Outline

Analyze DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters:

• Basic Topologies,
• Buck converter,
• Boost converter,
• Buck-Boost Converter,
• Flyback Converter.
 DEFINITION:
Converting the unregulated DC input to
a. controlled DC output with a desired
voltage level
• General block diagram:

DC supply
(from rectifier-
DC output LOAD
filter, battery,
fuel cell etc.)

Vcontrol
(derived from
feedback circuit)
 DC-DC Converters

• Convert a fixed DC Source into a Variable DC Source

• DC equivalent to an AC transformer with variable turns
ratio
• Step-up and Step-down versions
• Applications
– Motor Control
– Voltage Regulators
– Switched-mode power supply (SMPS),
– DC motor control,
– battery chargers
Basic Operation

• Switch SW is known as a
“Chopper”
• Use BJT, MOSFET, or
IGBT
• Close for time t1
– VS appears across R
• Open for time t2
– Voltage across R = 0
• Repeat
• Period T = t1 + t2
Waveforms for the Step-Down Converter

5
Average Value of the Output Voltage
t1
1
Va   vO dt
T 0
t1
1
Va   VS dt
T 0
t1
Va  VS  ft1VS
T
Va  kVS
Average Value of the Load Current

Va kVS
Ia  
R R
T  period
t1
k   dutycycle
T
f  frequency
rms Value of the output voltage
1
1 kT
 2
VO   0 v dt 
2
O
T
1
1 kT
 2
VO    VS dt 
2

T 0 
VO  kVS

8
If the converter is “lossless”, Pin = Pout
kT
1
Pin 
T  v idt
0
O

kT 2
1 v
Pin 
T 
0
O

R
dt

1 VS2
Pin  kT
T R
VS2
Pin  k
R
 Modes of Operation

• Constant – frequency operation

– Period T held constant, t1 varied
– Width of the pulse changes
– “Pulse-width modulation”, PWM
• Variable -- frequency operation
– Change the chopping frequency (period T)
– Either t1 or t2 is kept constant
– “Frequency modulation”
Buck (step-down) converter

S L

+
Vd D C RL
Vo

CIRCUIT OF BUCK CONVERTER

iL
S + vL -
+
Vd D RL Vo

CIRCUIT WHEN SWITCH IS CLOSED

S iL

+ vL -
+
Vd RL Vo
D

CIRCUIT WHEN SWITCH IS OPENED

 Boost (step-up) converter
L D

Vd C +
S
RL Vo

-
CIRCUIT OF BOOST CONVERTER
iL L D
+ vL -

Vd +
S C
RL Vo
-

CIRCUIT WHEN SWITCH IS CLOSED

L
D
+ vL -
+
Vd C RL
S Vo

CIRCUIT WHEN SWITCH IS OPENED

 Boost analysis:switch closed
iL
L D
+ vL -
+
Vd C vo
S
-

v L  Vd Vd

di L
 L vL CLOSED
dt
t
di L V
  d V d- V o
dt L
di L i L i L
  iL iL
dt t DT
di L V
  d
dt L DT T t

V DT
i L closed  d
L

23
 Switch opened
iL
D
+ vL -
+
Vd C vo
S
-

v L  Vd - Vo
di L
 L Vd
dt
di L V - Vo vL
  d OPENED

dt L t

di L i L V d- V o

dt t
i L iL
 iL
(1 - D )T
( 1-D )T
t
di L V - Vo DT T

  d
dt L
Vd - Vo (1 - DT )
 i L opened 
L
 Steady-state operation
i L closed  i L opened  0
Vd DT Vd - Vo (1 - D )T
 0
L L
Vd
 Vo 
1- D

• Boost converter produces output voltage that is greater or equal to

the input voltage.
• Alternative explanation:
– when switch is closed, diode is reversed. Thus output is isolated.
The input supplies energy to inductor.
– When switch is opened, the output stage receives energy from
the input as well as from the inductor. Hence output is large.
– Output voltage is maintained constant by virtue of large C.

25
Average, Maximum, Minimum Inductor Current

Input power  Output power

Vo 2
Vd I d 
R
2
 Vd 
 
 (1 - D )  Vd 2
Vd I L  
R (1 - D ) 2 R
Average inductor current :
Vd
 IL 
(1 - D ) 2 R
Maximum inductor current :
i L Vd Vd DT
 I max  I L   
2 (1 - D ) 2 R 2L
Minimum inductor current :
i L Vd Vd DT
 I min  I L -  -
2 (1 - D ) 2 R 2L
 L and C values
For CCM,
I min  0 Vd
vL
Vd Vd DT
- 0
(1 - D ) 2 R 2L
D 1 - D 2 TR
Lmin  Vd-Vo
2 Imax

D 1 - D 2 R
iL
 Imin
2f

Ripple factor iD Imax

V 
Q   o  DT  CVo
Imin

 R 
Io=Vo / R
V DT V D
Vo  o  o
RCf RCf ic

Vo D
r  
Vo RCf
Q

DT T

27
 Buck-Boost converter
S
D
+

Vd C
L RL Vo
-
RL

CIRCUIT OF BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER

S D
+ +

Vd iL vL Vo
- -

CIRCUIT WHEN SWITCH IS CLOSED

S D
+ +
Vd iL vL
Vo
-
-

CIRCUIT WHEN SWITCH IS OPENED

 Buck-boost analysis
Vd
Switch closed vL
di L
v L  Vd  L
dt
di L V Vd-Vo
  d
dt L Imax

i L i L V iL
  d Imin
t DT L
Vd DT
 ( i L ) closed  Imax
L iD
Switch opened Imin

di L
v L  Vo  L Io=Vo / R
dt
di L V
  o i c
dt L
i L i L V Q
  o
t (1 - D )T L DT T
V (1 - D )T
 ( i L ) opened  o
L

29
 Output voltage
Steady state operation :
 iL ( closed )   iL ( opened )  0
V DT V (1 - D )T
 d  o 0
L L
Output vol tage :
 D 
 Vo  -Vs  
1 - D 

• NOTE: Output of a buck-boost converter either be higher or lower than input.

– If D>0.5, output is higher than input
– If D<0.5, output is lower input

• Output voltage is always negative.

• Note that output is never directly connected to load.

• Energy is stored in inductor when switch is closed and transferred to load when
switch is opened.
 Average inductor current

Assuming no power loss in the converter,

power absorbed by the load must equal
power supplied the by source, i.e.
Po  Ps
Vo2
 Vd I s
R
But average source current is related to
average inductor current as :
Is  ILD
Vo2
  Vd I L D
R
Substituti ng for Vo ,
Vo2 Po Vd D
 IL   
Vd RD Vd D R (1 - D ) 2

31
 L and C values
Max and min inductor current,
i L Vd D Vd DT
 I max  I L   
2 R (1 - D ) 2 2L
i L Vd D Vd DT
 I min  I L -  -
2 R (1 - D ) 2 2L
For CCM
Vd D Vd DT
2
 0
R (1 - D ) 2L
(1 - D ) 2 R
 Lmin 
2f
Output vol tage ripple,
V 
Q   o  DT  CVo
 R 
V DT V D
Vo  o  o
RC RCf
Vo D
r  
Vo RCf
 Converters in CCM: Summary
Buck
Vo
S L  D
V + Vd
D C RL
Vo Vo 1- D

d

- Vo 8 LCf 2
(1 - D ) R
Lmin 
2f

L Boost
D
Vo 1

V + Vd 1- D
C Vo
S Vo D

d
RL - Vo RCf
D (1 - D ) 2 R
Lmin 
2f

S Buck - Boost
Vo D
D +  -
V C Vo
Vd 1- D
L RL
d
- Vo D

Vo RCf
(1 - D ) 2 R
Lmin 
2f

33
 Example
Determine the switching duty ratio of a buck-boost
converter such that the output voltage is -28V
when the input is 100V. The load is 1-Ohm. Design
the converter such that it will be in continuous
current mode. The output voltage ripple must not
be more than 0.5%. Specify the values of each
component if the required frequency is 50kHz.
Suggest the power switch.
 Control of DC-DC converter:
pulse width modulation (PWM)

Vo (desired)
+ Vcontrol Switch control
signal
Vo (actual) Comparator
-
Sawtooth
Waveform Sawtooth
Waveform

Vcontrol 1
Vcontrol 2

Switch
control
ton 2 signal

ton 1
T
 Isolated DC-DC Converter
• Isolated DC-DC requires isolation transformer
• Two types: Linear and Switched-mode
• Advantages of switched mode over linear power supply
-Efficient (70-95%)
-Weight and size reduction
• Disadvantages
-Complex design
-EMI problems
• However above certain ratings,
SMPS is the only feasible choice
• Types of SMPS
-Flyback
-forward
-Push-pull
-Bridge (half and full)
 High frequency transformer
Basic function :
1) Input - output electrical isolation
2) step up/down ti me - varying voltage
Basic input - output relationsh ip
v1 N1
 ;
v2 N 2
i1 N 2

i2 N1
Models :
i1 N1 N2 i2
+ +
V1 V2 Ideal model
- -

i1 N1 N2 i2
+ +
Lm Model used for
V1 V2
-
most PE application
-
 Flyback Converter

+
C R Vo
Vd LM
-

Flyback converter circuit

iD
iS i1 N1 N2
+
+ - + vD -
iLM v2 iC iR Vo
v1
Vd
- + -
+ vSW - i2

Model with magnetising

inductance
 Operation: switch closed
0 N1 N2
is=iLM
- +
+
iLM v2
v1 Vo
Vd +
- -
v1=Vs 0

diLm
v1  Vd  Lm
dt
diLm iLm iLm Vd
  
dt dt DT Lm


 iLm
closed
 V DT
 d
Lm
On the load side of the transform er,
N  N 
v2  v1  2   Vd  2 
 N1   N1 
N 
v D  -Vo - Vd  2   0, i.e. diode turned off
 N1 
Therefore,
i2  0 and i1  0
 Switch opened
iD
N1 N2
+ +
-
iLM v1 v2= -VS Vo
Vs - + -
+ vSW -

 N1 
v1  -Vo 
N  
 2
But v2  -Vo
 N1   N1 
 v1  v2 
N    -Vo 
N 

 2  2 
di L m  N1 
v1  Lm  -Vo 
N  
dt  2
di L m i L m i L m - Vo  N1 
   
N  
dt dt 1 - D T Lm  2
Vo (1 - D )T  N1 
 i L m open  - 
N  
Lm  2
Voltage across the switch :
 N1 
v SW  Vd  Vo 
N  
 2
 Output voltage
For steady - state operation,
i 
Lm closed 
 iLm 
opened
0

Vd DT Vo 1 - D T  N1 
 -    0
Lm Lm  2
N
 D  N 2 
 Vo  Vd   
 1 - D  N1 

Input output relationship is similar to buck-boost converter.

Output can be greater or less than input, depending upon D.

Additional term, i.e. transformer ratio is present.

 Flyback waveforms
Ps  P0 Vs

V0 2 v1
Vd I s 
R
I s is related to I Lm as : -V(N1 /N2)

Is 
I Lm DT
T

 I Lm D  iLm
iLM

Solving for I Lm
is


Vd I Lm D 
V02
R
t
V0 2
 I Lm 
Vd DR iD

I Lm can writte n as :
2 iC
Vd D  N2 
I Lm  
 

(1 - D ) 2 R  N1 
-Vo/ R
 N2 
DT T t
V0
  
(1 - D ) R 
 N 
1 
Max, Min inductor current
iLm
I Lm ,max  I Lm 
2
2
Vd D  N 2  V dDT
   
(1 - D) R  N1 
2
2 Lm
iLm
I Lm ,min  I Lm -
2
2
Vd D  N 2  Vd DT
   -
(1 - D) R  N1 
2
2 Lm
For CCM, I Lm min  0
2
Vd D  N 2  Vd DT Vd D
   
(1 - D) 2 R  N1  2 Lm 2 Lm f
2
Vd (1 - D) 2 R  N1 
 Lmin   
2f  N2 
Ripple calculation is similar to boost,
V0 D
r 
V0 RCf
 Example
The Flyback converter has these specifications:
DC input voltage: 40V
Output voltage: 25V
Duty cycle: 0.5
Rated load: 62.5W
Max peak-peak inductor current ripple:
25% of the average inductor current.
Maximum peak-peak output voltage: 0.1V
Switching frequency: 75kHz

Based on the above mentioned specifications, determine

a) Transformer turns ratio
b) Value of magnetizing inductor Lm.
c) Maximum and minimum inductor current.
d) Value of capacitor C.
 Full-bridge converter

SW1 SW3
Lx
+ + +
NS vx Vo
C R
- -
vp
VS
NS
-

SW4 SW2

SW1,SW2

DT T
SW3,SW4

T T
 DT
VP 2 2
VS

-VS
Vx
 NS 
VS 
 N 

 P 

DT T T T
 DT
2 2
 Full bridge: basic operation
• Switch “pair”: [S1 & S2];[S3 & S4].

• Each switch pair turn on at a time as shown. The other pair is off.

• “AC voltage” is developed across the primary. Then transferred to

secondary via high frequency transformers.

• On secondary side, diode pair is “high frequency full wave

rectification”.

• The choke (L) and (C ) acts like the “buck converter” circuit.

• Output Voltage
 D  N 2 
Vo  Vd   
 1 - D  1 
N