SDQSF

CHAPTER 2
DC-DC CONVERTERS
SWITCHED-MODE POWER SUPPLY
BUCK CONVERTER

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BUCK CONVERTER
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BUCK CONVERTER
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BUCK CONVERTER
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BUCK CONVERTER
BUCK CONVERTER
Features of circuit in steady state:

1.iL is periodic with period T
2.VL_AVG = 0
3.IC_AVG= 0
4.Pout = Pin
BUCK CONVERTER

Assume :
1.Steady state operation
2.iL is continuous
3.C is large, V0 is constant
4.Switching period T, Turn-on time : DT, Turn-off time : (1-D)T
BUCK CONVERTER – CONTINUOUS MODE
1. Switch S is ON
diL
vL  Vs  V0  L
dt
diL Vs  V0

dt L
 Vs  V0 
iL (ON )    DT
 L 
Equivalent Schema
Voltage and current equations
2. Switch S is OFF: Diode D is ON
diL
vL  V0  L
dt
diL  V0

dt L
 V0
iL ( OFF )   1  D  T
Equivalent Schema L
Voltage and current waveforms

(a)vL
(b) iL
(c)i
The variation of iL in the on-state and off-state is equal

 Relationship between Vout and Vin
iL ( ON )  iL ( OFF )  0

Vs  V0 V0
 DT   1  D T  0
L L
 V0  Vs  D
Calculation of iL : iL V0 1 V0 

I max  IL     1  D  T 
2 R 2L 
 1 1  D  
 V0   
R 2 Lf 
iL V0 1 V0 
I min  I L     1  D  T 
2 R 2L 
 1 1  D  
 V0   
R 2 Lf 
Define the value Lmin to ensure the continuation of iL

iLmin = 0
Lmin 
 1  D R
2f
Voltage ripple vC when the capacitance C is limited

iC  iL  iR
Q  CV0
Q  C V0
Q
V0 
C
1  T   iL  T  iL
Q     
2  2  2  8
V0 1 D

V0 8 LC  f 2
Ex. : DC-DC Buck converter has : Vs= 50V; D=0.4; L= 400H;

C=100 F; f=20kHz; R=20. Suppose all devices are ideal.
Define:
1. Output voltage V0 and load power Po
2. Ilmax and ILmin. The condition for value L to ensure the continuous
current through the coil
3. Voltage ripple of capacitor V0/V0
4. Current waveform of L and C
5. Voltage and current waveforms of Mosfet and Diode
Ex. 2:
Design Buck converter with specifications:
Vo = 18V, Load R = 10.
Vi=48V. Voltage ripple  5%. iL : continuous. Determine:
1. Duty cycle D
2. L value, suppose L  1.25 Lmin
3. C value
BOOST CONVERTER
BOOST CONVERTER
BOOST CONVERTER – CONTINUOUS MODE
Applications :
- Hybrid Electric Vehicle– reduction of battery quantity
- LED (3.3V) supplies from 1.5V battery
Assume :
2.iL is continuous
1.Switch S is ON
diL
vL  Vs  L
dt
diL Vs

dt L
Vs DT
iL (ON ) 
L
Equivalent circuit
2. S - OFF
diL
vL  Vs  V0  L
dt
diL Vs  V0

dt L
iL ( OFF ) 
 Vs  V0 1  D T
L
Equivalent circuit

Relationship between Vout and Vin ?

iL (ON )  iL (OFF )  0

Vs DT Vs  V  0
  1  D  T  0
L L
Vs
 V0 
1 D
Calculate the average current IL ?

Calculation for IL ?
2
V
Pin  Po ; Po  o
R
Pin  Vs I s  Vs I L
2
 Vs 
2  
Vo  1  D  Vs2
Vs I L   
R R 1  D  R
2
Vs
 IL 
1  D  R
2
Condition for L when iL is continuous : ILmin  0

 Lmin = ???
Condition for L when iL is continuous : ILmin = 0


D 1  D  R
2
Lmin 
2f
Calculate the output voltage ripple :

V0/V0 = ??

V0/V0 = ??
Q  C  V0
V0
Q  I 0 DT  DT
R
V0 D

V0 RCf
Ex. 1 :
Design a boost converter
Vout = 30V. Vin= 12V. iL is continuous. Voltage ripple 1%. Load
R = 50.
fsw = 25kHz.
Ex. 1 :
Design a boost converter
Vout = 30V. Vin= 12V. iL is continuous. Voltage ripple 1%. Load
R = 50.
fsw = 25kHz.
Solution :
D = 0.6
Lmin = 96uH => L = 120uH
C > 48uF
Ex. 2: Boost converter

Vin = 50V, Vout = 75V. L= 250H, R=25.
Calculate:
1. fsw, suppose iL is continuous
2. Iin_AVG, Iout_AVG
3. Sketch iL. Determine iLmax, iLmin
4. iC_RMS
Solution:
1. 6.6kHz
2. 45A, 30A
3. Imax=50A, Imin=40A
4. 21.3A
BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER
Buck- Boost Converter
The output voltage can be controlled higher or lower than the

input voltage
Assume :
2.iL is continuous
5.Ideal power devices
When S is ON state
diL
vL  Vs  L
dt
diL Vs

dt L
Vs DT
iL (ON ) 
L
Circuit State – Equivalent Circuit
When S is OFF state
diL
vL  V0  L
dt
diL V0

dt L
V0 1  D T
iL (OFF ) 
L

iL ( ON )  iL ( OFF )  0

Vs DT V0 1  D T
 0
L L
D
 V0    Vs
1 D



Vo2
Pin  Po ; Po 
R
Pin  Vs I s  Vs I L D
Vo2
Vs I L D 
R
2
Vo Vs D
 IL  
RVs D R1  D  2

 Lmin = ???
 Lmin 
 1  D
2
R
2f
V0/V0 = ??

V0/V0 = ??
Q  C  V0
V0
Q  I 0 DT  DT
R
V0 D

V0 RCf
Ex. 1 : Buck- Boost converter parameters:

Vi= 24V ; D = 0.4, R = 5 Ohm, L = 100uH, C = 400uF, f = 20kHz
Solution :
1. -16V
2. IL = 5.33 A; ILmax = 7.73A; ILmin = 2.93A
3. 1%
Ex. 1 : Buck- Boost converter parameters:

Vi= 24V ; D = 0.4, R = 5 Ohm, L = 100uH, C = 400uF, f = 20kHz
Define :
1. Output voltage Vo
2. Sketch iL. Verify the continuity of iL
3. Voltage ripple
4. Sketch voltage and current waveforms of S and D
Ex. 2:
Design a buck-boost converter
Pout = 75W. Vout= 50V, Vin= 40V. iL is continuous. Voltage ripple
1%.
C’UK CONVERTER
Principle Diagram of C’uk converter

C’UK CONVERTER
Characteristics:
-The output voltage can be controlled higher or lower
than the input voltage
-Reverse polarity of the output voltage
C’UK CONVERTER
Assume :
2.iL1&2 is continuous
3.C1&2 is large, VC1&2 is constant
4.Switching period T, Turn-on time : DT, Turn-off time :
(1-D)T
5.Ideal power devices
VC1  Vs  V0
C’UK CONVERTER
When S is in On-state
iC1( ON )   I L 2

C’UK CONVERTER
When S is in Off-state
iC1( OFF )  I L1

C’UK CONVERTER

C’UK CONVERTER
 V0 I L2  Vs I L1
Having IC1 = 0, we deduce:
iC1( ON ) DT  iC1(OFF ) 1  D T  0
  I L2 DT  I L1 1  D T  0
I L1 D
 
I L2 1 D
C’UK CONVERTER
 we deduce :
V0  D 
  
Vs 1 D 
C’UK CONVERTER
Voltage ripple of C2 is similar to Buck converter
V0 1 D

V0 8 L2C2  f 2
C’UK CONVERTER
Voltage ripple of C1 (when S – off)
T
1
VC1 
C1 I
DT
L1 dt
C’UK CONVERTER
Current ripple of L (when S –ON)
diL1
vL1  Vs  L1
dt
 iL1
diL2
vL2  Vs  L2
dt
 iL2
C’UK CONVERTER
Ex.:
Design C’uk converter: Vout = -18V. Vin=12V. IL /IL 10%,
Vout/Vout  1%, VC1 /VC1 5%. PLoad = 40W. Chosen: fsw =50kHz.
C’UK CONVERTER
Solution :
D = 0.6
L2  649uH ; L1  432uH
Co  3.08uF ; C  17.8uF
ISOLATED SMPS
FLYBACK CONVERTER

Principal Diagram of Flyback Converter

FLYBACK CONVERTER

Assume :
- C is large => V0 is constant
- Steady state operation
- Switching period T, Turn-on time : DT, Turn-off time : (1-D)T
- Ideal power devices
FLYBACK CONVERTER

Operation principle :
- S conducts : energy stored in Lm
- S is in the off-state : energy transferred to the load
FLYBACK CONVERTER
When S conducts

diLm
v1  Vs  Lm
dt
diLm iLm iLm Vs
  
dt t DT Lm
Voltage and current equations :
so :  N2   N2 
v2  v1    Vs  
Vs DT  N1   N1 
iLm (ON ) 
Lm  N2 
vD  V0  Vs    0
 N1 
i2  0
i1  0
FLYBACK CONVERTER
when S is OFF => D conducts

v2  V0
N1 N
v1  v2  V0 1
N2 N2
diLm N1
Lm  v1  V0
dt N2
diLm iLm iLm
V0 N1
  
dt t (1  D)T Lm N 2
so :  V0 1  D T N1
iLm (OFF )  
Lm N2
FLYBACK CONVERTER
S is in the off-state

Voltage and current equations:
N  N 
iD  i1  1   iLm  1 
 N2   N2 
 N1 
vSw  Vs  v1  Vs  V0  
 N2 
V0
iR 
R
 N1  V0
iC  iD  iR  iLm   
 N2  R
FLYBACK CONVERTER
Relationship between Vout and Vin

The current ripple throught Lm = 0:
iLm ( ON )  iLm (OFF )  0

D N2
 V0  Vs
1  D N1
FLYBACK CONVERTER
Basic Voltage and current waveforms:

FLYBACK CONVERTER
Analysis of iLm :
Calculate the average current ILm

Ps  Po
V02
Vs I s 
R
I Lm DT
Is   I Lm D
T
V02
 Vs I Lm D 
R
V02
 I Lm 
Vs DR
FLYBACK CONVERTER
Analysis of iLm :

Condition for Lm when iLm is continuous :
 1  D
2
R  N1 
2
Lm min   
2f  N2 
FLYBACK CONVERTER
Ex. : Given a flyback converter Vs = 24,12, 48V

N1/N2 = 3
Lm = 500H
R = 5
C = 200F
f = 40kHz
V0 = 5, 24, 12V
Define :
1. Current values iLm : max, min
2. Sketch iC and analyze the capacitor voltage ripple
3. Sketch voltage and current waveforms of S and D
4. Duty cycle
FORWARD CONVERTER

Principal diagram of Forward converter

FORWARD CONVERTER
Description:

The transformer has 3 windings :
- Winding 1 & 2 transfert energy to
load when S conducts
- Winding 3 creates a loop for
magnetizing current when S is in the
off state and decays this current
before ending of period.
FORWARD CONVERTER

When S conducts:
-Establish equations of v1, v2, v3, vLx, vD3 ?
- Derive iLx ?
- Derive iLm ?
- equation of iSw ?
FORWARD CONVERTER

when S is in the off state:

-Define equations of v3, v1, v2, vLx ?
- Derive iLx ?
- Derive relationship btw Vo and Vs ?
- Derive iLm ?
FORWARD CONVERTER

Voltage and current
waveforms:
FORWARD CONVERTER
Ex. : Given a FORWARD converter

Vs = 48,24V, 12V
N1/N2 = 1.5; N1/N3=1
Lx = 0.4mH; Lm=5mH
R = 10
C = 100F
f = 35kHz
Define : D = 0.4
1. Vout, iLx_max, min
2. Output Voltage ripple
3. Waveforms i1, i2, i3, iLm, iLx, iC
4. Sketch voltage and current waveforms of S and Diodes
PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
Principal Diagram of Push-pull Converter

PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
Control pulse diagram

PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
when Sw1 conducts

v p1  Vs
 Ns 
vs1  Vs  
N 
 p
 Ns 
vs 2  Vs  
N 
 p
v p 2  Vs
vSw 2  2Vs
PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
when Sw1 conducts D1 conducts, D2 is OFF

 Ns 
v x  vs 2  Vs  
N 
 p
 Ns 
vLx  v x  V0  Vs    V0
N 
 p
 Ns 
Vs    V0
N 
 
 iLx ON   p 
Lx
 DT
PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
when Sw2 conducts

v p 2  Vs
v p1  Vs
 Ns 
vs1  Vs  
N 
 p
 Ns 
vs 2  Vs  
N 
 p
vSw1  2Vs
PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
when Sw2 conducts D2 conducts, D1 is OFF
 Ns 
v x  vS 2  Vs  
N 
 p
 Ns 
vLx  vx  V0  Vs    V0
N 
 p
 Ns 
Vs    V0
N 

 iLx  ON
  p 
Lx
 DT
PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
when Sw1. Sw2 are in the off-state : the primary currents = 0
iLx is continuous => D1, D2 conduct
vx  0
vLx  v x  V0  V0
iLx iLx V0
  
t T Lx
 DT
2
 V0  1 
iLx  OFF      D T
 
 Lx  2 
PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
Relationship between Vout and Vs
iLx is continuous
iLx  ON   iLx  OFF   0

 N  
 Vs  s   V0 
  N p    V0  1 
  DT  
 
  D T  0
 Lx   Lx  2 
 
 
 Ns 
 V0  2Vs  D
N 
 p
PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
Voltage ripple
Similar to Buck converter
V0 1  2D

V0 32 Lx Cf 2
PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
Ex. :
Vs=50V, Define :
48V, 24V; 1.Vout
Np/Ns=2; 2.ILx min, max
Lx=300µH; 3.Voltage ripple of capacitor
C= 200uF; 4.iLx, D1, D2, Sw1, Sw2
R=8Ω;
f = 30kHz;
D=0.35;
0.6, 0.7
FULL-BRIDGE CONVERTER
Principal Diagram
PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
Gating pulses
Relationship btw Vout and Vs?

PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
Gating pulses
 Ns 
V0  2Vs  D
N 
 p
HALF-BRIDGE CONVERTER
Principal Diagram Gating pulses
Relationship btw Vout and Vs?

HALF-BRIDGE CONVERTER
Principal Diagram Gating pulses
 Ns 
V0  Vs  D
N 
 p
MULTI-OUTPUT DC/DC CONVERTER
Flyback converter with 2 ouputs

MULTI-OUTPUT DC/DC CONVERTER
Forward converter with 2 ouputs

DC/DC CONVERTER
Diagram of control system

DC/DC CONVERTER
Diagram of control system

SDQSF

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CHAPTER 2

Features of circuit in steady state:

2. Switch S is OFF: Diode D is ON

Voltage and current waveforms

The variation of iL in the on-state and off-state is equal

iL ( ON )  iL ( OFF )  0

Calculation of iL : iL V0 1 V0 

Define the value Lmin to ensure the continuation of iL

Voltage ripple vC when the capacitance C is limited

Ex. : DC-DC Buck converter has : Vs= 50V; D=0.4; L= 400H;

Voltage and current waveforms

Relationship between Vout and Vin ?

Relationship between Vout and Vin ?

iL (ON )  iL (OFF )  0

Calculate the average current IL ?

Condition for L when iL is continuous : ILmin  0

Condition for L when iL is continuous : ILmin = 0

Calculate the output voltage ripple :

Calculate the output voltage ripple :

Ex. 2: Boost converter

Buck- Boost Converter

The output voltage can be controlled higher or lower than the

When S is OFF state

Relationship between Vout and Vin ?

Relationship between Vout and Vin ?

iL ( ON )  iL ( OFF )  0

Voltage and current waveforms

Voltage and current waveforms

Calculate the average current IL ?

Calculate the average current IL ?

Condition for L when iL is continuous : ILmin  0

Condition for L when iL is continuous : ILmin  0

Calculate the output voltage ripple :

Calculate the output voltage ripple :

Ex. 1 : Buck- Boost converter parameters:

Ex. 1 : Buck- Boost converter parameters:

Principle Diagram of C’uk converter

Voltage and current equations

Circuit State – Equivalent Circuit

Voltage and current equations

Circuit State – Equivalent Circuit

Relationship between Vout and Vin ?

Relationship between Vout and Vin ?

Having IC1 = 0, we deduce:

Voltage ripple of C2 is similar to Buck converter

Voltage ripple of C1 (when S – off)

Current ripple of L (when S –ON)

Principal Diagram of Flyback Converter

when S is OFF => D conducts

Relationship between Vout and Vin

iLm ( ON )  iLm (OFF )  0

Basic Voltage and current waveforms:

Ex. : Given a flyback converter Vs = 24,12, 48V

Principal diagram of Forward converter

when S is in the off state:

Ex. : Given a FORWARD converter

Principal Diagram of Push-pull Converter

Control pulse diagram

when Sw1 conducts

when Sw1 conducts D1 conducts, D2 is OFF

when Sw2 conducts

when Sw2 conducts D2 conducts, D1 is OFF

when Sw1. Sw2 are in the off-state : the primary currents = 0