THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

Introduction -- THE CATEGORY OF MOOD The meaning of this category is the attitude of the speaker, or writer towards the content of the sentence. It is expressed in the form of the verb. There are three moods in English-the indicative mood, the imperative mood and the subjunctive mood. The indic ti!e "ood indicates that what is said must be regarded as a fact, as something which has occurred or is occurring at the moment of speaking or will occur in the future. It may denote actions with different time-reference and different aspective characteristics. Therefore the indicative mood has a wide variety of tense and aspect forms in the active and passive voice. The i"#er ti!e "ood expresses a command or a re uest to perform an action addressed to somebody, but not the action itself. !s it does not actually denote a specific action it has no tense category" the action always refers to the future. !spect distinctions and voice distinctions are not characteristic of the imperative mood, although forms such as, be writing, be warned sometimes occur. The imperative mood form coincides with the plain stem of the verb, for example# Come here! Sit down. The ne$ ti!e %or" is built by means of the auxiliary do. Do not take it away. Don't worry about the child. Don't be a fool. Note& Do is also used in commands or re uests to make them more emphatic# $o come and stay with us. Do be quiet. In commands and re uests addressed to a third person or persons the analytical form 'et((( % in%initi!e is used. &hen the person addressed is denoted by a personal pronoun, it is used in the objective case. Let us go together. Let him finish his dinner first. Let Andrew do it himself. In ne$ ti!e )entence) the analytical forms take the particle not without an auxiliary. Let us not argue on the matter. Let him not overestimate his chances. Let her not go any further. Note& In sentences like Don't let him go the negation refers to the verb let, which in this case fully retains its original meaning of permission. The analytical forms differ in meaning from the synthetic forms, because their meaning is closely connected with the meaning of the pronoun included in the form. Thus let us do smth denotes an invitation or a joint action, not an order or a re uest. Let him do it retains to some extent the meaning of permission. 'ote# In the form let me let me do it! the first person singular does not convey (y imperative meaning and should not therefore be regarded as the imperative. It conveys the meaning of " am eager to do it, allow me to do it. The imperative mood is used only in imperative sentences and can)t be used in uestions. THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD The *ubjunctive +ood shows that the action or state expressed by the verb is presented as a non-fact, as something imaginary or desired. The *ubjunctive +ood is also used to express an emotional attitude of the speaker to real facts. In +odem English the *ubjunctive +ood has synthetic and analytical forms. ,I wish I were ten years older,, I said. #raine! -./012 34 5 3406 78 91:506 210 :08;<1=, > :?8@82 5. I wish you would speak rationally. $. #ronte! % A/012 34, B0/34 C4 D/C/;E2E ;8@FG7/. The )*nthetic %or") o% the Su+,uncti!e Mood can be traced to the Hld English period, when the *ubjunctive +ood was chiefly expressed by synthetic forms. In Hld English the *ubjunctive +ood had a special set of inflections, different from those of the Indicative. In course of time most of the inflections were lost and the difference between the forms of the *ubjunctive and those of the Indicative has almost disappeared. Iowever, in +odern English mere are a few synthetic forms of the *ubjunctive which have survived" they are as follows# the Jresent *ubjunctive of all the verbs and the Jast *ubjunctive only of the verb to be. I( The -re)ent Su+,uncti!e( In the Jresent *ubjunctive the verb to be has the form be for all the persons singular and plural, which differs from the corresponding forms of the Indicative +ood Kthe Jresent IndefiniteL. In all other verbs the forms of the Jresent *ubjunctive differ from the corresponding forms of the Indicative +ood only in the third person singular, which in the Jresent *ubjunctive has no ending &s. The Jresent *ubjunctive denotes an action referring to the present or future. This form is but seldom

used in +odem English. It may be found in poetry and in elevated prose, where these forms are archaisms used with a certain stylistic aim. It is also used in scientific language and in the language of official documents, where it is a living form. M TIE N*E HO TIE *N(PN'QTIRE +HH$ I. *I+JSE *E'TE'QE* In )i"#'e )entence) the synthetic forms of the *ubjunctive +ood are more fre uent than the analytical forms. In simple sentences the *ubjunctive +ood is used# KML to express wish KT/U1287E1L# Song 'i!e the *oviet !rmyV W8 @9;8C:0CF10 X/C10:?85 Y;GE5V *uccess ttend youV W8 :/TF0:0CF10 C8G F:T1AV Z/ express wish the analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary may is also used. +ay success attend youV W8 :/TF0:0CF10 C8G F:T1AV +ay you li'e long and die happyV [128\ C8G 9/2D/ UE06 E 3406 :B8:02EC4G 9/ ?/7]8 :C/EA 971^. K_L to express an unreal wish# If only he were freeV (alsworthy! `:2E 34 0/26?/ /7 342 :C/3/917V KaL in oaths and imprecations# +anners be hangedV . b B1;0F C:5?E1 ]1;1G/7EEV ) Con%ound these fliesV cF96 /7E T;/?2504, d0E GFAEV KeL in some expressions# (e it soV fF:06 3F910 08?V W8 3F910 08?V God %or+idi c/U1 FT8:EV X/A;87E 3/DV The *ubjunctive +ood in simple sentences is characteristic of literary style, except in oaths and imprecations, which belong to (& collo uial style. II. QH+JSEg *E'TE'QE* The *ubjunctive +ood is used in condition ' )entence) to express an unreal condition Kin the subordinate clauseL and an unreal conse uence Kin the principal clauseL. In sentences of unreal condition referring to the present or future the Jast *ubjunctive of the verb to be is used in the subordinate clause" with other verbs the same meaning is expressed by the Jast Indefinite of the Indicative +ood. In the principal clause we find the analytical subjunctive consisting of the mood auxiliary should or would and the Indefinite Infinitive. Should is used with the first person singular and plural, would is used with the second and third persons singular and plural. The world .ou'd +e healthier if every chemist)s shop in England .ere de"o'i)hed( Shaw! h12/C1B1:0C/ 342/ 34 @9/;/C11, 1:2E 34 C:1 8T01?E C Y7D2EE 342E F7EB0/U174. I )hou'd /i'' myself to-day if I didn0t +e'ie!e that tyranny and injustice must end. (alsworthy! % 34 :1D/975 U1 T/?/7BE28 : :/3/^, 1:2E 34 71 C1;E28, B0/ 0E;87EE E 71:T;8C192EC/:0E T;E910 ?/71]. !n unreal condition referring to the future can also be expressed by the Jast *ubjunctive of the verb to he ) to-Infinitive of the notional verb or the analytical *ubjunctive with the mood auxiliary should for all the persons. *uch sentences are often translated by means of )`:2E 34 :2FBE2/:6 08?...), )X2FBE2/:6 08?...) If I .ere to offer my home..., my station..., my affections,., to any one among the young women engaged in my calling, they would probably be accepted. Even readily accepted. Dickens! `:2E 34 :2FBE2/:6 08?, B0/ 5 T;192/UE2 34 :C/^ 9/G, :C/1 T/2/U17E1 C /3i1:0C1, :C/\ 2\3/C6 2\3/^ G/2/9/^ U17iE71 G/1^ T;/j1::EE, C:1 d0/, C1;/507/, 342/ 34 T;E750/. W8U1 /A/07/ T;E750/. &ell, +ajor, if you )hou'd )end me to a difficult spot > with this man alone, I)d feel secure. *eym! k78101, wallop, 1:2E 34 :2FBE2/:6 08?, B0/ C4 T/:282E 34 G175 C. /T8:7/1 G1:0/ 0/26?/ : /97EG d0EG B12/C1?/G, 5 34 BFC:0C/C82 :135 C 31@/T8:7/:0E. If in the subordinate clause the mood auxiliary should is used, we often find the Indicative or Imperative +ood in the principal clause. If any of your family )hou'd co"e to my house, I shall be delighted to welcome them... +rollo,e! `:2E ?/GF-7E3F96 E@ B217/C C8<1^ :1G6E :2FBE0:5 T;E^0E C G/^ 9/G, 5 3F9F ;89 T;E7506 1D/. If he )hou'd co"e1 ask him to wait. l :2FB81, 1:2E /7 T;E910, T/T;/:E01 1D/ T/9/U9806. In sentences of unreal condition referring to the past the Jast Jerfect of the Indicative +ood is used in

the subordinate clause" in the principal clause we find the analytical subjunctive consisting of the mood auxiliary should Kwith the first personL or would Kwith the second and third personsL and the Jerfect Infinitive. If I h d con)u'ted my own interests, I )hou'd never h !e co"e here. (alsworthy! `:2E 34 5 9FG82 0/26?/ / :131, 5 34 7E?/D98 :\98 71 T;E<12. There are two mixed types of sentences of unreal condition. In the first of these the condition refers to the past and the conse uence refers to the present or future. If you had taken your medicine yesterday, you would be well now. `:2E 34 C4 CB1;8 T;E752E 21?8;:0C/, 01T1;6 C4 342E 34 @9/;/C4. 'o, by my word and truth, I never despised you" if I had I should not love you nowV *ardy! m10, ?257F:6 C8G, 5 C8: 7E?/D98 71 T;1@E;82" 1:2E 34 5 C8: ?/D98-7E3F96 T;1@E;82, 5 71 2\3E2 34 C8: 01T1;6. In the second type the condition refers to no particular time and the conse uence to the past. If he were not so absent-minded, he .ou'd not h !e "i)t /en you for your sister. `:2E 34 /7 71 342 08?/^ ;8::15774^, /7 71 T;E752 34 C8: @8 C8<F :1:0;F. *till (eatrice bad taken the trouble to go up to Sondon and to buy the books for me. *he .ou'd not h !e done that if she di)'i/ed me. Du -awler! l:1-08?E c180;E:8 C@528 78 :135 0;F9 :n1@9E06 C o/79/7 E ?FTE06 G71 d0E ?7EDE. p78 34 d0/D/ 71 :912828, 1:2E 34 71 2\3E28 G175. 'ote.> Nnreal conditions may also be expressed in the following ways# KaL(ut for the rain, we should go down to the country. `:2E 34 71 9/U96, G4 34 T/1A82E @8 D/;/9. Iis fleshtessq face would have looked like the face of a mummy, but for the restless brightness of his little black eyes. Cottins! `D/ E@G/U9177/1 2E]/ 342/ 34 T/A/U1 78 2E]/ GFGE1^, 1:2E 34 71 31:T/?/^74^ 321:? G82176?EA B1;74A D28@. KbL If it were not for your help, I should not be able to finish my work in time. `:2E 34 71 C8<8 T/G/i6, 5 71 :G/D 34 C/C;1G5 @8?/7BE06 ;83/0F. I% it h dn0t +een %or me, +s own brother would have shut him up for life. Dickens! ./01 34 71 5, 1D/ :/3:0C1774^ 3;80 @8:89E2 34 1D/ KC :FG8:<19<E^ 9/GL 78 C:\ UE@76. In sentences of unreal condition the modal verbs might and could are often used" they fully retain their modal meaning and therefore they do not form the analytical subjunctive. Iere we have the group )modal verb % Infinitive) which forms a compound verbal modal predicate, whereas the analytical subjunctive forms a simple predicate. If she were still waiting, she might be restless, feverish, but surely she would not look like this. (alsworthy! `:2E 34 /78 C:1 1i1 U9828, /78, C/@G/U7/, 71;C7EB828 34, 7/, 31@F:2/C7/, /78 71 C4D259128 34 08?. 2 cou'd haw done very well if M had been without the +urdstones. Dickens! % G/D 34 /B176 A/;/</ FBE06:5, 1:2E 34 71 r1;9:0/74. 2ould, when used in the subordinate clause of a sentence of unreal condition, is also a modal verb forming with the infinitive a compound verbal modal predicate. If you .ou'd come and see us..., mother would be as proud of your company as I should be. Dickens! `:2E 34 C4 T/U1282E 78C1:0E06 78:..., G/5 G80F<?8 3428 34 08? U1 T/26i178 d0EG, ?8? E 5. 'ote,> In conditional sentences of real condition naturally the Indicative and not the *ubjunctive +ood is used. *uch sentences can refer to the present future or past. (ut I c n +e r anything gladly if you are happy. $liot! If you make this disgusting match, you will never see Iector again. Shaw! +he whole thing was on his conscience > for if Pon had anything, he had a conscience. (alsworthy! +he conjunctions introducing adverbial clauses of condition are# if, in case, ,ro'ided, su,,ose, unless, and some others. "f is the most common conjunction used in sentences of real and unreal condition.

"n case and ,ro'ided are chiefly used in sentences of real condition. In case I don0t %ind her at home, I )h '' 'e !e her a note. l :2FB81, 1:2E 5 71 @8:087F 11 9/G8, 5 /:08C2\ 1^ @8TE:?F. I )h '' $o there provided you con)ent to accompany me. Ch. #ronte! % T/^9F 0F98 T;E F:2/CEE, B0/ C4 :/D28:E01:6 T/^0E :/ G7/^. Su,,ose is more common in sentences of unreal condition. *uppose he .rote to you, .ou'd *ou n).er3 f;19T/2/UEG, /7 78TE:82 34 C4, C4 34 /0C10E2Eq 3nless is used in sentences of real and unreal condition. I )h '' co"e in time unless I " det ined at the Institute. % T;E9F C/C;1G5, 1:2E G175 71 @891;U80 C E7:0E0F01. Isabel .ou'd not h !e engaged herself to +r, Iardyman unless she h d +een fond of him. Collins! s@831228 71 :/D28:E28:6 34 C4^0E @8 GE:01;8 .8;9EG178, 1:2E 34 71 2\3E28 1D/. 'ote.> 3nless has a negative meaning" it corresponds to the tussian 4/01 54. There are cases, however, when the tussian 4/01 54 cannot be rendered in English by unless6 only if not is possible. p:0/;/U7/ T1;1A/9E01 F2E]F, 1:2E 71 A/0E01 T/T8:06 T/9 G8<E7F. Qross the street carefully if you don)t want to be run over. In this sentence unless would sound ironically K... ;8@C1 B0/ 0131 @8A/B10:5 T/T8:06 T/9 G8<E7FL. !dverbial clauses of condition containing the verbs had, were, could and should are often introduced without any conjunction. In these cases we find inversion. Iad the wanderer re" ined awake for another half-hour, a strange sight would have met his eyes. Conan Doyle! `:2E 34 TF01<1:0C177E? T;/9/2U82 3/9;:0C/C806 1i1 C 01B17E1 T/2FB8:8, 1D/ D28@8G T;19:08CE2/:6 34 :0;877/1 @;12Ei1. I should be myself were I once again among the heather in those hills. $. #ronte! % :0828 34 08?/^, ?8? T;1U91, 1:2E 34 C7/C6 /BF0E28:6 78 d0EA A/2G8A, T/;/:<EA C1;1:?/G. Shou'd he co"e this way, I will speak to him. Ch. #ronte! `:2E 1GF :2FBE0:5 3406 @91:6, 5 T/D/C/;\ : 7EG. The *ubjunctive +ood is used in sentences expressing what may be understood as an unre ' con)e4uence1 the condition of which is not expressed as such. I suppose you are a stranger in these parts, or you .ou'd have he rd what happened last autumn. Ch. #ronte! m8C1;7/, C4 T;E1@U85, E78B1 C4 34 @782E / 0/G, B0/ :2FBE2/:6 @91:6 56789:( There was no piano... because it .ou'd h !e t /en u# much room. (alsworthy!&u/525 71 342/..., 08? ?8? /7 @8752 34 G7/D/ G1:08. The *ubjunctive +ood is used in d!er+i ' c' u)e) of purpose. &hen a clause of purpose is introduced by the conjunctions that, so that, in order that, we find the analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary may might! if the principal clause refers to the present or future" if the principal clause refers to the past, only the form might is used. !s has already been stated, the mood auxiliary may might! retains in this case a shade of modality. *he opens Kwill openL the window that she " * ;"i$ht< $et a breath of fresh air. *he opened the window that she "i$ht $et a breath of fresh air. Hrder a conveyance to be at the door to-morrow evening, rather earlier man is absolutely necessary, in order mat we " * +e in good time. Dickens! f;E?8UE01 T/9806 d?ET8U @8C0;8 C1B1;/G T/;876<1, B0/34 G4 T;E1A82E @8328D/C;1G177/ KB0/34 G4 G/D2E T;E1A806 @8328D/C;1G177/L. +r. +icawber impressed the names of streets, upon me that 2 "i$ht %ind my way back easily. Dickens! rE:01; rE?/31; @8:08CE2 G175 @8T/G7E06 78@C87E5 F2E], B0/34 5 21D?/ 78<12 9/;/DF /3;807/ KB0/34 5 G/D 21D?/ 78^0E 9/-;/DF /3;807/L. m1 got up, cautiously, so that he might not wake the sleeping boy. Cronin!

p7 0EA/ T/9752:5, B0/34 71 ;8@3F9E06 :T5i1D/ G826BE?8. Hccasionally the mood auxiliary should is used. I made shorthand notes of all that she said, however, so that there )hou'd +e no possibility of a mistake, Conan Doyle! % :91282 :017/D;8jEB1:?F\ @8TE:6 C:1D/, B0/ /78 D/C/;E28, B0/34 E:?2\BE06 C/@G/U7/:06 /<E3?E, If a clause of purpose is introduced by lest the mood auxiliary should Kfor all personsL is generally used. Lest has a negative meaning KB0/34 71L. *he opens Kopened, will openL the window lest it )hou'd +e stuffy in the room. *he... looked steadily at her coffee lest she also )hou'd +e$in to cry, as !nna was doing already. $liot! p78 71 T/97EG828 D28@ /0 B8<?E ?/j1,.B0/34 71 @8T28?806, ?8? FU1 T28?828 Y778. The *ubjunctive +ood is used in d!er+i ' c' u)e) o% conce))ion( !dverbial clauses of concession are introduced by the conjunctions and connectives though, although, howe'er, no matter, whate'er, whoe'er, etc. The analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary may might! is generally used. Though he may KmightL be tired Tired though he may KmightL +e 'o matter how tired he " * ;"i$ht< +e he will go to the concert. Iowever tired he " * ;"i$ht< +e b8? 34 /7 7E 342 F0/G217, /7 T/^910 78 ?/7]1;0. &hatever obstacles may arise, we shall not give in. temember, the truth, however ashamed of it you " * +e1 is better than any Ie. Dreiser! f/G7E01, B0/ T;8C98, ?8? 34 C4 7E :049E2E:6 11, 2FB<1, B1G 2\385 2/U6. I must return to the city, no matter what dangers may 'ur/ there. Dreiser! % 9/2U17 C1;7F06:5 C D/;/9, ?8?E1 34 /T8:7/:0E 7E T/9UE982E G175 08G. e ... I should like to do some good to you and your husband, whoever he " * +e( *ardy! % A/012 34 3406 T/21@74G C8G E C8<1GF GFUF, ?0/ 34 /7 7E 342. If the action of the subordinate clause is prior to that of the principal clause the Jerfect Infinitive is generally used. Iowever badly he " * h !e +eh !ed to you in the past he is still your brother. 2ilde! b8? 34 T2/A/ /7 7E C12 :135 T/ /07/<17E\ ? C8G C T;/<2/G, /7 C:1 U1 C8< 3;80. 'ote.>The Indicative +ood is used in adverbial clauses of concession when the action or state is considered as an actual fact and not as something supposed. Qompare# Qold though it " * be, we shall go to the skating-rink 7Sub8uncti'e -ood!. b8? 34 7E 342/ A/2/97/, G4 T/^9vG 78 ?80/?. Qold as it is, we shall go to the skating-rink "ndicati'e -ood!. b8? 7E A/2/97/, G4 T/^91G 78 ?80/?. The *ubjunctive +ood is used in d!er+i ' c' u)e) o% ti"e nd #' ce after the conjunctions whene'er and where'er6 in these cases the clauses have an additional concessive meaning. &henever you " * ;"i$ht< co"e1 you are welcome. b/D98 34 C4 7E T;E<2E, G4 C8G C:1D98 ;894. &herever she " * ;"i$ht< 'i!e1 she will always find friends. w91 34 /78 7E UE28, /78 C:1D98 78^910 9;F@1^. Hf course, I shall come for your marriage, whenever that " * +e %i=ed( +rollo,e! b/71B7/, 5 T;E19F 78 C8<F :C8963F, ?/D98 34 11 7E 78@78BE2E. The *ubjunctive +ood is used in d!er+i ' c' u)e) o% co"# ri)on ;or " nner< introduced by the conjunctions as if and as though Kthe latter is more literaryL. If the action of the subordinate clause is simultaneous with that of the principal clause the Jast *ubjunctive of the verb to be is used" with other verbs the same meaning is expressed by the Jast Indefinite of the Indicative +ood. *he speaks KspokeL about him as if she knew him well. p78 D/C/;E0 KD/C/;E28L / 71G 08?, ?8? 3F90/ /78 1D/ A/;/</ @7810 K@7828L. *he greeted him as if he were her brother. (alsworthy! p78 T/@9/;/C828:6 : 7EG 08?, ?8? 3F90/ /7 342 11 3;80/G. m1 speaks as if he /ne. youV Collins! p7 D/C/;E0 08?, ?8? 3F90/ /7 C8: @7810V tex got from his seat, as if he he'd the conference to be at an end. $liot!

u1?: T/9752:5 : G1:08, ?8? 3F90/ /7 :BE082 :/C1i87E1 /?/7B1774G. If the action of the subordinate clause is prior to that of the principal clause the Jast Jerfect of the Indicative +ood is used. *he speaks KspokeL about him as if she had /no.n him for years. p78 D/C/;E0 KD/C/;E28L / 71G 08?, ?8? 3F90/ @7810 K@7828L 1D/ G7/D/ 210. p7E T/U82E 9;FD 9;FDF ;F?E, ?8? 3F90/ 342E @78?/G4 C:\ *he flushes as though he had struck her. Shaw! p78 @808EC810:5 ?;8:?/^, ?8? 3F90/ /7 11 F98;E2. The *ubjunctive +ood is used in #redic ti!e c' u)e)> KaL introduced by the conjunctions as if, as though, when we find the link verbs to be, to feet, to look, to seem, etc. in the principal clause. If the action of the subordinate clause is simultaneous with that of the principal clause the Jast *ubjunctive of the verb to be is used" with other verbs the same meaning is expressed by the Jast Indefinite of the Indicative +ood. If the action of the subordinate clause is prior to that of the principal clause the Jast Jerfect of the Indicative +ood is used. I feel as if we .ere back seven years, Pon. (alsworthy! x G175 08?/1 BFC:0C/, ?8? 3F90/ G4 C1;7F2E:6 78 :1G6 210 78@89, WU/7. ... now I feel as if you had never +een away. Shaw! Z1T1;6 F G175 08?/1 BFC:0C/, ?8? 3F90/ C4 E 71 F1@U82E. m1 looked as if he knew it to be true. Austen! x 71D/ 342 08?/^ CE9, 0/B7/ /7 @782, B0/ d0/ T;8C98. The house looked as though it h d +een de)erted for weeks. 2ells! 9 9/G8 342 08?/^ CE9, 0/B7/ C 71G FU1 G7/D/ 719126 7E?0/ 71 UE2. It was as i% )he .ere angry with him. Lawrence! f/A/U1 342/, B0/ /78 :1;9E0:5 78 71D/. yarel felt a bitter taste in his mouth. It was as if he h d done something wrong. *eym! b8;12 T/BFC:0C/C82 71T;E5074^ C?F: C/ ;0F. x 71D/ 342/ ?@A57 BCD6?D51 ?5B85 58 :91282 B0/0/ 9F;7/1. KzL when the subject of the principal clause is expressed by an abstract noun such as wish, suggestion, aim, idea. etc. In this case the analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary should Oor all persons is used# +ary)s wish was that... our mother )hou'd co"e nd 'i!e with her. A. #ronte! EFGH I5?7J5691 B?5KL 8@M@ G806 T1;11A828 A 87N OH?9( ... +s arrangement with them had been that they )hou'd "eet him at Jlymouth. *ardy! P8 C6J5DHJ6Q 6 8HRH1 B0/ 58H C:0;1050 1D/ D SJHRC?71 Hne of the conditions was that I )hou'd $o abroad. Swimierton! p97/ E@ F:2/CE^ @8?2\B82/:6 C 0/G, B0/34 5 T/1A82 @8 D;87E]F. The *ubjunctive +ood is used in )u+,ect c' u)e) after principal clause of the type "t is necessary. "t is im,ortant, etc. he analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary should is used in all persons. It is KwasL necessary It is KwasL important It is KwasL right It is KwasL re uested It is KwasL recommended that he )hou'd co"e( It is KwasL obligatory It is KwasL better KbestL. It is KwasL desirable It is KwasL of vital importance It was necessary that the child)s history )hou'd +e /no.n to none. +rollo,e! m89/ 342/, B0/34 E:0/;E\ d0/D/ ;1317?8 7E?0/ 71 F@782. It was desirable that she ... )hou'd " rr* this earnest, well-to-do and respectable man. *ardy! c42/ U12801267/, B0/34 /78... C4<28 @8GFU @8 d0/D/ :1;61@7/D/, :/:0/501267/D/ E :/2E97/D/ B12/C1?8. It is better for these young men... that they )hou'd not re" in here. Dickens! W25 d0EA G/2/94A 2\91^ ... 2FB<1, B0/34 /7E 71 /:08C82E:6 @91:6. It was imperative that she )hou'd go home. *ardy!

c42/ :/C1;<177/ 71/3A/9EG/, B0/34 /78 T/1A828 9/G/^. The *ubjunctive +ood is used in o+,ect c' u)e)& KaL &hen the predicate of the principal clause is expressed by the verb to wish. If the action expressed in the object clause is simultaneous with that of the principal clause the Jast *ubjunctive of the verb to be is used" with other verbs the same meaning is expressed by the Jast Indefinite of the Indicative +ood. I wish I were a girl again. $. #ronte! % A/0128 34 3406 :7/C8 91C/B?/^. *he wished she .ere free and could fellow them. Ch. #ronte! p78 U82128, B0/ 71 :C/3/978 E 71 G/U10 T/1A806 : 7EGE. I wish she %e't as I do. $. #ronte! % 34 A/0128, B0/34 /78 BFC:0C/C82 0/ U1, B0/ E 5. m1 wished he had someone to talk to ... 2ilson! p7 A/012, B0/34 F 71D/ 342 ?0/-7E3F96, : ?1G G/U7/ 342/ 34 T/D/C/;E06. If the action expressed in the object clause is prior to that of the principal clause the Jast Jerfect of the Indicative +ood is used. !untie, I wish I h d not done it. +wain! Z105, G71 /B176 U826, B0/ 5 d0/ :91282. The moment !ileen had said this she wished she h d not( Dreiser! b8? 0/26?/ {^2E7 d0/ :?8@828, /78 T/U82128 /3 d0/G. The above examples show that such sentences are often translated by means of :;: <;0=, >54 <;0=. The analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary would Kfor all personsL is also used in object clauses after the verb to wish. This form is used only in sentences referring to the present or future" it is possible only if the subject of the principal clause is not the same as the subject of the object clause. It is chiefly used in sentences expressing re uest or annoyance. I wish you .ou'd stay with me for a while. ?oynlch! % 34 A/012, B0/34 C4 T/342E 71G7/D/ :/ G7/^. I wish the honourable district attorney .ou'd "ind +s own business. Dreiser! % 34 A/012, B0/34 T/B01774^ 89C/?80 71 CG1<EC82:5 C BFUE1 9128. &ith the verb to be this form is hardly ever used. KbL The *ubjunctive +ood is used in object clauses introduced by the conjunction lest if in the principal clause the predicate is Expressed by a verb denoting fear. The mood auxiliary should is used for all persons. *he fears KfearedL lest she )hou'd +e +' "ed( p78 3/E0:5 K3/528:6L, ?8? 34 11 71 /:F9E2E. m1 trembled lest his secret should be discovered. p7 9;/U82 T;E G4:2E, B0/ 1D/ 08^78 3F910 ;8:?;408. I dreaded lest any stranger )hou'd notice me and speak to me. $liot! % 3/528:6, B0/ ?8?/^-7E3F96 71@78?/G4^ B12/C1? @8G10E0 G175 E @8D/C/;E0 :/ G7/^. !fter verbs denoting fear object clauses are often introduced by the conjunction that, in which case the Indicative +ood is used often with the modal verb may might!. *he fears KfearedL that she .i'' ;.ou'd< +e +' "ed( *he fears KfearedL that she may KmightL +e +' "ed( KcL The *ubjunctive +ood is used in object clauses when we find verbs and word-groups denoting order, suggestion, advice, desire, etc. in the principal clause. The analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary should Kfor all personsL is used. Ie orders KorderedL Ie suggests KsuggestedL Ie proposes KproposedL Ie demands KdemandedL that everything )hou'd +e ready by |. Oie desires KdesiredL Ie insists KinsistedL Ie is anxious Kwas anxiousL Ie will see Khe sawL to it +rs. Sinton insisted that Isabella should go to bed. $. #ronte! rE::E: oE70/7 78:08EC828 78 0/G, B0/34 s@831228 21D28 :T806. *he K!gnesL proposed to my aunt that we )hou'd go upstairs and see my room. Dickens!

p78 T;192/UE28 G/1^ 010F<?1, B0/34 G4 T/<2E 78C1;A E T/:G/0;12 G/\ ?/G780F. +r. +icawber was very anxious that I )hou'd )t * to dinner." Dickens! rE:01;F rE?/31;F /B176 A/012/:6, B0/34 5 /:082:5 /319806. In !merican English we often find the Jresent *ubjunctive in this case. ... she insisted that they o#en a bottle of wine and toast his success. Stone! p78 78:08EC828, B0/34 /7E /0?FT/;E2E 3F042?F CE78 E C4TE2E @8 1D/ F:T1A. The people demand that the resignation +e cce#ted( *eym! m8;/9 0;13F10, B0/34 /0:08C?8 3428 T;E7508. The *ubjunctive +ood is used in ttri+uti!e ##o)iti!e c' u)e) modifying the nouns wish, suggestion, aim, idea, etc. The analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary should Kfor all personsL is used. Iis wish KsuggestionL that everybody )hou'd t /e # rt in the work was reasonable. *he had been enormously flattered by his re uest that she )hou'd temporarily /ee# hi) hou)e( #ennett! p78 3428 B;1@C4B8^7/ T/26i178 1D/ T;/:63/^ C;1G177/ C1:0E 1D/ A/@5^:0C/. The *ubjunctive +ood is also used in ttri+uti!e c' u)e) modifying the noun time in the principal clause "t is time. "t is high time. In this case the Jast *ubjunctive of the verb to be is used" with other verbs the same meaning is expressed by the Jast Indefinite of the Indicative +ood. It is time we went home. m8G T/;8 E90E 9/G/^. It is high time we .ent home. m8G 98C7/ T/;8 E90E 9/G/^. It is time we were off. m8G T/;8 E90E. 'ow then, children. It)s high time you were washed and dressed. -ansfield! mF, 910E, 98C7/ T/;8 FG4C806:5 E /91C806:5. The analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary should is also possible, though less common. It was indeed high time that some one... )hou'd co"e to the aid of the old fanner and his adopted daughter. Conan Doyle! xU1 98C7/ 342/ T/;8 ?/GF-7E3F96 T;E^0E 78 T/G/i6 :08;/GF j1;G1;F E 1D/ T;E1G7/^ 9/B1;E. !s has already been stated the *ubjunctive +ood may be used to express an e"otion ' ttitude of the speaker to real facts. Iere we always find the analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary should, which in this case is often called the )emotional should'. If priority is expressed the Jerfect Infinitive is used. In this case the *ubjunctive +ood is rendered in tussian by the Indicative +ood. The emotional should occurs in different kinds of subordinate clauses" the principal clause in such cases contains# KaL !n adjective expressing astonishment, incredulity, regret, joy, such as strange, wonderful, unnatural im,ossible, fortunate, ufortunate, etc. It is strange I )hou'd never h !e he rd him even mention your name. Austen! X0;877/, B0/ 5 7E?/D98 98U1 71 :24<828, B0/34 /7 FT/GE782 C8<1 EG5. It is impossible that she )hou'd h !e ) id it( Ie G/U10 3406 K71C/@G/U7/L, B0/34 /78 d0/ :?8@828 K71 G/D28 /78 d0/ :?8@806L. KbL ! noun with the same meaning# wonder, ,ity, shame, etc. Ie is such a charming man that it is uite a ,ity he should be so grave and so dull. Austen! p7 08?/^ BF91:74^ B12/C1?" ?8? U826, B0/ /7 08?/^ :1;61@74^ E :?FB74^. K:L- +he principal clause may be of the following type# I am tarty, glad, ,leased, 'e@ed, etc. I am sorry you )hou'd t /e such needless trouble. Ch. #ronte! E87 5B789 U826, B0/ C4 31;v01 78 :135 08?E1 717FU741 @83/04. !gainst my will I felt pleased that he )hou'd h !e con)idered my remark interesting ... #raine! m1C/267/ 5 /3;89/C82:5 0/GF, B0/ /7 78<12 G/1 @8G1B87E1 E701;1:74G. I am so vexed ... that such a tiling )hou'd h !e +een di)cu))ed before that child. Aeade! r71 08? 9/:897/, B0/ T/9/374^ C/T;/: /3:FU982:5 T;E ;1317?1. I forgive you" but I am so grieved, $avy, that you )hou'd h !e such bad passions in your heart. Dickens! % 0135 T;/08\, 7/ 5 08? /D/;B178, WdCE, B0/ C 0C/1G :1;9]1 D71@9E0:5 :0/26?/ 9F;7/D/. The *ubjunctive +ood with the emotional should may also o::ur in such sentences as# &hy )hou'd

you and I talk about itq Dickens! B B1GF 78G : C8GE D/C/;E06 /3 d0/Gq Z/ think this )hou'd h !e co"e upon us in our old ageV *ardy! f/9FG806 0/26?/, B0/ 78 :08;/:0E 210 : 78GE :2FBE2/:6 08?/1V M was still busy, when who )hou'd co"e in but QaddyV Dickens! % 3428 1i1 @87508, ?8? C9;FD C/<28 > ?0/ 34 C4 9FG82Eq > bd99EV In sentences of this kind the Indicative +ood is also possible. HhV It is strange he never "entioned to me that he had a ward. 2ilde! It is only wonderful we h !e )een no living creature there before. Collins! ... to think that I h !e +een so blindV Dickens! T *) o% renderin$ the Su+,uncti!e Mood in Ru))i n( The *ubjunctive +ood in English often corresponds to the same rnood in tussian. M wish you)d co"e oftener to see us. Dreiser! % A/0128 34, B0/34 C4 T/B8i1 U@I5VHJH A 8@R( M wonder sometimes, when I think of it, what they .ou'd h !e done1 i% I h d +een t /en with an illness. Dickens! % E7/D98 9FG8\ / 0/G, ?8? 34 /7E W56?CWHJH1 1:2E KL Q U@K5J7J( Iowever, this is not the only way of rendering the *ubjunctive +ood in tussian" it is often rendered by the Indicative +ood" sometimes the infinitive is used. (arsiny received them as if he had known them for years. *eym! c8;:E77 T;E752 EA 08?, ?8? 3F90/ on @782 EA G7/D/ 210. In the first place, he showed him +ary)s letter. ,If your heart be not made of stone it will be softened by that,, he said. +rollo,s! f;1U91 C:1D/ /7 T/?8@82 1GF TE:6G/ rd;E. -`:2E F C8: :1;9]1 71 ?8G177/1, d0/ TE:6G/ 0;/710 C8:=,> :?8@82 /7. I regret extremely +r. Ielstone )hou'd h !e thou$ht it necessary to trouble you. Ch. #ronte! % /B176 :/U821\, B0/ GE:01; .12:0/F7 71/3A/9EG4G no-31:T/?/E06 C8:. I proposed to !da that morning that we )hou'd $o and )ee tichard. Dickens! x0;/G 5 T;192/UE28 Y91 W5N?H 8@D76?H?9 uEB8;98. !nd he again took her hand that he "i$ht encour $e her. +rollo,e! s /7 /T506 C@52 11 CD:D, B0/34 W5VK5VGH?9( &retched is the infant)s lot. (om within the straw-roof d cot" (e he generous, wise or brave. Ie must only be a slave. Southey! f1B82678 :F9638 ;1317?8. u/9EC<1D/:5 C AEUE71 : :/2/G177/^ ?;4<1^, b8? 34 C12E?/9F<17, FG17 E A;83; /7 7E 342, p7 C:1 ;8C7/ 3F910 ;83/G. Though all the world be false, still will I be tine. 7+rollo,s! W8U1 1:2E C1:6 GE; 3F910 2UEC4G, C:1 U1 5 3F9F T;8C9EC8. The Jresent *ubjunctive also occurs in some set expressions. (e it soV fF:06 3F910 08?V W8 3F910 08?V Su%%ice it to say that he soon came back. W/:080/B7/ :?8@806, B0/ /7 :?/;/ C1;7F2:5. God %or+idX c/U1 FT8:EV X/A;87E 3/DV Oar be it from me to contradict you. x G175 E C G4:25A 71 342/ T;/0EC/;1BE06 C8G. In !merican English the Jresent *ubjunctive is used not only in the above mentioned cases but also in collo uial language. }ates called the hospital and Insisted that one of the doctors co"e to the phone. *eym! ~1^0: T/@C/7E2 C D/:TE0826 E T/0;13/C82, B0/34 ?0/-7E3F96 E@ C;8B1^ T/9/<12 ? 0121j/7F. II( The - )t Su+,uncti!e( In the Jast *ubjunctive the verb to be has the form were for all the persons singular and plural, which in the singular differs from the corresponding form of the Indicative +ood Kthe Jast IndefiniteL. 'ote. > Hccasionally the form was, which coincides with the form of the Indicative +ood, can be

found in the singular. I know I am affectionate. I wouldn)t say it, if I wasn)t certain that I am. Dickens! The Jast *ubjunctive is widely used in +odem English and occurs not only in literature but also in collo uial language. The term )Jast *ubjunctive) is merely traditional as in +odern English it does not necessarily express a past action. In adverbial clauses of condition it denotes an unreal condition referring to the present or future. In other types of subordinate clauses it denotes an action simultaneous with the action expressed in the principal clause" thus it may refer to the present and to the past. If I were ill I should like to be nursed by you, #ennett! `:2E 34 5 342 3/217, 5 34 A/012, B0/34 @8 G7/^ FA8UEC82E C4. I want to go everywhere, I wish I were a gipsy. (alsworthy! r71 A/B10:5 C:\9F T/34C806. A/0128 34 3406 ]4D87?/^. I wished be were less remote. Du -aarier! A/0128 34, B0/34 /7 71 342 08?EG /0BFU91774G. The n '*tic ' %or") o% the Su+,uncti!e Mood consist of the mood auxiliaries should, would, may might! or shall Kwhich is seldom usedL and the infinitive of the notional verb. +r. (arkis... proposed that my pocket-handkerchief should be s,read upon the horse)s back to dry. Dickens! rE:01; c8;?E: T;192/UE2 T/2/UE06 G/^ 7/:/C/^ T280/? 78 :TE7F 2/<89E, B0/34 /7 T;/:/A. &hoever you may be. *ir, I am deeply grateful to you. Dickens! b0/ 34 C4 7E 342E, :d;, E C8G D2F3/?/ T;E@7801217. *he lowered the blind and closed the shutters that he "i$ht not see the sun set. ?oynlch! p78 :TF:0E28 <0/;4 E @8?;428 :08C7E, B0/34 /7 71 CE912, ?8? @8A/9E0 :/27]1. , +ood auxiliaries have developed from modal verbs, which have lost their modality and serve to form the analytical *ubjunctive. *till there are cases when mood auxiliaries retain a shade of modality, for instance the verb might in adverbial clauses of purpose. Siie stood upon the causeway that her father "i$ht see her" Dickens! oE@@E :0/528 78 98G31, B0/34 /01] FCE912 11 KG/D FCE9106 11L. In modern English the ) "e "e nin$ ) i) e=#re))ed +* the Su+,uncti!e Mood " * ')o +e rendered +* the %or") o% the Indic ti!e +ood > the Jast Indefinite, the Jast Jerfect and occasionally the Jast Qontinuous and the Jast Jerfect Qontinuous. In adverbial clauses of condition the Jast Indefinite denotes an unreal condition referring to the present or future" the Jast Jerfect denotes an unreal condition referring to the past. The room is so low that the head of the tallest of the visitors would touch the blackened ceiling if he )tood upright. Dickens! b/G7808 08?85 7E@?85, B0/ D/2/C8 :8G/D/ C4:/?/D/ E@ T/:10E0121^ ?/:7F28:6 34 @8?/TB177/D/ T/0/2?8, 1:2E 34 /7 C4T;5GE2:5. The noise about her was frightful, so deafening that if she h d )houted aloud she would not have heard her own voice. Cronin! FG C/?;FD 711 342 FU8:74^, 08?/^ /D2F<E012674^, B0/, 1:2E 34 /78 D;/G?/ @8?;EB828, /78 71 F:24<828 34 :C/1D/ :/3:0C177/D/ D/2/:8. In other types of subordinate clauses the Jast Indefinite denotes an action simultaneous with the action expressed in the principal clause" the Jast Jerfect denotes an action prior to that of the principal clause. Ie K+r. (arkisL sat looking at the horse)s ears as if he saw something new there. Dickens! rE:01; c8;?E: :E912, D2595 78 F<E 2/<89E, ?8? 3F90/ /7 CE912 08G B0/-0/ 7/C/1. I felt as if the visit h d di"ini)hed the separation between !da and me. Dickens! x G175 342/ 08?/1 BFC:0C/, ?8? 3F90/ d0/0 CE@E0 :32E@E2 78: : Y9/^. The Jast Qontinuous and the Jast fre uently used. Jerfect Qontinuous are less They looked as if they .ere %i$htin$ for their life. $liot! p7E C4D25912E 08?, ?8? 3F90/ /7E 3/;/2E:6 @8 :C/\ UE@76. The mother)s delicate eyelids were pink, as if she h d +een cr*in$ half the night

$liot! m1U741 C1?E G801;E T/?;8:712E, ?8? 3F90/ 34 /78 T;/T28?828 T/2/CE7F 7/BE. 'ote. -In some grammars these forms are considered to be the forms of the *ubjunctive +ood, homonyrnous with the forms of the Indicative +ood.