A REPORT

On DC Choppers
Submitted

By Atul Kumar Thakur Roll !o"#$%#$&$#&'() Ele*tri*al En+ineerin+ ,th year

ACADE-. O/ TEC0!O1O2. AEDCO!A2AR3 0OO201. 45B)5 P6!"7#'#'#

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CONTENTS

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Topic Introduction Step down chopper Step up chopper Classification of choppers Control strategies Applications Bibliography

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1 2 3

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Introduction
Many industrial applications require power from dc voltage sources. Several of these applications, however, perform better in case these are fed from variable dc voltage sources.

#he conversion of fi$ed %& voltage to an ad'ustable %& output voltage, through the use of semiconductor devices is called chopping. ( chopper is a stati* de8i*e that converts fi$ed dc input voltage to a variable dc output voltage directly. It is a high speed on)off semiconductor switch *connects source to the load and disconnects the load from the source at a fast speed+. #he power semiconductor device used for a chopper circuit can be force commutated thyristor, power ,-#, power M.S/0#, 1#. or I1,#. ( chopper may be thought of as dc equivalent of an ac transformer since they behave in an identical manner. 2i3e a transformer, a chopper can be used to step down or step up the fi$ed dc input voltage. &hopper systems offer smooth control, high efficiency, fast response and regeneration.

4rinciple of Step %own operation

#he step down chopper can be described by the following circuit5 here a step down chopper with resistive load is shown.

#he thyristor in the circuit acts as a switch. #he thyristor can be turned6on or turned6off as desired. 7hen thyristor is .8, supply voltage appears across the load .7hen thyristor is .//, the voltage across the load will be 9ero. #he output voltage and current waveforms are shown below.

8ow, the various parameters can be assumed as:

Vdc = A verage value of output or load voltage. I dc = A verage value of output or load current. tON = #ime interval for which S&; conducts. tOFF = #ime interval for which S&; is .//. T =t ON+ t OFF= 4eriod of switching or chopping period. freq. 1 f = = /req. of chopper switching or chopping T

#he average output voltage can be found by

(verage .utput =oltage tON Vdc =V tON +tOFF t Vdc =V ON = V d . T t but ON =d = duty cycle t

(s the duty cycle is always less than 1. So, the output voltage is less than the input voltage.

4rinciple of Step <p operation

#he step up choppers are used to obtain output voltage greater than the input voltage. #he basic circuit for step up operation is shown below

I >

% >
2 . ( %

= & h o p p e r

&

#he values of 2 and & are chosen depending upon the requirement of output voltage and current. 7hen the chopper is on the inductor is connected across the supply. #he current in the inductor rises or in other words the inductor stores energy. 7hen the chopper is .// the inductor current is forced to flow through the diode and the load. #he current tend to decrease as to reverse the polarity of induced emf in the inductor. #he e$pression for the output current can be written as:

VO = V +

dI dt

.i ., e

VO > V

7e clearly see that the output voltage is greater than the input voltage.

&lassification of choppers
&hoppers can be classified as: &lass ( chopper &lass , chopper

 &lass & chopper &lass % chopper &lass 0 chopper Class A *hopper: It is a step down chopper in which the average value of output voltage and current is always positive. ( free wheeling diode */7%+ is connected across the load to prevent the output current being negative. Its region of operation is in the first quadrant only, so it is also called first6quadrant chopper. #he circuit and the waveforms are shown below.
i? & = h o p / 7 p e r % >
2 . ( %

!?

!? =

ig # h y r i s t o r g a t e p u l s e t i? . & ! @ . 8 t
?

i?

u t p u t

c u r r e n t

&

o n d u c t s

u t p u t

v o l t a g e

t.

t
8

Class B *hopper9 In this type the average output voltage is positive but the average output current is negative. #herefore the class , chopper operates in the second quadrant. 4ower flows from the load to the source. It is a step up chopper. It is widely used for

regenerative brea3ing of %& motors. Its circuit and waveforms are shown below:
% i? ; = & h o p p e r 0 2 !? i? > !?

ig

# h y r i s t o r g a t e p u l s e t t. t. #

i?

t . u t p u t c u r r e n t

Im Im !
?

a $ i n

% c o n

u& c h t so p p e r c o n d u c t s

u t p u t

v o l t a g e

Class C *hoppers: Class C Chopper is a combination of Class A and Class B Choppers. /or first quadrant operation, &@1 is .8 or "# conducts. /or second quadrant operation, &@2 is .8 or "1 conducts. 7hen C$1 is .8, the load current is positive. #he output voltage is equal to %V& A the load receives power from the

source. 7hen &@1 is turned .//, energy stored in inductance forces current to flow through the diode "# and the output voltage is 9ero. &urrent continues to flow in positive direction. 7hen &@2 is triggered, the voltage ' forces current to flow in opposite direction through 2 and C$# .#he output voltage is 9ero turning .// C$#, the energy stored in the inductance drives current through diode "1 and the supply .utput voltage is V, the input current becomes negative and power flows from load to source.
&
1

i? = &
2

> ;

!?

@ & h o p

2 e r 0

!? i?
1 a t e p u l s e o f & 1@ t 1 a t e o f & p u l s e @ t

ig

ig

i? . u t p u t c u r r e n t t
%
1

& .

@1 8

& .

@2 8

& .

@1 8

& @2 . 8

u t p u t

v o l t a g e t

Class D *hopper: &lass % is a two quadrant chopper. 7hen both C$1 and C$# are triggered simultaneously, the output voltage ( V and output current flows through the load. 7hen C$1 and C$# are turned .//, the load current continues to flow in the same direction through load, "1 and "#, due to the energy stored in the inductor 2. (verage load voltage is positive if chopper .8 time is

more than the .// time .(verage output voltage becomes negative if t.8 ) tOFF .@ence the direction of load current is always positive but load voltage can be positive or negative.
!? &
1

@ ; i? ! 2
?

% 0 &
2

= %
1

>

i?

ig

a t e o f &1

p u l s e @ t u l s e t

ig

a t e f &2

p @

i? . u t p u t c u r r e n t

& ! =
?

@ 1 .

, & 8

2@

1 , %

&

o n

d u c t i n g . ( u t p u t e

t v o l t a g t e

v e r ! a? g

Class E *hopper9 &lass 0 is a four quadrant chopper. 7hen C$1 and C$* are triggered, output current flows in positive direction through C$1 and C$*, and with output voltage ( V. #his gives the first quadrant operation. 7hen both C$1 and C$* are .//, the energy stored in the inductor 2 drives iO through %2 and "+ in the same direction, but output voltage !O ( ,V.

&

% i? >

& ; 2 !?
2

0 & @ %

= &
2

! & % @ 2
1

6 6 %

% &

&

o& n @ d u c 6 t s& 1 o & n d @ u c t6 s % 2 i?

@ &

. 8 o n d u c t s

& & @ 2

@ 3

6 6 %

&

@ % 2 6. 8 % 3 & 2 & o& n @ d u c6 t % s 2

o n d u c t s & o n d u c t s

&ontrol strategies
#he output voltage can be controlled by varying the duty cycle. /ollowing are the methods for varying duty cycle: 1. #ime ;atio &ontrol *#;&+ 2. &urrent6limit control

Time Ratio Control In this control scheme, the time ratio is varied. #his is reali9ed in two different strategies: *a.+ Constant :re;uen*y system: In this scheme the don time is varied 3eeping the frequency constant. =ariation of on6time means ad'ustment of pulse width, as this scheme is also 3nown as pulse6 width modulation *47M+. *b.+ <ariable :re;uen*y system: In this scheme, the chopping frequency is varied and either on6time or off6time is 3ept constant. #his scheme is also 3nown as frequency modulation. Current"limit *ontrol In this control scheme, the on and off of chopper circuit is guided by the previous set value of load current. #hese two set values are ma$imum load current and minimum load current. 7hen load current reaches the upper limit, chopper is switched off. 8ow load current freewheels and begin to decay e$ponentially. 7hen it falls to lower limit, chopper is switched on and load current begins to rise. 2oad current cannot be discontinuous in this case &urrent6limit control involves feedbac3 loop, the trigger circuitry for the chopper is therefore more comple$. (mong the various control schemes the pulse width modulation *47M+ technique is widely used.

(pplication of choppers