TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

403037

CHAPTER 4: DC-DC CONVERTER

Tri-Vien Vu, PhD

 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES

After study this chapter, student enable to:

• Understand working principles of DC-DC

converter

• Evaluate important quantities of DC-DC converter

• Design practical DC-DC converter

• Apply DC converters to control DC motor

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 CONTENT
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Fundamental Converter
4.2.1. Buck Converter
4.2.2. Boost Converter
4.2.3. Buck-Boost Converter
4.3. Transformer - Type Converter
4.3.1. Fly-back
4.3.2. Forward
4.3.3. Push-pull
4.3.4. Half-bridge
4.3.4. Full-bridge
4.4. Multiple Quadrant Choppers
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 4.1. INTRODUCTION
Definition
– Convert a dc voltage to a different dc voltage level
– Classified as switched-mode dc-dc converter
– Also called switching mode power supplies
(SMPS)
Application: provide dc power for
– Dc motor drive
– Computers, medical instrumentation,
communication devices, television receivers, and
battery chargers
– Robotics
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 4.1. INTRODUCTION
Classification

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 4.1. INTRODUCTION
Classification

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 4.1. INTRODUCTION
Classification

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 4.1. INTRODUCTION
Linear voltage regulator
– Transistor operates in linear region
– Transistor in effect operates as a variable resistor
– Low efficiency for low Vo
– Only for low power application
Po  Vo I L
Vo  I L RL Ploss  VCE I L  Vs  Vo  I L
I L  Ic   Ib Po Vo
 
Po  Ploss Vs

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 4.1. INTRODUCTION
Basic switching converter – resistive load
– Duty ratio: D
ton ton
D   ton f
ton  toff T
DT
1
Vo ,avg 
T  V dt  V D  V t
0
s s s on f

DT
1
  s dt  Vs D  Vs ton f
2
Vo ,rms V
T 0

I o ,avg  Vo ,avg / R I o ,rms  Vo ,rms / R D: Duty ratio

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 4.1. INTRODUCTION
Basic switching converter – resistive load
– Ideal switch: Psw = 0
Po  RL I o2,rms
Ploss  Psw  0
Po
 1
Po  Ploss
– Output voltage and current are pulse-wave
– The current is discontinuous
– Practical switches consume a certain amount of
power
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 4.2. FUNDAMENTAL CONVERTER
4.2.1. Buck Converter
 Circuit in steady state
 Large L: Io = const
 Large C: Vo = const
 Switching period: T
‒ Closed duration: DT
‒ Open duration: (1-D)T.
 Ideal components.

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 4.2. FUNDAMENTAL CONVERTER
4.2.1. Buck Converter: ON state
diL
vL  Vs  V0  L
dt
diL Vi  V0

dt L
t0  DT
Vi  V0
iL  iL ,t 0  
t0
L
dt  I L ,min  I L ,on

 Vi  V0 
I L ,on   DT (1)
 L 

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 4.2. FUNDAMENTAL CONVERTER
4.2.1. Buck Converter: OFF state
diL
vL  V0  L
dt
diL V0

dt L
t0  T
V0
iL  iL ,t0DT   dt
t0  DT
L
 I L ,max  I L ,off

 V0 
I L ,off   1  D  T (2)
 L 

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 4.2. FUNDAMENTAL CONVERTER
4.2.1. Buck Converter: CCM
– At steady state:
iL  t0   iL  t0  T   I L ,on  I L ,off  0 (3)

 Vs  V0   V0 
  DT    1  D  T  0
 L  L
Vo  Vs D (4)
ton
Vo  Vs  Vs  step down converter
T
Vs  Vo V0
I L  DT  1  D  T
L L
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 4.2. FUNDAMENTAL CONVERTER
4.2.1. Buck Converter: CCM
– Average current
Vo
IL  IR  (5)
R
– Peak value of the conductor’s current
I L  1 1 D 
I L max, L min  IL   Vo    (6)
2  R 2 Lf 
– RMS value of conductor’s current
2
 iL 
I L ,rms  I 
2
L  (7)
 2 3 
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 4.2. FUNDAMENTAL CONVERTER
4.2.1. Buck Converter: CCM

I L I D ,max  I L
I C ,max 
2
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 4.2. FUNDAMENTAL CONVERTER
4.2.1. Buck Converter: CCM
– Minimum inductance for a continuous current
Lmin 
1 D R
(8)
2f
– For a desired IL
Vo 1  D 
L (9)
I L f
– Ideal converter:
Vo I s
Ps  Po  Vs I s  Vo I o   (10)
Vs I o
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 4.2. FUNDAMENTAL CONVERTER
4.2.1. Buck Converter: Voltage ripple
1 T iL T iL
Q  
22 2 8

Q  CVo  Q  C Vo
Q
 Vo 
C

T iL
Vo 
8C

1 D
C
8  Vo / Vo  Lf 2
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 4.2. FUNDAMENTAL CONVERTER
4.2.1. Buck Converter
Example1: A buck converter given in figure below,
determine:
a) Output voltage
b) Maximum, minimum inductor’s current: IL,max, IL,min
c) Output voltage ripple

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 4.2. FUNDAMENTAL CONVERTER
4.2.1. Buck Converter
Example1:
Vo  Vs D  50  0.4  20 V 

 1 1 D   1 1  0.4 
I max  Vo     20   6 3 
 1.75  A 
 R 2 Lf   20 2  400 10  20 10 
1.5
I min  1   0.25  A 
2
Vo 1  D 1  0.4
   0.469%
8  400 106 100 106  20 103 
2 2
Vo 8CLf
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 4.2. FUNDAMENTAL CONVERTER
4.2.1. Buck Converter

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 4.2. FUNDAMENTAL CONVERTER
4.2.1. Buck Converter

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 4.2. FUNDAMENTAL CONVERTER
4.2.1. Buck Converter

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 4.2. FUNDAMENTAL CONVERTER
4.2.1. Buck Converter
Example 2: Design a buck converter to obtain Vo = 18V
from a 48VDC voltage source. The load current is
continuous. Voltage ripple is about 0.5%. Switching
frequency is of 40 kHz.
Select switch device (BJT, MOSFET, IGBT) and Diode
Solution
1. From the desired output voltage
2. Select choke’s inductance

Select L = 1.25Lmin = 97.5mH

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 4.2. FUNDAMENTAL CONVERTER
4.2.1. Buck Converter
Solution
3. Calculate choke’s currents:

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 4.2. FUNDAMENTAL CONVERTER
4.2.1. Buck Converter
Solution
4. Select capacitor’s capacitance from desired voltage
ripple

I L
I C,max   1.44  A 
2
I C,max
I C,rms   0.83  A 
3
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 4.2. FUNDAMENTAL CONVERTER
4.2.2. Boost Converter

ON OFF

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 4.2. FUNDAMENTAL CONVERTER
4.2.2. Boost Converter

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 4.2. FUNDAMENTAL CONVERTER
4.2.2. Boost Converter
Vs
– Output voltage Vo 
1 D

– Output current I o  Vo / R
– Average inductor’s current
Vs Vo2 Vo I o
IL   
1  D  R Vs R Vs
2

– Peak inductor’s current

I L Vs 1 Vs DT
I L max, L min  I L   
1  D  R 2 L
2
2
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 4.2. FUNDAMENTAL CONVERTER
4.2.2. Boost Converter
D 1  D  R
2

– Minimum inductance Lmin 

2f
– For a desired current ripple
Vs DT Vs D
L 
I L I L f
– Output voltage ripple
Vo D

Vo RCf
– Capacitor
D
C
R  Vo / Vo  f
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 4.2. FUNDAMENTAL CONVERTER
4.2.2. Boost Converter
Example 3: Design a boost converter to obtain Vo =
30V from a 12VDC voltage source. The load current is
continuous. Voltage ripple is about 1%. Switching
frequency is of 25 kHz, load R = 50W.

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 4.2. FUNDAMENTAL CONVERTER
4.2.3. Buck-Boost Converter

ON OFF

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 4.2. FUNDAMENTAL CONVERTER
4.2.3. Buck-Boost Converter
S ON S OFF
diL diL
vL  Vs  L vL  Vo  L
dt dt
diL iL iL Vs iL iL Vo
    
dt t DT L t 1  D  T L
Vs DT Vo 1  D  T
 I L closed    iL open 
L L

D
Vo  Vs
1 D
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 4.2. FUNDAMENTAL CONVERTER
4.2.3. Buck-Boost Converter
– The output voltage is reversed in compared with
input voltage
– When 0 ≤ D ≤ 0.5 : |Vo| ≤ |Vs|: buck converter
– When 0.5 ≤ D ≤ 1 : |Vo| ≥ |Vs|: boost converter

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 4.2. FUNDAMENTAL CONVERTER
4.2.3. Buck-Boost Converter: CCM
Vo2 Vs D
IL  
Vs RD R 1  D 2

iL Vs D 1 Vs DT
I L max, L min  I L   
1  D  R 2 L
2
2

D 1  D  R
2

Lmin 
2f
Vo D

Vo RCf
D
C
R  Vo / Vo  f
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 4.2. FUNDAMENTAL CONVERTER

𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝐿max,𝐿min 𝐿min 𝛥 𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑜
1 1−𝐷 1−𝐷 𝑅 1−𝐷
Buck 𝐷 𝑉𝑜 ±
𝑅 2𝐿𝑓 2𝑓 8L𝐶𝑓 2
1 𝑉𝑠 1 𝑉𝑠 𝐷𝑇 𝐷 1 − 𝐷 2 𝑅
Boost 2
±
1−𝐷 1−𝐷 𝑅 2 𝐿 2𝑓 𝐷
Buck- −𝐷 𝑉𝑠 𝐷 1 𝑉𝑠 𝐷𝑇 1 − 𝐷 2𝑅 𝑅𝐶𝑓
2
±
boots 1−𝐷 1−𝐷 𝑅 2 𝐿 2𝑓

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 4.2. FUNDAMENTAL CONVERTER

Buck Boost Buck-Boost

1 𝐷
𝑉𝑜 /𝑉𝑠 D −
1−𝐷 1−𝐷
𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑠 𝐷
IL
𝑅 1−𝐷 𝑅 𝑅 1−𝐷 2
𝑉𝑜 1 − 𝐷 𝑉𝑜 1 − 𝐷 𝐷 𝑉𝑜 1 − 𝐷
∆𝐼𝐿
𝐿𝑓 𝐿𝑓 𝐿𝑓
∆𝑉𝑜 1−𝐷 𝐷 𝐷
𝑉𝑜 8L𝐶𝑓 2 𝑅𝐶𝑓 𝑅𝐶𝑓
𝑉𝑜 1 − 𝐷 𝑉𝑜 1 − 𝐷 𝐷 𝑉𝑜 1 − 𝐷
L
∆𝐼𝐿 𝑓 ∆𝐼𝐿 𝑓 ∆𝐼𝐿 𝑓
1−𝐷 𝐷 𝐷
C ∆𝑉
8L( 𝑜 )𝑓 2 𝑅 ∆𝑉𝑜 /𝑉𝑜 𝑓 𝑅 ∆𝑉𝑜 /𝑉𝑜 𝑓
𝑉𝑜

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 4.3. TRANSFORMER - TYPE
CONVERTER
Electrical connection in previous converters
A transformer used in AC side works with low
frequency  large, heavy and expensive
Using a transformer in the switching scheme
– Isolating the input and the output of the converters
– Smaller magnetic core  relatively smaller size
– Flexibility in the overall relationship between the
input and the output
– Multiple output voltages by using multiple
transformer windings
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 4.3. TRANSFORMER - TYPE
CONVERTER
Transformer models

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 4.3. TRANSFORMER - TYPE
CONVERTER
Transformer models: dot convention

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 4.3. TRANSFORMER - TYPE
CONVERTER
Transformer models: dot convention

– When the voltage at the dotted terminal on one

winding is positive, the voltage at the dotted
terminal on the other winding is also positive

– When current enters the dotted terminal on one

winding, current leaves the dotted terminal on
the other winding

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 4.3. TRANSFORMER - TYPE
CONVERTER
Fly-back Converter
+
Vs
V1 V2 Vo
-

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 4.3. TRANSFORMER - TYPE
CONVERTER
Fly-back Converter: CCM

SW closed SW open
Vs DT Vo 1  D  T  N1 
 iL closed    iL open   
Lm Lm  2
N
D  N2 
Vo  Vs  
1  D  N1 
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 4.3. TRANSFORMER - TYPE
CONVERTER
Fly-back Converter: CCM
- Magnetizing current
2
Vs D  N2 
I Lm   
    1
2
1 D R N
- Peak magnetizing current
2
Vs D  N 2  Vs DT
I Lm ,max min     
1  D  R  N1  2 Lm
2

- Magnetizing inductance
1 D
2 2
R  N1  Lm 
Vs DT Vs D

Lm,min    iLm iLm f
2f  N2 
- Output voltage ripple
Vo D

Vo RCf
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 4.3. TRANSFORMER - TYPE
CONVERTER
Fly-back Converter: CCM
Example 4: A fly-back converter
with parameters as show in
figure, determine:
- Duty ratio
- Average and peak
magnetizing current
- Output voltage ripple

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 4.3. TRANSFORMER - TYPE
CONVERTER
Forward Converter

Idea Transformer Model

Simplified Transformer Model for Analysis

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 4.3. TRANSFORMER - TYPE
CONVERTER
Forward Converter

– Transformer has three windings

• Winding 1 and 2: transfers energy from source to load
• Winding 3: dissipates the magnetic energy in the
magnetizing coil during the off-state of the switch,
avoiding the saturation of the transformer

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 4.3. TRANSFORMER - TYPE
CONVERTER
Forward Converter: SW is closed

 N2  DT
 iLx closed    Vs  Vo 
 N1  Lx

Vs DT
iLm 
Lm
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 4.3. TRANSFORMER - TYPE
CONVERTER
Forward Converter: SW is open

1  D  T
 iLx open  Vo
Lx

 N2 
Vo  Vs D  
 N1 
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 4.3. TRANSFORMER - UTILIZING
CONVERTER
Forward Converter: CCM
- Current in Lx
Vo
I Lx  I o 
R
 1 1  D  T 
I Lm ,max min   Vo   
 R Lx 
- Magnetizing current must be reset
to zero during each switching period
N1  N3 
D Tx  DT  
N1  N 3  N1 
- Output voltage ripple
Vo 1 D

Vo 8LxCf 2
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 4.3. TRANSFORMER - TYPE
CONVERTER
Forward Converter: Summary
– When the switch is closed, energy is transferred from
the source to the load through the transformer.
– The voltage on the transformer secondary is a pulsed
waveform
– The output is analyzed like that of the buck dc-dc
converter.
– Energy stored in the magnetizing inductance while
the switch is closed can be returned to the input
source via a third transformer winding while the switch
is open.
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 4.3. TRANSFORMER - TYPE
CONVERTER
Forward Converter:

Example 5: A forward converter with parameters

as show in figure, determine:
- Output voltage
- Average and peak current in Lx
- Peak current in the transformer primary winding
- Verify that the magnetizing current is reset to
zero during each switching period

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 4.3. TRANSFORMER - TYPE
CONVERTER
Push-Pull Converter
– Similarly to the buck converter
– Sw1, Sw2 are closed for equal interval
– Net change of the current in the magnetizing
inductance current is zero  reduce core loss

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 4.3. TRANSFORMER - TYPE
CONVERTER
Push-Pull Converter

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 4.3. TRANSFORMER - TYPE
CONVERTER
Full-Bridge Converter
– Reduce switch voltage
– Similarly to Push-pull

 N2 
Vo  2Vs D  
 N1 
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 4.3. TRANSFORMER - TYPE
CONVERTER
Half-Bridge Converter
– Reduce winding
number of the
secondary windings

 N2 
Vo  Vs D  
 N1 
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 4.3. TRANSFORMER - TYPE
CONVERTER
Multiple Output Converter
– Using transformer with multiple secondary
windings with different turns ratio
– Provide different output voltage
– Output/input voltage ratio depends on duty ratio
and turns ratio
– All mentioned converters can has multiple outputs
– Only one of the outputs can be regulated with a
feedback control loop.

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 4.3. TRANSFORMER - TYPE
CONVERTER
Multiple Output Converter

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 4.3. TRANSFORMER - TYPE
CONVERTER
Typical Rating Power
– Fly-back: up to 150W

– Forward: up to 500W

– Push-pull: up to 1000W

– Half-bridge: up to 500W

– Full-bridge: up to 2000W

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 4.4. MULTI-QUADRANT CHOPPERS
Multiple-Quadrant Operation

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 4.4. MULTI-QUADRANT CHOPPERS
Multiple-Quadrant Operation
vo
II I
III IV io

T1 D2 T3 D4

Vo
Vs
io R L E

T2 D1 T4 D3

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 4.4. MULTI-QUADRANT CHOPPERS
First-Quadrant (A-Type) vo
I
io

T1 D2 T3 D4
ion Vo
Vs

R L E
ioff
T2 D1 T4 D3

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 4.4. MULTI-QUADRANT CHOPPERS
First-Quadrant

T1 T1
ion
Vs Vs
R L E R L E

Vo Vo ioff

Vo  Vs Vo  0
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 4.4. MULTI-QUADRANT CHOPPERS
First-Quadrant

Imax Imax Imax

Imax Imax
Io
Io
Imin Imin

Vo
Vo

Ton Ton

3/16/2020 403037 – DC-DC Converter 64

 4.4. MULTI-QUADRANT CHOPPERS
First-Quadrant: Continuous Current
Vs khi 0  t  Ton vo
Vo   I

0 khi Ton  t  T T1 io
Vo
Vs

Vo  Vs D R L E

D1

Vs  E
 R 1  e  t /
 +I min e  t /
khi 0  t  Ton
io   L T
  E 1  e  t /  +I e  t / khi T  t  T  ; D  on
R T
 R max on

Vs 1  e Ton / E Vs eTon /  1 E Vo  E
I max  T /
 I min  T /
 I o ,avg 
R 1 e R R e 1 R R
3/16/2020 403037 – DC-DC Converter 65
 4.4. MULTI-QUADRANT CHOPPERS
First-Quadrant: Continuous Current
- Load current ripple
Vs 1  e  1  e 
DT /  1 D T /

I  I max  I min 
R 1  eT /
D Vs  E  
- Average source current: I s ,avg   I
R T
- Power:  D Vs  E   
Pin  Vs I s ,avg  Vs   I 
 R T 
POut  I o2,rms R  EI o ,avg
- RMS load current:

I o ,rms  P in  EI o ,avg  / R
3/16/2020 403037 – DC-DC Converter 66
 4.4. MULTI-QUADRANT CHOPPERS
First-Quadrant: Continuous Current
- Load current ripple
Vs 1  e  1  e 
DT /  1 D T /

I  I max  I min 
R 1  eT /
D Vs  E  
- Average source current: I s ,avg   I
R T
- Power:  D Vs  E   
Pin  Vs I s ,avg  Vs   I 
 R T 
POut  I o2,rms R  EI o ,avg
- RMS load current:

I o ,rms  P in  EI o ,avg  / R
3/16/2020 403037 – DC-DC Converter 67
 4.4. MULTI-QUADRANT CHOPPERS
First-Quadrant: Continuous Current
For a continuous load current:
- With a given switching frequency:
Ton   E  T 1  
D  ln 1   e  
T T  Vs  


- With a given duty ratio:

1  Vs  DT 1  
T    ln 1   e 
 
 E
f   

3/16/2020 403037 – DC-DC Converter 68

 4.4. MULTI-QUADRANT CHOPPERS
Second-Quadrant (B-Type)
vo
II
R L E
io

T2 on
T1 D2 T3 D4
ioff
Vo

Vs
R L E ioff
ion D2
T2 D1 T4 D3 Vs
R L E
Vo

3/16/2020 403037 – DC-DC Converter 69

 4.4. MULTI-QUADRANT CHOPPERS
Second-Quadrant: CCM vs DCM

Vo  Vs 1  D 
3/16/2020 403037 – DC-DC Converter 70
 4.4. MULTI-QUADRANT CHOPPERS
First and Second Quadrants (C-Type)
– 2-quadrant DC motor drive
– Current reversing
vo
II I
T1 D2 io
Vo

Vs
R L E

T2 D1

3/16/2020 403037 – DC-DC Converter 71

 4.4. MULTI-QUADRANT CHOPPERS
First and Second Quadrants (C-Type)

vo
II I
T1 D2 io
Vo

Vs
R L E

T2 D1

3/16/2020 403037 – DC-DC Converter 72

 4.4. MULTI-QUADRANT CHOPPERS
First and Second Quadrants (C-Type)
T = 1/f T = 1/f
T1 control
PWM1 Ton(T1) Toff(T1)

ON OFF ON OFF t

T2 control Toff(T2) Ton(T2)

PWM2
OFF ON OFF ON t

Vs when T1 ON Vs
vo
Vo  
0 when T2 ON Vo t
Vo  DVs
io
Imax
t

Imin
T1 D1 T2 D2 T1 D1 T2 D2 T1
1 2 3 4 1 2 3

3/16/2020 403037 – DC-DC Converter 73

 4.4. MULTI-QUADRANT CHOPPERS
First and Fourth Quadrants (D-Type)
vo

Continuous Current: I

IV io

Vs when T1 , T4 ON S1 D4

Vo   Vo

Vs when T1 , T4 OFF Vs

R L E

Vo  Vs  2D  1
D1 S4

3/16/2020 403037 – DC-DC Converter 74

 4.4. MULTI-QUADRANT CHOPPERS
Four-Quadrant (E-Type)
– Case 1: two-level voltage output
– Case 2: three-level voltage output
– Case 3: 1st and 3rd quadrants
v
dc motor drive
o

II I
III IV io

T1 D2 T3 D4

Vo
Vs
io R L E

T2 D1 T4 D3

3/16/2020 403037 – DC-DC Converter 75

 4.4. MULTI-QUADRANT CHOPPERS
Four-Quadrant: Case 1
T = 1/f T = 1/f
T1, T4 Control
PWM1 t
ON OFF ON OFF
T2 T3 Control
PWM2 OFF ON OFF ON t
vo
Vs
Vo t

-Vs
io
Imax
t

Imin D
2 D1 D2 D1 D2
D3 T1+T4 D4 T 2+T 3 D3 T1+T4 D4 T 2+T 3 D3
4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
II I IV III II I IV III II

3/16/2020 403037 – DC-DC Converter 76

 4.4. MULTI-QUADRANT CHOPPERS
Four-Quadrant: Case 1
T1 D2 T3 D4 T1 D2 T3 D4

Vo Vo
Vs Vs
vo
io R L E io R L E
II I

1 III IV io
2
T2 D1 T4 D3 T2 D1 T4 D3

T1 D2 T3 D4

Vo
Vs
io R L E

T2 D1 T4 D3

T1 D2 T3 D4 T1 D2 T3 D4

Vo Vo
Vs Vs
io R L E
Vo  Vs  2 D  1 io R L E

4 3
T2 D1 T4 D3 T2 D1 T4 D3

3/16/2020 403037 – DC-DC Converter 77

 4.4. MULTI-QUADRANT CHOPPERS
Four-Quadrant: Case 2
0.5  D  1 0  D  0.5
1 1
D
0.5 0.5
D
0 0
T1 T2 on T1
T1 on T2 on T1 on T2 on t on on
T2 on t

T4 on T3 on T4 on
t T3 on T4 on T3 on T4 on t
vo vo t
Vs 0 Vo
Vo t
0 -Vs
io io
Imax Imax t
0
t
0
D1 D3 D3 D1 D3 D3 T +T
Imin D3 D1 D1 T +T D3 D1 D1
Imin T1+T4 T1+T4 T2+T3
T4 T2 D2 T4 T2 D2 1 4 T2 T4 D4 2 3 T2 T4 D4
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

3/16/2020 403037 – DC-DC Converter 78

 4.4. MULTI-QUADRANT CHOPPERS
Four-Quadrant: Case 2
0.5  D  1 T1 D2 T3 D4 T1 D2 T3 D4

Vo Vo
Vs Vs
io R L E io R L E

1 2
T2 D1 T4 D3 T2 D1 T4 D3

T1 D2 T3 D4 T1 D2 T3 D4

Vo Vo
Vs Vs
io R L E io R L E

4 3
T2 D1 T4 D3 T2 D1 T4 D3

3/16/2020 403037 – DC-DC Converter 79

 4.4. MULTI-QUADRANT CHOPPERS
Four-Quadrant: Case 2
0  D  0.5
T1 D2 T3 D4 T1 D2 T3 D4

Vo Vo
Vs Vs
io R L E io R L E

1 2
T2 D1 T4 D3 T2 D1 T4 D3

T1 D2 T3 D4 T1 D2 T3 D4

Vo Vo
Vs Vs
io R L E io R L E

4 3
T2 D1 T4 D3 T2 D1 T4 D3

3/16/2020 403037 – DC-DC Converter 80

 4.4. MULTI-QUADRANT CHOPPERS
Four-Quadrant: Case 2
- Average output voltage
Vo  Vs  2 D  1
- RMS output voltage
+ D < 0.5: Vo ,rms  Vs 1  2 D 
+ D > 0.5 : Vo ,rms  Vs  2 D  1
- Average output current/ load current
Vo  E
Io 
R
3/16/2020 403037 – DC-DC Converter 81
 4.4. MULTI-QUADRANT CHOPPERS
Four-Quadrant: Case 3

3/16/2020 403037 – DC-DC Converter 82

 4.4. MULTI-QUADRANT CHOPPERS
Four-Quadrant: Case 3

Forward Motion Reverse Motion

Vo  DVs Vo   DVs
3/16/2020 403037 – DC-DC Converter 83
 4.4. MULTI-QUADRANT CHOPPERS
Another H-bridge circuit

3/16/2020 403037 – DC-DC Converter 84

 4.4. MULTI-QUADRANT CHOPPERS
DC Motor Drives: L298 - Dual H-bridge ICs

3/16/2020 403037 – DC-DC Converter 85

 4.4. MULTI-QUADRANT CHOPPERS
DC Motor Drives: H-bridge ICs

3/16/2020 403037 – DC-DC Converter 86

 4.4. MULTI-QUADRANT CHOPPERS
DC Motor Drives: Matlab toolbox

3/16/2020 403037 – DC-DC Converter 87