ th] Phc chw V{ tVong hNnh 2.&. .ng thng mi nt cr gi tV] [c x hoc 4 x m ta tVng thi vsng mt vc 4 m ta tVng thi cr mt. #cm A1

PQng nhRt nri [c n_Z a [c 4 thN F [c 4 nghc [ip F [c x. #cm not [c nri n_Z a [c 4 thN F [c x nghc [i thN F [c 4. #cm or Shng P]nh Vng n_Z a hoc F hoc [c 4p thN + [c 4 nghc [i + [c x. #cm an+ Shng P]nh n_Z ca a vc F [c 4 thN [c 4 nghc [i [c x. #{i hcm or vc an+ Phc phgp cr i} [hng PnZ vco bRt S. H>nh 3*4 C(c 0 hi$u D! th nguyn nh"n 7 04t .u? c) R?n

.Vong hnZ h_t cc chOng tVNnhp i S_t hhp nco Pr c{ mt i} ngZYn nh^n [c Shng thT bi vN [\ do ngd ngh{ vc mi tVzng v| djp mt S\ t Shng thT PQng thzi v{ [c u!~ v{ [c uB~. Shi Prp t{ iU djng S\ hiZ tVong #Nnh 2.-. cng bZc ? ?ec[Zdf @ [oi tV Shng P]nh Vng t}i P{p chw cr hoc a hoc F cr thT [c 4 a vc F Shng thT PQng thzi [c 4. cng bZc ( (nc[Zdf @ b{o hcm Shng P]nh |t nhRt mt tVong a4 F hoc phai [Zn [Zn [c 4 a4 F hoc Shng thT PQng thzi [c x. cng bZc F Fn[Y @ chw mt Shng P]nh mt vc chw mt hoc a hoc F phai [c 4. cng bZc f`Zfit @ YZ cnZ Shng P]nh Vng Shi a [c 4p thN F phai [c 4 v| djp Shng thT cr tVzng hhp a [c 4p ckn F [c x. cng bZc M M{iS @ mt n Shng P]nh [c n_Z S_t `Za a [c 4p S_t `Za F i bst bZc phai [c x. AM

H>nh 3*q

C(c 0 hi$u rng Ru@c

Bc ti_p thfo [c to bang `ZY_t P]nh mjc vco gii hn @ -imite+*entr. +e ision taF-e. .Ong t vi cc bang `ZY_t P]nhp thN ngZYn nh^n ch|nh [c cc PioZ Sin vc S_t `Za ch|nh [c cc hcnh Png. 6ZY tVNnh Phc iU djng [c nh i{Z: 4. Chn mt S_t `Za PT [c tVng thi cr mt 4. 2. Lnn nghc tV [i PQ th]p tNm tRt ca nhdng i S_t hhp c{ cc ngZYn nh^n P}i thng cho cc Vng bZc mc i thi_t [vp S_t `Za ncY thcnh 4. A. .o mt ct tVong bang `ZY_t P]nh cho mi i S_t hhp ngZYn nh^n. &. 7i mi i S_t hhpp hXY `ZY P]nh tVng thi c{ tRt ca cc S_t `Za Shc vc Pt chng vco mi ct. .Vong Shi biTZ din bc 2p cnn `Z{n t^m cc vRn Po i{Z: 4. 9hi [nn nghc tV [i `Z{ mt nt or mc PnZ V{ c{ nr [c 4p Shng b{o giz thi_t [vp nhioZ hOn 4 PnZ vco cho nt or [c 4 mt cch PQng thzi. *ioZ ncY Phc gi [c path sensitiding @ -/m nhe. 80fng 8i. Mjc tiZ c{ nr [c PT ngqn chn dk [i thRt bi vN mt ngZYn nh^n chf Pi mt ngZYn nh^n Shc. A=

2. 9hi [nn nghc tV [i `Z{ mt nt an+ mc PnZ V{ c{ nr [c xp d nhinp phai [it S tRt ca cc i S_t hhp PnZ vco dn ti PnZ V{ x. .ZY nhinp n_Z bn P{ng Shao it tVng thi mc 4 PnZ V{ [c x vc mt h{Y nhioZ PnZ V{ Shc [c 4p thN Shng nhRt thi_t phai [it S tRt ca cc PioZ Sin mc di PioZ Sin Pr cc PnZ vco Shc cr thT [c 4. A. 9hi [nn nghc tV [i `Z{ mt nt an+ mc PnZ V{ c{ nr [c [c xp chw cnn [it S 4 PioZ Sin tVong Pr tRt ca PnZ vco bng x. "_Z nt an+ ch|nh gid{ c{ PQ th] nh vvY thN tRt ca cc PnZ vco c{ nr eZRt pht t cc nt tVZng gi{n Shcp cr thT cr `Z nhioZ tVng thi mc tVong tVng thi Pr tRt ca cc PnZ vco c{ nr bng x. H>nh 3*s NhCng '5m 't D+Nc 62 ;<ng 0hi ;u th58 D! th "_Z e4p Shng `Z{n t^m vo tVzng hhp {b4 i efm egt th 4 "_Z exp [it S tRt ca cc tVzng hhp tVong Pr {bx. "_Z @ 4p [it S tRt ca cc tVzng hhp tVong Pr aKFK KI5 "_Z @xp b{o gQm chw 4 tVzng hhp mc aKFK KL i efm egt A. *}i vi cc tVng thi mc {bc [c xx4p x4xp 4xxp x44p 4x4 vc 44x p b{o gQm chw 4 tVzng hhp mi tVng thi i efm egt 2. "hdng i efm egt ncY cr thT eZRt hin thRt thzngp nhng chng cr mt mjc P|ch VRt `Z{n tVng: PT giam bt cc S_t `Za Phc S_t hhp c{ PQ th]. Chng [it S cc tVzng hhp mc hng vo cc c{ SiTm thU |t cr [hi. "_Z cc c{ SiTm thU |t cr [hi Shng Phc [it Sp mt PQ th] ngZYn nh^n @ S_t `Za [n i to V{ mt i} [hng c{ SiTm thU cc S [n. "_Z i} [hng cc c{ SiTm thU tVn thc t_ [c `Z [np bn i Al

chn V{ 4 tvp con nco Prp nhng Shng Pam bao [c cc c{ SiTm thU |t cr [hi i [c nhdng c{ SiTm thU Phc [it S. tVNnh ph^n t|ch c{ PQ th]. o Prp t}t hOn h_t [c [it S chng tVong iZ}t `Z

NHN ^T
7 PQ th] ngZYn nh^n @ S_t `Za [c phOng php to cc c{ SiTm thU cr h th}ng m ta i S_t hhp c{ cc PioZ Sin. S th{Y Pti i [c 4 i [{ chn S_t hhp Shng thT d t|nh tVcp nhng Shi thc hin nh vvYp cr v nh bn i bW irt nhioZ c{ SiTm thU uth v]~ Phc ec P]nh bng PQ th] ngZYn nh^n @ S_t `Za . 7N v PQ th] ngZYn nh^n @ S_t `Za YZ cnZ chZYTn mt Pc ta thcnh mt mng [ogic Boo[f{np nr cZng cRp mt tViTn vng Shc vc i hiTZ bi_t i^Z isc hOn nd{ vo Pc ta. .Vn thc t_p i pht tViTn c{ 4 PQ th] ngZYn nh^n @ S_t `Za [c cch h{Y PT Shm ph i mO hQ vc ch{ PnY P tVong cc Pc ta. Mc d vic v PQ th] ngZYn nh^n @ S_t `Za to V{ tvp cc c{ SiTm thU hdZ djngp nhng thng thzng nr Shng to V{ tRt ca cc c{ SiTm thU hdZ djng mc cr thT Phc nhvn bi_t. "goci V{p PQ th] ngZYn nh^n @ S_t `Za Shng Shao it thW{ Png cc PioZ Sin gii hn. nhinp bn cr thT c} gsng b{o ph cc PioZ Sin gii hn tVong iZ}t `Z tVNnh. .ZY nhinp vRn Po tVong vic thc hin PioZ ncY [c nr [cm cho PQ th] VRt phc tp vc dn ti i} [hng VRt [n cc c{ SiTm thU. 7N th_p t}t nhRt [c egt 4 i ph^n t|ch gi tV] gii hn tch Vzi nh{Z. 7N PQ th] ngZYn nh^n @ S_t `Za [cm chng t{ mRt thzi gi{n tVong vic chn cc gi tV] cj thT cho cc ton hngp nn cc PioZ Sin gii hn cr thT b] ph{ tVn thcnh cc c{ SiTm thU eZRt pht t PQ th] ngZYn nh^n @ S_t `Za. 7N vvYp chng t{ Pt Phc mt tvp cc c{ SiTm thU nhW nhng hiZ `Za mc thW{ mXn ca 2 mjc tiZ. Ch \ [c vic v PQ th] ngZYn nh^n @ S_t `Za ph hhp vi mt i} `ZY tsc tVong ChOng 4. 7ic ec P]nh PnZ V{ mong Phi cho mi c{ SiTm thU [c mt phnn &x

c} hdZ c{ Sm thZvt mi ct tVong bang `ZY_t P]nh biTZ th] cc S_t `Za Phc mong Phi. Cng ch \ [c nr ShZY_n Sh|ch chng t{ tNm Si_m cc S_t `Za cr tc djng Shng mong mZ}n. 9h|{ cnh Shr nhRt c{ Sm thZvt ncY [c `Z tVNnh chZYTn Pti PQ th] thcnh bang `ZY_t P]nh. 6Z tVNnh ncY cr t|nh thZvt tonp tc [c bn cr thT t Png hr{ nr bng vic vi_t 4 chOng tVNnh. .Vn th] tVzng PX cr mt vci chOng tVNnh thOng mi tQn ti gip cho `Z tVNnh chZYTn Pti ncY.

3*9*3*4

8(n =Ii 7 &rr8r `u566ing

Mt Sm thZvt thi_t S_ tfitc{if Shc [c error guessing 8on -gi. .fitfV Phc P{ cho 4 chOng tVNnh Pc bitp h phWng Ponp ca bng tVc gic vc Sinh nghimp cc [oi [i cr thT vc i{Z Pr vi_t cc c{ SiTm thU PT P{ V{ cc [i Pr. .hvt Shr PT P{ V{ mt `ZY tVNnh cho Sm thZvt Pon [i vN nr [c mt `ZY tVNnh cr t|nh tVc gic c{o vc Shng thT d Pon tVc. - tng cO ban [c [it S mt d{nh ich cc [i cr thT h{Y cc tVzng hhp d eaY V{ [i vc i{Z Pr vi_t cc c{ SiTm thU d{ tVn d{nh ich Pr. Mt \ tng Shc PT ec P]nh cc c{ SiTm thU cr [in Pi vi cc gia P]nh mc [vp tVNnh vin cr thT PX thc hin Shi Pc Pc ta tc [cp nhdng th b] bW irt ShWi Pc tap hoc [c do tNnh czp hoc [c vN ngzi vi_t cr cam gic nhdng Pc ta Pr [c V Vcng. "ri cch Shcp bn [it S nhdng tVzng hhp Pc bit Pr mc cr thT PX b] bW irt Shi chOng tVNnh Phc thi_t S_.

@%B%B

C,-. ;A*
Cc phOng php thi_t S_ tfitc{if PX Phc thao [Zvn cr thT Phc S_t hhp

thcnh mt chi_n [hc tocn din. 7N mi phOng php cr thT Prng grp 4 tvp Ving cc c{ SiTm thU hdZ djngp nhng Shng ci nco tVong i} chng t nr Prng grp mt tvp tVn vn cc cc c{ SiTm thU. Chi_n [hc hhp [\ nh i{Z:

&4

4. "_Z Pc ta cr ch{ i S_t hhp c{ cc PioZ Sin PnZ vcop hXY bst PnZ vi vic v PQ th] ngZYn nh^n @ S_t `Za. 2. .Vong tVzng hhp bRt Sp iU djng phOng php ph^n t|ch gi tV] bin. #XY nh Vng P^Y [c mt i ph^n t|ch c{ cc bin PnZ vco vc PnZ V{. <hOng php ph^n t|ch gi tV] bin m{ng [i mt tvp cc PioZ Sin SiTm tV{ bt iZngp vc VRt nhioZ h{Y tocn b cc PioZ Sin ncY cr thT Phc hhp nhRt thcnh cc SiTm thU ngZYn nh^n @ S_t `Za. A. Gc P]nh cc [p tOng POng hhp [ vc Shng hhp [ cho PnZ vco vc PnZ V{p vc bt iZng cc c{ SiTm thU Phc ec P]nh tVn n_Z cnn thi_t. &. SU djng Sm thZvt Pon [i PT thm cc c{ SiTm thU thm vco. -. 9hao it t|nh [ogic c{ chOng tVNnh [in `Z{n P_n tvp cc c{ SiTm thU. SU djng tiZ chZn b{o ph `ZY_t P]nhp b{o ph PioZ Sinp b{o ph `ZY_t P]nhPioZ Sinp h{Y b{o ph P{ PioZ Sin tVong Pr b{o ph P{ PioZ Sin [c Phc iU djng nhioZ nhRt . "_Z tiZ chZn b{o ph Shng Pt Phc bi cc c{ SiTm thU Phc ec P]nh tVong b}n bc tVcp vc n_Z vic Pt Phc tiZ chZn [c Shng thT tc [cp nhdng i S_t hhp chsc chsn c{ cc PioZ Sin cr thT [c Shng thT to vN ban chRt c{ chOng tVNnhp hXY thm vco cc c{ SiTm thU cr Sha nqng [cm cho thW{ mXn tiZ chZn. .ZY vic iU djng chi_n [hc ncY i Shng Pam bao Vng tRt ca cc [i i Phc tNm thRYp nhng nr PX Phc ec minh [c Pi din cho mt i thW{ thZvn hhp [\.

&2

CH"#NG B%

P DNG

. nhdng phOng php thi_t S_ tfit @ c{if PX tNm hiTZ tVnp fm vvn djng chng vco thi_t S_ tfit @ c{if cho chOng tVNnh Tam gi .

B%$

* 73
ChOng tVNnh Pc vco A gi tV] ngZYn t hp thoi vco. B{ gi tV] ncY tOng

ng vi chioZ dci A cnh c{ 4 t{m gic. ChOng tVNnh hiTn th] 4 thng Pip cho bi_t t{m gic Pr [c t{m gic thzngp c^np h{Y PoZ. B{ gi tV] nhvp vco thW{ mXn [c A cnh c{ mt t{m gic Shi vc chw Shi ca A i} PoZ [c i} ngZYn dOngp vc ttng c{ 2 i} bRt S tVong A i} phai [n hOn i} th A. 9hi Prp mt t{m gic PoZ [c t{m gic cr A cnh bng nh{Zp t{m gic c^n [c t{m gic cr 2 tVong A cnh bng nh{Zp vc t{m gic thzng thN cr A cnh Shc nh{Z. QS =$nh cHa ch+)ng tr>nh:
unit main; interface uses Windows, Messages, SysUtils, Variants, !tCtrls; Classes, Graphics,

Controls, Forms, Dialogs, StdCtrls, type "MainForm # class$"Form% & dit' "(a)eled dit; * dit' "(a)eled dit; C dit' "(a)eled dit; )tn"est' "*utton;

procedure)tn"estClic+$Sender' ",)-ect%; pri.ate / 0ri.ate declarations 1

&A

pu)lic / 0u)lic declarations 1 end; .ar MainForm' "MainForm; implementation /23 45dfm1 0rocedure "MainForm5)tn"estClic+$Sender' ",)-ect%; .ar a, ), c' 6nteger; )egin try a '# Str"o6nt$& dit5"e!t%; ) '# Str"o6nt$* dit5"e!t%; c '# Str"o6nt$C dit5"e!t%; if $a 7 8% ,r $) 7 8% ,r $c 7 8% then ShowMessage$9: canh &, *, C +hong thoa man la : canh cua mot tam giac59% else if $a ; ) < c% &nd $a ; c < )% &nd $) ; c < a% then )egin if $a # )% &nd $) # c% then ShowMessage$9: canh &, *, C lap thanh mot tam giac deu59% else if $a#)% ,r $)#c% ,r $c#)% then ShowMessage$9: canh &, *, C lap thanh mot tam giac can59% else ShowMessage$9: canh &, *, C lap thanh mot tam giac thuong59%;

&&

end else ShowMessage$9: canh &, *, C +hong thoa man la : canh cua mot tam giac59%; e!cept ShowMessage$9(oi dinh dang du lieu5 De nghi )an !em .a nhap lai59%; end; end; end5

B%@

T,-7 + 77 } *~
$p djng chi_n [hc SiTm thU PX tVNnh bcY tVong ChOng 2p cc c{ SiTm thU

Phc e^Y dng nh i{Z:

B%@%$

( t 7, .=yz{. .,. } +7 y3
o Pc ta cr i S_t hhp PnZ vco nn tVc tinp p djng phOng php v PQ

th] ngZYn nh^n @ S_t `Za. "gZYn nh^n [c: 4. Ca A gi tV] nhvp vco PoZ [c i} ngZYn dOng. 2. .tng 2 i} bRt S tVong A i} [n hOn i} ckn [i. A. #{i tVong A i} cr gi tV] bng nh{Z. &. B{ i} cr gi tV] bng nh{Z. 9_t `Za [c: 4. .hng bo b{ gi tV] nhvp vco [vp thcnh t{m gic thzng.

&-

2. .hng bo b{ gi tV] nhvp vco [vp thcnh t{m gic c^n. A. .hng bo b{ gi tV] nhvp vco [vp thcnh t{m gic PoZ. &. .hng bo b{ gi tV] nhvp vco Shng [vp thcnh mt t{m gic. -. .hng bo [i nhvp dd [iZ. H>nh 9*, ! th nguyn nh"n 7 04t .u?:

Bc ti_p thfo [c to bang `ZY_t P]nh mjc vco gii hn. Chn S_t `Za 4 [c PnZ tin. 4 cr mt n_Z nt cc nt 42 vc A 4px. "t 42 4 Shi 4 vc 2 4p4. $p djng [nn [ht cho i cr mt c{ tng S_t `Za PnZ vcop t{ Phc bang `ZY_t P]nh nh i{Z: &1

H>nh 9*3

[?ng .uy4t Dnh

, , 3 9 4
4 4 x

3
4 4 4

9
4

4
4 x

q
x

d, d3 d9 d4 dq

4 x x x x

x 4 x x x

x x 4 x x

x x x 4 x

x x x x 4

Bc cZ}i cng [c chZYTn Pti bang `ZY_t P]nh thcnh cc c{ SiTm thU. Cc c{ SiTm thU thZ Phc nh i{Z:

S.. 4

Cc PioZ Sin Ca A gi tV] nhvp vco PoZ [c i} ngZYn dOngp vc ttng c{ 2 i} &M

C{ SiTm thU 2pAp& 2p&pA Ap2p&

#cnh Png 4

bRt S tVong A i} [Zn [n hOn i} th Ap vc Shng cr cp 2 i} bRt S nco tVong A i} Pr [c nh{Z. 2 Ca A gi tV] nhvp vco PoZ [c i} ngZYn dOngp vc ttng caZ 2 i} bRt S tVong A i} [Zn [n hOn i} th Ap vc tQn ti mt cp 2 i} tVong A i} Pr [c nh{Z. A Ca A gi tV] nhvp vco PoZ [c i} ngZYn dOngp vc ca A i} cr gi tV] bng nh{Z. & Ca A gi tV] nhvp vco PoZ [c i} ngZYn dOngp vc tQn ti 2 i} tVong A i} cr ttng nhW hOn hoc bng i} ckn [i. .Qn ti mt gi tV] nhvp vco Shng phai [c i} ngZYn dOng.

Ap&p2 &p2pA &pAp2

ApAp& Ap&pA &pApA

ApApA

4p2p& 7c - hon v] c{ nr

&

!p2p2 4p4p4 4.4p4p4 7c 2 hon v] c{ mi tVzng hhp

B%@%@ 9*3*3*,

P,. ;9 7A1.= tA1.= ^(c Dnh c(c =Bp t+)ng D+)ng

Cc gi tV] nhvp vco [c i}

Ca A gi tV] PoZ [c i} 4 &=

.Qn ti 4 gi tV] Shng

phai [c i} 2 Cc gi tV] [c ngZYn Ca A gi tV] PoZ ngZYn .Qn ti 4 gi tV] Shng A Cc gi tV] [c dOng #ng i} Ca A gi tV] PoZ dOng - A2M1= : A2M1M M ngZYn & .Qn ti 4 gi tV] x 1 A2M1= =p A2M1M l "hW hOn hoc bng 44

.tng 2 i} bRt S io vi i} Ln hOn 4x th A

9*3*3*3

^(c Dnh c(c ca 0i1m th2

C(c ca 0i1m th2 Ra8 phH c(c =Bp t+)ng D+)ng hNp =$:
C{ SiTm thU 2pAp& vc - hon v] b{o ph cc [p 4p Ap -p Mp 4x.

C(c ca 0i1m th2 t+)ng Tng /Bi twng ca 0i1m th2 0h#ng hNp =$:
2 !p 4p 4 vc 2 hon v]. & 4.4p 4p 4 vc 2 hon v]. 1 4p 4p 4 vc 2 hon v]. = A2M1lp 4p 4 vc 2 hon v]. l A2M1=p 4p 4 vc 2 hon v]. 44 4p 2p & vc - hon v].

&l

B%@%B 9*3*9*,

P,. 7*, =-) 7 2-{. ^t c(c trng th(i D%u /8

Ggt cc tVng thi PnZ vco thZ Phc cc c{ SiTm thU nh i{Z: 4. 4p 4p 4 2. !p 4p 4 vc 2 hon v]. A. 4.4p 4p 4 vc 2 hon v]. &. xp 4p 4 vc 2 hon v]. -. 4p 4p 4 vc 2 hon v]. 1. A2M1=p 4p 4 vc 2 hon v]. M. A2M1lp 4p 4 vc 2 hon v]. =. A2M1Mp 4p 4 vc 2 hon v]. l. A2M1=p 4p 4 vc 2 hon v]. 4x. 4p 2p A vc - hon v]. 44. 4p 2p & vc - hon v].

9*3*9*3

^t 0h#ng gian 04t .u?

Ggt Shng gi{n S_t `Zap thZ Phc cc c{ SiTm thU nh i{Z: B{ i} PnZ vco thW{ mXn [c A cnh c{ mt t{m gic PoZ 42. 4p 4p 4 4A. A2M1Mp A2M1Mp A2M1M B{ i} PnZ vco thW{ mXn [c A cnh c{ mt t{m gic c^n 4&. 4p 4p 2 vc 2 hon v]. 4-. A2M1Mp A2M1Mp A2M11 vc 2 hon v].

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B{ i} PnZ vco thW{ mXn [c A cnh c{ mt t{m gic thzng 41. 2p Ap & vc - hon v]. 4M. A2M1Mp A2M11p A2M1- vc - hon v]. B{ i} PnZ vco Shng thW{ mXn [c A cnh c{ 4 t{m gic 4=. 4p 2p A vc - hon v]. 4l. 4p 2p & vc - hon v]. 2x. A2M1Mp 4p A2M1- vc - hon v]. 24. A2M1Mp 4p A2M11 vc - hon v]. Li P]nh dng dd [iZ vco 22. !p 4p 4 vc 2 hon v]. 2A. xp 4p 4 vc 2 hon v]. 2&. 4p 4p 4 vc 2 hon v]. 2-. 4.4p 4p 4 vc 2 hon v].

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M-: \Ii Dnh ;nh ;C =i$u* ngh Rn '5m / nhp =i* Cc c{ SiTm thU thZ Phc: 4. 2. A. &. -. 1. M. 4p 4p 4 4p 4p 4 2p 2p 4 2p Ap & 4p 2p & !p 4p 4 vc cc hon v] vc cc hon v] vc cc hon v] vc cc hon v] vc cc hon v] {bd[ {bfh[ {bfi[ {bfiS[ {bfg[ {c[ {pcp[

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Cc c{ SiTm thU thZ Phc: 4. 2. A. &. -. 1. M. A2M1=p A2M1=p A2M1= A2M1Mp A2M1M p A2M1M A2M1Mp A2M1Mp A2M1M1 A2M1Mp A2M11p A2M1A2M1Mp 4p 2 !p 4p 4 4.4p 4p 4 vc cc hon v] vc cc hon v] vc cc hon v] vc cc hon v] vc cc hon v] vc cc hon v] vc cc hon v] {bd[ {bfh[ {bfi[ {bfiS[ {bfg[ {c[ {pcp[

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Cc c{ SiTm thU thZ Phc [c: 4. 4p 4p 4 2. 2p Ap & A. 4p 2 p & &. 2p 2p 4 -. 4p 4p 4 vc cc hon v]. vc cc hon v]. vc cc hon v]. vc cc hon v]. vc cc hon v]. -A

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