SC 4

UNIT 4
SATELLITE LINK DESIGN
Introduction
The
design
of
satellite
communication system is a complex
process
requiring
compromises
between many factors to achieve
the best performance at an
acceptable cost
The cost to build and launch a GEO
satellite is about $25000 per kg
Introduction
Weight is the critical factor
Heavier the satellite
higher the cost
capital cost of the satellite must be
recovered over its lifetime by selling
communication services
Introduction
Weight of the satellite is driven by 2 factors
The number and output power of transponders on
the satellite
Weight of the station keeping fuel
Half of the total weight of satellites intended

to remain in service for 15 years may be fuel
Increase in total output power of the
transponders
raises the demand for electrical power
increases the dimensions of the solar cells
adding more weight to the satellite
Introduction
Three other factors influence system
design
The choice of frequency band
Atmospheric propagation effects
Multiple access technique
ITU RADIO REGULATIONS

Table 4.1 pg:97
Major frequency allocations for fixed
satellite service and broadcasting satellite
Table 4.2 pg:98
Major frequency allocations for mobile
satellite services
Region I Europe, Africa and Northern Asia
Region II North and South America
Region III remainder of asia
Introduction
The major bands are

6/4 GHz
14/11 GHz
30/20GHz
For every 2o on the geostationary orbit there

is a satellite using both 6/4 GHz and 14/11
GHz
Minimum spacing for GEO to avoid
interference
Introduction
RAIN in the atmosphere attenuates
radio signals
Effect is more severe as the
frequency increases
Little attenuation at 4 and 6 GHz
Significant attenuation above 10GHz
Attenuation through rain (in dB)

increases roughly as the square of
frequency
Introduction
LEO, MEO compared to GEO

Closer to earth
Advantage of strong signals
Position change rapidly
Low gain antennas at earth terminals
LEO, MEO satellites use multiple
beam antennas to increase the gain
of the satellite antenna beams and
also to provide frequency reuse
Introduction
Mobile satellite terminals must
operate with low gain antennas at
the mobile unit
Link between the satellite and the
major earth station (hub station)is
usually in a different frequency band
as it is a fixed link
Maritime
Satellite
Communicati
on system
Link Performance criteria

Design of all communication links should
meet certain performance objectives
Usually specified
Bit Error Rate (BER) or probability of error in a
digital link and
S/N ratio in an analog link
Measured in a baseband channel

Baseband
channel
is
where
an
information carrying signal is generated or
received

A baseband channel BER or S/N is determined
by
C/N ratio at the input to the demodulator in the
receiver
C/N>6dB for most satellite comm. applications

Digital links C/N below 10dB must use Error
correction codes to improve BER
Analog links using FM require wideband FM to
achieve improvement in S/N relative to C/N
S/N = 40dB in Television
S/N = 30dB in Speech signals

S/N or BER is specified
Measured at demodulator output
At baseband

Overall C/N at the earth station
receiver depends on both uplink and
downlink
Both links must achieve required
performance
Heavy rain C/N ratio fall below a
permitted
value
especially
30/20GHz band link outage

Designing
a
satellite
requires knowledge of
system
the required performance of the uplink and

downlink,
the propagation characteristics
rain attenuation for the frequency band
being used at the earth station locations
and
the parameters of the satellite and the
earth stations

Sometimes all this information in not
available
The designer must estimate values and
produce tables of system performance with
assumed scenarios
Designing is not complete at first
attempt
Trial design
Refined until workable compromise is
achieved
Basic Transmission Theory:

Isotropic Radiator

Isotropic Radiator
Basic Transmission Theory

For a transmitter with output Pt watts
driving a lossless antenna with gain
Gt

EIRP effective isotropically radiated power
product of transmitter power and
antenna gain in terms of an
equivalent isotropic source with
power PtGt watts, radiating uniformly
in all directions

Received power

Received power

Received power

Link Budget Equation

Path Loss

Therefore
In decibel terms
Basic Transmission Theory: Link

Budget Equation with Losses in Link
Link Budget Equation with Losses in

Link
A Satellite
link, LNA
System Noise temperature

Noise temperature way of
determining how much THERMAL
NOISE is generated by active and
passive devices in the receiving
system
At microwave frequencies, a black
body with a physical temperature Tp
degrees kelvin, generates electrical
noise over a wide bandwidth

The noise power is given by
Pn=kTPBn
k=Bolzmanns constant = 1.39x10-23
J/K
=-28.6 dBW/K/Hz
Tp=physical temperature of source in
kelvin deg
Bn=Noise bandwidth in which the noise

The noise power is given by
Pn=kTPBn
Pn is the available noise power (W)
Delivered only to the load that is
impedance matched to the noise
source
kTp is a noise power spectral
density (W/Hz)
Density is constant for all radio
System noise temperature

(Ts)
Noise temperature of a noise
source, located at the input of a
noiseless receiver, which gives the
same noise power as the original
receiver, measured at the output of
the receiver and usually includes
noise from the antenna
Noise power
The noise power at the demodulator
input is
Pno=kTsBnGrx
Grx=overall end-to-end gain of the
receiver
This is a ratio not in decibels
This can also be said as the gain of
the receiver from RF input to
demodulator input
Noise power
Noise power referred to the input of
the receiver is
Pn=kTsBn watts
C/N ratio at the

demodulator input
(C/N)=(PrGrx)/Pno
Pno=kTsBnGrx
Therefore
C/N=Pr/kTsBn
Calculation of system noise

temperature

temperature
LNB-Low
noise block
converter
900-1400MHz
Set top
receiver
DBS TV
20MHz

temperature
Noise Model of receiver
Noise Model of receiver

Calculation of System Noise Temperature
Noise model of receiver
Alternate method for calculation of

system noise temperature
Alternate method for calculation of

Note:
When the RF amplifier in the receiver
front end has a high gain, the noise
contributed by the IF amplifier and
later stages can be ignored
system noise temperature is simply
the sum of the antenna noise
temperature and the LNA noise
temperature
Ts=Tantenna+TLNA
Noise Model for a Lossy

device
In some circumstances, we need to use a
different model to deal with the noise that
reaches the receiver after passing through
lossy medium e.g:waveguide transmission
line and rain losses
Noise Figure and Noise Temperature

Noise figure of a receiver was
described as a measure of the noise
produced by a practical receiver as
compared with the noise of an ideal
receiver
Effective Noise Temperature of the network is defined

as that temperature Tnat the input of the network which
would account for the noise N
N=kTnBnG
G/T ratio for Earth Stations

Transmitters characterized by EIRP
Receivers characterized by Gr/Ts
The Gain of the antenna divided by the noise
temperature of the receiver
Received power Pr, is commonly

referred to as carrier power, C
This is the input to the receiver LNA
First step in determining C/N
G/T ratio for Earth Stations
Design of Downlink
Design of satellite communication is
based on two objectives:
1) Meeting a minimum C/N for a
specified percentage of time and
2) Carrying the maximum revenue
earning traffic at minimum cost
Design of Downlink
All satellite communications links are
affected by rain attenuation
C band links can be designed to
achieve 99.99% reliability because
the rain attenuation rarely exceeds 1
or 2 dB
0.01% corresponds to 52.56 min an
year
The link is said to suffer an outage
Design of Downlink
Ka-band links cannot be designed to
achieve 99.99% reliability because
rain attenuation generally exceeds
10dB and often 20dB
Outage times of 8 to 40 hours are
usually tolerated in Ka-band links
What is a Link Budget?

A link budget is the accounting of all of the gains
and losses from the transmitter, through the
medium (free space, cable, waveguide, fiber, etc.)
to the receiver in a telecommunication system.
It accounts for the attenuation of the transmitted
signal due to propagation, as well as the antenna
gains, feedline and miscellaneous losses.
It is first step an engineer will take in order to
determine feasibility of any given system
A link budget calculation is also an excellent means
to understand various factors which may be traded
off to realize a given cost and reliability of a
communication system
The Link Budget
Link Budgets
C/N ratio calculation is simplified
It is a tabular method for evaluating the
received power and noise power in a radio
link
Link budgets invariably use decibel units for
all quantities so that signal and noise powers
can be calculated by addition and subtraction
It is usually impossible to design a satellite
link at the first attempt
Link budgets make the task much easier
Link Budgets
The link budget must be calculated
for an individual transponder, and
must be repeated for each of the
individual links
When a bent pipe transponder is
used the uplink and downlink C/N
ratios must be combined to give an
overall C/N
Link budgets are usually calculated
for a worst case
Link Budget Example: C-Band

Downlink for Earth Coverage Beam
Link budgets are usually calculated for a
WORST CASE
Link will have the lowest C/N ratio
Factors - WORST CASE scenario

1. Earth station located at the edge of
the satellite coverage zone where
the received signal is typically 3dB lower
than in the center of the zone because
of the satellite antenna pattern

2. Maximum path length from the
satellite to earth station
3. A low elevation angle at the earth
station
giving
the
highest
atmospheric path attenuation in
clear air

4. Max rain attenuation on the link
causing loss of received signal power
and an increase in receiving system
noise temperature
Few more points to be

considered
Edge of the coverage pattern of the
satellite antenna and the longest path
usually go together
Earth station antennas are assumed to
be pointed directly at the satellite and
therefore operate at their on-axis gain
If the antenna is mispointed, a loss
factor is included in the link budget to
account for the reduction in antenna
gain
Design of Satellite Communication

link

Satellite used is in GEOSTATIONARY
EARTH ORBIT
Carries 24 C-band transponders,
each with a bandwidth of 36MHz.
Downlink band is 3.7-4.2GHz
Uses orthogonal circular polarization
Providing an effective bandwidth of
864MHz

Satellite provides coverage of visible
earth
Subtending an angle of 17o
Using a Global beam antenna
Relation between Antenna Beamwidth

and Gain

The on-axis Gain of the global beam
antenna is approximately 20 dB

The C/N ratio for the downlink is
calculated in clear air conditions and also
in heavy rain
The Saturated output power of the transponder =
20W = 13dBW
Assume an output backoff of 2dB
Therefore on-axis EIRP of the transponder and the
antenna = PtGt
=(13-2)+20 =31dbW
In this example the transmitted signal is a single
30MHz bandwidth analog FM-TV channel .
Recall..
When more than one signal shares a
transponder using FDMA,
The power amplifier must be run below its
maximum output power to
MAINTAIN LINEARITY and
REDUCE INTERMODULATION PRODUCTS
The degree to which the transmitter output

power is reduced below its peak output is
known as output backoff

For analog TV transmission, Receiver noise
bandwidth is set to 27MHz
The receiving earth station has an antenna with
an aperture diameter of 9m
a gain of 49.7dB at 4GHz assuming an aperture
efficiency of 65%
Receiving system noise temperature of 75K in
clear air
G/T ratio for this earth station is
G/T=49.7 10log(75) = 30.9 dBK -1
Max. path length for a GEO satellite link is

40,000km
Path loss of 196.5dB at 4GHz

At C-band, propagation losses are small
but
the
slant
path
through
the
atmosphere
will
suffer
a
typical
attenuation of 0.2dB in clear air
Allowing an additional 0.5dB margin in
the
link
design
to
account
for
miscellaneous losses to ensure that the link
budget is realistic
Antenna mispointing
Polarization mismatch
Antenna degradation

The earth station receiver C/N ratio is
first
calculated
for
clear
air
conditions with no rain in the slant
path
The C/N ratio is then recalculated
taking account of the effects of rain
The minimum permitted OVERALL
C/N ratio for this link is 9.5dB
corresponding to the FM threshold of
an analog satellite TV receiver
C-Band
GEO
Satellite
Link
Budget
in Clear
Air
C-Band GEO Satellite Link Budget in

Clear Air
We have a downlink C/N of 16 dB in
clear air, giving a link margin of
6.5dB

Rain
This link margin is reduced when
there is rain in the slant path
Heavy rain in the slant path can
cause up to 1dB of attenuation
Reduces the received power by 1dB and
increases the noise temperature of the
receiving system

Rain
Using the output noise model with a
medium temperature of 273K and
The total atmospheric attenuation
due to (clear air + rain) is
(0.2dB+1dB) = 1.2dB
When rain drops cause attenuation,
they radiate additional noise whose
level depends on the attenuation
Recalling equivalent output noise

source model
From the noise model
Tno = Tp ( 1 GI)
Tno = noise temperature

Tp = physical temperature of the device or medium
GI = linear gain (less than unity, not in dB) of the
attenuating device or medium
Recalling the relation between gain

and attenuation
For an attenuation of A dB, the value
of GI is given by
GI=10
-A/10

Rain
Sky noise temperature in (clear air +
rain) is
Tno = Tp ( 1 GI)
GI=10-A/10
A=1.2dB
Tsky=273(1 - 0.7585) = 66K

Rain
In clear air the sky noise temperature
is 13K
This is the result of 0.2dB clear air
attenuation
Tno = Tp ( 1 GI)
GI=10-A/10
A=0.2dB
Tsky=273(1 0.9549) = 13K

Rain
Clear air sky noise temperature =
13K
(Clear air + rain) sky noise
temperature = 66K
Receiving system noise temperarure
= 75K
Noise temperature of the atmosphere
only due to rain is (66K 13K) =
53K
Therefore the noise temperature of

Rain
Noise temperature of the atmosphere
only due to rain is (66K 13K) =
53K
This
result
in
1dB
of
rain
attenuation in the slant path
Therefore there is an increase in
system noise temperature of 2.3dB
Resulting a C/N ratio in rain =
12.7dB
C-Band Downlink Budget in

Rain

Therefore the link margin of (12.7 9.5) =
3.2 dB is obtained in C/N ratio in rain
Leaving a small margin of 2dB for
unexpected losses to guarantee a
particular level of reliability in the link
Remaining 1.2 dB of link margin can be
traded against other parameters in the
system.
For example reduction in receiving
antenna gain by 1.2 dB

For example reduction in receiving
antenna gain by 1.2 dB
Antenna size can be reduced
from 9m to 7.8m
Satellite systems using small earth

stations
The C/N ratio in the home receiver
(DBS-TV receiver) will fall when rain
is in the path between the satellite
and the receiving antenna
Much reduction in C/N ratio is caused
by an increase in the sky noise
temperature

stations
The
the
and
rain
following calculations show how

(C/N)dn are determined when
attenuation is present

stations
Not all of the incident noise energy
from the sky is output by the
antenna and a coupling coefficient is
used c of 90 to 95%
Therefore antenna noise temperature in rain

stations
LNA is assumed to be placed right at
the feed horn so that there is no
waveguide or coaxial run between
the feed horn of the antenna and the
LNA
Assuming no feed losses

stations
UPLINK Design
Analysis
of
uplink
requires
calculation of the power level at
the input to the transponder so
that the uplink C/N ratio can be
found
Link equation is used to make
this calculation, using either a
specified transponder C/N ratio or a
required transponder output power
level
UPLINK Design
Let (C/N)up be the specified C/N ratio
in the transponder, measured in a
noise bandwidth Bn Hz
Bandwidth Bn Hz is the bandwidth of
the band-pass filter in the IF stage of
the earth station receiver for which
the uplink signal is intended
UPLINK Design
Where Txp = system noise temperature of the transponder in
dBK
Bn=dBHz , Nxp = dBW
Prxp=Pt+Gt+Gr-Lp-Lup dBW
C/N = 10 log[Prxp/kTxpBn] = Prxp Nxp dB
UPLINK Design
Prxp = C/N + Nxp
Note:
To achieve a similar satellite EIRP with
a small-diameter earth stations,
A high power earth station transmitter is
required
This has the disadvantage that the

interference level at the adjacent
satellites rises
Since the small earth station antenna has
a wider beam
Uplink Power Control (UPC)

This can be used to combat uplink rain
attenuation
The transmitting earth station monitors a
Beacon signal from the satellite
Watches for reductions in power indicating
rain fading on the downlink
Automatic Monitoring and Control of

transmitted uplink power is used in 14
GHz uplink earth stations to maintain C/N
ratio in the satellite transponder during
periods of rain attenuation
Note:
Since the downlink is always at a
different frequency from the uplink,
a downlink attenuation of A dB must be
scaled to estimate uplink attenuation
The uplink attenuation is given by
Aup = Adown x [fup/fdown]a dB

Where [fup/fdown]a is the scaling factor
a is typically between 2.0 and 2.4
Design of Uplink - problem

A transponder of a Ku-band satellite has a linear gain
of
127 dB and a nominal output power at
saturation of 5 W.
The satellites 14 GHz receiving antenna has a gain of
26 dB on axis, and the beam covers western Europe.
Calculate the power output of an uplink transmitter
that gives an output power of 1W from the satellite
transponder at a frequency of 14.45GHz when
the earth station antenna has a gain of 50 dB and
there is a 1.5dB loss in the waveguide run between the
transmitter and the antenna.
Assume that the atmosphere introduces a loss of 0.5 dB
under clear sky conditions and
that the earth station is located on -2dB contour of the
satellites receiving antenna
Solution:
Design of Uplink - problem

If rain in the path causes attenuation
of 7dB for 0.01% of the year, what
output power is required for the
transmitter to guarantee that a 1W
output can be obtained from the
satellite transponder for 99.99% of
the tear if uplink power control is
used?
Solution:
If we provide extra 7dB of output
power to compensate for fading on
the path due to rain, the transmitter
output power will be:
Pt=7.2 + 7=14.2dBW or 26.3 W
Design for specified C/N: Combining

C/N and C/I values in satellite links
Learning Objectives
Solving calculations of Link Budget
for various satellite systems
We have learnt the calculation of
C/N ratio for a single link (uplink or
downlink)
We shall now learn the calculation of
C/N ratio for a complete satellite
communication link
Combining C/N and C/I values in

Satellite Links
To measure BER or S/N ratio in the baseband channel of

an E/S receiver we find C/N in the IF amplifier at the input
of the demodulator
The noise present in the IF amplifier comes from many
sources
Till now in our analysis of uplinks and downlinks,
we have considered only the receiver thermal noise and noise
radiated by atmospheric gases and rain
When a complete satellite link is engineered, the noise in

the earth station IF amplifier will have contributions from:
Receiver itself
Receiving Antenna
Sky noise
Satellite Transponder from which it receives the signal
Adjacent satellite and terrestrial transmitters which share the
same frequency band

Satellite Links

Satellite Links
Since the Noise power in the
individual C/N ratios is referenced to
the carrier power at that point all
the C values are the same
Expanding the formula by cross
multiplying gives the overall (C/N)o
as a power ratio, not in decibels

Satellite Links
Interference from the adjacent satellites is likely

whenever small receiving antennas are used, as
with VSATs(Very Small Aperture Terminals) and
DBS TV receivers
FDMA mode Intermodulation products

Satellite Links

Satellite Links Numerical Example
Overall (C/N)o with Uplink and

Downlink attenuation

Uplink and Downlink Attenuation in
Rain
Rain attenuation affects uplink and downlink differently
Usually it is assumed that rain either occurs on uplink
or downlink for geographically separated E/Ss
Geographic separation of >20km is considered
Heavy rains occur with random geographic distribution,
so probability of significant attenuation on both uplink
and downlink simultaneously is small
In our analysis of uplink and downlink attenuation
effects, it will be assumed that one link is attenuated
and the other is operating in clear air

Uplink Rain Attenuation and

(C/N)up
No increase in uplink noise power because
satellite antenna beam sees the top of
cumulonimbus clouds above the rain,
which are always colder than 270 K
Rain attenuation on uplink path reduces
the carrier power at the satellite receiver
input
Reduction in (C/N)up is in direct proportion
to the attenuation

Uplink Rain Attenuation and (C/N)up
With transponder is linear mode:
Output power will be reduced equal to
attenuation ,AupdB
This will cause (C/N)dn to fall by Aup dB
Thus,(C/N)o will also be reduced by
Aup dB

Uplink
(C/N)up
Rain
Attenuation
and
For linear transponder:

(C/N)o uplink rain=(C/N)o clearair AupdB
For Nonlinear transponder:
(C/N)o uplink rain=(C/N)o clearair Aup + G
dB
For Regenerative transponder (AGC):
(C/N)o uplink rain=(C/N)o clearair dB

Downlink Rain Attenuation and
(C/N)dn
E/S receiver noise temperature changes
significantly with rain in downlink
Sky noise temp can increase to close to
physical temp of individual rain drops
The received power level,C, is reduced
The noise power, N,in the receiver
increases

Downlink Rain
and (C/N)dn
Attenuation
For linear transponder:

(C/N)dn rain=(C/N)dn clearair -Aup-Nrain
dB
The overall C/N is given by
(C/N)o= 1/[1/(C/N)dn rain +1/(C/N)up]
Satellite Communication Link

Design Procedure
The design for a one way communication link can be summarized
by following 10 steps. The return link design follows same
procedure.
1.Determine the frequency band in which the system must operate.
Comparative designs may be required to help make the selection
2.Determine the communications parameters of the satellite. Estimate any
values that are not known
3.Determine the parameters of the transmitting and receiving earth stations
4.Start at the transmitting earth station. Establish an uplink budget and a
transponder noise power budget to find (C/N)up in the transponder
5.Find the output power of the transponder based on transponder gain of
output backoff
6.Establish a downlink power and noise budget for the receiving earth
station. Calculate (C/N)dn and (C/N)o for a station at edge of coverage
zone(worst case)
7.Find link margins. Calculate S/N or BER
Satellite Communication Link

Design Procedure
8. Evaluate the result and compare with
specification requirements. Change parameters of
the system as required to obtain acceptable (C/N) o
values. This may require several trial designs
9. Determine the propagation conditions under
which the link must operate. Calculate outage
time for both uplinks and downlinks
10. Redesign system by changing some parameters
if link margins are inadequate. Check all
parameters are reasonable and that the design
can be implemented within the expected budget.
System Design Example
System Design Example
Ku-Band Uplink Design
Ku-band satellite television

distribution system
Ku-Band Uplink Design
Ku-Band Downlink Design
Rain Effects at Ku-Band

Uplink
Ku band path to the satellite station heavy rain
attenuation 6dB
Uplink C/N in clear air = 30dB
Therefore C/N in the transponder falls to 24dB (30-6)
Linear transponder transponder output power falls to
(18 6) = 12dBW
Downlink C/N falls by 6dB (17.2 6) =11.2dB
Overall (C/N)o falls by 6dB (17 6) =11dB
Minimum Overall C/N = 9.5dB (given)
Link margin available (in rain) = 11 9.5 = 1.5dB
(C/N)up=30dB; (C/N)down = 17.2dB ; (C/N)o=17dB
Link margin available on uplink = 17 9.5 = 7.5dB
Downlink Attenuation and Sky Noise

Increase
11.45GHz path between satellite and receiving
station rain attenuation = 5dB
Assuming 100% coupling of sky noise into antenna
noise
Clear air gaseous attenuation = 0.5dB
Corresponding sky noise temperature =
270(1 10-A/10) = 270(1 10-0.05) = 29.36K
Approximated to 30K
Total path attenuation from atmosphere and rain =
5.5dB
Corresponding sky noise temperature =
270(1 10-A/10) = 270(1 10-0.55) =194K

Increase

Increase

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UNIT 4

SATELLITE LINK DESIGN

Half of the total weight of satellites intended

ITU RADIO REGULATIONS

The major bands are

For every 2o on the geostationary orbit there

Attenuation through rain (in dB)

LEO, MEO compared to GEO

Link Performance criteria

Measured in a baseband channel

Link Performance criteria

C/N>6dB for most satellite comm. applications

Link Performance criteria

Link Performance criteria

Link Performance criteria

the required performance of the uplink and

Link Performance criteria

Basic Transmission Theory:

Basic Transmission Theory:

Basic Transmission Theory

Basic Transmission Theory

Basic Transmission Theory:

Basic Transmission Theory:

Basic Transmission Theory:

Basic Transmission Theory:

Basic Transmission Theory:

Basic Transmission Theory

Basic Transmission Theory: Link

Link Budget Equation with Losses in

System Noise temperature

System Noise temperature

System Noise temperature

System noise temperature

C/N ratio at the

Calculation of system noise

Calculation of system noise

Calculation of system noise

Noise Model of receiver

Noise Model of receiver

Noise model of receiver

Alternate method for calculation of

Alternate method for calculation of

Noise Model for a Lossy

Noise Figure and Noise Temperature

Noise Figure and Noise Temperature

Effective Noise Temperature of the network is defined

Noise Figure and Noise Temperature

G/T ratio for Earth Stations

Received power Pr, is commonly

G/T ratio for Earth Stations

What is a Link Budget?

The Link Budget

Link Budget Example: C-Band

Factors - WORST CASE scenario

Link Budget Example: C-Band

Link Budget Example: C-Band

Few more points to be

Design of Satellite Communication

Link Budget Example: C-Band

Link Budget Example: C-Band

Relation between Antenna Beamwidth

Link Budget Example: C-Band

Link Budget Example: C-Band